115 Sentences With "configurational" | Random Sentence Generator

The Cambridge team was attempting to calculate a property called configurational entropy.

The analysis of non- configurational languages has been controversial among phrase structure grammars.See for instance Hale 1984 and Marácz and Muysken 1989. On the one hand, much work on these languages in Principles and Parameters has attempted to show that they are in fact configurational. On the other hand, it has been argued in Lexical Functional Grammar that these attempts are flawed, and that truly non-configurational languages exist.

Austin and Bresnan 1996 From the perspective of syntactic theory, the existence of non-configurational languages bears on the question of whether grammatical functions like subject and object are independent of structure. If they are not, no language can be truly non-configurational.

The distinction between configurational and non-configurational languages can exist for phrase structure grammars only. Dependency grammars (DGs), since they lack a finite VP constituent altogether, do not acknowledge the distinction. In other words, all languages are non-configurational for DGs, even English, which all phrase structure grammars take for granted as having a finite VP constituent. The point is illustrated with the following examples: ::No structure will have a finite VP constituent.

This "configurational" understanding of the grammatical relations is associated with Chomskyan phrase structure grammars (Transformational grammar, Government and Binding and Minimalism). The configurational approach is limited in what it can accomplish. It works best for the subject and object arguments. For other clause participants (e.g.

The dependency structure of the example sentence is as follows: ::DG tree, no finite VP Since the finite VP will have a finite VP constituent does not qualify as a complete subtree, it is not a constituent. What this means based upon the criterion of configurationality is that this dependency structure (like all dependency structures) is non- configurational. The distinction between configurational and non- configurational has hence disappeared entirely, all languages being non- configurational in the relevant sense. Note, however, that while the finite VP is not a constituent in the tree, the non-finite VP have a finite VP constituent is a constituent (because it qualifies as a complete subtree).

Classical Nahuatl can be classified as a non- configurational language, allowing many different kinds of word orders, even splitting noun phrases.

Possibly for this reason Pouwer did not embrace a purely structuralist position à la Lévi-Strauss. Pouwer was a foremost advocate of a configurational approach for cross-cultural comparison with an emphasis on the importance of 'relative position' of elements within an arrangement rather than on elements themselves. Pouwer's configurational approach has a synchronic aspect (comparison between cultures) and a diachronic aspect which (following Lévi-Strauss) he called 'structural history'. The configurational approach to cross-cultural comparison may also be viewed against other attempts such as those of structural functionalism, which dealt with institutions and functions.

Therefore, the CASPTn method is usually used in conjunction with the Multi-configurational self- consistent field method (MCSCF) to avoid near-degeneracy correlation effects.

Excited states are often calculated using coupled cluster, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, multi-configurational self-consistent field, configuration interaction, and time-dependent density functional theory.

In generative grammar, non-configurational languages are languages characterized by a flat phrase structure, which allows syntactically discontinuous expressions, and a relatively free word order.

In 1964, Klima defined a configurational relationship between nodes he labeled "in construction with". In addition, Langacker proposed a similar notion of "command" in 1969.

If a mixture of polymers has lower configurational entropy than the components, they are likely to be immiscible in one another even in the liquid state.

Subsequently, Jelinek explains the free word order and apparent discontinuous expressions of non-configurational languages. Since nominals are not related to arguments, more than one nominal may be adjoined to a single argument thus yielding discontinuous expressions. Additionally because nominals act as adjuncts, they are not required to have a fixed word order. Following this, the function of nominals in non-configurational languages is, similar to adjoined clauses, to add more information to the verbal argument or the predicate.

A second form of electronic entropy can be attributed to the configurational entropy associated with localized electrons and holes. This entropy is similar in form to the configurational entropy associated with the mixing of atoms on a lattice. Electronic entropy can substantially modify phase behavior, as in lithium ion battery electrodes, high temperature superconductors, and some perovskites. It is also the driving force for the coupling of heat and charge transport in thermoelectric materials, via the Onsager reciprocal relations.

New York: but contradicts the opinion that organizational choice is discrete.Meyer, A. D., Tsui, A. S., & Hinings, C. R. (1993). Configurational approaches to organizational analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1175–1195.

Journal of computational neuroscience 1.3 (1994): 231-238. Retrieved 18 November 2015Wiltrout, Charles, Samriti Dogra, and Christiane Linster. "Configurational and nonconfigurational interactions between odorants in binary mixtures". Behavioral neuroscience 117.2 (2003): 236.

Other linguists such as Eloise Jelinek consider Navajo to be a discourse configurational language, in which word order is not fixed by syntactic rules, but determined by pragmatic factors in the communicative context.

The configurational stability of a drug is therefore an area of interest in pharmaceutical research. The production and analysis of enantiomers in the pharmaceutical industry is studied in the field of chiral organic synthesis.

In cultural and social studies, configurations are patterns of behaviour, movement (→movement culture) and thinking, which research observes when analysing different cultures and/ or historical changes. The term “configurations” is mostly used by comparative anthropological studies and by cultural history. Configurational analysis became a special method by the Stuttgart school of Historical Behaviour Studies during the 1970s and later by body culture studies in Denmark. Configurational analysis is marked by its distance towards the history of ideas and intentions, which are conceived as mainstreams in historical studies.

Hale (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) aimed to define a configurationality parameter from which the clusters of properties in non-configurational languages would follow. Eloise Jelinek challenges Hale, providing a re- analysis of Walpiri and certain other non-configurational languages, proposes a different parameter. Mainly Jelinek provides an analysis for why nominals are frequently 'absent' in Warlpiri (null anaphora). Following the Government Binding Theory, the projection principle prevents missing nominals, instead there are empty heads that bear relevant thematic roles, in other words the nominal is recoverable.

Hale stipulates that nominals in non-configurational languages are simply optional, which is a result of the nature of the relationship between phrase structure and lexical structure in non- configurational languages. However Jelinek proposes configurationally parameters that are in agreement with the projection principle, with specific reference to Warlpiri data. It is proposed that the AUX not only marks grammatical relations but it also a constituent containing case marked fully referential clitic pronouns that serve as verbal arguments. Since nominals are never verb arguments they can be omitted, without violating the projection principle.

The closing of atoms into rings may lock particular atoms with distinct substitution by functional groups such that the result is stereochemistry and chirality of the compound, including some manifestations that are unique to rings (e.g., configurational isomers).

Configurational mechanics is a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics in which particular emphasis is placed on reckoning from the perspective of the material manifold. By contrast, in classical mechanics, reckoning is commonly made from the perspective of spatial coordinates.

Towards a methodology of configurational analysis, or: How to reconstruct the societal signification of movement culture and sport.” In: Knut Dietrich (ed.): How Societies Create Movement Culture and Sport. University of Copenhagen: Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, 10-32; id.

American Anthropologist LXI No 4 133-162 (Special publication). 1964 Radcliffe-Brown's Ideas on Joking Relationships Tested by Data from Mimika. International Archives of Ethnography 1:11-30 1964 Towards a Configurational Approach to Society and Culture in New Guinea.

Figure 6. Energy diagram of an electronic transition with phonon coupling along the configurational coordinate q i, a normal mode of the lattice. The upwards arrows represent absorption without phonons and with three phonons. The downwards arrows represent the symmetric process in emission.

Foris, Dordrecht, pp. 293–300Hale, K , 1983. Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational languages. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 1, 5–47 Katalin Kiss developed the concept of Discourse Configurationality to describe languages where constituent order is primarily determined by pragmatic factors.

In the system, glyceraldehyde is used as the configurational standard for carbohydrates. Monosaccharides with an absolute configuration identical to (R)-glyceraldehyde at the last stereocentre, for example C5 in glucose, are assigned the stereo-descriptor . Those similar to (S)-glyceraldehyde are assigned an .

Figure 2. Energy diagram of an electronic transition with phonon coupling along the configurational coordinate q i, a normal mode of the lattice. The upwards arrows represent absorption without phonons and with three phonons. The downwards arrows represent the symmetric process in emission.

Kunwinjku shows syntactic patterns characteristic of 'non- configurational' languages: nominal modifiers can appear without the N head (typical of many Australian languages), there is no rigid order within the 'nominal group', and the distinction between predicative and argumental use of nominals is hard to make.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Configurational Proofs. Journal of Organic Chemistry, volume 28, issue 4, pages 894-900. E.O. von Lippmann (1901), Chemische Berichte, volume 34, pages 1159-1162. J.D. Ramanathan, J.S. Craigie, J. McLachlan, D.G. Smith, and A.G. McInnes (1966): Tetrahedron Letters, volume 1966, pages 1527-1531.

The Wambaya language belongs to the Mirndi family of the non- Pama-Nyungan languages. Noting its unusual word ordering properties, Emily M. Bender described it as a "radically non-configurational language with a second position auxiliary/clitic cluster". She used it to illustrate the LinGO Grammar Matrix.

Although this approach is known to give only qualitative information about the thermodynamic behavior of a system, it provides important insights about the mechanisms of various complex phenomena such as phase transition, aggregation, configurational distribution, surface-adsorption, self-assembly, crystallization, as well as steady state diffusion.

This work is represented by two books, Thermomechanics of Evolving Phase Boundaries in the Plane (Oxford University Press, 1993) and Configurational Force as a Basic Concept of Continuum Physics (Springer-Verlag, 2000). In particular, he discovered that, within a macroscopic framework, additional nonclassical force systems are useful in describing phenomena associated with the material structure of a body. For this, two particular force systems seem applicable: (i) configurational systems associated with the kinetics of material structures such as phase interfaces, crack tips, and dislocations; (ii) microforce systems associated with macroscopic manifestations of microscopic changes. Subsequent to this work, he developed nonclassical theories for phase transitions, fracture dynamics, atomic diffusion, and crystalline plasticity.

Figure 3. Representation of three lattice normal modes (i, j, k) and how their intensities combine at the zero-phonon frequency, but are distributed within the phonon side band due to their different characteristic harmonic oscillator frequencies Ω. The transition between the ground and the excited state is based on the Franck–Condon principle, that the electronic transition is very fast compared with the motion in the lattice. The energy transitions can then be symbolized by vertical arrows between the ground and excited state, that is, there is no motion along the configurational coordinates during the transition. Figure 2 is an energy diagram for interpreting absorption and emission with and without phonons in terms of the configurational coordinate qi.

Nitschke, August 1981: Historische Verhaltensforschung. Stuttgart: Ulmer The configurational approach contrasted deliberately with the mainstream of historiography explaining history by the aims of its actors (pragmatism), as an expression of weltanschauung (psychology and history of ideas) or by interests (in social history).Nitschke, August 1975: Kunst und Verhalten. Analoge Konfigurationen.

The basic word order of Classical Nahuatl is verb initial and often considered to be VSO, but some scholars have argued for it being VOS. However, the language being non- configurational, all word orders are allowed and are used to express different kinds of pragmatic relations, such as thematization and focus.

Theoretical analyisis implies a total of 16 conformational and configurational isomers, all chiral, forming 8 enantiomer pairs. Its most stable cis stereoisomer can adopt various conformations, the most stable one being shaped like a ribbon; The most stable trans-conformer is shaped like the 8-carbon equivalent chair conformation of cyclohexane.

A similar duality is proposed by the philosopher of art Richard Wollheim. He calls it 'twofoldness'.Wollheim, Richard (1987), Painting as an Art (London: Thames and Hudson) pp 46-7, 72-5. Our experience of the picture surface is called the 'configurational' aspect, and our experience of the object depicted the 'recognitional'.

The dual type allows both discrete orientations and fit across dimensions at the unit level but creates a misfit between organizational units. Some researchers argued that inconsistent structures may lead to low performance.Doty, H. D., Glick, W. H., & Huber, G. P. (1993). Fit, equifinality, and organizational effectiveness: A test of two configurational theories.

Technical endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture of stereoisomers, designated α and β. α- and β-Endosulfan are configurational isomers arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of the teravalent sulfur. α-Endosulfan is the more thermodynamically stable of the two, thus β-endosulfan irreversibly converts to the α form, although the conversion is slow.

Below is a list of common piping components and their kinetic energy factor, e_v. Kinetic energy factors for specific components of piping systems. Provided by John Berg, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington. The kinetic energy factor is used to calculate the configurational head loss, the energy loss to the components of the system.

The difficulties facing attempts to define the grammatical relations in terms of thematic or configurational or morphological criteria can be overcome by an approach that posits prototypical traits. The prototypical subject has a cluster of thematic, configurational, and/or morphological traits, and the same is true of the prototypical object and other verb arguments. Across languages and across constructions within a language, there can be many cases where a given subject argument may not be a prototypical subject, but it has enough subject-like traits to be granted subject status. Similarly, a given object argument may not be prototypical in one way or another, but if it has enough object-like traits, then it can nevertheless receive the status of object.

Hydrogen bonds are formed from the hydroxyl groups, linked to the catechol ring, to Ser-204 and Ser-207 in helix 5. This binding limits configurational and rotational freedom. Van der Waals forces between aromatic catechol ring and Phe-290 in helix 6 residue and Val-114 in helix 3 residue reinforce the binding.

Studies of body culture, which spread in Denmark during the 1980s, developed the configurational analysis further, revealing inner tensions and contradictions of a given society.Dietrich, Knut 2001 (ed.): How Societies Create Movement Culture and Sport. University of Copenhagen: Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences; Eichberg, Henning 1998: Body Cultures. London: Routledge; id. - 2001: “Thinking contradictions.

These two competing concepts (c-command vs. rank) have been debated extensively and they continue to be debated. C-command is a configurational notion; it is defined over concrete syntactic configurations. Syntactic rank, in contrast, is a functional notion that resides in the lexicon; it is defined over the ranking of the arguments of predicates.

The term c-command may also have been chosen so as to contrast with the similar notion kommand (often read as "k-command"), proposed by Lasnik (1976). See Keshet (2004) in this regard. However, the concept Reinhart was developing was not new to syntax. Similar configurational notions had been circulating for more than a decade.

4 = Mills projection. Two anomers are designated alpha (α) or beta (β), according to the configurational relationship between the anomeric centre and the anomeric reference atom, hence they are relative stereodescriptors. The anomeric centre in hemiacetals is the anomeric carbon C-1. In hemiketals it is the carbon derived from the carbonyl of the ketone (e.g.

For molecules adsorbed on surfaces there have been various conventions proposed based on hypothetical standard states. For adsorption that occurs on specific sites (Langmuir adsorption) the most common standard state is a relative coverage of θ°=0.5, as this choice results in a cancellation of the configurational entropy term and is also consistent with neglecting to include the standard state (which is a common error). The advantage of using θ°=0.5 is that the configurational term cancels and the entropy extracted from thermodynamic analyses is thus reflective of intra-molecular changes between the bulk phase (such as gas or liquid) and the adsorbed state. There may be benefit to tabulating values based on both a relative coverage based standard state and in additional column an absolute coverage based standard state.

Since the language is so morphologically complex it is often described as a non-configurational language. The flexibility in word order is possible due to almost every word in the sentence having case inflection. However, generally the structures are head-final, with SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) being most common in instances of two over arguments. Otherwise, both SV and OV occur frequently.

34, No. 2:157-79 1999 We-Humans' Betwixt and Between: A Guide to the Stories in G.A.M Offenberg and Jan Pouwer 2002 Kamoro life and ritual. in D. Smidt (ed.) 2003:24-57 Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua: A Configurational Analysis Comparing Kamoro and Asmat. Leiden: KITLV Press (KITLV, Verhandelingen 258). xiii + 300 pp. ill. maps. 2010.

This method allows the determination of the binding affinity without any limitation to the ligand's molecular weight. For the use of statistical mechanics in a quantitative study of the ligand-receptor binding affinity, see the comprehensive articleVu-Quoc, L., Configuration integral (statistical mechanics), 2008. this wiki site is down; see this article in the web archive on 2012 April 28. on the configurational partition function.

Olson received her bachelor's degree in Chemistry at the University of Delaware in 1967, with honors and distinction. During her studies, she received the A.C.S. (Delaware Section) Student Award. Olson obtained her Ph.D. in 1971 at Stanford University, where she studied the configurational statistics of polynucleotide chains. Her advisor was polymer scientist Paul J. Flory, who would win the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1974.

In the model he developed with Alan Penn, the environment has an underlying Exosomatic visual architecture (that is, a paradigm of vision that holds for configurational affordances in the environment and outside the body which guide movement decisions).Turner, A., 2007a. `The ingredients of an exosomatic cognitive map: Isovists, agents and axial lines?'. In: Hoelscher, C., Conroy Dalton, R., Turner, A. (Eds.), Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition.

"Issues of validity and integrity in cognitive mapping research: investigating configurational knowledge", EThOS (British Library). Retrieved 22 July 2019. From 1995 to 1996, he was a lecturer at Swansea, and was then a lecturer at Queen's University Belfast (1996 to 1998). In 1998, he was appointed a lecturer at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, and was promoted to a senior lecturership in 2001.

They exist, like some forms of mythology, in several outlines and sketches. Over the course of his career, Pouwer published two books (one his 1955 PhD thesis) and a wide range of articles. His last book, Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua: A Configurational Analysis Comparing Kamoro and Asmat, was published at Leiden in 2010. It can be downloaded from OAPEN for no cost.

In addition to his 1960s article on a configurational approach, Pouwer spelled out more of his understanding of configurations in 1974. There Pouwer put forward structuring principles which can "...form a system of relations, a configuration ...". These include two complementary basic structuring principles: (a) Identical positioning, and (b) Contra-positioning. There are three derived general structuring principles: (c) Reciprocal positioning, (d) Equi-positioning, (e) Supra-positioning.

His works concern the mathematical properties of matter at the microscopic scale, and they are mostly based on quantum mechanics. He uses tools from the calculus of variations, nonlinear functional analysis, partial differential equations, and spectral theory. For instance, he studied several nonlinear models for atoms and molecules (e.g. the Multi-configurational self-consistent field and Hartree–Fock methods), or for infinite quantum systems (e.g.

The prediction of the configurational hypothesis was not supported by research findings. Researchers found that even after a word string is recognized as an idiom, its literal meaning is still activated. Another criticism of the compositional models concerns the role of familiarity in idiom comprehension. As discovered by research on non-compositional models, idiomatic expressions are processed faster than non-idiomatic expressions. This is likely due to people’s familiarity of idioms.

GeNMR also makes use of genetic algorithms to allow configurational sampling and structural refinement using non-differentiable scores, such as ShiftX chemical shift scores. GeNMR's genetic algorithm creates a population of initial structures and then uses combinations of mutations, cross-overs, segment swaps and writhe movements to comprehensively sample conformation space. The 25 lowest energy structures are then selected, duplicated and carried to the next round of conformational sampling.

Mimika Land Tenure New Guinea Research Bulletin 38:24-33 Canberra: Australian National University 1970 Signification and Fieldwork. Journal of Symbolic Anthropology 1:1-13 1973 (based on Translation at sight) The Structural Configurational Approach: A Methodological Outline. in: Rossi 1974:238-255 Structural History: A New Guinea Case Study. in W.E.A. van Beek and J.H. Scherer (eds) 1975:80-111 The Anthropologist as the Trickster's Apprentice: Complementarity Ambivalence and Dialectic.

The research of this Stuttgart school of studies in human behaviour was to a certain extent parallel to the History of Mentalities from France, to the Cultural Sociology (Kultursoziologie :de:Kultursoziologie) from Germany and Denmark, and to the Historical Anthropology or Alltagsgeschichte from Germany which arose in the 1990s. Referring to Ruth Benedict, Norbert Elias and Michel Foucault, the patterns of human behaviour were called “configurations” (→Configurational analysis (Konfigurationsanalyse)).

Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis was developed by Burcin Cem Arabacioglu (2010) from the architectural theories of space syntaxHillier, Bill and Hanson, Julienne (1984), "The Social Logic of Space", Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Hillier, Bill (1999), "Space is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture", Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. and visibility graph analysis,Turner, Alasdair; Doxa, Maria; O'Sullivan, David and Penn, Alan (2001). "From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space".

Kitchin graduated from Lancaster University in 1991 with a geography BSc. The following year, he completed an MSc in geographical information systems at the University of Leicester and in 1995 was awarded a PhD by the University of Wales, Swansea,"Rob Kitchin: About Me", National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analysis. Archived at the Internet Archive on 28 October 2011. for his thesis "Issues of validity and integrity in cognitive mapping research: investigating configurational knowledge".

A molecular balance is a molecule that can interconvert between two and more conformational or configurational states in response to the dynamic of multiple intra- and intermolecular driving forces, such as hydrogen bonding, solvophobic/hydrophobic effects, π interactions, and steric and dispersion interactions. Molecular balances can be small molecules or macromolecules such as proteins. Cooperatively folded proteins, for example, have been used as molecular balances to measure interaction energies and conformational propensities.

Simulations have highlighted the preference for local ordering in some high entropy alloys and, when the enthalpies of formation are combined with terms for configurational entropy, transition temperatures between order and disorder can be estimated. \- allowing one to understand when effects like age hardening and degradation of an alloy's mechanical properties may be an issue. The transition temperature to reach the solid solution (miscibility gap) was recently addressed with the Lederer-Toher-Vecchio-Curtarolo thermodynamic model.

The production of records by modern sports has been a central point for understanding modern industrial behaviour. : Above these basic body-cultural processes, body culture shows patterns of organizational and institutional character as well as the meanings and ideas, which are ascribed to bodily practices. Mainstream studies of sport often over-emphasize these superstructures (→Base and superstructure), while the configurational analysis of body culture gives priority to the focus on bodily practice, in the framework of a materialist phenomenology.

The insects primarily retain calotropin and calactin (a configurational isomer), even though other cardenolides exist in the plant latex and leaves. These poisons, while not harmful to the insect, make it unpalatable to birds and mammals, and therefore serve as a defense mechanism. Monarch butterflies also store several volatile pyrazines, which give off an odor, which is a warning signal to predators to avoid the insect. P. bufonis is capable of utilizing calotropin in its defensive spray.

As first discussed by Onsager and Feynman, if the temperature in a superfluid or a superconductor is raised, the vortex loops undergo a second- order phase transition. This happens when the configurational entropy overcomes the Boltzmann factor which suppresses the thermal or heat generation of vortex lines. The lines form a condensate. Since the center of the lines, the vortex cores, are normal liquid or normal conductors, respectively, the condensation transforms the superfluid or superconductor into the normal state.

"Boron carbide" is thus not a single compound, but a family of compounds of different compositions. A common intermediate, which approximates a commonly found ratio of elements, is B12(CBC) = B6.5C. Quantum mechanical calculations have demonstrated that configurational disorder between boron and carbon atoms on the different positions in the crystal determines several of the materials properties - in particular, the crystal symmetry of the B4C composition and the non-metallic electrical character of the B13C2 composition.

This result was then explained by Linus Pauling to an excellent approximation, who showed that ice possesses a finite entropy (estimated as 0.81 cal/(K·mol) or 3.4 J/(mol·K)) at zero temperature due to the configurational disorder intrinsic to the protons in ice. In the hexagonal or cubic ice phase the oxygen ions form a tetrahedral structure with an O–O bond length 2.76 Å (276 pm), while the O–H bond length measures only 0.96 Å (96 pm).

Pauling proposed that the open tetrahedral structure of ice affords many equivalent states satisfying the ice rules. Pauling went on to compute the configurational entropy in the following way: consider one mole of ice, consisting of N O2− and 2N protons. Each O–O bond has two positions for a proton, leading to 22N possible configurations. However, among the 16 possible configurations associated with each oxygen, only 6 are energetically favorable, maintaining the H2O molecule constraint.

Configurational analysis (in German Konfigurationsanalyse) became a particular methodological approach in the framework of Historical Behaviour Studies, as they were developed at the University of Stuttgart during the 1970s by the historians August Nitschke and Henning Eichberg. Nitschke analyzed raum-zeitliche Muster (patterns of space and time) and Körperanordnungen (orders of the body) as “configurations” when comparing patterns of art and patterns of social behavior. Configurations were similarities, analogies and changing patterns of figures in a given space.Nitschke, August 1975: Kunst und Verhalten.

A singlet [3+2] cycloaddition, when it is concerted, is believed to proceed under frontier orbital control. When electron-rich TMMs are involved, the A orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to fused products if the TMM is cyclic). When electron-poor (or unsubstituted) TMMs are involved, the S orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to bridged products if the TMM is cyclic). Cycloadditions involving the triplet state are stepwise, and usually result in configurational scrambling in the two-atom component.

Then an upper bound of the numbers that the ground state can take is estimated as Ω < 22N()N. Correspondingly the configurational entropy S0 = kBln(Ω) = NkBln() = 0.81 cal/(K·mol) = 3.4 J/(mol·K) is in amazing agreement with the missing entropy measured by Giauque and Stout. Although Pauling's calculation neglected both the global constraint on the number of protons and the local constraint arising from closed loops on the Wurtzite lattice, the estimate was subsequently shown to be of excellent accuracy.

Typologically, Southern Athabaskan languages are mostly fusional, polysynthetic, nominative–accusative head-marking languages. These languages are argued to be non-configurational languages. The canonical word order is SOV, as can be seen in Lipan example below: : Kónitsąąhį́į́ dziłádałts’aa’híí áí daajiłdiił "The Lipan ate those wild grapes." : Subject = Kónitsąąhį́į́ "the Lipan" : Object = dziłádałts’aa’híí áí "those wild grapes" (dziłádałts’aa’híí "wild grapes", áí "those") : Verb = daajiłdiił "they ate them" Southern Athabaskan words are modified primarily by prefixes, which is uncommon for SOV languages (suffixes are expected).

Journal of the Polynesian Society 75-3:267-86 1966 Toward a Configurational Approach to Society and Culture in New Guinea. Behavioral Science Research in New Guinea: a report of a conference. Honolulu, Hawaii August 18–25, 1965 Publication 1493 National Research Council Academy of Sciences Washington D.C 1967:77-100 (This is an earlier version of the preceding and is available via Google books.) Translation at Sight: The Job of a Social Anthropologist. Inaugural Address, The Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand-Aotearoa) 1 August 1968.

Kenneth Locke Hale (August 15, 1934 – October 8, 2001), also known as Ken Hale, was an American linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studied a huge variety of previously unstudied and often endangered languages—especially indigenous languages of North America, Central America and Australia. Languages investigated by Hale include Navajo, O'odham, Warlpiri, and Ulwa, among many others. Among his major contributions to linguistic theory was the hypothesis that certain languages were non- configurational, lacking the phrase structure characteristic of such languages as English.

Charlotte Froese Fischer (born 1929) is a Canadian-American applied mathematician and computer scientist noted for the development and implementation of the Multi-Configurational Hartree–Fock (MCHF) approach to atomic-structure calculations and its application to the description of atomic structure and spectra. The experimental discovery of the negative ion of calcium was motivated by her theoretical prediction of its existence. This was the first known anion of a Group 2 element., Its discovery was cited in Froese Fischer's election to Fellow of the American Physical Society.

Stuttgart-Bad-Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog The configurational analysis was especially applied to comparative and historical studies of sport and dance as indicators of social change. The comparative analysis of athletics, ball games, equestrianism, martial arts, gymnastics, and dance showed some common configurations as: the functional parceling of space, a new dynamic of “progress” and speed, the modern taste of suspense, the principle of competition, and the production of result tables. The configurations of movement culture prefigured the patterns of productivity orientation, which characterized the Industrial Age.Eichberg, Henning 1978: Leistung, Spannung Geschwindigkeit.

2010: Bodily Democracy. London: Routledge The configurative approach was applied to the analysis and especially to comparison of different fields of activities: popular festivity, fitness culture (→physical fitness), sportive and non-sportive ball games, sport racing and parcour, different outdoor activities, and different health cultures. Configurational analysis focused on bodily movement in time and space, on the energy of movement, on interpersonal relations, and on the objectification of movement. Above this basis, analysis included the superstructure of institutions and ideas (→Base and superstructure), which organize and reflect collective actions and interests.

In particular, this field of mathematics offers formalized approaches for calculating the number of ways of choosing or arranging discrete objects; in this case, atoms or molecules. However, it is important to note that the positions of molecules are not strictly speaking discrete above the quantum level. Thus a variety of approximations may be used in discretizing a system to allow for a purely combinatorial approach. Alternatively, integral methods may be used in some cases to work directly with continuous position functions, usually denoted as a configurational integral.

In non-configurational languages any NP can be omitted and can appear in an order relative to the verb or other NPs. Baker proposes polysynthetic languages follow this structure as NPs appear to have the properties of adjuncts. To take an example of an English parallel, adverbs are modifiers and can appear on either side of the VP, Baker applies this familiar concept to a new domain, showing that in Mohawk (a polysynthetic language), like English the VP has an obligatory position but NPs can be adjuncts with respect to this element.

C-command relations have served as the basis for many explorations and explanations of phenomena within the field of syntax. It has been taken to be the basic configurational relation underlying binding, and has played a central role in the analysis of diverse syntactic mechanisms, such as parasitic gaps and the scope of quantifiers. Informally, if a node has any sibling node(s), then it c-commands its siblings and all of their descendants; however, if a node doesn't have any siblings, then it c-commands everything that its parent c-commands (Reinhart's definition).

Saulteaux is a non-configurational language which means that it has free word order. A fully inflected verb constitutes a sentence or clause on its own with the subject, object, aspect and other notions expressed through the verbal morphology. The language dialect uses pronominals to express the arguments of the verb and any overt nouns (or determiner phrases (DPs)) that further refer to these entities are just adjuncts of the verb. The overt DPs are actually not necessary as they just repeat information and relationships already marked on the verb.

Defining affine (and projective) geometries as configurations of points and lines (or hyperplanes) instead of using coordinates, one gets examples with no coordinate fields. A major property is that all such examples have dimension 2. Finite examples in dimension 2 (finite affine planes) have been valuable in the study of configurations in infinite affine spaces, in group theory, and in combinatorics. Despite being less general than the configurational approach, the other approaches discussed have been very successful in illuminating the parts of geometry that are related to symmetry.

C-2 in D-fructose). In aldohexoses the anomeric reference atom is the stereocenter that is farthest from anomeric carbon in the ring (the configurational atom, defining the sugar as D or L). For example, in α-D- glucopyranose the reference atom is C-5. If in the cyclic Fischer projection the exocyclic oxygen atom at the anomeric centre is cis (on the same side) to the exocyclic oxygen attached to the anomeric reference atom (in the OH group) the anomer is α. If the two oxygens are trans (on different sides) the anomer is β.

Bacteriorhodopsin pumps one H+ ion, from the cytosol to the extracellular medium, per photon absorbed. Specific transport mechanisms and pathways have been proposed. The mechanism involves: # photo-isomerization of the retinal and its initial configurational changes, # deprotonation of the retinal Schiff base and the coupled release of a proton to the extracellular membrane surface, # the switch event that allows reprotonation of the Schiff base from the cytoplasmic side. Six structural models describe the transformations of the retinal and its interaction with water 402, Asp85, and Asp212 in atomic detail, as well as the displacements of functional residues farther from the Schiff base.

For the Franck–Condon principle applied to phonon transitions, the label of the horizontal axis of Figure 1 is replaced in Figure 6 with the configurational coordinate for a normal mode. The lattice mode q_i potential energy in Figure 6 is represented as that of a harmonic oscillator, and the spacing between phonon levels (\hbar \Omega_i) is determined by lattice parameters. Because the energy of single phonons is generally quite small, zero- or few-phonon transitions can only be observed at temperatures below about 40 kelvins. :See Zero-phonon line and phonon sideband for further details and references.

Rowena Ball and John Brindley (2016): "The life story of hydrogen peroxide III: Chirality and physical effects at the dawn of life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, volume 46, pages 81–93 Conversely, the energy barrier may be so high that the easiest way to overcome it would require temporarily breaking and then reforming or more bonds of the molecule. In that case, the two isomers usually are stable enough to be isolated and treated as distinct substances. These isomers are then said to be different configurational isomers or "configurations" of the molecule, not just two different conformations.

To these are added the derived particular structuring principles: (f) vertical positioning, (g) Horizontal positioning, and (h) Concentric positioning. (Pouwer 1974:241-242) In his 2010 book Pouwer said: "By 'configuration' I mean a process that turns elements into components arranged and imbued with meaning by a central orientation...Both configuration and orientation can be conceived of as always being on the move, never closed, always open to change, ambivalence and contradiction. A configuration approach assumes a central orientation that permeates a particular society and culture." (Pouwer 2010:7-8)Reimar Schefold 1994:805 on configurational comparisons in relation to FAS.

Linguist Mark Baker considers polysynthesis, making specific use of Mohawk, to provide a conception of Universal Grammar which accurately accounts for both polysynthetic languages and non-polysynthetic languages. He asserts that the polysynthetic languages must conform to a syntactic rule he calls the "polysynthesis parameter", and that as a result will show a special set of syntactic properties. Following this parameter, one property of polysynthetic languages is non-rigid phrase structure, making these languages non-configurational. To support his claim he considers three features of non-configurationality: the position of NPs, the licensing of NPs and discontinuous constituents.

One of them is mixing of two or more different substances, occasioned by bringing them together by removing a wall that separates them, keeping the temperature and pressure constant. The mixing is accompanied by the entropy of mixing. In the important case of mixing of ideal gases, the combined system does not change its internal energy by work or heat transfer; the entropy increase is then entirely due to the spreading of the different substances into their new common volume.See, e.g., Notes for a “Conversation About Entropy” for a brief discussion of both thermodynamic and "configurational" ("positional") entropy in chemistry.

Douglas W. Phillipson and Kenneth L. Rinehart Jr. (1983): "Antifungal peroxide-containing acids from two Caribbean sponges". Journal of the American Chemical Association, volume 105, issue 26, pages 7735–7736. Peng Dai, Tony K. Trullinger, Xuejun Liu, and Patrick H. Dussault (2006): "Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-dioxolane-3-acetic acids: Synthesis and configurational cssignment of plakinic acid A". Journal of Organic Chemistry, volume 71, issue 6, pages 2283–2292. A. J. Bloodworth, Brian D. Bothwell, Andrew N. Collins, and Nicola L. Maidwell (1996): "A short synthesis of naturally occurring and other analogues of plakinic acids that contain the 1,2-dioxolane group". Tetrahedron Letters, volume 37, issue 11, pages 1885-1888.

Body culture studies try to understand bodily practice as patterns revealing the inner tensions and contradictions of a given society. In order to analyze these connections, the study of body culture has turned attention to the configurations of movement in time and space, the energy of movement, its interpersonal relations and objectification (→Configurational analysis (Konfigurationsanalyse)). Above this basis, people build a superstructure of institutions and ideas, organising and reflecting body culture in relation to collective actions and interests (Eichberg 1978; Dietrich 2001: 10-32; see keyword 2). By elaborating the complex interplay between bodily practice and the superstructures of ideas and conscience, body cultures studies challenge the established history and sociology.

Current views vary on whether all languages have a verb phrase; some schools of generative grammar (such as principles and parameters) hold that all languages have a verb phrase, while others (such as lexical functional grammar) take the view that at least some languages lack a verb phrase constituent, including those languages with a very free word order (the so-called non-configurational languages, such as Japanese, Hungarian, or Australian aboriginal languages), and some languages with a default VSO order (several Celtic and Oceanic languages). Phrase structure grammars view both finite and nonfinite verb phrases as constituent phrases and, consequently, do not draw any key distinction between them. Dependency grammars (described below) are much different in this regard.

Potential applications include use in state-of-the-art race cars, spacecraft, submarines, nuclear reactors, jet aircraft, nuclear weapons, long range hypersonic missiles and so on. A few months later, after the publication of Jien-Wei Yeh's paper, another independent paper on high entropy alloys was published by another team from the United Kingdom composed of Brian Cantor, I. T. H. Chang, P. Knight and A. J. B. Vincent. Yeh was also the first to coin the term "high-entropy alloy" when he attributed the high configurational entropy as the mechanism stabilizing the solid solution phase. Cantor did the first work in the field in the late 1970s and early 1980s, though he did not publish until 2004.

Therefore, one has different configurational isomers depending on whether each hydroxyl is on "this side" or "the other side" of the ring's mean plane. Discounting isomers that are equivalent under rotations, there are nine isomers that differ by this criterion, and behave as different stable substances (two of them being enantiomers of each other). The most common one in nature (myo-inositol) has the hydroxyls on carbons 1, 2, 3 and 5 on the same side of that plane, and can therefore be called cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol. And each of these cis-trans isomers can possibly have stable "chair" or "boat" conformations (although the barriers between these are significantly lower than those between different cis-trans isomers).

Shortly before his death, Pouwer concluded a synthetic monograph comparing Kamoro and Asmat culture, based on his own fieldwork, missionary and administrative reports, and anthropological studies (Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua. Leiden, 2010). In this work Pouwer makes use of a distinction between the symbolic and existential dimensions of social action as refined by Bruce Knauft (1993) while, at the same time and contra Knauft, using a configurational approach to demonstrate the difference between the neighbouring Kamoro and Asmat peoples. Teaching experience: as part of his official duties Pouwer taught general anthropology and ethnography of New Guinea at the School of Public Administration (Bestuursschool) in Hollandia, Netherlands New Guinea, 1955-58.

Unfortunately, there are many ROHF based MP2-like methods because of arbitrariness in the ROHF wavefunction(for example HCPT, ROMP, RMP (also called ROHF-MBPT2), OPT1 and OPT2, ZAPT, IOPT, etc.). Some of the ROHF based MP2-like theories suffer from spin-contamination in their perturbed density and energies beyond second- order. These methods, Hartree–Fock, unrestricted Hartree–Fock and restricted Hartree–Fock use a single determinant wave function. Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) methods use several determinants and can be used for the unperturbed operator, although not uniquely, so many methods, such as complete active space perturbation theory (CASPT2), and Multi-Configuration Quasi-Degenerate Perturbation Theory (MCQDPT), have been developed.

Thermodynamic or configurational systems near a critical point or a continuous phase transition become fractal, and the behavior of many quantities in such circumstances is described by universal critical exponents. Percolation theory is a particularly simple and fundamental model in statistical mechanics which has a critical point, and a great deal of work has been done in finding its critical exponents, both theoretically (limited to two dimensions) and numerically. Critical exponents exist for a variety of observables, but most of them are linked to each other by exponent (or scaling) relations. Only a few of them are independent, and the choice of the fundamental exponents depends on the focus of the study at hand.

The concept of non-configurationality was developed by grammarians working within Noam Chomsky's generative framework. Some of these linguists observed that the Syntactic Universals proposed by Chomsky and which required a rigid phrase structure was challenged by the syntax of some of the world's languages that had a much less rigid syntax than that of the languages on which Chomsky had based his studies. The concept was invented by Ken Hale who described the syntax of Warlpiri as being non-configurational. However the first to publish a description of non- configurationality was Chomsky himself in his 1981 lectures on Government and Binding, in which he referred to an unpublished paper by Hale.

Eloise Jelinek, having worked with Salishan and Athabascan languages, proposed an analysis of polysynthetic languages in which the morphemes that agree with the arguments of the verb are not just considered indexes of the arguments, but in fact constitute the primary expression of the arguments within the sentence. Because this theory posits that the pronominal agreement morphemes are the true syntactic arguments of the sentence, Jelinek's hypothesis was called the pronominal argument hypothesis. If the hypothesis were correct, it would mean that free standing nouns in such languages did not constitute syntactical arguments, but simply adjoined specifiers or adjuncts. This in turn explained why many polysynthetic languages seem to be non-configurational, i.e.

1,5-Cyclooctadiene is a cyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH; specifically [––CH=CH–]2. There are three configurational isomers with this structure, that differ by the arrangement of the four C–C single bonds adjacent to the double bonds. Each pair of single bonds can be on the same side (cis,Z) or on opposite sides (trans, E) of the double bond's plane; the three possibilities are denoted cis,cis, trans,trans, and cis,trans; or (Z,Z), (E,E), and (Z,E). (Because of overall symmetry, trans,cis is the same configuration as cis,trans.) Generally abbreviated COD, the cis,cis isomer of this diene is a useful precursor to other organic compounds and serves as a ligand in organometallic chemistry.

In 2014 a concept of hybrid scale was introduced, the elastically deformable arm scale, which is a combination between a spring scale and a beam balance, exploiting simultaneously both principles of equilibrium and deformation. In this scale, the rigid arms of a classical beam balance (for example a steelyard) are replaced with a flexible elastic rod in an inclined frictionless sliding sleeve. The rod can reach a unique free of sliding equilibrium when two vertical dead loads (or masses) are applied at its edges. Equilibrium, which would be impossible with rigid arms, is guaranteed because configurational forces develop at the two edges of the sleeve as a consequence of both the free sliding condition and the nonlinear kinematics of the elastic rod.

Others expand the true multi-electron wave function in terms of a linear combination of Slater determinants—such as multi-configurational self-consistent field, configuration interaction, quadratic configuration interaction, and complete active space SCF (CASSCF). Still others (such as variational quantum Monte Carlo) modify the Hartree–Fock wave function by multiplying it by a correlation function ("Jastrow" factor), a term which is explicitly a function of multiple electrons that cannot be decomposed into independent single- particle functions. An alternative to Hartree–Fock calculations used in some cases is density functional theory, which treats both exchange and correlation energies, albeit approximately. Indeed, it is common to use calculations that are a hybrid of the two methods—the popular B3LYP scheme is one such hybrid functional method.

Jørgensen's list of peer-reviewed publications contains numerous self-contained articles which, in many cases, have become central sources within the field of electronic structure theory. His areas of research have been diverse and include work on multi-configurational self- consistent field (MCSCF) methods, Lagrangian techniques for molecular property calculations and analytic derivatives, time-independent and time-dependent linear and non-linear response function theory, coupled cluster perturbation theory, calculation of magnetic molecular properties using gauge invariant methods, showing and explaining the divergence of Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, benchmarking the accuracy of electronic structure models, basis set extrapolation for accurate calculations of energies, linear-scaling coupled cluster algorithms, optimization algorithms for Hartree–Fock and Kohn–Sham theory, and localization of Hartree–Fock orbitals.

High entropy oxides (HEOs) are complex oxides that contain five or more different metal cations in the same amount and have a single-phase crystal structure. The first HEO with formula Cu0.2Co0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2O, and having the rock salt structure, was reported in 2015 by Rost et al. Notably, not all of the parent compounds are stable in the rock salt structure at ambient pressure and room temperature: CuO has a monoclinic structure and ZnO is usually stable in the wurtzite structure. The possibility of stabilizing all these binary compounds into a single rock salt phase is a direct effect of the value of the configurational entropy, exceptionally large in case of a multicomponent (generally up to 5 components) mixture, which compensates for the unfavourable correspondent enthalpic contribution.

The graft copolymer consists of a main polymer chain or backbone (A) covalently bonded to one or more side chains (B) Graft copolymers are a special type of branched copolymer in which the side chains are structurally distinct from the main chain. Typically the main chain is formed from one type of monomer (A) and branches are formed from another monomer (B), or else the side-chains have constitutional or configurational features that differ from those in the main chain. The individual chains of a graft copolymer may be homopolymers or copolymers. Note that different copolymer sequencing is sufficient to define a structural difference, thus an A-B diblock copolymer with A-B alternating copolymer side chains is properly called a graft copolymer.

As the clay particles approach each other to within two times the thickness of the polymer layers, the loops and tails of the polymers on one surface will start to block those on the other surface, leading to a decrease in configurational entropy. This is unfavorable because it increases the Gibbs free energy of the system, and it will be more energetically favorable for the colloid particles to remain farther apart.The morphology of polymer-clay aggregates is dictated by the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the energy of their interactions. Three possible morphologies depicted above include (1) intercalated, in which polymer molecules alternate with clay layers, (2) flocculated, in which the alternating clay/polymer layers begin to aggregate, and (3) exfoliated, in which a polymer matrix supports individual, separated clay layers.

Precise knowledge of tacticity of a polymer also helps understanding at what temperature a polymer melts, how soluble it is in a solvent and its mechanical properties. A tactic macromolecule in the IUPAC definition is a macromolecule in which essentially all the configurational (repeating) units are identical. Tacticity is particularly significant in vinyl polymers of the type -H2C-CH(R)- where each repeating unit with a substituent R on one side of the polymer backbone is followed by the next repeating unit with the substituent on the same side as the previous one, the other side as the previous one or positioned randomly with respect to the previous one. In a hydrocarbon macromolecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper plane with the substituents either sticking out of the paper or retreating into the paper.

F. Bueche was the first scientist to come up with the theory of segmental mobility of polymers near their glass transition temperature. He presented two methods to describe the mobility of polymer segments near Tg. Based on his excluded volume calculations, he concluded that any factor which increases the volume disturbed by a rotating segment of a polymer chain or which increases the density of the polymer will in turn increase Tg. Hence, increasing chain stiffness and addition of bulky, but stiff, chain side groups will increase Tg. Later in 1965, Adam and Gibbs formulated the temperature dependence of cooperative relaxation properties in glass forming liquids. It was theorized that the local relaxation of polymer chains occurs in cooperative rearranging regions (CRR) where there is a collective motion of small polymer segments (hence the name segmental mobility). They correlated the size of these cooperative regions to the configurational entropy of the system.

An old standing dynamic problem is how DNA "self- replication" takes place in living cells that should involve transient uncoiling of supercoiled DNA fibers. Although DNA consists of relatively rigid, very large elongated biopolymer molecules called fibers or chains (that are made of repeating nucleotide units of four basic types, attached to deoxyribose and phosphate groups), its molecular structure in vivo undergoes dynamic configuration changes that involve dynamically attached water molecules and ions. Supercoiling, packing with histones in chromosome structures, and other such supramolecular aspects also involve in vivo DNA topology which is even more complex than DNA molecular geometry, thus turning molecular modeling of DNA into an especially challenging problem for both molecular biologists and biotechnologists. Like other large molecules and biopolymers, DNA often exists in multiple stable geometries (that is, it exhibits conformational isomerism) and configurational, quantum states which are close to each other in energy on the potential energy surface of the DNA molecule.

Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MPn) and coupled cluster theory (CC) are examples of these post-Hartree-Fock methods. In some cases, particularly for bond breaking processes, the Hartree- Fock method is inadequate and this single-determinant reference function is not a good basis for post-Hartree-Fock methods. It is then necessary to start with a wave function that includes more than one determinant such as multi- configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) and methods have been developed that use these multi-determinant references for improvements. However, if one uses coupled cluster methods such as CCSDT, CCSDt, CR-CC(2,3), or CC(t;3) then single-bond breaking using the single determinant HF reference is feasible. For an accurate description of double bond breaking, methods such as CCSDTQ, CCSDTq, CCSDtq, CR-CC(2,4), or CC(tq;3,4) also make use of the single determinant HF reference, and do not require one to use multi-reference methods. ;Example: Is the bonding situation in disilyne Si2H2 the same as in acetylene (C2H2)? A series of ab initio studies of Si2H2 is an example of how ab initio computational chemistry can predict new structures that are subsequently confirmed by experiment. They go back over 20 years, and most of the main conclusions were reached by 1995.