I like to play with perceptions and the contraposition between what is visually perceived and how you interpret the message.
|
|
The paper added, citing a financial source, that Malacalza had a right to ask for more information and to have an answer, but that there were no contraposition between the bank's CEO, the board and the top shareholder.
|
|
171–74, MacMillan, 1979, fifth edition. of contraposition and is also referred to as the "law of contraposition".Prior, A.N. "Logic, Traditional". Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.
|
|
Menon, however, markedly softened his opposition in the final hours, leaving only Soviet Foreign Minister Dmitri Shepilov in absolute contraposition.
|
|
Note that the method of transposition and contraposition should not be confused. Contraposition is a type of immediate inference in which from a given categorical proposition another categorical proposition is inferred which has as its subject the contradictory of the original predicate. Since nothing is said in the definition of contraposition with regard to the predicate of the inferred proposition, it is permissible that it could be the original subject or its contradictory. This is in contradistinction to the form of the propositions of transposition, which may be material implication, or a hypothetical statement.
|
|
Proof by contraposition infers the statement "if p then q" by establishing the logically equivalent contrapositive statement: "if not q then not p". For example, contraposition can be used to establish that, given an integer x, if x^2 is even, then x is even: : Suppose x is not even. Then x is odd. The product of two odd numbers is odd, hence x^2 = x\cdot x is odd.
|
|
By contraposition, any production function for which it is not possible to represent the effect of technology as a scalar on labor cannot produce a balanced growth path.
|
|
In mathematics, in the framework of one-universe foundation for category theory, the term "conglomerate" is applied to arbitrary sets as a contraposition to the distinguished sets that are elements of a Grothendieck universe.
|
|
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Modus tollens is closely related to modus ponens. There are two similar, but invalid, forms of argument: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent. See also contraposition and proof by contrapositive.
|
|
In logic and mathematics, contraposition refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as proof by contraposition. The contrapositive of a statement has its antecedent and consequent inverted and flipped. For instance, the contrapositive of the conditional statement "If it is raining, then I wear my coat" is the statement "If I don't wear my coat, then it isn't raining." In formulas: the contrapositive of P \rightarrow Q is eg Q \rightarrow eg P .
|
|
In traditional logic the reasoning process of transposition as a rule of inference is applied to categorical propositions through contraposition and obversion,Stebbing, 1961, pp. 65–66. For reference to the initial step of contraposition as obversion and conversion, see Copi, 1953, p. 141. a series of immediate inferences where the rule of obversion is first applied to the original categorical proposition "All S is P"; yielding the obverse "No S is non-P". In the obversion of the original proposition to an 'E' type proposition, both terms become distributed.
|
|
Contraposition is a logically valid rule of inference that allows the creation of a new proposition from the negation and reordering of an existing one. The method applies to any proposition of the type If A then B and says that negating all the variables and switching them back to front leads to a new proposition i.e. If Not-B then Not-A that is just as true as the original one and that the first implies the second and the second implies the first. Transposition is exactly the same thing as Contraposition, described in a different language.
|
|
The material conditional can be considered as a symbol of a formal theory, taken as a set of sentences, satisfying all the classical inferences involving →, in particular the following characteristic rules: # Modus ponens; # Conditional proof; # Classical contraposition; # Classical reductio ad absurdum. Unlike the truth-functional one, this approach to logical connectives permits the examination of structurally identical propositional forms in various logical systems, where somewhat different properties may be demonstrated. For example, in intuitionistic logic, which rejects proofs by contraposition as valid rules of inference, is not a propositional theorem, but the material conditional is used to define negation.
|
|
An example of a rule that is not effective in this sense is the infinitary ω-rule. Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include modus ponens, modus tollens, and contraposition. First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.
|
|
Let x be an integer. :To prove: If x2 is even, then x is even. Although a direct proof can be given, we choose to prove this statement by contraposition. The contrapositive of the above statement is: :If x is not even, then x2 is not even.
|
|
One first example of this is mutualism as developed by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in the 18th century, from which emerged individualist anarchism. Benjamin Tucker is one eminent American individualist anarchist who adopted a laissez-faire system he termed anarchistic socialism in contraposition to state socialism.Tucker, Benjamin.
|
|
Dossetti was presented to the Congress with over one third consensus. The contraposition with De Gasperi was very clear. He accepted the challenge and returned as deputy secretary of the party. During the following years he was actively involved in working at many reforms, including the Cassa del Mezzogiorno.
|
|
In the classical propositional calculus, the Law of Contraposition p → q ≡ ¬q → ¬p is proved because the equivalence holds for all the possible combinations of truth-values of p and q.Suppes, P. (1957) Introduction to Logic, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Instead, in vector logic, the law of contraposition emerges from a chain of equalities within the rules of matrix algebra and Kronecker products, as shown in what follows: ::L(u\otimes v)=D(N\otimes I)(u\otimes v)=D(Nu\otimes v)=D(Nu\otimes NNv)= :: D(NNv\otimes Nu)=D(N\otimes I)(Nv\otimes Nu)=L(Nv\otimes Nu) This result is based in the fact that D, the disjunction matrix, represents a commutative operation.
|
|
One first example of this is mutualism as developed by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in the 18th century, from which emerged individualist anarchism. Benjamin Tucker is one eminent American individualist anarchist who adopted a laissez-faire system he termed anarchistic socialism in contraposition to state socialism.Tucker, Benjamin. "State Socialism and Anarchism".
|
|
Reprinted in Russian and Slavic Grammar Studies, 1931–1981. Mouton, 1984. Forty years later, Jakobson described language by saying that "every single constituent of a linguistic system is built on an opposition of two logical contradictories: the presence of an attribute ('markedness') in contraposition to its absence ('unmarkedness')."Jakobson, R. (1972).
|
|
If the (1) is included, the square root of that number is the secant.See also and . In contraposition with these earlier explanations of the tablet, claims that historical, cultural and linguistic evidence all reveal the tablet to be more likely constructed from "a list of regular reciprocal pairs.", p. 116.
|
|
From these statements, it might appear one could make these deductions by contraposition and conditional disjunction: ([a] from [ii]) If Yog was white, then 1/2 of the time Yog won. ([b] from [iii]) 9/10 times, if Yog was white, then he won. But both (a) and (b) are untrue—they contradict (i).
|
|
The journal initially emerged in contraposition to the dominant analytical thought in British philosophy. It advocated an approach open to the arts, literature, and continental theory, with a strong political focus. The journal presents a strong focus on non- European philosophy, political theory, and arts. Special issues have looked at contemporary cultural production in China, Pakistan, and Latin America.
|
|
In June 2017, the court issued a preliminary injunction that stopped the Montana Beef Board from using beef producers' checkoff contributions for advertising, unless the producers approve in advance. The decision hung on the distinction between commercial speech and government speech. Compelled commercial speech is a First Amendment violation. This is in contraposition to Johanns v.
|
|
Since 2 divides the expression on the left, 2 must also divide the equal expression on the right. That is, a2 is even, which implies that a must also be even, as seen in the proposition above (in Proof by Contraposition). So we can write a = 2c, where c is also an integer. Substitution into the original equation yields 2b2 = (2c)2 = 4c2.
|
|
There are several operations (e.g., conversion, obversion, and contraposition) that can be performed on a categorical statement to change it into another. The new statement may or may not be equivalent to the original. [In the following tables that illustrate such operations, rows with equivalent statement shall be marked in green, while those with inequivalent statements shall be marked in red.
|
|
However, many consequences of treatment-unit additivity can be falsified. For a randomized experiment, the assumption of unit-treatment additivity implies that the variance is constant for all treatments. Therefore, by contraposition, a necessary condition for unit-treatment additivity is that the variance is constant. The use of unit treatment additivity and randomization is similar to the design-based inference that is standard in finite-population survey sampling.
|
|
L. S. Klejn is a convinced adherent of liberal values, and an adversary of xenophobia and nationalism. He is a whole-hearted supporter of civil rights, but his democratic ideal is qualified: he does not idealise egalitarianism and anarchy. His humanitarianism is also qualified: in his view charity should not stimulate parasitism and so do harm to society. He is unsatisfied with the oversimplified polar contraposition between patriotism and rusophobia.
|
|
Hempel describes the paradox in terms of the hypothesis: : (1) All ravens are black. In the form of an implication, this can be expressed as: If something is a raven, then it is black. Via contraposition, this statement is equivalent to: : (2) If something is not black, then it is not a raven. In all circumstances where (2) is true, (1) is also true—and likewise, in all circumstances where (2) is false (i.e.
|
|
The tormented Christ, sitting on a stone seat, is partly covered by a red robe. Three bailiffs press a crown of thorns down on his head using long wooden poles. The fourth person in the spot where the painting is heavily damaged has his back turned to us and is giving Christ a bulrush as a sceptre. The figure of Christ has a spiral composition and the figures surrounding him are portrayed in contraposition, emphasising their movement.
|
|
TETRA is a statistical classifier that uses tetranucleotide usage patterns in genomic fragments. There are four possible nucleotides in DNA, therefore there can be 4^4=256 different fragments of four consecutive nucleotides; these fragments are called tetramers. TETRA works by tabulating the frequencies of each tetramer for a given sequence. From these frequencies z-scores are then calculated, which indicate how over- or under- represented the tetramer is in contraposition with what would be expected by looking to individual nucleotide compositions.
|
|
Jayson Makoto Chung, A Nation of a Hundred Million Idiots?: A Social History of Japanese Television, Routledge, 2006 The classical matchup of an American foreigner like Sapp against a Japanese national like Taro, a cultural contraposition, also gained comparisons with Japanese professional wrestling legend Rikidōzan in his bouts against The Sharpe Brothers. The match itself, however, was short and intense. Though outweighed by over 150 pounds, Sapp had the advantage at experience and stamina, allowing him endure Akebono's initially energetic sumo pushes in order to counterattack.
|
|
Practically, it is not known by this name, it is more known as slow funaná. It seems to be an adaptation of the morna to the accordion techniques, with an andante tempo. While during a long time it was the morna (badju di viulinu) that enjoyed some prestige in urban contexts and noble dance rooms, in rural contexts a slower version of funaná (badju di gaita) was developed in contraposition. Curiously, this variant has the same tempo as the Boa Vista morna and not the Brava morna.
|
|
We should say: ::From the fact that if this match is scratched it will light, it follows that if it were not to light it would not have been scratched. ... :One might wonder what effect this interpretation of the Law of Contraposition has on Hempel's paradox of confirmation. "If a is a raven then a is black" is equivalent to "If a were not black then a would not be a raven". Therefore whatever confirms the latter should also, by the Equivalence Condition, confirm the former.
|
|
For a randomized experiment, the assumption of treatment additivity implies that the variance is constant for all treatments. Therefore, by contraposition, a necessary condition for unit treatment additivity is that the variance is constant. The property of unit treatment additivity is not invariant under a change of scale, so statisticians often use transformations to achieve unit treatment additivity. If the response variable is expected to follow a parametric family of probability distributions, then the statistician may specify (in the protocol for the experiment or observational study) that the responses be transformed to stabilize the variance.
|
|
The following statements are logically equivalent: #If Lisa is in Denmark, then she is in Europe (a statement of the form d \implies e). #If Lisa is not in Europe, then she is not in Denmark (a statement of the form eg e \implies eg d). Syntactically, (1) and (2) are derivable from each other via the rules of contraposition and double negation. Semantically, (1) and (2) are true in exactly the same models (interpretations, valuations); namely, those in which either Lisa is in Denmark is false or Lisa is in Europe is true.
|
|
The plebeians turned the Aventine Hill into their stronghold and their own jurisdiction in contraposition to the Roman state. The Plebeian Council, under the leadership of the plebeian tribunes, who presided over its sessions, voted on and issued its own laws which applied to this hill and to the plebeians. The patricians did not recognise these plebeian resolutions as laws because they refused to recognise the plebeian movement. Moreover, formally, legislation was supposed to be proposed by the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) and put to the vote of the Comitia Centuriata, the Assembly of the Soldiers.
|
|
Dr. Irving Greenfield's work has appeared in a variety of media. Greenfield's short stories have appeared in several publications, including Amsterdam Quarterly, The Vignette Review, A Thousand and One Stories, Maudlin House, Hippocampus Magazine, Electron Magazine, Chicago Literati, The Stone Canoe (electronic edition), The Stone Hobo, Contraposition, The Furious Gazelle, Festival Writer, Shadowgraph, Way Too Fantasy, Prime Mincer, Lavender Wolves Literary Journal, eFiction Mag, Foliate Oak Literary Magazine, The Note, Sleet Magazine, Barking Sycamores, Writing for Tomorrow, The Raven's Perch, Brawler, Runaway Parade, and Amarillo Bay. Universal International adapted his novel Tagget into a 1991 film for TV starring Daniel J. Travanti. Greenfield has additionally published one-act and full-length plays, to much critical acclaim.
|
|
In this system, when contraposition occurs, the modality of the conditional involved changes from the indicative ("If that piece of butter has been heated to 32 C then it has melted") to the counterfactual ("If that piece of butter had been heated to 32 C then it would have melted"). According to this argument, this removes the alleged equivalence that is necessary to conclude that yellow cows can inform us about ravens: :In proper grammatical usage, a contrapositive argument ought not to be stated entirely in the indicative. Thus: ::From the fact that if this match is scratched it will light, it follows that if it does not light it was not scratched. :is awkward.
|
|
At the time of his debut, Akebono was involved in a highly publicized matchup at K-1 Premium 2003 against popular superheavyweight fighter Bob Sapp. The combined popularity of Sapp and Akebono attracted a crowd of 45,000 to the Nagoya Dome and granted the event a 43% viewership, making it the first time a combat sports event outdrew the NHK music festival Kōhaku Uta Gassen, Japan's traditionally biggest New Year show.Jayson Makoto Chung, A Nation of a Hundred Million Idiots?: A Social History of Japanese Television, Routledge, 2006 The classical matchup of an American foreigner like Sapp against a Japanese national like Taro, a cultural contraposition, also gained comparisons with Japanese professional wrestling legend Rikidōzan in his bouts against The Sharpe Brothers.
|
|
The ball was founded in 2015 based on an initiative of the then mayor of Vienna, Michael Häupl, and the University Commissioner of the city of Vienna, Alexander Van der Bellen. Their concern was to position Vienna more clearly as a site for science. The attempt to legitimize xenophobic, anti-semitic and racist ideas in the university environment with the help of the so-called Akademikerball - organized by Burschenschaften (a form of German nationalist fraternities) and the right-wing FPÖ party - was an additional motive for the establishment of the Vienna Ball of Sciences, which can be seen as a contraposition. Under the initiative of Häupl, Van der Bellen and then City Councilor Andreas Mailath-Pokorny, science manager and science communicator Oliver Lehmann started the conception of the ball in the summer of 2014.
|
|
Age of Aquarius, also known as the Aquarian Age, was a concept popularized by Carl Gustav Jung. The Age of Aquarius was seen in contraposition with current the Age of Pisces: whereas the Age of Pisces represents duality and antithesis (thus, conflict), the Age of Aquarius is an age of synthesis and spiritualism (in some ways, a new golden age). In the New Age, because of the implications of love, comprehension and one-ness, it can be associated with the fourth chakra. Aquarion as a name is a reference to this concept, but the show digs deeper in symbolism in using the Aquarion as an instrument for a "new era of holy genesis," managing to resolve conflict between the opposing parties of humans and Shadow Angels and showing a not-so- metaphorical process of oneness with the Earth.
|
|
However, another of the interpretations on the motion's consequences was that it was partly successful in allowing AP to recover the political initiative ahead of the June 1987 local and regional elections, where the party held out as the main opposition force in Spain despite the electoral growth of the CDS. Later on, Hernández Mancha would reveal that he had not tabled the motion against González, but against Suárez, weary that the right-wing electorate could succumb to tactical voting in favour of the latter—much more widely known and popular than himself—as a result of the political vacuum left by Fraga's resignation. In any case, the 1987 motion has come to go down in the recent history of Spain in contraposition to the 1980 one, as the exemplification of the political risks than an ill-fated vote of no confidence can entail for the candidate tabling it.
|
|
The collectivist anarchists (such as Mikhail Bakunin) argued that free association is to function as the maxim "From each according to his ability, to each according to his deeds". In contraposition, the anarcho-communists (such as Peter Kropotkin, Carlo Cafiero and Errico Malatesta) argue that free association should operate as the maxim "to each according to his needs". Anarcho-communists argue that remuneration according to work performed require that the individuals involved were subjected to a body above them to compare the various works in order to pay them and that this body would necessarily be a state or ruling class and could even bring back wage slavery, the very thing against which anarchists are fighting. They also argue that if any work is done, it is necessary and important that there is no quantitative aspect to comparate between them and that everything that is produced involves something essential to the contribution of all past and contemporary generations as a whole.
|
|
Historian José María Rosa pointed out the linguistic game of the lemma: > "Civilisation --related to our city--, was understood in an opposite sense: > as of the foreigners; whereas Barbarism --from the Barbarians, that is > foreigners-- signified, in the liberal language, the Argentine in > contraposition to the European." :J. M. Rosa, Análisis de la dependencia > argentina, IV:36 Later authors, some of them close to revisionism, have nevertheless pointed out that by accepting the opposition of its general terms, revisionism lost the opportunity to re-evaluate the opposition on which it is based: the liberal porteño bourgeoises and that of the provincial capitals on one side, and the semi-literate rural population on the other.Feinmann (1982), p. 164ss; p. 184ss The Unitarian Doctors --Rivadavia, Echeverría, Alberdi-- would represent the first option, of whose plumes would flow the constitution; the federal caudillos --Quiroga, Güemes, Rosas-- the second, reluctant to fix once and for all the political bonds.
|
|
This idea, in formal analogy to the threefold Divine Being and Life, has likewise a threefold scheme of Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis. God's love for this world-idea is His motive for realizing it as His own counterpart (Contraposition), and as necessarily entailing all three of its factors, two of which (spirit and nature) are in antithesis to each other, while the third (man) exists as the synthesis of both. This world-reality, which God, by the mere act of His will, has through creation called from nothingness into being, does indeed exist as really as God Himself; its reality, however, is not drawn from the essence of God, but endures as a thing essentially different from Him, since it is indeed the realized idea of non-Divine Being and Life (Dualism of God and Universe). Thus the two antithetical factors of spirit and nature in the created world differ substantially from each other and stand in mutual opposition.
|
|
According to Gonzalo Álvarez Chillida, European scientific racism prevalent in the 19th and 20th century can be understood as a doctrine which "affirmed the inherited biological determinism of the moral and intellectual capacities of an individual, and the division of groups of humans into races differentiated by physical traits associated to inmutable, inherited moral and intellectual traits" and which "affirms the superiority of certain races over others, protected by racial purity and ruined through racial mixing", which "leads to the national right of superior races to impose themselves over the inferior". According to Chillida, such an ideology had difficulties in penetrating Spain due to the concept of "casticismo" vert ingrained in Spanish society, whereby Spanish castes where understood, not as races, but as religious lineages, in contraposition to the "Moor" and the "Jew". In the Spanish psyche, the Christian-Jewish dichotomy remained predominant over the more modern and racialized arian-semite dichotomy, developed in northern Europe. Eugenic ideas were slow to enter the country; the First Eugenic Spanish Conferences took place in 1928, and the second ones in 1933.
|
|