Images like these chart a free-floating concatenation of ideas and associations.
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Lewis sifts through a "concatenation of hypotheticals," all of which were soon moot.
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These are real advances, but many shaky convictions arise from a concatenation of factors.
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The filling was a clever concatenation — "BAnana added to CHocolate gives you Bach," Dr. Cheng said.
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Perhaps shimmering bronze Teslamino, or a Gigerian concatenation of flamboyant organic shapes and weird, threatening curves.
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The painting, a dynamic concatenation of thick black curves and slashes, gripped him with savage intensity.
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Scientists unofficially named the island Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, a concatenation of two older, uninhabited islands it nestles between.
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The World Cup is the ultimate concatenation of these stories, the greatest work of literature the sport has to offer.
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Jack Shafer argues that Trump's success so far is a "black swan" event, an unpredictable and unrepeatable concatenation of improbable circumstances.
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He shared Tolstoy's vision of it not as the product of great figures but as the concatenation of ordinary people's wills.
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It takes a reader of stern historical fiber not to be a little put off by the concatenation of Constans, Constantius and Constantine.
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"9803 (For Jeremy Blake and Theresa Duncan)" can be read as a concatenation of gestural marks, with some obviously related and others not.
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In "The Little Snake," the swift emotional slippages click along, one after another, sentence after sentence, like an intricate concatenation of rainbow-bright dominoes.
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Assaulted by blaster fire and strobing explosions, we're not inclined to wonder about the backstory, whatever concatenation of events brought us to this particular deadly moment.
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But then that worldview also seemed threadbare — a concatenation of clichés so rote and unconvincing that its abandonment by Trump's voters looks almost inevitable in hindsight.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads In 2017 rap is less a genre than a concatenation of subgenres, each with a different set of conventions and rules.
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Accio, the summoning spell, if you add an "N" to the end of it, it becomes a concatenation between "accelerate" and "ion," which is what we do.
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This feels like a black swan event to me, an unlikely concatenation of circumstances that offers a last gasp to forces in American life that are inexorably fading.
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Mr Wallace describes the consortium of political and business interests who worked for consolidation in order to propel a concatenation of prosperous communities into an unstoppable engine of capitalism.
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But such gripes melt away in the presence of an ethereal copper-and-iron-wire concatenation from 1954—seven interconnected orbs, two of which surround smaller spheres like translucent cocoons.
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Even the smallest perturbation to a complex system (like the weather, the economy or just about anything else) can touch off a concatenation of events that leads to a dramatically divergent future.
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The concatenation of difference is captured in the busy final image, in which a singer with a guitar begins to perform in a crowded restaurant, never quite commanding the attention of its diners.
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They exploited a chance concatenation of circumstances—public anxiety about the surge of immigrants from eastern Europe after 2004; exhaustion with New Labour's endless spin; the rise of UKIP—to extract a promise of a referendum.
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Such a concatenation of conventional gender markers can't help but feel like irony, and inscribing the picture of a living animal on a gaudily decorated bit of its carcass seems like a bitter joke about the price of being a woman.
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They were able to exploit another concatenation of circumstances—the financial crisis in 2008; Ed Miliband's decision to expand the membership; the willingness of a few moderate MPs to put Mr Corbyn's name on the ballot—to seize control of the party.
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At Tsion, Ethiopian vegetable stews betray little tinkering beyond the near melt of slow-cooked onions, garlic and ginger that gives body to every dish, and an occasional shot of berbere, a concatenation of 17 spices, the strongest among them cumin, cardamom and chile.
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I often try to talk my husband into pulling over so we don't crash, but he reminds me that we're just setting ourselves up for the serial killers who roam lonesome highways looking for poets, and what would you call that concatenation of events?
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LONDON — Not long after asking the House of Commons to "contemplate the current constitutional confusion and consider the chaos this concatenation of circumstances could create" on Tuesday night, the British lawmaker Jacob Rees-Mogg reclined on the front bench of the chamber until he was nearly horizontal.
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The manufacturing boom of the postwar years was an oddity, and there will be no repeat of the concatenation that made it happen: The backlog of innovations stored up during the Great Depression and World War II; the devastation of other industrial powers, Germany in particular, which gave the United States a competitive edge.
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Like Ridley Scott's recent movie, "All the Money in the World," the first season of the show — three different season-long stories about the Gettys are planned — deals with the 1973 kidnapping of the patriarch's teenage grandson, John Paul Getty III, and the concatenation of family tensions around money and power that frames the event.
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But his subjects also include the top of the Chrysler building on a moonlit evening; a baby lying nude on a blue blanket; a young woman in a black dress pulling back a blue curtain; an angel writing a letter; and a round kitchen table tilted toward the picture plane, covered with a concatenation of breakfast items, art supplies, and photos that might be the inspiration for a painting.
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The 16 examples up now at Pace include "Like a Leaf," a flying concatenation of green and blue angles comprising six separate stretchers; "Making It Up," a 10-foot-high shape with curling corners, like a psychedelic bedsheet that's slipped its clothesline to fly into the sky; and "Stay Awake," a kind of rounded red drinking horn or cartoon heart that extends almost two feet from the wall.
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Virtual concatenation (VCAT) is an inverse multiplexing technique creating a large capacity payload container distributed over multiple smaller capacity TDM signals. These signals may be transported or routed independently. Virtual concatenation has been defined for SONET/SDH, OTN and PDH path signals. Alternate SONET/SDH concatenation techniques are contiguous concatenation and arbitrary concatenation.
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In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball". In certain formalisations of concatenation theory, also called string theory, string concatenation is a primitive notion.
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More important is the need for all intermediate network elements to support newly introduced concatenation sizes. This problem was overcome with the introduction of Virtual Concatenation. Virtual concatenation (VCAT) allows for a more arbitrary assembly of lower-order multiplexing containers, building larger containers of fairly arbitrary size (e.g., 100 Mbit/s) without the need for intermediate network elements to support this particular form of concatenation.
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Lexical analysis, 2.4.2. String literal concatenation: "Multiple adjacent string literals (delimited by whitespace), possibly using different quoting conventions, are allowed, and their meaning is the same as their concatenation." which copied it from C.Python-ideas, "Implicit string literal concatenation considered harmful?", Guido van Rossum, May 10, 2013 Notably, this concatenation happens at compile time, during lexical analysis (as a phase following initial tokenization), and is contrasted with both run time string concatenation (generally with the `+` operator)The Python Language Reference, 2. Lexical analysis, 2.4.2. String literal concatenation: "Note that this feature is defined at the syntactical level, but implemented at compile time. The ‘+’ operator must be used to concatenate string expressions at run time." and concatenation during constant folding, which occurs at compile time, but in a later phase (after phrase analysis or "parsing"). Most languages, such as C#, Java and Perl, do not support implicit string literal concatenation, and instead require explicit concatenation, such as with the `+` operator (this is also possible in D and Python, but illegal in C/C++ – see below); in this case concatenation may happen at compile time, via constant folding, or may be deferred to run time.
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The following operators have the given precedence from tightest binding to loosest binding: #Strings, names formation #Comment #Value range #Repetition #Grouping, optional #Concatenation #Alternative Use of the alternative operator with concatenation may be confusing, and it is recommended that grouping be used to make explicit concatenation groups.
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In programming, string concatenation generally occurs at run time, as string values are not in general known until run time. However, in the case of string literals, the values are known at compile time, and thus string concatenation can be done at compile time, either via string literal concatenation or via constant folding.
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Primes that are the concatenation of the first n primes written in decimal. 2, 23, 2357 () The fourth Smarandache-Wellin prime is the 355-digit concatenation of the first 128 primes that end with 719.
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The concatenation of the orders in Masaccio's fresco of the Trinity The concatenation (enchainement) is an architectural composition that unites chaining parts together—as with separate elements in long façades, with the fronts being brought forward or recessed.
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Implicit string concatenation is not required by modern compilers, which implement constant folding, and causes hard-to-spot errors due to unintentional concatenation from omitting a comma, particularly in vertical lists of strings, as in: l = ['foo', 'bar' 'zork'] Accordingly, it is not used in most languages, and it has been proposed for deprecation from DDLang's Issue Tracking System – Issue 3827 - Warn against and then deprecate implicit concatenation of adjacent string literals and Python. However, removing the feature breaks backwards compatibility, and replacing it with a concatenation operator introduces issues of precedence – string literal concatenation occurs during lexing, prior to operator evaluation, but concatenation via an explicit operator occurs at the same time as other operators, hence precedence is an issue, potentially requiring parentheses to ensure desired evaluation order. A subtler issue is that in C and C++,C++11 draft standard, , 2.14.5 String literals [lex.
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Two fundamental operations are then added to all rewrite rules: wrapping and concatenation.
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A GNS is always made of several name spaces using concatenation or individual shared volumes.
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Packet concatenation is a computer networking optimization that coalesces multiple packets under a single header.
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A fraction when multiplied by (i.e. concatenated with) its denominator yields its numerator. As concatenation is not commutative, it makes a difference whether the denominator occurs to the left or right. The concatenation must be on the same side as the denominator for it to cancel out.
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Concatenation differences between TEC RED and SAGE Concatenation of the tags, as developed in 2004, is different from that seen in SAGE. The cleavage of the tags with Xho1 and mixture of the different samples, followed by ligation, form the first concatenation step. The second step uses one of the restriction endonucleases with consensus to the adapter molecule attached to the 3’ end. They are again ligated, and PCR is performed to purify samples for the next joining.
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Languages in P are also closed under reversal, intersection, union, concatenation, Kleene closure, inverse homomorphism, and complementation.
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As most rope operations require balanced trees, the tree may need to be re-balanced after concatenation.
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Juxtaposition of terms denotes concatenation. For example, h(u) h(v) denotes the concatenation of h(u) with h(v). If h is a homomorphism on Σ1∗ and e denotes the empty word, then h is called an e-free homomorphism when for all in Σ1∗. The set Σ∗ of words formed from the alphabet Σ may be thought of as the free monoid generated by Σ. Here the monoid operation is concatenation and the identity element is the empty word.
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This allows joining individual characters with the addition symbol + which acts as a concatenation symbol when dealing with strings.
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Different languages use different symbols for the concatenation operator. Many languages use the "+" symbol, though several deviate from this.
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The 160-bit UUHash is now the concatenation of the 128-bit MD5 hash and the final 32-bit smallhash value.
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Leeco is an unincorporated community in Lee County, Kentucky, United States. It is named as a concatenation of Lee Co(unty).
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19 (2013) 253–4. A generative grammar can be seen as a recursive definition in string theory. The most basic operation on strings is concatenation; connect two strings to form a longer string whose length is the sum of the lengths of those two strings. ABCDE is the concatenation of AB with CDE, in symbols ABCDE = AB ^ CDE.
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In formal language theory and pattern matching (including regular expressions), the concatenation operation on strings is generalised to an operation on sets of strings as follows: For two sets of strings S1 and S2, the concatenation S1S2 consists of all strings of the form vw where v is a string from S1 and w is a string from S2, or formally . Many authors also use concatenation of a string set and a single string, and vice versa, which are defined similarly by and . In these definitions, the string vw is the ordinary concatenation of strings v and w as defined in the introductory section. For example, if , and , then FR denotes the set of all chess board coordinates in algebraic notation, while eR denotes the set of all coordinates of the kings' file.
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Mohawksin is a concatenation of the last syllable of the three rivers that flow into it - the Somo, the Tomahawk and the Wisconsin.
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Mariuolumne is a concatenation of the names Mariposa and Tuolumne; the border between the two counties is near the base of Mariolumne Dome.
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Virtual concatenation is considered the primary enhancement to voice optimized SONET/SDH, in order to support the transport of variable bit data streams. Other recent SONET/SDH enhancements include Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS), and the Generic Framing Procedure (GFP). In conjunction with LCAS and GFP, Virtual Concatenation gives the advantage of splitting the required bandwidth equally among a set number of sub paths called Virtual Tributaries (VT). The Virtual Concatenation is specified in ITU-T Recommendations G.707 (2007)ITU-T G.707/Y.1322 (01/07), Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 2007 and G.783 (2006).
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For a one-letter alphabet, Leiss discovered the first language equation with a nonregular solution, using complementation and concatenation operations. Later, Jeż showed that non-regular unary languages can be defined by language equations with union, intersection and concatenation, equivalent to conjunctive grammars. By this method Jeż and Okhotin proved that every recursive unary language is a unique solution of some equation.
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For example, "s⁀t" represents the concatenation sequence of sequences called s and t, while the notation "⁀/q" is the distributed concatenation of the sequence of sequences called q.The Z Notation: a reference manual , J. M. Spivey. In proofreading, the undertie was used to indicate that word in a manuscript had been divided incorrectly by a space. (See Hyphen#Origin and history).
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Adjacent string literal tokens are concatenated."C syntax: String literal concatenation C++,C++11 draft standard, , 2.2 Phases of translation [lex.phases], p. 17: "6.
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In this context, sets of strings are often referred to as formal languages. The concatenation operator is usually expressed as simple juxtaposition (as with multiplication).
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Additional layers of abstraction can be applied. Thus, the order of complexity of the task is determined through analyzing the demands of each task by breaking it down into its constituent parts. The hierarchical complexity of a task refers to the number of concatenation operations it contains, that is, the number of recursions that the coordinating actions must perform. An order-three task has three concatenation operations.
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The space splits as a semi-direct product, :LG = \Omega G \rtimes G. We may also think of as the loop space on . From this point of view, is an H-space with respect to concatenation of loops. On the face of it, this seems to provide with two very different product maps. However, it can be shown that concatenation and pointwise multiplication are homotopic.
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A formula is either a term or defined by the recursive rule: if α and β are formulas, then αβ and ~(α) are likewise formulas. Hence "~" is another monadic functor, and concatenation is the sole dyadic predicate functor. Quine called these functors "alethic." The natural interpretation of "~" is negation; that of concatenation is any connective that, when combined with negation, forms a functionally complete set of connectives.
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As with character strings it is straightforward to define length, substring, lexicographical compare, concatenation, reverse operations. The implementation of some of these operations is sensitive to endianness.
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In recreational mathematics, many problems concern the properties of numbers under concatenation of their numerals in some base. Examples include home primes (primes obtained by repeatedly factoring the increasing concatenation of prime factors of a given number), Smarandache–Wellin numbers (the concatenations of the first prime numbers), and the Champernowne and Copeland–Erdős constants (the real numbers formed by the decimal representations of the positive integers and the prime numbers, respectively).
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Terminals are specified by one or more numeric characters. Numeric characters may be specified as the percent sign `%`, followed by the base (`b` = binary, `d` = decimal, and `x` = hexadecimal), followed by the value, or concatenation of values (indicated by `.`). For example, a carriage return is specified by `%d13` in decimal or `%x0D` in hexadecimal. A carriage return followed by a line feed may be specified with concatenation as `%d13.10`.
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This is different from usual code concatenation where the inner codes are the same for each position. The Justesen code can be constructed very efficiently using only logarithmic space.
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The permutation of the payload data is carried out by a device called an interleaver. Hardware- wise, this turbo code encoder consists of two identical RSC coders, С1 and C2, as depicted in the figure, which are connected to each other using a concatenation scheme, called parallel concatenation: File:turbo encoder.svg In the figure, M is a memory register. The delay line and interleaver force input bits dk to appear in different sequences.
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The concatenation articulates the wall by superimposing elements of the architectural order, such as pilasters or engaged columns, inside which a round arch or a series of arches open. Two hierarchical orders are usually superimposed: the minor order supports the arch, which, in turn, is framed under the entablature of the major order. The concatenation is different from the serliana that usually employs a single order on which both the arches and the architrave rest.
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A hash tree is a tree of hashes in which the leaves are hashes of data blocks in, for instance, a file or set of files. Nodes further up in the tree are the hashes of their respective children. For example, in the picture hash 0 is the result of hashing the concatenation of hash 0-0 and hash 0-1. That is, hash 0 = hash( hash(0-0) + hash(0-1) ) where + denotes concatenation.
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Virtual concatenation leverages the X.86 or Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) protocols in order to map payloads of arbitrary bandwidth into the virtually concatenated container. The Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) allows for dynamically changing the bandwidth via dynamic virtual concatenation, multiplexing containers based on the short-term bandwidth needs in the network. The set of next-generation SONET/SDH protocols that enable Ethernet transport is referred to as Ethernet over SONET/SDH (EoS).
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As an element of architectural language, the concatenation was common in the Roman architecture both in an isolated form (triumphal arches) and in series. It was also widely used in multi-level buildings, such as Colosseum. As a compositional element, it saw new interest in the first half of the 15th century, becoming a fundamental syntagm of the classical architecture. In the Renaissance architecture, the concatenation was widely used in all types of buildings, internal courtyards, and cloisters.
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Coe, C., Hayashi, K., & Levine, S. (1988). Hormones and behavior at puberty: Activation or concatenation. In M. Gunnar & W.A. Collins (Eds.), The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 21, pp. 17–41.
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More generally: ;Chosen-prefix collision attack: Given two different prefixes p1 and p2, find two appendages m1 and m2 such that hash(p1 ∥ m1) = hash(p2 ∥ m2), where ∥ denotes the concatenation operation.
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Operator \parallel is string concatenation. Operator \oplus is bit-wise XOR. k is security parameter and the length of keys. It should be greater than 80 and is usually set at 128.
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Length is a quantity for which natural concatenation operations exist. That is, we can combine in a side-by-side fashion lengths of rigid steel rods, for example, such that the additive relations between lengths is readily observed. If we have four 1 m lengths of such rods, we can place them end to end to produce a length of 4 m. Quantities capable of concatenation are known as extensive quantities and include mass, time, electrical resistance and plane angle.
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The concatenation is continued with the second restriction endonuclease, followed by the third and finally the fourth. This results in the concatamer formed by the six endonuclease ligations containing 32 tags, arranged 5’ to 5’ around the Xho1 site. In SAGE, concatenation takes place after ditags are formed and amplified by PCR. The linkers on the outside of the ditags are cleaved with the enzyme that provided their binding and these sticky end ditags are concatenated randomly and placed into a cloning vector.
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Given an event set Z, concatenation of two unit event segments \omega over [t_1, t_2] and \omega' over [t_3, t_4] is denoted by \omega\omega' whose time interval is [t_1, t_4], and implies t_2 = t_3.
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164 is a zero of the Mertens function. In base 10, 164 is the smallest number that can be expressed as a concatenation of two squares in two different ways: as 1 + 64 or 16 + 4.
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In addition, there is ongoing discussion between the governments of Namibia and Angola regarding the creation of a trans-border coastal park, formed from the concatenation of the Skeleton Coast National Park, and Angola's Iona National Park.
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FileMon (from a concatenation of "File" and "Monitor") was a free utility for 32/64-bit Microsoft Windows operating systems which provided users with a powerful tool to monitor and display file system activity. FileMon is no longer supported.
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Within a MUD's technical infrastructure, a mudlib (concatenation of "MUD library") defines the rules of the in-game world. Examples of mudlibs include Ain Soph Mudlib, CDlib, Discworld Mudlib, Lima Mudlib, LPUniversity Mudlib, MorgenGrauen Mudlib, Nightmare Mudlib, and TMI Mudlib.
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This isomorphism is compatible with "+", that is, for any two sequences s and t, if s is mapped (i.e. evaluated) to a number m and t to n, then their concatenation s+t is mapped to the sum m+n.
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"War" was the first Meshuggah song to feature programmed drums. The remix for the song "Concatenation" is a slower version of the song with a different drum beat. The person on the cover and inlay photographs is tour manager Per Wikström.
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In other words, An grows exponentially. The best known lower bound for λ is 4.00253. The best known upper bound, not improved since the 1970s, is . To establish a lower bound, a simple but highly effective method is concatenation of polyominoes.
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Both sides of the Crofton formula are additive over concatenation of curves, so it suffices to prove the formula for a single line segment. Since the right-hand side does not depend on the positioning of the line segment, it must equal some function of the segment's length. Because, again, the formula is additive over concatenation of line segments, the integral must be a constant times the length of the line segment. It remains only to determine the factor of 1/4; this is easily done by computing both sides when γ is the unit circle.
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The full sorted output is the concatenation of the buckets. A common strategy is to set equal to the number of processors available. The data is then distributed among the processors, which perform the sorting of buckets using some other, sequential, sorting algorithm.
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The name of settlement is a concatenation of Komi-Permyak words "ныр" (meaning "nose") and "ыб" (meaning "field"). With "Nose" being one of the first residents of the locality, the name as a whole can be translated as "a field belonging to Nose".
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The number of phrase is sent to the output. A new phrase is added to the dictionary. This phrase is created by concatenation of string S and the character that follows in file. The actual input position is moved forward by the length of .
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Biggleswade was a historic 'hundred' of English county of Bedfordshire. The hundred consisted of the town of Biggleswade and its surrounding area. The name Biggleswade comes from a concatenation of the Anglo Saxon words 'Biceil' (being a personal name) and 'Waed' (meaning a ford).
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Following Lisp, other high-level languages which feature linked lists as primitive data structures have adopted an `append`. Haskell uses the `++` operator to append lists. OCaml uses the `@` operator to append lists. Other languages use the `+` or `++` symbols for nondestructive string/list/array concatenation.
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The term jegyben lenni/járni means "to be engaged"; gyűrű means "ring"). Usually a trigraph is a double digraph, but there are a few exceptions: tizennyolc ("eighteen") is a concatenation of tizen + nyolc. There are doubling minimal pairs: tol ("push") vs. toll ("feather" or "pen").
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Assigning a string to a variable that was too small too hold it resulted in any excess being truncated. String manipulation was carried out using array slicing syntax. referred to the substring from position 10 to the end of the string, while referred to characters 10 through 20. Concatenation used the comma, so added B$ to the end of A$. This was an uncommon syntax, even when it was being introduced, most BASICs using slicing used that for concatenation as well, for instance, would append B$ at the end of A$, while those using string functions, like Microsoft BASIC, already widely used the plus sign for this operation.
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59, Art Papers, January/February 1988. In the following year the visual description of music was still on Thompson's mind. A solo exhibition titled Concatenation at Agnes Scott College contained the wooden sculpture Mass, whose six parts were named "Kyrie", "Gloria", "Credo", "Sanctus", "Benedictus", and "Gloria Dei".
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String functions common to many languages are listed below, including the different names used. The below list of common functions aims to help programmers find the equivalent function in a language. Note, string concatenation and regular expressions are handled in separate pages. Statements in guillemets (« … ») are optional.
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A comma-free code is block code in which no concatenation of two code words contains a valid code word that overlaps both. Comma-free codes are also known as self-synchronizing block codes because no synchronization is required to find the beginning of a code word.
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Decoding has only one situation for solving. We can receive the number of phrase, which is not from the dictionary. In this case we can create that phrase by concatenation of the last added phrase with its first character. The syllable-based version works over an alphabet of syllables.
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ALLISS is a special design case of HRS type antennas. True ALLISS systems have solid radiators (horizontal radiating elements) versus tensioned flexible (open) radiators found with all other variations of ITU HRS type antennas systems. The name is based on a concatenation of two French towns ALLouis and ISSoudun.
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An amendment, IEEE 1394a, was released in 2000, P1394a Draft 5.0 available. which clarified and improved the original specification. It added support for asynchronous streaming, quicker bus reconfiguration, packet concatenation, and a power-saving suspend mode. IEEE 1394a offers a couple of advantages over the original IEEE 1394–1995.
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As with the theory of conjoint measurement, the significance of polynomial conjoint measurement lies in the quantification of natural attributes in the absence of concatenation operations. Polynomial conjoint measurement differs from the two attribute case discovered by Luce & Tukey (1964) in that more complex composition rules are involved.
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In particular, it forms a category; the objects are taken to be the points of and the collection of morphisms from to is the collection of equivalence classes given above. The fact that this satisfies the definition of a category amounts to the standard fact that the equivalence class of the concatenation of two paths only depends on the equivalence classes of the individual paths.Spanier, section 1.7; Lemma 6 and Theorem 7. Likewise, the fact that this category is a groupoid, which asserts that every morphism is invertible, amounts to the standard fact that one can reverse the orientation of a path, and the equivalence class of the resulting concatenation contains the constant path.
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Justesen codes are derived as the code concatenation of a Reed–Solomon code and the Wozencraft ensemble. The Reed–Solomon codes used achieve constant rate and constant relative distance at the expense of an alphabet size that is linear in the message length. The Wozencraft ensemble is a family of codes that achieve constant rate and constant alphabet size, but the relative distance is only constant for most of the codes in the family. The concatenation of the two codes first encodes the message using the Reed–Solomon code, and then encodes each symbol of the codeword further using a code from the Wozencraft ensemble – using a different code of the ensemble at each position of the codeword.
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Plan 9 allows the user to collect the files (called names) from different directory trees in a single location. The resulting union directory behaves as the concatenation of the underlying directories (the order of concatenation can be controlled); if the constituent directories contain files having the same name, a listing of the union directory ( or ) will simply report duplicate names. Resolution of a single path name is performed top-down: if the directories and are unioned into with first, then denotes if it exists, only if it exists and does not exist, and no file if neither exists. No recursive unioning of subdirectories is performed, so if exists, the files in are not accessible through the union.
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It was Vice President Carlos P. Garcia who proposed the name "Dagohoy" in honor of Francisco Sendrijas alias Dagohoy. The name Dagohoy is a concatenation of the Visayan phrase Dagon sa huyuhoy or "talisman of the breeze" in English.Establishment of the town of Dagohoy, Bohol www.boholchronicle.com Retrieved 8 July 2006.
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Tucuruí is a municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil. The city is served by Tucuruí Airport. The name Tucuruí is a Tupi word that means "river of ants" or "river of locusts". It's the concatenation of two tupi words: tukura (ants, locusts) and 'y (water).
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Concatenation theory, also called string theory, character-string theory, or theoretical syntax, studies character strings over finite alphabets of characters, signs, symbols, or marks. String theory is foundational for formal linguistics, computer science, logic, and metamathematics especially proof theory.John Corcoran and Matt Lavine, "Discovering string theory". Bulletin of Symbolic Logic.
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All-gather operations start with each processing element having a message m_i. The goal of the operation is for each processing element to know the messages of all other processing elements, i.e. x := m_0 \cdot m_1 \dots m_p where \cdot is concatenation. The operation can be implemented following the algorithm template.
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EPMD is an American hip hop duo from Brentwood, New York. The duo's name is a concatenation of the members' names "E" and "PMD" or an acronym for "Erick and Parrish Making Dollars", referencing its members: emcees Erick Sermon ("E" a.k.a. E Double) and Parrish Smith ("PMD" a.k.a. Parrish Mic Doc).
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This invariant ensures that the height of the tree (length of the longest path from the root to some leaf) is always logarithmic in the number of elements in the tree. Concatenation is implemented as follows: def concat(xs: Conc[T], ys: Conc[T]) { val diff = ys.level - xs.level if (math.
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A compiler can implement operators and functions with subroutine calls or with inline code. Some built-in operators supported by a language have a direct mapping to a small number of instructions commonly found on central processing units, though others (e.g. '+' used to express string concatenation) may have complicated implementations.
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In computing, is a command found on most Unix-like operating systems, Intel iRMX 86, every Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft TechNet Whoami article operating system since Windows Server 2003, and on ReactOS. It is a concatenation of the words "Who am I?" and prints the effective username of the current user when invoked.
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New values are constructed from existing ones by the application of various value-to-value functions, such as addition, concatenation, matrix inversion, and so on. Conventional, von Neumann programs are value-level: expressions on the right side of assignment statements are exclusively concerned with building a value that is then to be stored.
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LCAS is also able to temporarily remove failed members from the virtual concatenation group. A failed member will automatically cause a decrease of the bandwidth and after repair the bandwidth will increase again in a hitless fashion. Together with diverse routing this provides survivability of data traffic without requiring excess protection bandwidth allocation.
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7- select D least probable messages, and assign them each a digit code. 8- substitute the selected messages by a composite message summing their probability, and re-order it. 9- the code of each message is given by the concatenation of the code digits of the aggregate they've been put in. References: 1\.
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Several Virtual Tributaries, form part of a Virtual Concatenation Group (VCG). Virtual Tributaries to transport data across a VCAT enabled network may, in many cases, particularly when the underlying network is relatively congested, cost less than finding just one path that meets the required capacity. Such splitting of paths often finds shorter paths to channel the traffic. The Virtual Concatenation protocol performs its content delivery through a process called byte-interleaving. For example, given that we wish to provision a Gigabit Ethernet (n, 1Gbit/s) service then we would provision it across (7) STS-nc VT’s, where each of the VCG members carry a bandwidth equivalent of V = n/k [bits/second], where in this case n = 1Gb and k = 7.
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GEOM is a modular framework that provides RAID (levels 0, 1, 3 currently), full disk encryption, journaling, concatenation, caching, and access to network-backed storage. GEOM allows building of complex storage solutions combining ("chaining") these mechanisms. FreeBSD provides two frameworks for data encryption: GBDE and Geli. Both GBDE and Geli operate at the disk level.
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Go has a number of built-in types, including numeric ones (, , , etc.), booleans, and character strings (). Strings are immutable; built-in operators and keywords (rather than functions) provide concatenation, comparison, and UTF-8 encoding/decoding.Rob Pike, Strings, bytes, runes and characters in Go, October 23, 2013. Record types can be defined with the keyword.
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AllMusic rated the album a 3.5 of 5, stating "The Desert Inbetween is almost a natural outgrowth of their individual approaches". Hypnagogue highly rated the album, saying "It is a richly dimensional concatenation of purposeful sounds that ricochet in rhythm around each other to create the space as they go, every one of them integral".
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The first game of paintball was played in Henniker, New Hampshire on 27 June 1981, with players using a "Nel-spot 007" pistol; normally used by farmers and ranchers for marking trees and livestock. The term woodsball was a simple concatenation of the woods where games were originally played, and the ball from paintball.
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Peter Drury and Jim Beglin provide English commentary. PES 2017 includes a new technical innovation in the form of audio concatenation, the process by which individual units are linked to create a fluid, more natural sounding commentary. Milton Leite and Mauro will provide Brazilian Portuguese commentary. Jon Kabira and Tsuyoshi Kitazawa remain as commentators for the Japanese version.
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This is illustrated by Okasaki, where he shows the concatenation of two singly-linked lists can still be done using an imperative setting. In order to ensure that a data structure is used in a purely functional way in an impure functional language, modules or classes can be used to ensure manipulation via authorized functions only.
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In mathematics, a Smarandache-Wellin number is an integer that in a given base is the concatenation of the first n prime numbers written in that base. Smarandache-Wellin numbers are named after Florentin Smarandache and Paul R. Wellin. The first decimal Smarandache–Wellin numbers are: :2, 23, 235, 2357, 235711, 23571113, 2357111317, 235711131719, 23571113171923, 2357111317192329, ... .
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In adding a phrase to the dictionary there is a difference to the character-based version. The phrase from the next step will be called S1. If and S1 are both non-empty syllables, then we add a new phrase to the dictionary. The new phrase is created by the concatenation of S1 with the first syllable of .
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Diagram of a SPAN/BIG ("JBOD") setup. Concatenation or spanning of drives is not one of the numbered RAID levels, but it is a popular method for combining multiple physical disk drives into a single logical disk. It provides no data redundancy. Drives are merely concatenated together, end to beginning, so they appear to be a single large disk.
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QR decompositions can also be computed with a series of Givens rotations. Each rotation zeroes an element in the subdiagonal of the matrix, forming the R matrix. The concatenation of all the Givens rotations forms the orthogonal Q matrix. In practice, Givens rotations are not actually performed by building a whole matrix and doing a matrix multiplication.
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Suppose that two sequences both end in the same element. Then their LCS is the LCS of the sequence with the last element excluded, with the common last element appended. For example, LCS((BANANA),(ATANA)) = LCS((BANAN),(ATAN))^(A), where ^ denotes string concatenation. Continuing for the remaining common elements, LCS((BANANA),(ATANA)) = LCS((BAN),(AT))^(ANA).
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Twist and Turn vers, vert, contortionist, trop, Philadelphia, tor, Ms. Hyperbole, wring, tropaion (trophy), versus, nasturtium, 27\. Relatives mother, ped, pater, mater, Mr. Alliteration, 28\. Connection together, con, syn, her, (gather), pan, co-op, interdigitation, concatenation, tide, Macadam, 29\. Measure and Metrics score, hectometer, milli, odometer, meter, foot, hand, ell, hug (fathom), sighs, score, mile, 30\.
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This hash is sent to the TSA. The TSA concatenates a timestamp to the hash and calculates the hash of this concatenation. This hash is in turn digitally signed with the private key of the TSA. This signed hash + the timestamp is sent back to the requester of the timestamp who stores these with the original data (see diagram).
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A SCGI request is the concatenation of netstring-encoded headers and a body. A SCGI response is a normal HTTP response. Each header consists of a name-value pair, where both the name and the value are null-terminated strings (C strings). The value can be an empty string, in which case the terminating null still remains.
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Likewise, was modified so string variables worked like numeric ones, waiting for the carriage return and then assigning the entire user input to the associated string variable. It also added the support functions and , and to convert a string containing a numeric value to a string representation of that number. As in MS, concatenation used the operator.
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The word Janjira is not native to India, and may have originated after the Arabic word Jazeera, which means Island. Murud was once known in Marathi as Habsan ("of Habshi" or Abyssinian). The name of the fort is a concatenation of the Konkani and Arabic words for Island, "morod" and "jazeera". The word "morod" is peculiar to Konkani and is absent in Marathi.
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These are known as base quantities in physics and metrology. Temperature is a quantity for which there is an absence of concatenation operations. We cannot pour a volume of water of temperature 40 °C into another bucket of water at 20 °C and expect to have a volume of water with a temperature of 60 °C. Temperature is therefore an intensive quantity.
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A word that cannot be simplified further is called reduced. The free group FS is defined to be the group of all reduced words in S, with concatenation of words (followed by reduction if necessary) as group operation. The identity is the empty word. A word is called cyclically reduced if its first and last letter are not inverse to each other.
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Over the ages, Latin- speaking populations produced new adjectives, nouns, and verbs by affixing or compounding meaningful segments. For example, the compound adjective, , "all- powerful," was produced from the adjectives , "all", and , "powerful", by dropping the final s of and concatenating. Often, the concatenation changed the part of speech, and nouns were produced from verb segments or verbs from nouns and adjectives.
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The above variations also appear in adjective form: cyclically ordered set (cyklicky uspořádané množiny, ), circularly ordered set, total cyclically ordered set, complete cyclically ordered set, linearly cyclically ordered set, l-cyclically ordered set, ℓ-cyclically ordered set. All authors agree that a cycle is totally ordered. There are a few different symbols in use for a cyclic relation. uses concatenation: .
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The basic elements of XOD programming are nodes. XOD is based on functional reactive principles and provides graphical flow-based programming interface. XOD can compile a native code for the low-ended controllers. A node is a block that represents either some physical device like a sensor, motor, or relay, or some operation such as addition, comparison, or text concatenation.
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Concatenative synthesis is based on the concatenation (or stringing together) of segments of recorded speech. Generally, concatenative synthesis produces the most natural-sounding synthesized speech. However, differences between natural variations in speech and the nature of the automated techniques for segmenting the waveforms sometimes result in audible glitches in the output. There are three main sub-types of concatenative synthesis.
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The name "Magyarab" is not a portmanteau of the words "Magyar" and "Arab" as is commonly assumed. Rather, the name is a concatenation of "Magyar" (Hungarian) and "Ab" which in Nubian simply means "tribe". So Magyarab combined translates to "Tribe of the Magyars." In fact, to the Magyarab people, their Hungarian identity specifically sets them apart from the surrounding Egyptians.
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Although a simple concatenation scheme was implemented already for the 1971 Mariner Mars orbiter mission, concatenated codes were starting to be regularly used for deep space communication with the Voyager program, which launched two space probes in 1977.K. Andrews et al., The Development of Turbo and LDPC Codes for Deep-Space Applications, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 11, Nov. 2007.
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In computer science, the term difference list may refer to one of two data structures for representing prefixes of lists. One of these data structures contains two lists, and represents the difference of those two lists. This is commonly used in logic-programming language Prolog. The second data structure is a functional representation of a list with an efficient concatenation operation.
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By describing the spin-chain as an amplitude damping channel, it is possible to calculate the various capacities associated with the channel. One useful property of this channel, which is used to find these capacities, is the fact that two amplitude damping channels with efficiencies \eta and \eta' can be concatenated. Such a concatenation gives a new channel of efficiency \eta\eta'.
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It is rarely used as a practical base for counting due to its difficult readability. It is made by the concatenation of zero. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ... would be represented in this system as. :0, 00, 000, 0000, 00000, 000000 ... Base 1 notation is widely used in type numbers of flour; the higher number represents a higher grind.
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Computer files are often combined in various ways, such as concatenation (as in archive files) or symbolic inclusion (as with the C preprocessor's directive). Some fingerprinting algorithms allow the fingerprint of a composite file to be computed from the fingerprints of its constituent parts. This "compounding" property may be useful in some applications, such as detecting when a program needs to be recompiled.
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Linear interpolation on a data set (red points) consists of pieces of linear interpolants (blue lines). Linear interpolation on a set of data points (x0, y0), (x1, y1), ..., (xn, yn) is defined as the concatenation of linear interpolants between each pair of data points. This results in a continuous curve, with a discontinuous derivative (in general), thus of differentiability class C^0.
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One of the Peripheral Systems Group's software products was named CUPID, "Control Data's Program for Unlike Data Set Concatenation." Its focus was for customers of IBM's MVS operating system, and the intended audience was systems programmers. The product's General Information and Reference Manual included SysGen-like options and information about internal user-accessible control blocks.Chapter 2, pages 2-1 thru 2-7.
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Sonet/SDH is a hierarchical network. At each level, payloads are a concatenation of lower- order payloads. So, for example, an STS192 (10 Gbit/s) payload consists of four OC48 (2.5 Gbit/s) payloads concatenated together. With VCAT, an STS192 payload could consist of a number of virtually concatenated groups, each with up to 192 non-contiguous STS1 (51 Mbit/s) payloads.
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The speed of a pair of slip-ring motors can be controlled by a cascade connection, or concatenation. The rotor of one motor is connected to the stator of the other. If the two motors are also mechanically connected, they will run at half speed. This system was once widely used in three-phase AC railway locomotives, such as FS Class E.333.
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Simulations have shown that there are parts of species tree parameter space where maximum likelihood estimates of phylogeny are incorrect trees with increasing probability as the amount of data analyzed increases. This is important because the "concatenation approach," where multiple sequence alignments from different loci are concatenated to form a single large supermatrix alignment that is then used for maximum likelihood (or Bayesian MCMC) analysis, is both easy to implement and commonly used in empirical studies. This represents a case of model misspecification because the concatenation approach implicitly assumes that all gene trees have the same topology. Indeed, it has now been proven that analyses of data generated under the multispecies coalescent using maximum likelihood analysis of a concatenated data are not guaranteed to converge on the true species tree as the number of loci used for the analysis increases (i.e.
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A Friedman number is an integer, which represented in a given numeral system, is the result of a non-trivial expression using all its own digits in combination with any of the four basic arithmetic operators (+, −, ×, ÷), additive inverses, parentheses, exponentiation, and concatenation. Here, non- trivial means that at least one operation besides concatenation is used. Leading zeros cannot be used, since that would also result in trivial Friedman numbers, such as 024 = 20 + 4. For example, 347 is a Friedman number in the decimal numeral system, since 347 = 73 \+ 4. The decimal Friedman numbers are: :25, 121, 125, 126, 127, 128, 153, 216, 289, 343, 347, 625, 688, 736, 1022, 1024, 1206, 1255, 1260, 1285, 1296, 1395, 1435, 1503, 1530, 1792, 1827, 2048, 2187, 2349, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507, 2508, 2509, 2592, 2737, 2916, ... .
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If E(x,y) = K(x\mid y), then there is a program p of length K(x\mid y) that converts y to x, and a program q of length K(y\mid x)-K(x\mid y) such that the program qp converts x to y. (The programs are of the self-delimiting format which means that one can decide where one program ends and the other begins in concatenation of the programs.) That is, the shortest programs to convert between two objects can be made maximally overlapping: For K(x\mid y) \leq K(y\mid x) it can be divided into a program that converts object x to object y, and another program which concatenated with the first converts y to x while the concatenation of these two programs is a shortest program to convert between these objects.
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NGC 2626, one of the brightest nebulae of the complex. The Vela Molecular Ridge is a nebulous complex composed of several giant molecular clouds, arranged to form a kind of concatenation oriented northwest-southeast. The name of the complex was assigned in a 1991 study which analyzed CO emissions; this structure appears to be divided into four main regions (clouds), identified by the letters A, B, C and D. These clouds, with the exception of B, have a mass of approximately 300.000 M⊙ and are located at a distance of around 700-1000 parsec. The B cloud has a mass of about one million M⊙ and, despite being apparently part of the concatenation, is located at a much greater distance, around 2000 parsecs, and is probably part of a different complex and independent from the other three clouds.
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Notable examples, both Ottonian, are the Pericopes of Henry II and the Salzburg Pericopes. Lectionaries are normally made up of pericopes containing the Epistle and Gospel readings for the liturgical year. A pericope consisting of passages from different parts of a single book, or from different books of the Bible, and linked together into a single reading is called a concatenation or composite reading.
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New string functions included the `SEG$` to return substrings in a fashion similar to the `MID$` found in MS-derived BASICs, the `POS` that returns the location of one string inside another, and the for concatenation. `PRINT USING` provided formatted output in a fashion somewhat similar to FORTRAN. The Sixth Edition was essentially the last version of the original BASIC concept. It remained unchanged for many years.
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In general, if we relax the rules to allow a leading zero, then there are 9 n-parasitic numbers for each n. Otherwise only if k ≥ n then the numbers do not start with zero and hence fit the actual definition. Other n-parasitic integers can be built by concatenation. For example, since 179487 is a 4-parasitic number, so are 179487179487, 179487179487179487 etc.
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A counter of the number of PIN encryptions that have occurred since the PIN Entry Device was first initialized. Certain counter values are skipped (as explained below), so that over 1 million PIN encryption operations are possible. Note: The concatenation (left to right) of the Initial Key Serial Number Register and the Encryption Counter form the 80-bit (20 hexadecimal digits) Key Serial Number Register.
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A factorization of a free monoid is a sequence of subsets of words with the property that every word in the free monoid can be written as a concatenation of elements drawn from the subsets. The Chen–Fox–Lyndon theorem states that the Lyndon words furnish a factorization. More generally, Hall words provide a factorization; the Lyndon words are a special case of the Hall words.
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Language equations with concatenation and Boolean operations were first studied by Parikh, Chandra, Halpern and Meyer who proved that the satisfiability problem for a given equation is undecidable, and that if a system of language equations has a unique solution, then that solution is recursive. Later, Okhotin proved that the unsatisfiability problem is RE-complete and that every recursive language is a unique solution of some equation.
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Point-to-point Ethernet links are carried over SDH/SONET networks, making use of virtual concatenation (ITU-T G.707) and LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme - ITU-T G.7042) to create an appropriate size carrier bundle, of the Generic Framing Procedure of SDH equipment, and takes advantage of the management and recovery features of SDH to provide high availability and resilience to failures.
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Because in German, words can be formed quite freely by concatenation, thus it's possible to write a regular expression that generates a regular language L, such that every word in L is technically a word (might be nonsensical) in German. For a game of Ghost played on such languages L, call it German Ghost. It is shown in the paper that playing German Ghost is PSPACE-hard.
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The word is related to the famous sequence of the same name (the Fibonacci sequence) in the sense that addition of integers in the inductive definition is replaced with string concatenation. This causes the length of Sn to be Fn + 2, the (n + 2)th Fibonacci number. Also the number of 1s in Sn is Fn and the number of 0s in Sn is Fn + 1.
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Concatenation of pairs of Mamyshev regenerators has been numerically studied and has shown that well-defined structures could spontaneously emerge from an oscillator architecture, which has then been experimentally confirmed. Additional investigations have focused on the development of ultrashort high peak power fiber lasers and other cavity designs have been considered. In 2017, record peak powers well above the MW level have been reached.
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However, there are exceptions to this two/three rule in both lists, so it is more of a guideline than a hard-and- fast rule. Note that not all combinations of two names are considered portmanteaus. Simple concatenation of two names (whether hyphenated or not) does not produce a portmanteau. Nor does a combinative form of one name plus the full name of another (examples: Eurasia, Czechoslovakia).
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For example, the commutativity of + (i.e. that ) does not always apply; an example of this occurs when the operands are strings, since + is commonly overloaded to perform a concatenation of strings (i.e. yields , while yields ). A typical counter to this argument comes directly from mathematics: While + is commutative on integers (and more generally any complex number), it is not commutative for other "types" of variables.
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If t is also a bit string st denotes the concatenation of t to s. The node sketch makes it possible to search the keys for any b-bit integer y. Let z = (0y)k, which can be computed in constant time (multiply y by the constant (0b1)k). Note that 1`sketch`(xi) - 0y is always positive, but preserves its leading 1 iff `sketch`(xi) ≥ y.
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ITU-T G.783 (03/06), Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks, 2006 Virtual Concatenation is used to split Sonet/SDH bandwidth up into right-sized groups. These virtually concatenated groups can be used to support different customers and services and bill accordingly. VCAT works across the existing infrastructure and can significantly increase network utilization by effectively spreading the load across the whole network.
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A conc-tree Prokopec, A. et al. (2015) Conc-Trees for Functional and Parallel Programming. Research Paper, 2015Prokopec A. (2014) Data Structures and Algorithms for Data-Parallel Computing in a Managed Runtime. Doctoral Thesis, 2014 is a data-structure that stores element sequences, and provides amortized O(1) time append and prepend operations, O(log n) time insert and remove operations and O(log n) time concatenation.
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During periods when Alsace-Lorraine was part of Germany (1871–1918, 1940–1945) the commune was known as Illkirch-Grafenstaden (with a single 'f' in place of the francophone 'ff'): this spelling is still used in German. Among French speakers from outside Alsace the commune is sometimes known colloquially as 'Illkirch' which avoids the needs to grapple with the four syllable German/Alsatian concatenation which some may find challenging.
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In computing, sort is a standard command line program of Unix and Unix-like operating systems, that prints the lines of its input or concatenation of all files listed in its argument list in sorted order. Sorting is done based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line of input. By default, the entire input is taken as sort key. Blank space is the default field separator.
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A suffix code is a set of words none of which is a suffix of any other; equivalently, a set of words which are the reverse of a prefix code. As with a prefix code, the representation of a string as a concatenation of such words is unique. A bifix code is a set of words which is both a prefix and a suffix code.Berstel et al (2010) p.
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In space architecture, speaking of outer space usually means the region of the universe outside Earth's atmosphere, as opposed to outside the atmospheres of all terrestrial bodies. This allows the term to include such domains as the lunar and Martian surfaces. Architecture, the concatenation of architect and -ure, dates to 1563, coming from Middle French architecte. This term is of Latin origin, formerly architectus, which came from Greek arkhitekton.
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All communication, language, relies on spatiotemporal encoding of information, producing and transmitting sound variations or any type of signal i.e. single building blocks of information that are varied over time. -Even though written language appears to exist only as a (2D) spatial concatenation of letters - strings, it must be decoded sequentially over time. Any kind of language that is understood by organisms is thus eventually a transcoding of neural s.t.
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More than 5600 generators have been created by the open source community. Beyond providing a template to scaffold projects, Yeoman also helps with intermediary phases of web application development. Yeoman lints code for potential problems using JSHint, runs unit tests, and provides a development server for working on an application. Finally, Yeoman also offers a build automation process featuring optimizations such as minification and concatenation of script files.
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The second part, Baghdad, was released in 2012. The group name has no special meaning. This is the concatenation of Agora is the name of the former studio of Psykup, Agora (managed by Yannick Tournier, former Psykup), who was also a place of life and meetings, and Fidelio, which is the Password orgiastic evening in the film Eyes Wide Shut (originally the name of the only opera Beethoven).
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In the second approach, difference lists are implemented as single- argument functions, which take a list as argument and prepend to that list. As a consequence, concatenation of difference lists of the second type is implemented essentially as function composition, which is O(1). However, of course the list still has to be constructed eventually (assuming all of its elements are needed), which is plainly at least O(n).
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Minnesota 371 was originally designated as US 371 from 1931 to 1973. During 1973, US 371 was re-designated Minnesota 371. The former US 371 designation was concurrent with US 2 from 1931 to 1973 between Cass Lake and Bemidji with a terminus at US 71\. Subsequently, US 371 was recycled and reassigned to a concatenation of state highways in Arkansas and Louisiana to form a new US 371 in 1994.
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The other half of the data byte contains three "data protection" bits for error control and a sequencing bit. The concatenation of the sequencing bits from all samples in a cell (combined little-endian) form a sequencing word of 8, 12, 16, or 24 bits. Only the first 12 bits are defined. The first four bits of the sequencing word are a sequencing number, used to detect dropped cells.
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File system management, file modification, and streaming text operations are implemented with the Scripting Runtime Library `scrrun.dll`. This provides objects such as FileSystemObject, File, and TextStream, which expose the Windows file system to the programmer. Binary file and memory I/O are provided by the "ADODB.Stream" class, which can also be used for string builders (to avoid excessive string concatenation, which can be costly), and to interconvert byte arrays and strings.
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Alternatively, replace the with where and is the highest power of 2 that divides (with no remainder). The resulting function maps from odd numbers to odd numbers. Now suppose that for some odd number , applying this operation times yields the number 1 (that is, ). Then in binary, the number can be written as the concatenation of strings where each is a finite and contiguous extract from the representation of .
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SONET/SDH development was originally driven by the need to transport multiple PDH signals—like DS1, E1, DS3, and E3—along with other groups of multiplexed 64 kbit/s pulse-code modulated voice traffic. The ability to transport ATM traffic was another early application. In order to support large ATM bandwidths, concatenation was developed, whereby smaller multiplexing containers (e.g., STS-1) are inversely multiplexed to build up a larger container (e.g.
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For instance, there are uncountably many numbers whose decimal expansions (in base 3 or higher) do not contain the digit 1, and none of these numbers is normal. Champernowne's constant : 0.1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829..., obtained by concatenating the decimal representations of the natural numbers in order, is normal in base 10. Likewise, the different variants of Champernowne's constant (done by performing the same concatenation in other bases) are normal in their respective bases (for example, the base-2 Champernowne constant is normal in base 2), but they have not been proven to be normal in other bases. The Copeland–Erdős constant : 0.23571113171923293137414347535961677173798389..., obtained by concatenating the prime numbers in base 10, is normal in base 10, as proved by . More generally, the latter authors proved that the real number represented in base b by the concatenation : 0.f(1)f(2)f(3)..., where f(n) is the nth prime expressed in base b, is normal in base b.
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Written and recorded throughout 2012, Sempiternal showed the band pull diverse influences from electronic music, ambient music and pop. "Sempiternal" is an archaic English word denoting the concept of "everlasting time" that can never actually come to pass. It stems from the Latin word "sempiternus" (a concatenation of root "semper" and suffix "aeternum"). The album spawned four singles ("Shadow Moses"; "Sleepwalking"; "Go to Hell, for Heaven's Sake"; and "Can You Feel My Heart").
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In the 1930s, the British Association for the Advancement of Science established the Ferguson Committee to investigate the possibility of psychological attributes being measured scientifically. The British physicist and measurement theorist Norman Robert Campbell was an influential member of the committee. In its Final Report (Ferguson, et al., 1940), Campbell and the Committee concluded that because psychological attributes were not capable of sustaining concatenation operations, such attributes could not be continuous quantities.
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The UUHash is a 160-bit string that is usually Base64-encoded for presentation. It is a concatenation of an MD5 hash and a CRC32 sum of selected chunks of the file.MLDonkey source code, file src/utils/lib/fst_hash.c, retrieved 2014-08-20sig2dat source code, file sig2dat.c, function GetHashWin32, retrieved 2014-08-20 The first 307,200 bytes (300 Kibibyte, one "chunk size") of the file are MD5-hashed (less if file is shorter).
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One can view the fundamental group as a category; there is one object and the morphisms from it to itself are the elements of . The selection, for each in , of a continuous path from to , allows one to use concatenation to view any path in as a loop based at . This defines an equivalence of categories between and the fundamental groupoid of . More precisely, this exhibits as a skeleton of the fundamental groupoid of .
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The description above is given for what is now called a serially concatenated code. Turbo codes, as described first in 1993, implemented a parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes, with an interleaver between the two codes and an iterative decoder that passes information forth and back between the codes. This design has a better performance than any previously conceived concatenated codes. However, a key aspect of turbo codes is their iterated decoding approach.
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This prevents the simple concatenation of adjacent channels to create a single broader channel. LCoS-based WSS, however, permit dynamic control of channel centre frequency and bandwidth through on-the-fly modification of the pixel arrays via embedded software. The degree of control of channel parameters can be very fine- grained, with independent control of the centre frequency and either upper- or lower-band-edge of a channel with better than 1 GHz resolution possible.
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A CH query as described above yields the time or distance from s to t but not the actual path. To obtain the list of edges (streets) on the shortest path the shortcuts taken have to be unpacked. Each shortcut is the concatenation of two other edges of the original graph or further shortcuts. Storing the middle vertex of each shortcut during contraction enables linear-time recursive unpacking of the shortest route.
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In 2004, after another Idaho company, Scott USA sued the company for violating their company trademark by using the word "Scott," the case was settled by concatenation of Scott eVest into a single word. The company has been known as Scottevest since, recording a steady annual revenue growth from 20 to 40 percent. In December 2013 the company estimated the year's sales at 10 million dollars, 85% of this coming through the website.
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The bus-invert encoding technique uses an extra signal (INV) to indicate the "polarity" of the data. Having a bus-invert code word INV@x where @ is the concatenation operator and x denotes either the source word or its ones' complement, the bus-invert decoder takes the code word and produces the corresponding source word. If the INV signal is 1, the result is one's complement of x, otherwise it is x.
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An example of an problem is the problem of recognizing whether two regular expressions represent different languages, where the expressions are limited to four operators: union, concatenation, the Kleene star (zero or more copies of an expression), and squaring (two copies of an expression).Meyer, A.R. and L. Stockmeyer. The equivalence problem for regular expressions with squaring requires exponential space. 13th IEEE Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory, Oct 1972, pp.125-129.
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Central Province of Kenya surrounds its capital, Nyeri, and includes slopes of Mount Kenya (click to enlarge map). Gathukimundu is a place in Mukurwe-ini District formally in Central Province but now in Nyeri County. The name is a concatenation of two kikuyu words gathuki-means the part of a tree that remains when it is cut mundu-means 'human being'.The two words together now mean a tree remain which resembled a human being.
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This eases the concatenation of multiple hex files. Texas Instruments defines a variant where addresses are based on the bit-width of a processor's registers, not bytes. Microchip defines variants INTHX8S (INHX8L, INHX8H), INHX8M, INHX16 (INHX16M) and INHX32 for their PIC microcontrollers. Alfred Arnold's cross-macro- assembler AS, Werner Hennig-Roleff's 8051-emulator SIM51, and Matthias R. Paul's cross-converter BINTEL are also known to define extensions to the Intel hex format.
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Previously, due to incompatibilities between providers and lack of support in some phone models, there was not widespread use of this feature. In the late 2000s to early 2010s, this feature was adopted more widely. Not only do many handsets support this feature, but support for the feature also exists amongst SMS gateway providers. The way concatenation works in GSM and UMTS networks is specified in SMS Point to Point specification, 3GPP TS 23.040.
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Addition and subtraction are particularly simple in the unary system, as they involve little more than string concatenation.. See in particular p. 48. The Hamming weight or population count operation that counts the number of nonzero bits in a sequence of binary values may also be interpreted as a conversion from unary to binary numbers.. However, multiplication is more cumbersome and has often been used as a test case for the design of Turing machines....
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The Bynars were portrayed by young actresses in extensive make- up. The name "11001001" is a binary number, a concatenation of the names of the Bynars (One One, Zero Zero, One Zero, and Zero One). The episode at one point was called "10101001". It was originally intended that this episode would take place prior to "The Big Goodbye", with the Bynars' modifications causing the problems with the holodeck seen in that episode.
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However such languages may implement a subset of explicit string-specific functions as well. For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string. See for example Concatenation below. The most basic example of a string function is the `length(string)` function.
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As well as the normal mathematical usage, plus and minus signs may be used for a number of other purposes in computing. Plus and minus signs are often used in tree view on a computer screen—to show if a folder is collapsed or not. In some programming languages, concatenation of strings is written , and results in . In most programming languages, subtraction and negation are indicated with the ASCII hyphen-minus character, .
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Simple Viterbi-decoded convolutional codes are now giving way to turbo codes, a new class of iterated short convolutional codes that closely approach the theoretical limits imposed by Shannon's theorem with much less decoding complexity than the Viterbi algorithm on the long convolutional codes that would be required for the same performance. Concatenation with an outer algebraic code (e.g., Reed–Solomon) addresses the issue of error floors inherent to turbo code designs.
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For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer. The keyword `public` denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located.
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EoPDH is a standardized methodology for transporting native Ethernet frames over PDH links such as T1, E1, or DS3. The technologies used in EoPDH include GFP frame encapsulation, Ethernet Mapping, Virtual Concatenation, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme, and Management Messaging (OAM). Common practices in EoPDH equipment also include the tagging of traffic for separation into virtual networks, prioritization of user traffic, and a broad range of higher-layer applications such as DHCP servers and HTML user interfaces.
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Correa et al. (2010) examined phylogenetic relationships among 50 taxa of this family using a supermatrix approach (concatenation of the 16S, internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 genes) involving both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Her phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the existence of three deep clades of Lymnaeidae representing the main geographic origin of species (America, Eurasia and the Indo-Pacific region). It demonstrates that the nomenclature of most genera in the Lymnaeidae does not reflect evolutionary relationships.
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For any word in a dictionary that is formed by a non-empty prefix x and a suffix y, a GADDAG contains a direct, deterministic path for any string REV(x)+y, where + is a concatenation operator. For example, for the word "explain," a GADDAG will contain direct paths to the strings e+xplain xe+plain pxe+lain lpxe+ain alpxe+in ialpxe+n nialpxe This setup enables searching for a word given any letter that occurs in it.
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The bicyclic semigroup is the free semigroup on two generators p and q, under the relation p q = 1. That is, each semigroup element is a string of those two letters, with the proviso that the subsequence "p q" does not appear. The semigroup operation is concatenation of strings, which is clearly associative. It can then be shown that all elements of B in fact have the form qa pb, for some natural numbers a and b.
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For example, in non-rhotic dialects of English the "r" in words like "clear" is usually only pronounced when the following word has a vowel as its first letter (e.g. "clear out" is realized as ). Likewise in French, many final consonants become no longer silent if followed by a word that begins with a vowel, an effect called liaison. This alternation cannot be reproduced by a simple word-concatenation system, which would require additional complexity to be context-sensitive.
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Ji (字) is Japanese for "symbol" or "character". The concatenation of the two words "on" and "ji" into "onji" (音字) was used by Meiji era grammarians to mean "phonic character" and was translated into English by Nishi Amane in 1870 as "letter". Since then, the term "onji" has become obsolete in Japan, and only survives in foreign-language discussion of Japanese poetry. Gilbert and Yoneoka call the use of the word "onji" "bizarre and mistaken".
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On his wife's death Cassillis wrote a touching letter referring to her as "my deir bedfellow". If she did run away with her lover she didn’t get far, as the Gypsy Steps are only a few hundred yards from the castle. The story seems to come from the concatenation of an old ballad "Johnnie Faa" well known before the date of the tale. There are many regional versions telling a similar story, and one of which mentions Cassillis.
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Therefore, bridge 3 is the root bridge. The root bridge of the spanning tree is the bridge with the smallest (lowest) bridge ID. Each bridge has a configurable priority number and a MAC address; the bridge ID is the concatenation of the bridge priority and the MAC address. For example, the ID of a bridge with priority 32768 and MAC is . The bridge priority default is 32768 and can only be configured in multiples of 4096.
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In many object-oriented languages, classes are the main means of encapsulation and modularity; each class defines a namespace and controls which definitions are externally visible. Further, classes in many languages define an indivisible unit that must be used as a whole. For example, using a `String` concatenation function requires importing and compiling against all of `String`. Some languages, including Dylan, also include a separate, explicit namespace or module system that performs encapsulation in a more general way.
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The web server (a SCGI client) opens a connection and sends the concatenation of the following strings to the service process (a SCGI server): "70:" "CONTENT_LENGTH" <00> "27" <00> "SCGI" <00> "1" <00> "REQUEST_METHOD" <00> "POST" <00> "REQUEST_URI" <00> "/deepthought" <00> "," "What is the answer to life?" The SCGI server sends the following response back to the web server: "Status: 200 OK" <0d 0a> "Content-Type: text/plain" <0d 0a> "" <0d 0a> "42" The SCGI server closes the connection.
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Despite being validly published,VALIDATION LIST N° 135. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2010, 60, 1985-1986 the etymology of the generic epithet is grammatically incorrect, being a concatenation of the Latin neutral mare -is (the sea) with the Latin masculine adjective profundus (deep) intended to mean a deep-sea organism (the neuter of profundus is profundum). The specific epithet is ferrum (Latin noun), iron and oxus (Greek adjective), acid or sour, and in combined words indicating oxygen. (N.
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The class of languages described by operator-precedence grammars, i.e., operator-precedence languages, is strictly contained in the class of deterministic context-free languages, and strictly contains visibly pushdown languages. Operator-precedence languages enjoy many closure properties: union, intersection, complementation, concatenation, and they are the largest known class closed under all these operations and for which the emptiness problem is decidable. Another peculiar feature of operator-precedence languages is their local parsability, that enables efficient parallel parsing.
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Figure 2.2: Concatenating two child ropes into a single rope. : Definition: `Concat(S1, S2)`: concatenate two ropes, S1 and S2, into a single rope. : Time complexity: (or time to compute the root weight) A concatenation can be performed simply by creating a new root node with and , which is constant time. The weight of the parent node is set to the length of the left child S1, which would take time, if the tree is balanced.
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In telecommunications, a pulse link repeater (PLR) is a device that interfaces concatenated E and M signaling paths. A PLR converts a ground, received from the E lead of one signal path, to −48 VDC, which is applied to the M lead of the concatenated signal path. In many commercial carrier systems, the channel bank cards or modules have a "PLR" option that permits the direct concatenation of E&M; signaling paths, without the need for separate PLR equipment.
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On the other hand, it may be possible to overuse highly composed forms. A nesting of too many functions may have the opposite effect, making the code less maintainable. In a stack-based language, functional composition is even more natural: it is performed by concatenation, and is usually the primary method of program design. The above example in Forth: g f Which will take whatever was on the stack before, apply g, then f, and leave the result on the stack.
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Bero Bernhard Rosenkränzer is the founder and main developer of Ark Linux (later merged into OpenMandriva) and a contributor to various other free software projects such as KDE and OpenOffice.org. To many in the Linux community he is known as "Bero", a concatenation of the first two letters of his given and surnames. His primary interest and work focus is in getting open source and free software ready for the desktop. Rosenkränzer entered RWTH Aachen University in 1998, where he studied computer science.
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In addition to content morphemes, major class words frequently (but not obligatorily) include one or more functional morphemes affixed to the root(s). Some languages, such as Kharia, can be analyzed as having a single major word class composed of semantic bases or content morphemes. Thus, the distinction between nouns, verbs, and adjectives in such languages is entirely morphological (realized through the concatenation of functional morphemes), rather than lexical (having separate entries in the lexicon for each of the major word classes).
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Following this, the linkers, containing internal restriction sites, are digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme and the sticky ends are ligated together into concatamers. Following concatenation, the fragments are ligated into plasmids and are used to transform bacteria to generate many copies of the plasmid containing the inserts. Those may then be sequenced to identify the miRNA present, as well as analysing expression levels of a given miRNA by counting the number of times it is present, similar to SAGE.
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The boy is dressed up like the saint, and carried in procession, as though he were a veritable icon. The aunt exploits the opportunity this concatenation of coincidences affords her, by ridding herself of this troublesome burden, by sending him to the Franciscan monastery, where he then grows up to maturity. Among the friars, who take to admiring him for his simplicity and naivety, he works as a labourer. The brotherhood await for some 'sign' that will indicate his vocation in life.
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Lisp languages are free-form, although they do not descend from ALGOL. Rexx is mostly free-form, though in some cases whitespace characters are concatenation operators. SQL, though not a full programming language, is also free-form. Most free-form languages are also structured programming languages, which is sometimes thought to go along with the free- form syntax: Earlier imperative programming languages such as Fortran 77 used particular columns for line numbers, which many structured languages do not use or need.
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There are many mathematical and logical operations that come across naturally as variadic functions. For instance, the summing of numbers or the concatenation of strings or other sequences are operations that can be thought of as applicable to any number of operands (even though formally in these cases the associative property is applied). Another operation that has been implemented as a variadic function in many languages is output formatting. The C function and the Common Lisp function are two such examples.
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Rules of function composition are included in many categorial grammars. An example of such a rule would be one that allowed the concatenation of a constituent of type A/B with one of type B/C to produce a new constituent of type A/C. The semantics of such a rule would simply involve the composition of the functions involved. Function composition is important in categorial accounts of conjunction and extraction, especially as they relate to phenomena like right node raising.
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CTR mode has similar characteristics to OFB, but also allows a random access property during decryption. CTR mode is well suited to operate on a multi-processor machine where blocks can be encrypted in parallel. Furthermore, it does not suffer from the short-cycle problem that can affect OFB. If the IV/nonce is random, then they can be combined together with the counter using any invertible operation (concatenation, addition, or XOR) to produce the actual unique counter block for encryption.
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They named the estate "Mosswood", a concatenation of their two surnames. Moss served as president of the Board of Trustees of the California State Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. In 1868, Moss was elected Honorary Regent to the first Board of Regents of the University of California and was appointed regent in 1874The Regents of the University of California Through the Years at which post he served until his death at Mosswood on November 21, 1880.Online Archive of California.
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The webarchive file format is available on macOS and Windows for saving and reviewing complete web pages using the Safari web browser. The webarchive format differs from a standalone HTML file because it also saves linked files such as images, CSS, and JavaScript. The webarchive format is a concatenation of source files with filenames saved in the binary plist format using NSKeyedArchiver. Support for webarchive documents was added in Safari 4 Beta on Windows and is included in subsequent versions.
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By 1960, between 600 and 700 of the lots had been developed and new residents supplied with water and other utility services. Following a petition for an incorporation election, the city was established on September 24, 1960, and Cox was elected mayor. Kern had died before the incorporation, and the Harker in Harker Heights was a concatenation of Harley Kern's name as a tribute to one of the original landowners. The town's boundaries expanded to include Forest Hills, Highland Oaks, and Comanche Hills.
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A property that is undecidable already for context-free languages or finite intersections of them, must be undecidable also for conjunctive grammars; these include: emptiness, finiteness, regularity, context-freeness,Given a conjunctive grammar, is its generated language empty / finite / regular / context-free? inclusion and equivalence.Given two conjunctive grammars, is the first's generated language a subset of / equal to the second's? The family of conjunctive languages is closed under union, intersection, concatenation and Kleene star, but not under string homomorphism, prefix, suffix, and substring.
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The basic conc-tree operation is concatenation. Conc-trees work on the following basic data-types: trait Conc[T] { def left: Conc[T] def right: Conc[T] def level: Int def size: Int } case class Empty[T] extends Conc[T] { def level = 0 def size = 0 } case class Single[T](elem: T) extends Conc[T] { def level = 0 def size = 1 } case class <>[T](left: Conc[T], right: Conc[T]) extends Conc[T] { val level = 1 + math.max(left.level, right.level) val size = left.
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ConFest is an alternative bush campout festival held in the south-eastern states of Australia annually during and around Easter. The name 'ConFest' is a concatenation of the words Conference and Festival. ConFest was initiated in 1976, and organised by the former Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, Dr. Jim Cairns, his private secretary Junie Morosi and David Ditchburn. It was and is intended to bring together the various subcultures of the alternative movement, and was billed as "An Exploration of Alternatives".
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A collaboration with Jöns Jakob Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of platinum and Ural), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word polia, meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later).
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The term "escagraph" Smith, Dr. Larry R. Mouthful of Words Copyright© 2012. Escagraph was first usedSSU Weekly Volume 1, Number 31 , Edible Language, page 61, April 18, 1985. in the 1980s by Dr. Larry R. Smith to identify and describe the many forms, past and present, of writing on food and letters as food. The term is a concatenation of esca (from Latin meaning "victuals" or "things to be eaten") and graph (after the Greek meaning: "mark" or the infinitive verb "to write").
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Kemerburgaz is a historic settlement located southwest of Belgrad Forest between the aqueducts Kurt Kemeri ("Wolf's Aqueduct") and Uzun Kemer ("Long Aqueduct"). During the Byzantine era ( 330–1453), its name was Pyrgos (, for 'tower' or 'bastion'). After the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, it was renamed , the Turkish language translation for bastion. Local people changed its name to , a concatenation of ('aqueduct') and , when the renowned architect Mimar Sinan ( 1489/1490–1588) repaired the ruined Byzantine aqueducts and built new waterways in the area.
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A Smarandache–Wellin number that is also prime is called a Smarandache–Wellin prime. The first three are 2, 23 and 2357 . The fourth is 355 digits long: it is the result of concatenating the first 128 prime numbers, through 719. The primes at the end of the concatenation in the Smarandache–Wellin primes are :2, 3, 7, 719, 1033, 2297, 3037, 11927, ... . The indices of the Smarandache–Wellin primes in the sequence of Smarandache–Wellin numbers are: :1, 2, 4, 128, 174, 342, 435, 1429, ... .
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For instance, the standard included a line-continuation character, but chose the ampersand, , which was also used for string concatenation. Using these in a single line could lead to very confusing code. By this time, the release of the first microcomputer systems in 1975 had quickly led to the introduction of Altair BASIC, the first version of what would soon be known as Microsoft BASIC. MS BASIC was patterned on BASIC-PLUS, and thus ultimately the Fifth Edition, but lacked indenting, MAT, and other features.
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Their English band name is derived from the concatenation of the Chinese character for "big" 大, which when romanized using pinyin becomes "dà", and the translation of the second half of their Chinese band name. They released their self-titled debut album Da Mouth on 16 November 2007. The group won Best Singing Group at the 19th Golden Melody Awards in 2008 GIO, Taiwan 19th Golden Melody Awards winners list 16 October 2008. Retrieved 2011-06-12 and at the 22nd Golden Melody Awards in 2011.
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Recordings can be concatenated in any desired combination, but the joins sound forced (as is usual for simple concatenation-based speech synthesis) and this can severely affect prosody; these synthesizers are also inflexible in terms of speed and expression. However, because these synthesizers do not rely on a corpus, there is no noticeable degradation in performance when they are given more unusual or awkward phrases. Ekho is an open source TTS which simply concatenates sampled syllables. It currently supports Cantonese, Mandarin, and experimentally Korean.
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Significant translations by Hamilton included Cherubini's Counterpoint and Fugue, and treatises by Pierre Baillot, Bartolomeo Campagnoli, Carl Czerny, Jan Ladislav Dussek, Pierre Rode, and Johann Gottfried Vierling. His Pianoforte Tutor reached its 13th edition in 1849, and saw very frequent reprintings over half a century. Others publications by Hamilton were: Dictionary of ... Musical Terms (1836?); Invention, Exposition, Development, and Concatenation of Musical Ideas (1838); Johann Nepomuk Maelzel's Metronome; Friedrich Kalkbrenner's Handguide; Introduction to Choral Singing (1841); and Method for Double Bass. In parts vii.
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However, morphological characters, such as the structure of epidermal cilia, suggested a close relationship with Acoelomorpha, another problematic group. The study of the embryonic stages of Xenoturbella also showed that it is a direct developer without a feeding larval stage, and this developmental mode is similar to that of acoelomorphs. Molecular studies based on the concatenation of hundreds of proteins revealed indeed a monophyletic group composed by Xenoturbella and Acoelomorpha.Hejnol, A., Obst, M., Stamatakis, A., Ott, M., Rouse, G. W., Edgecombe, G. D., et al. (2009).
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Russian borrowings began to make their way into Polish from the second half of the 19th century on. Polish has also received an intensive number of English loanwords, particularly after World War II. Recent loanwords come primarily from the English language, mainly those that have Latin or Greek roots, for example (computer), (from 'corruption', but sense restricted to 'bribery') etc. Concatenation of parts of words (e.g. auto-moto), which is not native to Polish but common in English, for example, is also sometimes used.
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Some results are particular to configuration spaces of graphs. This problem can be related to robotics and motion planning: one can imagine placing several robots on tracks and trying to navigate them to different positions without collision. The tracks correspond to (the edges of) a graph, the robots correspond to particles, and successful navigation corresponds to a path in the configuration space of that graph. One also defines the configuration space of a mechanical linkage which is constructed as concatenation of rigid rods and hinges.
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CECPQ2 uses 32 bytes of shared secret material derived from the classical X25519 mechanism, and 32 bytes of shared secret material derived from the quantum-secure HRSS mechanism. The resulting bytes are concatenated and used as secret key. Concatenation is meant to assure that the protocol provides at least the same security level as widely used X25519, should HRSS be found insecure. The algorithm was to be deployed on both the server side using Cloudflare's infrastructure, and the client side using Google Chrome Canary.
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Each quadruple consists of (i) a syntactic unit (or concatenation of units) of an idiolect system, (ii) a syntactic structure the unit or concatenation has in the system, (iii) an assignment of lexical meanings to the primitive constituents contained in the unit given the structure and the system (called a 'lexical interpretation'), and (iv) the system itself. The values of such grammatical functions are two-(or more)-place relations among constituents of the syntactic unit. (Grammatical functions are only one type of 'constituent functions,' which also include 'scope functions' like negation and qualification, and 'phoric functions' like antecedent; and there are other types of syntactic functions besides the constituent functions.) Syntactic functions play a central role, via their semantic content, in the composition process by which syntactic meanings of a syntactic unit are constructed from the lexical meanings of its primitive constituents. Incorporating features of Valency Grammar, Integrational Syntax construes subject and object functions as derived from more basic complement functions that simultaneously cover all complements of a single verbal nucleus; it generalizes the notion of valency to arbitrary lexical words, excluding purely auxiliary words.
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However, the customers data table should not use one field to store that concatenated string; rather, the concatenation of the seven fields should happen upon running the report. The reason for such principles is that without them, the entry and updating of large volumes of data becomes error-prone and labor-intensive. Separately entering the city, state, ZIP code, and nation allows data-entry validation (such as detecting an invalid state abbreviation). Then those separate items can be used for sorting or indexing the records, such as all with "Boulder" as the city name.
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Hence the theory of conjoint measurement can be used to quantify attributes in empirical circumstances where it is not possible to combine the levels of the attributes using a side-by-side operation or concatenation. The quantification of psychological attributes such as attitudes, cognitive abilities and utility is therefore logically plausible. This means that the scientific measurement of psychological attributes is possible. That is, like physical quantities, a magnitude of a psychological quantity may possibly be expressed as the product of a real number and a unit magnitude.
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The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This female magnes was later called magnesia, known now in modern times as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia negra (the black ore) from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking).
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In this section, we consider codes that encode each source (clear text) character by a code word from some dictionary, and concatenation of such code words give us an encoded string. Variable-length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities; see also entropy encoding. A prefix code is a code with the "prefix property": there is no valid code word in the system that is a prefix (start) of any other valid code word in the set. Huffman coding is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes.
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MBROLA software uses MBROLA (Multi-Band Resynthesis OverLap Add) algorithm for speech generation. Although it is diphone-based, the quality of MBROLA's synthesis is considered to be higher than that of most diphone synthesisers as it preprocesses the diphones imposing constant pitch and harmonic phases that enhances their concatenation while only slightly degrading their segmental quality. MBROLA voice sample of Leonhard Euler quote MBROLA is a time-domain algorithm similar to PSOLA, which implies very low computational load at synthesis time. Unlike PSOLA, however, MBROLA does not require a preliminary marking of pitch periods.
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The founding animals of the strain were obtained by Halsey J. Bagg of Memorial Hospital, New York, from a mouse dealer in Ohio in 1913. The name BALB is a concatenation of Bagg and Albino. From 1920, the progeny of the original colony were systematically inbred, sibling to sibling, for 26 generations over 15 years. During this time, the colony passed through the care of a number of scientists, including C.C. Little and E.C. MacDowell at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and H.J. Muller at the University of Texas at Austin.
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Binary hash chains are commonly used in association with a hash tree. A binary hash chain takes two hash values as inputs, concatenates them and applies a hash function to the result, thereby producing a third hash value. Hash tree and hash chain The above diagram shows a hash tree consisting of eight leaf nodes and the hash chain for the third leaf node. In addition to the hash values themselves the order of concatenation (right or left 1,0) or "order bits" are necessary to complete the hash chain.
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Marques Keith Brownlee ( ; born December 3, 1993), also known professionally as MKBHD, is an American YouTuber and professional ultimate frisbee player, best known for his technology-focused videos and podcast. The name of his YouTube channel is a concatenation of MKB (Brownlee's initials) and HD (for high-definition). As of October 2020, it has over 12 million subscribers and over 2 billion total video views. In August 2013, Vic Gundotra, former Senior Vice President, Social for Google, called Brownlee "the best technology reviewer on the planet right now".
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A less involved method to compute this approach became possible with vertex shaders. The previous algorithm can then be reformulated by simply considering two model-view-projection matrices: one from the eye point of view and the other from the projector point of view. In this case, the projector model-view-projection matrix is essentially the aforementioned concatenation of eye-linear tcGen with the intended projector shift function. By using those two matrices, a few instructions are sufficient to output the transformed eye space vertex position and a projective texture coordinate.
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In nanoCAGE (Plessy et al., 2010), the 5′ ends or RNAs were captured with the template-switching method instead of CAP Trapper, in order to analyze smaller starting amounts of total RNA. Longer tags were cleaved with the type III restriction enzyme EcoP15I and directly sequenced on the Solexa (then Illumina) platform without concatenation. The CAGEscan methodology (Plessy et al., 2010), where the enzymatic tag cleavage is skipped, and the 5′ cDNAs sequenced paired-end, was introduced in the same article to connect novel promoters to known annotations.
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In computer science, a finger tree is a purely functional data structure that can be used to efficiently implement other functional data structures. A finger tree gives amortized constant time access to the "fingers" (leaves) of the tree, which is where data is stored, and concatenation and splitting logarithmic time in the size of the smaller piece. It also stores in each internal node the result of applying some associative operation to its descendants. This "summary" data stored in the internal nodes can be used to provide the functionality of data structures other than trees.
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At the time FilKONtario was founded, there were only five filk conventions worldwide: Consonance (San Francisco area), ConChord (Los Angeles area, started 1983), the Northeast Filk Con, and Ohio Valley Filk Fest (Columbus area, started in 1984OVFF History), and the British Filk Con (started in 1989Past British Cons). Heather Borean, the first conchair, wanted something a little closer to home and proposed the idea of founding a new con. The name is a concatenation of "Filk", "KON" (for "convention") and "Ontario." The early days of FilKONtario were a bit challenging.
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Planetizen is a planning-related news website owned by Urban Insight of Los Angeles, California. It features user-submitted and editor-evaluated news and weekly user-contributed op-eds about urban planning and several related fields. The website also publishes an annual list of the top 10 books in the field published during the current year, and a directory and ranking of graduate-level education in the field of urban planning. The name of the website is a concatenation of Plan, as in the word, planning, and Netizen, a portmanteau of Internet and citizen.
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The name was derived from a concatenation of the original planned sites of 'Jakarta' - 'Surabaya' - 'Australia'. However the Surabaya landing was abandoned before project commencement, though the name remained. The landing point in Indonesia was at Ancol Cable Station. The final landing point chosen at the Australian end was in Port Hedland, a number of options were looked into for the cable station including a secure concrete duct to the existing South Hedland exchange 11 km inland utilising the vacant 2nd floor which had previously been used for the Telstra Manual Assistance Centre.
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This may be either the large Gospel Book that otherwise lies on the Holy table, or it may be a small one. During the reading of the Gospel lesson (a concatenation compiled from selections of all four Gospels) which recounts the death and burial of Christ, an icon depicting the soma (corpus) of Christ is taken down from a cross which has been set up in the middle of the church. The soma is wrapped in a white cloth and taken into the sanctuary. Epitaphios adorned for veneration.
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Java has been criticized for not supporting the capability of implementing user-defined operators. Operator overloading improves readability, thus the lack of it in Java can make the code less readable, especially for classes representing mathematical objects, such as complex numbers, matrices, etc. A form of operator overloading is implemented in the language: specifically, other than for adding numeric primitive types, the operator + is employed for string concatenation. However, this form of overloading is a built-in feature of the language, and users are in no way capable of defining their own operators.
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The crucified Christ, just before the Deposition from the Cross and the placing of the Epitaphios in the Sepulcher. In the afternoon, around 3 pm, all gather for the Vespers of the Taking-Down from the Cross, commemorating the Deposition from the Cross. The Gospel reading is a concatenation taken from all four of the Gospels. During the service, the body of Christ (the soma) is removed from the cross, as the words in the Gospel reading mention Joseph of Arimathea, wrapped in a linen shroud, and taken to the altar in the sanctuary.
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It is proposed that the A-not-A sequence is morpheme created by the reduplication of the interrogative morpheme (represented by the A in A-not-A). Though the specific syntactic location of this morpheme is not agreed upon, it is generally accepted that the A-not-A sequence is essentially a word formed by the concatenation of an abstract question morpheme and this duplicated predicate, which likens it to a VP-proclitic. This Morpheme is referred to as NQ in order to represent its character as negative and interrogative.
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For this case we prove a weaker version of the theorem: One-way permutation → pseudorandom generator A one-way permutation is a one-way function that is also a permutation of the input bits. A pseudorandom generator can be constructed from one-way permutation ƒ as follows: Gl: {0,1}l→{0,1}l+1 = ƒ(x).B(x), where B is hard-core predicate of ƒ and "." is a concatenation operator. Note, that by the theorem proven above, it is only needed to show the existence of a generator that adds just one pseudorandom bit.
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Beaumont brought together several theories in his 1890 book A History of Coggeshall, in Essex. #Weever 1631 wrote about a monument found on "Coccillway", thought that Coccill was a lord of the area in Roman days and a corruption of the name led to Coggeshall. #Dunkin thought that it was a concatenation of two Celtic words – Cor or Cau with Gafael, enclosure hold; or Coed and Caer or Gaer, camp in a wood, "Cogger", the person owning this camp may have had a hall, therefore Coggershall. Beaumont largely rejects this.
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The C programming language has a set of functions implementing operations on strings (character strings and byte strings) in its standard library. Various operations, such as copying, concatenation, tokenization and searching are supported. For character strings, the standard library uses the convention that strings are null-terminated: a string of characters is represented as an array of elements, the last of which is a "NUL" character. The only support for strings in the programming language proper is that the compiler translates quoted string constants into null-terminated strings.
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Cascading is a particular case of ensemble learning based on the concatenation of several classifiers, using all information collected from the output from a given classifier as additional information for the next classifier in the cascade. Unlike voting or stacking ensembles, which are multiexpert systems, cascading is a multistage one. Cascading classifiers are trained with several hundred "positive" sample views of a particular object and arbitrary "negative" images of the same size. After the classifier is trained it can be applied to a region of an image and detect the object in question.
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One of the principles of relational database design is that the fields of data tables should reflect a single characteristic of the table's subject, which means that they should not contain concatenated strings. When concatenation is desired in a report, it should be provided at the time of running the report. For example, to display the physical address of a certain customer, the data might include building number, street name, building sub-unit number, city name, state/province name, postal code, and country name, e.g., "123 Fake St Apt 4, Boulder, CO 80302, USA", which combines seven fields.
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The decision problem of whether a given string s can be generated by a given unrestricted grammar is equivalent to the problem of whether it can be accepted by the Turing machine equivalent to the grammar. The latter problem is called the Halting problem and is undecidable. Recursively enumerable languages are closed under Kleene star, concatenation, union, and intersection, but not under set difference; see Recursively enumerable language#Closure properties. The equivalence of unrestricted grammars to Turing machines implies the existence of a universal unrestricted grammar, a grammar capable of accepting any other unrestricted grammar's language given a description of the language.
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The above is known as the Levi lemma for strings; the lemma can occur in a more general form in graph theory and in monoid theory; for example, there is a more general Levi lemma for traces originally due to Christine Duboc. Several proofs of Levi's Lemma for traces can be found in The Book of Traces. A monoid in which Levi's lemma holds is said to have the equidivisibility property. The free monoid of strings and string concatenation has this property (by Levi's lemma for strings), but by itself equidivisibility is not enough to guarantee that a monoid is free.
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In mathematics, a Gödel numbering for sequences provides an effective way to represent each finite sequence of natural numbers as a single natural number. While a set theoretical embedding is surely possible, the emphasis is on the effectiveness of the functions manipulating such representations of sequences: the operations on sequences (accessing individual members, concatenation) can be "implemented" using total recursive functions, and in fact by primitive recursive functions. It is usually used to build sequential “data types” in arithmetic-based formalizations of some fundamental notions of mathematics. It is a specific case of the more general idea of Gödel numbering.
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Qlik’s Associative Engine lets users do big data analytics, combining a number of data sources so that associations and connections can be formed across the data. The two main products QlikView and Qlik Sense serve different purposes running on the same engine. In QlikView, the user is pursuing their day-to-day tasks, analyzing data with a slightly configurable dashboard, most of the data is static. Qlik Sense allows concatenation of different data sources and fully configuring the visualizations, allowing drill-down on an individual data record. Qlik Analytics Platform offers direct access to Qlik’s Associative data engine through open and standard APIs.
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Certain traditional dances from other regions of Greece, most notably kalamatianos and ballos, are also widely performed by professional Cretan musicians, usually with Cretan- composed lyrics, in musical gatherings since at least the twentieth century. Like fiddle tunes in various other traditions, Cretan dance music often involves repeated melodies or repeated pairings of melodies, whose selection and concatenation is improvised in performance. Another musical construction common to Cretan music is the taximi (), a rhythmically free, improvised instrumental solo (e.g., on the violin, lyra, or lute) in a particular scale or mode preceding the dance-song proper.
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These key extensions permit among others: the frame-accurate synchronization of the scene with the audio-visual elements, the streaming and efficient compression of SVG content. The workflow of LASeR content from creation based on SVG to consumption is depicted in Figure 1. The streaming capability of LASeR is a benefit of the concept of LASeR stream, inspired from the MPEG-4 BIFS standard. A LASeR stream is the concatenation of an initial scene and the timed modifications of it, which can be sent in a streaming mode from a server to a client in a timed manner.
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Singapore Dreaming () is a 2006 film set in Singapore. The film follows the Loh family, a typical Singaporean working-class family, through their aspirations for a better life and the harsh reality that makes it difficult for them to fulfill these aspirations. The film is inspired by a 2000 essay, Paved with Good Intentions, that the writers of the film had written for the Singapore International Foundation. A concatenation of e-mails Singaporeans sent to writers Colin Goh and Woo Yen Yen on their life stories in relation to the Singaporean dream eventually led them to write, produce and direct Singapore Dreaming.
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In particular, Krister Segerberg was the first who proposed for this emerging specific system of a modal logic the name Grzegorczyk's logic and the symbol S4Grz or S4.Grz, whereas George Boolos contributed the foundational investigation of Grzegorczyk's schema in the context of proof theory and arithmetic. In 2005, Grzegorczyk gave a new proof of the undecidability of the first-order functional calculus without making use of Gödel's arithmetization, and, moreover, demonstrated undecidability of a simple concatenation theory, the operations of matching two texts understood as sequences of symbols into one text with the next text being a continuation of the first one.
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Another shows a woman "riding" a man who reclines, while a man standing behind her parts her legs to enter. A far less common variation has one man entering a woman from the rear while he in turn receives anal sex from a man standing behind him, a scenario found in Catullus, Carmen 56 as well as art. Catullus makes it clear that this concatenation was considered humorous,Clarke, p. 234. possibly because the man in the center could be a cinaedus, a male who liked to receive anal sex but who was also considered seductive to women.
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For example, within the DVB-S2 standard, a highly efficient LDPC code is combined with an algebraic outer code in order to remove any resilient errors left over from the inner LDPC code due to its inherent error floor.Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second generation framing structure, channel coding and modulation systems for Broadcasting, Interactive Services, News Gathering and other broadband satellite applications (DVB-S2), ETSI EN 302 307, V1.2.1, April 2009. A simple concatenation scheme is also used on the compact disc (CD), where an interleaving layer between two Reed–Solomon codes of different sizes spreads errors across various blocks.
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The Data header is again divided into two parts, the first part is exceptionally small, only one byte in length, and defines the total length of the header. After this there are one or more 'Information Elements', these tell the phone what to do with the information when it receives it. The two most common Information Elements are for Port Number Addressing (code 05) and concatenation (code 00) (telling the phone how to put together two or more SMS messages to make a single message). The first byte of the Information Element Identifies (IEI) what information is to follow.
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Strings, and concatenation of strings can be treated as an algebraic system with some properties resembling those of the addition of integers; in modern mathematics, this system is called a free monoid. In 1956 Alonzo Church wrote: "Like any branch of mathematics, theoretical syntax may, and ultimately must, be studied by the axiomatic method".Alonzo Church, Introduction to Mathematical Logic, Princeton UP, Princeton, 1956 Church was evidently unaware that string theory already had two axiomatizations from the 1930s: one by Hans Hermes and one by Alfred Tarski.John Corcoran, William Frank and Michael Maloney, "String theory", Journal of Symbolic Logic, vol.
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The name "E-Pana" was chosen from a concatenation of E from "E" Division, which is the RCMP division that has jurisdiction over British Columbia (BC), and Pana, which is the name of an Inuit goddess who cares for souls before heaven or re-incarnation. The task force was created during the Fall of 2005 in order to investigate a series of unsolved murders and disappearances along BC's Highway of Tears, and determine whether a serial killer or killers is operating there. In 2006, the Task Force took ownership of nine investigations. In 2007 the number of cases doubled from nine to eighteen.
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Characterization by a cutting sequence with a line of slope 1/\varphi or \varphi-1, with \varphi the golden ratio. A Fibonacci word is a specific sequence of binary digits (or symbols from any two-letter alphabet). The Fibonacci word is formed by repeated concatenation in the same way that the Fibonacci numbers are formed by repeated addition. It is a paradigmatic example of a Sturmian word and specifically, a morphic word. The name “Fibonacci word” has also been used to refer to the members of a formal language L consisting of strings of zeros and ones with no two repeated ones.
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The result should be 510 which is the 9-bit value `111111110` in binary. The 8 least significant bits always stored in the register would be `11111110` binary (254 decimal) but since there is carry out of bit 7 (the eight bit), the carry is set, indicating that the result needs 9 bits. The valid 9-bit result is the concatenation of the carry flag with the result. For x86 ALU size of 8 bits, an 8-bit two's complement interpretation, the addition operation `11111111` \+ `11111111` results in `111111110`, `Carry_Flag` set, `Sign_Flag` set, and `Overflow_Flag` clear.
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An upper bound on the size of the set of messages can be determined by \delta and \epsilon. Locally decodable codes can also be concatenated, where a message is encoded first using one scheme, and the resulting codeword is encoded again using a different scheme. (Note that, in this context, concatenation is the term used by scholars to refer to what is usually called composition; see ). This might be useful if, for example, the first code has some desirable properties with respect to rate, but it has some undesirable property, such as producing a codeword over a non-binary alphabet.
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Hossaini's Ouroboros treats the history of the universe as an animated visual poem. The first iteration of the work was presented at the Ise Cultural Foundation Ise Cultural Foundation in Soho, New York in 2010. In a review for The New York Times, Dennis Overbye remarked that the work "bypass the rational part of the brain and head[s] straight for someplace deeper, to make us experience the universe not as a concatenation of forces but as a poem." Constructed of an hour of looping animations, and it uses Chromodepth technology to create strongly holographic images that remain sharp without glasses.
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A free group may be defined from a group presentation consisting of a set of generators with no relations. That is, every element is a product of some sequence of generators and their inverses, but these elements do not obey any equations except those trivially following from = 1. The elements of a free group may be described as all possible reduced words, those strings of generators and their inverses in which no generator is adjacent to its own inverse. Two reduced words may be multiplied by concatenating them and then removing any generator-inverse pairs that result from the concatenation.
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Across the ravine is an unfenced grassy slope with some benches. In front is a blue boilerplate box for donations, secured by two large padlocks. A printed notice beside the grotto states that its continual upkeep is designed to keep the people of Ballinspittle focused on their veneration of the Virgin Mary, and also to inspire faith in "mere passers by". Anthropologist Peter Mulholland argues that the continuing role of Marian apparitions in Irish popular culture is a reflection of psychological insecurity stemming largely from adverse childhood experiences and a concatenation of historical, cultural, political, religious and sociological factors.
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274x274px Viruses belonging to Phycodnaviridae harbor double-stranded DNA genomes with sizes of several 100kbp, which together with other Megavirales (e.g. Iridoviridae, Pandoraviridae and Mimiviridae) are named nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Because of their large genome sizes and various proteins that are encoded, viruses of Phycodnaviridae are challenging the traditional concepts that viruses are small and simple "organisms at the edge of life". Phylogenetic analyses of core genes based on gene concatenation, individual phylogenies of the DNA polymerase, and the major capsid protein, indicate the close evolutionary relationships among members of Phycodnaviridae and between Phycodnaviridae and other families of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses.
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An example of a binary hash tree. Hashes 0-0 and 0-1 are the hash values of data blocks L1 and L2, respectively, and hash 0 is the hash of the concatenation of hashes 0-0 and 0-1. In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every leaf node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data block, and every non-leaf node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of the labels of its child nodes. Hash trees allow efficient and secure verification of the contents of large data structures.
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A rainbow table is ineffective against one-way hashes that include large salts. For example, consider a password hash that is generated using the following function (where "" is the concatenation operator): `saltedhash(password) = hash(password + salt)` Or `saltedhash(password) = hash(hash(password) + salt)` The salt value is not secret and may be generated at random and stored with the password hash. A large salt value prevents precomputation attacks, including rainbow tables, by ensuring that each user's password is hashed uniquely. This means that two users with the same password will have different password hashes (assuming different salts are used).
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Quasi-quotation is introduced as shorthand to capture the fact that what the formula expresses isn't precisely quotation, but instead something about the concatenation of symbols. Our replacement for rule 2 using quasi-quotation looks like this: :2'. If φ is a well-formed formula (wff) of L, then ⌜~φ⌝ is a well-formed formula (wff) of L. The quasi-quotation marks '⌜' and '⌝' are interpreted as follows. Where 'φ' denotes a well-formed formula (wff) of L, '⌜~φ⌝' denotes the result of concatenating '~' and the well-formed formula (wff) denoted by 'φ' (in that order, from left to right).
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The essential thought behind the histogram of oriented gradients descriptor is that local object appearance and shape within an image can be described by the distribution of intensity gradients or edge directions. The image is divided into small connected regions called cells, and for the pixels within each cell, a histogram of gradient directions is compiled. The descriptor is the concatenation of these histograms. For improved accuracy, the local histograms can be contrast-normalized by calculating a measure of the intensity across a larger region of the image, called a block, and then using this value to normalize all cells within the block.
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Robben Wright Fleming was born in Paw Paw, Illinois, on December 18, 1916, to Edmund P. Fleming and Emily Jeannette Wheeler. He was of Scottish descent on his father's side, while his mother's Dutch ancestors had come to the U.S. in 1652. His brother Teddy contracted spinal meningitis in 1926, and died after a two-week illness. To remember his brother, Fleming began using Teddy's middle name—Wheeler—as his own middle name, and did so until the Army made him revert to his legal name; his own first name was a concatenation of his uncle Robert's and grandfather Beniah's names.
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Various forms of the tie The double breve is used in the phonetic notation of the American Heritage Dictionary in combination with a double o, o͝o, to represent the near-close near-back rounded vowel ( in IPA).Proposal for 3 Additional Double Diacritics, 2002-05-10. The triple breve below is used in the phonetic writing Rheinische Dokumenta for three letter combinations.Proposal to encode a combining diacritical mark for Low German dialect writing, Karl Pentzlin, 2008-10-25 In the field of Computing, the Unicode character is used is used to represent concatenation of sequences in Z notation.
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The type is the main string datatype in standard C++ since 1998, but it was not always part of C++. From C, C++ inherited the convention of using null-terminated strings that are handled by a pointer to their first element, and a library of functions that manipulate such strings. In modern standard C++, a string literal such as still denotes a NUL-terminated array of characters. Using C++ classes to implement a string type offers several benefits of automated memory management and a reduced risk of out-of-bounds accesses, and more intuitive syntax for string comparison and concatenation.
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Given a topological space X and a point x in that space, there is a fundamental 2-group of X at x, written Π2(X,x). As a monoidal category, the objects are loops at x, with multiplication given by concatenation, and the morphisms are basepoint-preserving homotopies between loops, with these morphisms identified if they are themselves homotopic. Conversely, given any 2-group G, one can find a unique (up to weak homotopy equivalence) pointed connected space (X,x) whose fundamental 2-group is G and whose homotopy groups πn are trivial for n > 2\. In this way, 2-groups classify pointed connected weak homotopy 2-types.
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Unit selection provides the greatest naturalness, because it applies only a small amount of digital signal processing (DSP) to the recorded speech. DSP often makes recorded speech sound less natural, although some systems use a small amount of signal processing at the point of concatenation to smooth the waveform. The output from the best unit-selection systems is often indistinguishable from real human voices, especially in contexts for which the TTS system has been tuned. However, maximum naturalness typically require unit-selection speech databases to be very large, in some systems ranging into the gigabytes of recorded data, representing dozens of hours of speech.
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An extension of the collision attack is the chosen-prefix collision attack, which is specific to Merkle–Damgård hash functions. In this case, the attacker can choose two arbitrarily different documents, and then append different calculated values that result in the whole documents having an equal hash value. This attack is much more powerful than a classical collision attack. Mathematically stated, given two different prefixes p1, p2, the attack finds two appendages m1 and m2 such that hash(p1 ∥ m1) = hash(p2 ∥ m2) (where ∥ is the concatenation operation). In 2007, a chosen-prefix collision attack was found against MD5, requiring roughly 250 evaluations of the MD5 function.
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The letters that are created by writing are physical objects that can be destroyed by various means: these are letter TOKENS or letter INSCRIPTIONS. The 26 letters of the alphabet are letter TYPES or letter FORMS. Peirce's type–token distinction, also applies to words, sentences, paragraphs, and so on: to anything in a universe of discourse of character-string theory, or concatenation theory. There is only one word type spelled el-ee-tee-tee-ee-ar,Using a variant of Alfred Tarski's structural-descriptive naming found in John Corcoran, Schemata: the Concept of Schema in the History of Logic, Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol.
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The downside to the TSB style is that the string always takes up the full amount of DIMed space even if the string inside is empty, and simple tasks like concatenation can potentially overflow the string unless it was set to a large size to begin with. Later versions of Dartmouth BASIC did include string variables, based on the same pattern found in BASIC- PLUS and MS BASIC. However, this version did not use the LEFT/MID/RIGHT functions for manipulating strings, but instead used the `CHANGE` command which converted the string to and from equivalent ASCII values. HP included identical functionality, changing only the name to `CONVERT`.
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04 The next 4 bytes of data belong to this Information Element 15 82 Send it to Port 1582 (in other words, it is an Operator Logo) 00 00 It was sent from Port 0000. This is not relevant for most Smart Message types, but must be included nonetheless 00 This is the code for Concatenation. This content is being sent as multiple SMS messages 03 Three more bytes of information belong to this Information Element. 01 Message Reference No. If two or more items are being sent, giving them different reference numbers makes sure the phone knows which SMS messages belong to which Smart Message.
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Another fundamental feature is additivity. Additivity may involve concatenation, such as adding two lengths A and B to obtain a third A + B. Additivity is not, however, restricted to extensive quantities but may also entail relations between magnitudes that can be established through experiments that permit tests of hypothesized observable manifestations of the additive relations of magnitudes. Another feature is continuity, on which Michell (1999, p. 51) says of length, as a type of quantitative attribute, "what continuity means is that if any arbitrary length, a, is selected as a unit, then for every positive real number, r, there is a length b such that b = ra".
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Like the Hindus and Jains, the Buddhists were able to integrate a theory of atomism with their logical presuppositions. According to Noa Ronkin, this kind of atomism was developed in the Sarvastivada and Sautrantika schools for whom material reality can be: > reduced to discrete momentary atoms, namely, the four primary elements. > These momentary atoms, through their spatial arrangement and by their > concatenation with prior and posterior atoms of the same type, create the > illusion of persisting things as they appear in our everyday experience. > Atomic reality is thus understood first and foremost as change, though not > in the sense of a thing x transforming into y.
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Thus, the performance of existing sort algorithms can be improved by taking into account the existing order in the input. Note that most worst-case sorting algorithms that do optimally well in the worst-case, notably heap sort and merge sort, do not take existing order within their input into account, although this deficiency is easily rectified in the case of merge sort by checking if the last element of the lefthand group is less than (or equal) to the first element of the righthand group, in which case a merge operation may be replaced by simple concatenation – a modification that is well within the scope of making an algorithm adaptive.
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According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the origin of the term is not entirely clear, but it may be a concatenation of foot and the word pad, related to path. This would indicate a robber who is on foot, as opposed to his equestrian counterpart. These footpads also gave us the word [Pad-Lock] a horseless Highwaymen known as a Footpad, he was a robber or thief that specialized in pedestrian victims. These “footpads” had their own unique way of robbing travelers, they would steal from wooden crates and packages that were in wagons or strapped to packhorses while the drivers stopped at a roadside Inn.
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In the so- called behavioral system theoretic approach due to Willems (see people in systems and control), models considered do not directly define an input-output structure. In this framework systems are described by admissible trajectories of a collection of variables, some of which might be interpreted as inputs or outputs. A system is then defined to be controllable in this setting, if any past part of a behavior (trajectory of the external variables) can be concatenated with any future trajectory of the behavior in such a way that the concatenation is contained in the behavior, i.e. is part of the admissible system behavior.
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The punctuation marks used to indicate sentence structure — the comma, period, colon, and semicolon — are the same in Yiddish as they are in English. The punctuation used for the abbreviation, contraction, and concatenation of words — the apostrophe and hyphen — are conceptually similar but typographically distinct in a manner that, yet again, can cause confusion when represented digitally. This can be illustrated with the contraction for (es iz = "it is"), which is (s'iz = "it's"). Although the Yiddish punctuation mark is termed an (apostrof) the character used to represent it is the Hebrew geresh, which differs both in its graphic appearance and, more importantly, in its digital representation.
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The purpose of the compression achieved by sketching is to allow all of the keys to be stored in one w-bit word. Let the node sketch of a node be the bit string :1`sketch`(x1)1`sketch`(x2)...1`sketch`(xk) We can assume that the sketch function uses exactly b ≤ r4 bits. Then each block uses 1 + b ≤ w4/5 bits, and since k ≤ w1/5, the total number of bits in the node sketch is at most w. A brief notational aside: for a bit string s and nonnegative integer m, let sm denote the concatenation of s to itself m times.
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In mathematics, a residuated Boolean algebra is a residuated lattice whose lattice structure is that of a Boolean algebra. Examples include Boolean algebras with the monoid taken to be conjunction, the set of all formal languages over a given alphabet Σ under concatenation, the set of all binary relations on a given set X under relational composition, and more generally the power set of any equivalence relation, again under relational composition. The original application was to relation algebras as a finitely axiomatized generalization of the binary relation example, but there exist interesting examples of residuated Boolean algebras that are not relation algebras, such as the language example.
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FFmpeg is a free and open-source software project consisting of a large suite of libraries and programs for handling video, audio, and other multimedia files and streams. At its core is the FFmpeg program itself, designed for command-line-based processing of video and audio files. It is widely used for format transcoding, basic editing (trimming and concatenation), video scaling, video post-production effects and standards compliance (SMPTE, ITU). FFmpeg includes libavcodec, an audio/video codec library used by many commercial and free software products, libavformat (Lavf), an audio/video container mux and demux library, and the core ffmpeg command-line program for transcoding multimedia files.
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For instance, MD5-Crypt uses a 1000 iteration loop that repeatedly feeds the salt, password, and current intermediate hash value back into the underlying MD5 hash function. The user's password hash is the concatenation of the salt value (which is not secret) and the final hash. The extra time is not noticeable to users because they have to wait only a fraction of a second each time they log in. On the other hand, stretching reduces the effectiveness of brute-force attacks in proportion to the number of iterations because it reduces the number of attempts an attacker can perform in a given time frame.
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In some programming languages an operator may be ad hoc polymorphic, that is, have definitions for more than one kind of data, (such as in Java where the `+` operator is used both for the addition of numbers and for the concatenation of strings). Such an operator is said to be overloaded. In languages that support operator overloading by the programmer (such as C++) but have a limited set of operators, operator overloading is often used to define customized uses for operators. In the example `IF ORDER_DATE > "12/31/2011" AND ORDER_DATE < "01/01/2013" THEN CONTINUE ELSE STOP`, the operators are: ">" (greater than), "AND" and "<" (less than).
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The name Puddleglum can be viewed as a concatenation of "Puddle" for Puddleglum's association with water and wetlands, and "glum" which describes his outlook on life. It likely derives from the translator John Studley, whose comical choices of words Lewis criticized: :[Studley] uses more often than his fellows that diction which... cannot now be read without a smile – "frostyface", "topsy turvy", and (for Tacitae Stygis...) "Stygian puddle glum". The association is further strengthened by the fact that "Stygian" refers to the River Styx which was said to flow through the classical Underworld, and the three adventurers in The Silver Chair descend to the Narnian Underworld.
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Catég 44 (2003), 281-316 as topological spaces endowed with a collection of paths, whose members are said to be directed, such that any constant path is directed, the concatenation of two directed paths is still directed, and any subpath of a directed path is directed. D-spaces admit non-constant directed loops and form a category enjoying properties similar to the ones enjoyed by the category of topological spaces. As shown by Sanjeevi Krishnan, the drawbacks of local pospaces can be avoided if we extend the notion of pospaces by means of 'cosheaves'. The notion of streamA Convenient Category of Locally Preordered Spaces Sanjeevi Krishnan, 2009, Applied Categorical Structures vol.
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Identity Based Cryptography is a type of public key cryptography that uses a widely known representation of an entity's Identity (name, email address, phone number etc) as the entities public key. This eliminates the need to have a separate public key bound by some mechanism (such as a digitally signed public key certificate) to the Identity of an entity. In Identity Based Cryptography (IBC) the public key is often taken as the concatenation of an entity's Identity and a validity period for the public key. In Identity Based Cryptography, one or more trusted agent's use their private keys to compute an entity's private key from their public key (Identity and Validity Period).
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Generally lexical grammars are context-free, or almost so, and thus require no looking back or ahead, or backtracking, which allows a simple, clean, and efficient implementation. This also allows simple one-way communication from lexer to parser, without needing any information flowing back to the lexer. There are exceptions, however. Simple examples include: semicolon insertion in Go, which requires looking back one token; concatenation of consecutive string literals in Python, which requires holding one token in a buffer before emitting it (to see if the next token is another string literal); and the off-side rule in Python, which requires maintaining a count of indent level (indeed, a stack of each indent level).
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The function F is called universal if the following property holds: for every computable function f of a single variable there is a string w such that for all x, F(w x) = f(x); here w x represents the concatenation of the two strings w and x. This means that F can be used to simulate any computable function of one variable. Informally, w represents a "script" for the computable function f, and F represents an "interpreter" that parses the script as a prefix of its input and then executes it on the remainder of input. The domain of F is the set of all inputs p on which it is defined.
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Given a topological space , a local system is a functor from the fundamental groupoid of to a category.Spanier, chapter 1; Exercises F. As an important special case, a bundle of (abelian) groups on is a local system valued in the category of (abelian) groups. This is to say that a bundle of groups on assigns a group to each element of , and assigns a group homomorphism to each continuous path from to . In order to be a functor, these group homomorphisms are required to be compatible with the topological structure, so that homotopic paths with fixed endpoints define the same homomorphism; furthermore the group homomorphisms must compose in accordance with the concatenation and inversion of paths.
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In non- continuous channels where messages may be variable in length, standard ARQ or Hybrid ARQ protocols may treat the message as a single unit. Alternately selective retransmission may be employed in conjunction with the basic ARQ mechanism where the message is first subdivided into sub-blocks (typically of fixed length) in a process called packet segmentation. The original variable length message is thus represented as a concatenation of a variable number of sub-blocks. While in standard ARQ the message as a whole is either acknowledged (ACKed) or negatively acknowledged (NAKed), in ARQ with selective transmission the ACK response would additionally carry a bit flag indicating the identity of each sub-block successfully received.
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Jones aims at providing an answer to the question of "Why did modern states and economies develop first in the peripheral and late-coming culture of Europe?" Jones attempts to argue a concatenation of various factors, in particular the interplay of natural and economic factors which have worked to Europe's advantage and to the disadvantage of its Asian competitors. The European miracle theory purports that because the European family was nuclear, women married late, and had few children, Europe's population was better controlled than the rest of the world, which "multiplied insensately" according to Jones.The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, 2nd Edition, Cambridge UP, p.
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Backus spent the latter part of his career developing FL (from "Function Level"), a successor to FP. FL was an internal IBM research project, and development of the language stopped when the project was finished. Only a few papers documenting it remain, and the source code of the compiler described in them was not made public. FL was at odds with functional programming languages being developed in the 1980s, most of which were based on the lambda calculus and static typing systems instead of, as in APL, the concatenation of primitive operations. Many of the language's ideas have now been implemented in versions of the J programming language, Iverson's successor to APL.
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245) in which Stevens's sone scale (Stevens & Davis, 1938) was an object of criticism: That is, if Stevens's sone scale genuinely measured the intensity of auditory sensations, then evidence for such sensations as being quantitative attributes needed to be produced. The evidence needed was the presence of additive structure – a concept comprehensively treated by the German mathematician Otto Hölder (Hölder, 1901). Given that the physicist and measurement theorist Norman Robert Campbell dominated the Ferguson committee's deliberations, the committee concluded that measurement in the social sciences was impossible due to the lack of concatenation operations. This conclusion was later rendered false by the discovery of the theory of conjoint measurement by Debreu (1960) and independently by Luce & Tukey (1964).
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The initial release of Microsoft's Windows Home Server employs drive extender technology, whereby an array of independent drives are combined by the OS to form a single pool of available storage. This storage is presented to the user as a single set of network shares. Drive extender technology expands on the normal features of concatenation by providing data redundancy through software – a shared folder can be marked for duplication, which signals to the OS that a copy of the data should be kept on multiple physical drives, whilst the user will only ever see a single instance of their data. This feature was removed from Windows Home Server in its subsequent major release.
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RFC 5802 names four consecutive messages between server and client: ; client-first: The client-first message consists of a gs2-header, the desired `username`, and a randomly generated client nonce `cnonce`. ; server-first: The server appends to this client nonce its own nonce `snonce`, and adds it to the server-first message, which also contains a `salt` used by the server for salting the user's password hash, and an iteration count indicator `it`. ; client-final:After that the client sends the client-final message, which contains c-bind-input, the concatenation of the client and the server nonce, and `cproof`. ; server-final : The communication closes with the server-final message, which contains the server proof `sproof`.
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The n-way mergesort algorithm also begins by distributing the list into n sublists and sorting each one; however, the sublists created by mergesort have overlapping value ranges and so cannot be recombined by simple concatenation as in bucket sort. Instead, they must be interleaved by a merge algorithm. However, this added expense is counterbalanced by the simpler scatter phase and the ability to ensure that each sublist is the same size, providing a good worst-case time bound. Top- down radix sort can be seen as a special case of bucket sort where both the range of values and the number of buckets is constrained to be a power of two.
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Some languages allow dynamic arrays (also called resizable, growable, or extensible): array variables whose index ranges may be expanded at any time after creation, without changing the values of its current elements. For one- dimensional arrays, this facility may be provided as an operation "`append`(A,x)" that increases the size of the array A by one and then sets the value of the last element to x. Other array types (such as Pascal strings) provide a concatenation operator, which can be used together with slicing to achieve that effect and more. In some languages, assigning a value to an element of an array automatically extends the array, if necessary, to include that element.
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The court, had it been sitting as a court of first instance, would have imposed a sentence strikingly different from the sentence imposed in the court a quo. In the circumstances of the case, having regard to the extent of the appellant's emotional disintegration, and the fact that he was acting at the time under circumstances of severely diminished responsibility, a sentence of correctional supervision would be appropriate.570f–g. Deterrence, either of the appellant or of others, was not an important factor, having regard to the highly unusual concatenation of events, and the extremely remote possibility of a recurrence. Neither was the case one which was clamant for retribution.572c–d.
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In other words, syllables of the type -āk- or -akr- are not found in classical Arabic. Each verse consists of a certain number of metrical feet (tafāʿīl or ʾaǧzāʾ) and a certain combination of possible feet constitutes a metre (baḥr). The traditional Arabic practice for writing out a poem's metre is to use a concatenation of various derivations of the verbal root F-ʿ-L (فعل). Thus, the following hemistich قفا نبك من ذكرى حبيبٍ ومنزلِ Would be traditionally scanned as: فعولن مفاعيلن فعولن مفاعلن That is, Romanized and with traditional Western scansion: Western: ⏑ – – ⏑ – – – ⏑ – – ⏑ – ⏑ – Verse: Qifā nabki min ḏikrā ḥabībin wa-manzili Mnemonic: fa`ūlun mafā`īlun fa`ūlun mafā`ilun Al-Kʰalīl b.
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In number theory, the home prime HP(n) of an integer n greater than 1 is the prime number obtained by repeatedly factoring the increasing concatenation of prime factors including repetitions. The mth intermediate stage in the process of determining HP(n) is designated HPn(m). For instance, HP(10) = 773, as 10 factors as 2×5 yielding HP10(1) = 25, 25 factors as 5×5 yielding HP10(2) = HP25(1) = 55, 55 = 5×11 implies HP10(3) = HP25(2) = HP55(1) = 511, and 511 = 7×73 gives HP10(4) = HP25(3) = HP55(2) = HP511(1) = 773, a prime number. Some sources use the alternative notation HPn for the homeprime, leaving out parentheses.
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As a consequence, we define the congruence \sim as the least equivalence relation on the directed paths which is compatible with concatenation and relates γ to δ as soon as there is a directed homotopy from γ to δ. Going back to the computer science motivation where directed paths represent execution traces, directed homotopies provide a way to identify execution traces. Hence, given a directed space X which models some concurrent program P, the topology of X can be seen as the 'local commutations' of actions in the program P. In classical models of concurrency like 'asynchronous graphs' of 'Mazurkiewicz traces', the local commutations are provided by a relation over the arrows or the actions.
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10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface (XAUI ) is a standard for extending the XGMII (10 Gigabit Media Independent Interface) between the MAC and PHY layer of 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) defined in Clause 47 of the IEEE 802.3 standard. The name is a concatenation of the Roman numeral X, meaning ten, and the initials of "Attachment Unit Interface". The purpose of the XGMII Extender, which is composed of an XGXS (XGMII Extender Sublayer) at the MAC end, an XGXS at the PHY end and a XAUI between them, is to extend the operational distance of the XGMII and to reduce the number of interface signals. Applications include extending the physical separation possible between MAC and PHY components in a 10 Gigabit Ethernet system distributed across a circuit board.
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In the Plan 9 operating system from Bell Labs (mid-1980s onward), union mounting is a central concept, replacing several older Unix conventions with union directories; for example, several directories containing executables, unioned together at a single directory, replace the variable for command lookup in the shell. Plan 9 union semantics are greatly simplified compared to the implementations for POSIX-style operating systems: the union of two directories is simply the concatenation of their contents, so a directory listing of the union may display duplicate names. Also, no effort is made to recursively merge subdirectories, leading to an extremely simple implementation. Directories are unioned in a controllable order; , where is a union directory, denotes the file called in the first constituent directory that contains such a file.
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The object ■n□ demonstrates the use of "abbreviation", a way to simplify the denoting of objects, and consequently discussions about them, once they have been created "officially". Done correctly the definition would proceed as follows: ::: ■□ ≡ ■1□, ■■□ ≡ ■2□, ■■■□ ≡ ■3□, etc, where the notions of ≡ ("defined as") and "number" are presupposed to be understood intuitively in the metatheory. Kurt Gödel 1931 virtually constructed the entire proof of his incompleteness theorems (actually he proved Theorem IV and sketched a proof of Theorem XI) by use of this tactic, proceeding from his axioms using substitution, concatenation and deduction of modus ponens to produce a collection of 45 "definitions" (derivations or theorems more accurately) from the axioms. A more familiar tactic is perhaps the design of subroutines that are given names, e.g.
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Both of these positions have been challenged. While it is conceded to be Villa-Lobos's most dissonant work, analysis shows this is a case of polytonality, rather than atonality, and while the use of short repeated motifs with variations and rhythmic transformations are the essence of primitivist rhythmic animation, these procedures are also the very definition of symphonic thematic development . The composer characterised the work as the "Dance Chôros", and construed the fragmented and contrapuntally intertwined opening themes as "sensually complex and atonal in order to deliberately give the feeling of nervousness of a crowd that is gathering to dance" . The work appears to be conceived as an exploration of the possibilities of concatenation of sound blocks assembled from ostinato figurations.
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Ralf Hinze and Ross Paterson state a finger tree is a functional representation of persistent sequences that can access the ends in amortized constant time. Concatenation and splitting can be done in logarithmic time in the size of the smaller piece. The structure can also be made into a general purpose data structure by defining the split operation in a general form, allowing it to act as a sequence, priority queue, search tree, or priority search queue, among other varieties of abstract data types.. A finger is a point where one can access part of a data structure; in imperative languages, this is called a pointer. In a finger tree, the fingers are structures that point to the ends of a sequence, or the leaf nodes.
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In the mid-1800s, long before the advent of teleprinters and teletype machines, Morse code operators or telegraphists invented and used Morse code prosigns to encode white space text formatting in formal written text messages. In particular the Morse prosign represented by the concatenation of two literal textual Morse code "A" characters sent without the normal inter-character spacing is used in Morse code to encode and indicate a new line in a formal text message. Later in the age of modern teleprinters standardized character set control codes were developed to aid in white space text formatting. ASCII was developed simultaneously by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Standards Association (ASA), the latter being the predecessor organization to American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
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The Byzantine Christian observance of Holy and Great Friday, which is formally known as The Order of Holy and Saving Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, begins on Thursday night with the Matins of the Twelve Passion Gospels. Scattered throughout this Matins service are twelve readings from all four of the Gospels which recount the events of the Passion from the Last Supper through the Crucifixion and burial of Jesus. Some churches have a candelabrum with twelve candles on it, and after each Gospel reading one of the candles is extinguished. Catholicon at Holy Trinity Monastery, Meteora, Greece The first of these twelve readings is the longest Gospel reading of the liturgical year, and is a concatenation from all four Gospels.
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The burrow may begin or end with a resting trace called Rusophycus, the outline of which corresponds roughly to the outline of the tracemaker, and with sculpture that may reveal the approximate number of legs, although striations (scratchmarks) from a single leg may overlap or be repeated. Cruziana tenella, and conceivably other ichnospecies, appears to have been formed by the concatenation of a series of Rusophycus traces, suggesting that Cruziana is a feeding trace, rather than a locomotory trace formed by burrowing within a layer of mud as historically believed. The ichnogenus Diplichnites may be produced where the trackmaker sped up. Several specimens of Cruziana are commonly found associated together at one sedimentary horizon, suggesting that the traces were made by populations of arthropods.
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The downstream power and flood control benefits in the United States created by the operation of Canada's Treaty reservoirs are shared by the two countries in accordance with Treaty provisions. The Treaty also allowed the U.S. to build the Libby Dam on the Kootenai River in Montana which provides a further 6.14 km³ (4.98 Maf) of active storage in the Koocanusa reservoir. Although the name sounds like it might be of aboriginal origins, it is actually a concatenation of the first three letters from Kootenai / Kootenay, Canada and USA, and was the winning entry in a contest to name the reservoir. Water behind the Libby dam floods back into Canada, while the water released from the dam returns to Canada just upstream of Kootenay Lake.
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Prior to 1.3, there were numerous challenges in the code base, such as the fact that the Perl code generated both database queries and web pages by using a combination of string-concatenation and string-printing page snippets to compose the resulting HTML. While this functioned reasonably well, it made the interface very difficult to modify, and interoperability with projects written in other languages particularly difficult. Additionally, most state was kept in global variables which were modified all over the place, leading to unexpected results on nearly every code-modification. Faced with these challenges, the LedgerSMB team developed a new architecture which addresses these issues by adding support for templates in the user interface, and moving all database calls into stored procedures.
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Luce & Tukey's presentation was algebraic and is therefore considered more general than Debreu's (1960) topological work, the latter being a special case of the former . In the first article of the inaugural issue of the Journal of Mathematical Psychology, proved that via the theory of conjoint measurement, attributes not capable of concatenation could be quantified. N.R. Campbell and the Ferguson Committee were thus proven wrong. That a given psychological attribute is a continuous quantity is a logically coherent and empirically testable hypothesis. Appearing in the next issue of the same journal were important papers by Dana Scott (1964), who proposed a hierarchy of cancellation conditions for the indirect testing of the solvability and Archimedean axioms, and David Krantz (1964) who connected the Luce & Tukey work to that of Hölder (1901).
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Punya Thitimajshima (9 November 1955 – 9 May 2006), a Thai professor in the department of telecommunications engineering at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology at Ladkrabang, was the co-inventor with Claude Berrou and Alain Glavieux of a groundbreaking coding scheme called turbo codes. Thitimajshima was educated at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology at Ladkrabang, where he earned his bachelor's degree in control engineering and master's degree in electrical engineering. Later he went to École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne and Universite de Bretagne Occidentale in France, where he studied telecommunications engineering and received a doctoral degree in 1993 for a dissertation titled "Systematic recursive convolutional codes and their application to parallel concatenation." Thitimajshima joined the faculty of KMITL in 1995 as a lecturer, and became associate professor.
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This formalization of the visual analytics process is illustrated in the following figure. Arrows represent the transitions from one set to another one. More formally the visual analytics process is a transformation F: S → I, whereas F is a concatenation of functions f ∈ {DW, VX, HY, UZ} defined as follows: DW describes the basic data pre-processing functionality with DW : S → S and W ∈ {T, C, SL, I} including data transformation functions DT, data cleaning functions DC, data selection functions DSL and data integration functions DI that are needed to make analysis functions applicable to the data set. VW, W ∈ {S, H} symbolizes the visualization functions, which are either functions visualizing data VS : S → V or functions visualizing hypotheses VH : H → V. HY, Y ∈ {S, V} represents the hypotheses generation process.
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The Detroit Diesel Series 110 is a two-stroke cycle Diesel engine series, available in straight-6 cylinder configuration (in keeping with the standard Detroit Diesel practice at the time, engines were referred to using a concatenation of the number of cylinders and the displacement, so this was a model 6-110). It was introduced as the second mass-market product of the Detroit Diesel Engine Division of General Motors in 1945. The 6-110 series engines utilize uniflow scavenging, where a blower mounted to the exterior of the engine provides intake air through cored passages in the engine block and ports in the cylinder walls at slightly greater than atmospheric pressure. The engine exhausts through push-rod operated poppet valves in the cylinder head, with either two or four valves per cylinder.
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Pole changing and cascade (concatenation) working was used to allow two or four different speeds, and resistances (often liquid rheostats) were required for starting. In Italy freight locomotives used plain cascade with two speeds, ; while express locomotives used cascade combined with pole-changing, giving four speeds, 37, 50, 75 and 100 km/h (23, 31, 46 and 62 mph). With the use of 3,000 or 3,600 volts at 16⅔ (16.7) Hz, the supply could be fed directly to the motor without an onboard transformer. Generally, the motor(s) fed a single axle, with other wheels linked by connecting rods, as the induction motor is sensitive to speed variations and with non-linked motors on several axles the motors on worn wheels would do little or even no work as they would rotate faster.
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Next, the ground in which the seeds lie must warm slowly over the several months which follow the first soaking rain, and the desert must have enough cloud cover both to shield the soil from intense daytime desert heat and to insulate it from overnight freezing temperatures. Finally, once the newly germinated plants have reached the surface of the soil, the desert must remain undisturbed by strong winds which would uproot the plants or damage the young shoots. The rare concatenation of these events is what makes a superbloom such an extraordinary occurrence. Carrizo Plain National Monument in 2017 In California, common plants which participate in superblooms are brittlebush (yellow flowers), California poppies (bright orange), bluebells (deep purple), lupine (purple), sand verbena (yellow), desert sunflowers (bright yellow), evening primrose (mostly white, occasionally yellow), popcorn flowers (white or yellow), and desert lily (white).
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For F that are universal, such a p can generally be seen both as the concatenation of a program part and a data part, and as a single program for the function F. The function F is called prefix-free if there are no two elements p, p′ in its domain such that p′ is a proper extension of p. This can be rephrased as: the domain of F is a prefix- free code (instantaneous code) on the set of finite binary strings. A simple way to enforce prefix-free-ness is to use machines whose means of input is a binary stream from which bits can be read one at a time. There is no end-of- stream marker; the end of input is determined by when the universal machine decides to stop reading more bits.
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The company, ZCCM, was formed by a gradual process of nationalization and corporate concatenation which began in January 1970; the process is more completely described in the article Economy of Zambia. A major switch in the structure of Zambia's economy came with the Mulungushi Reforms of April 1968: the government declared its intention to acquire equity holdings (usually 51% or more) in a number of key foreign-owned firms, to be controlled by a parastatal conglomerate named the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO). By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining corporations, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust (RST); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines (NCCM) and Roan Consolidated Mines (RCM), respectively. The Zambian government then created a new parastatal body, the Mining Development Corporation (MINDECO).
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In software development, a Shlemiel the painter's algorithm (sometimes, Shlemiel the painter algorithm, not to be confused with "Painter's algorithm") is a method that is inefficient because the programmer has overlooked some fundamental issues at the very lowest levels of software design. The term was coined in 2001 by Spolsky, who used a Yiddish joke to illustrate a certain poor programming practice: Schlemiel (also rendered Shlemiel) is to paint the dotted lines down the middle of a road. Each day, Schlemiel paints less than he painted the day before, and complains that it is because each day he gets farther away from the paint can, and it takes him longer to go back and put paint on his brush. The inefficiency to which Spolsky was drawing an analogy was the poor programming practice of repeated concatenation of C-style null-terminated strings.
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D. R. Kaprekar has defined Demlo numbers as concatenation of a left, middle and right part, where the left and right part must be of the same length (up to a possible leading zero to the left) and must add up to a repdigit number, and the middle part may contain any additional number of this repeated digit., They are named after Demlo railway station 30 miles from Bombay on the then G.I.P. Railway, where Kaprekar started investigating them. He calls Wonderful Demlo numbers those of the form 1, 121, 12321, 1234321, ..., 12345678987654321. The fact that these are the squares of the repunits has led some authors to call Demlo numbers the infinite sequence of these, 1, 121, 12321, ..., 12345678987654321, 1234567900987654321, 123456790120987654321, ..., , although one can check these are not Demlo numbers for p = 10, 19, 28, ...
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In abstract algebra, the free monoid on a set is the monoid whose elements are all the finite sequences (or strings) of zero or more elements from that set, with string concatenation as the monoid operation and with the unique sequence of zero elements, often called the empty string and denoted by ε or λ, as the identity element. The free monoid on a set A is usually denoted A∗. The free semigroup on A is the subsemigroup of A∗ containing all elements except the empty string. It is usually denoted A+., More generally, an abstract monoid (or semigroup) S is described as free if it is isomorphic to the free monoid (or semigroup) on some set. As the name implies, free monoids and semigroups are those objects which satisfy the usual universal property defining free objects, in the respective categories of monoids and semigroups.
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Some compression algorithms, such as LZ77 and RLE may benefit from storing suffix automaton or similar structure not for the whole string but for only last k its characters while the string is updated. This is because compressing data is usually expressively large and using O(n) memory is undesirable. In 1985, Janet Blumer developed an algorithm to maintain a suffix automaton on a sliding window of size k in O(nk) worst- case and O(n \log k) on average, assuming characters are distributed independently and uniformly. She also showed O(nk) complexity cannot be improved: if one considers words construed as a concatenation of several (ab)^m c (ab)^m d words, where k=6m+2, then the number of states for the window of size k would frequently change with jumps of order m, which renders even theoretical improvement of O(nk) for regular suffix automata impossible.
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The Rado graph may also be formed by a construction resembling that for Paley graphs, taking as the vertices of a graph all the prime numbers that are congruent to 1 modulo 4, and connecting two vertices by an edge whenever one of the two numbers is a quadratic residue modulo the other. By quadratic reciprocity and the restriction of the vertices to primes congruent to 1 mod 4, this is a symmetric relation, so it defines an undirected graph, which turns out to be isomorphic to the Rado graph. Another construction of the Rado graph shows that it is an infinite circulant graph, with the integers as its vertices and with an edge between each two integers whose distance (the absolute value of their difference) belongs to a particular set S. To construct the Rado graph in this way, S may be chosen randomly, or by choosing the indicator function of S to be the concatenation of all finite binary sequences., Section 1.2.
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Grzegorczyk's undecidability of Alfred Tarski's concatenation theory is based on the philosophical motivation claiming that investigation of formal systems should be done with a help of operations on visually comprehensible objects, and the most natural element of this approach is the notion of text. On his research, Tarski's simple theory is undecidable although seems to be weaker than the weak arithmetic, whereas, instead of computability, he applies more epistemological notion of the effective recognizability of properties of a text and relationships between different texts. In 2011, Grzegorczyk introduced yet one more logical system, which today is known as the Grzegorczyk non-Fregean logic or the logic of descriptions (LD), to cover the basic features of descriptive equivalence of sentences, wherein he assumed that a human language is applied primarily to form descriptions of reality represented formally by logical connectives. According to this system, the logical language is equipped in at least four logical connectives negation (¬), conjunction (∧), disjunction (∨), and equivalence (≡).
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A feature that was unique at the time is that FOCUS features the ability for the user to construct a data description file (called a "master file description")"Synopsis FOCUS: File Definition describes the components of a Master File Description. Audience This course is for the data processing and business professional who uses FOCUS." referring to the actual data file, or even several different data description files addressing the same data file in different ways, rather than the usual practice of having the file structure hard-coded into the program. In this way, files of any structure from any source can be accessed or produced in many different ways, eliminating much of the data manipulation (for example concatenation, or parsing) at times required with other earlier programming languages. For instance, the same actual data file can be accessed (read or write) as each record being an 80 byte text string, or as 40 2 character numerical fields, other as 10 8-byte floating point numbers, etc.
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Checking correctness of a timestamp generated by a time stamping authority (TSA) Anyone trusting the timestamper can then verify that the document was not created after the date that the timestamper vouches. It can also no longer be repudiated that the requester of the timestamp was in possession of the original data at the time given by the timestamp. To prove this (see diagram) the hash of the original data is calculated, the timestamp given by the TSA is appended to it and the hash of the result of this concatenation is calculated, call this hash A. Then the digital signature of the TSA needs to be validated. This is done by decrypting the digital signature using public key of TSA, producing hash B. Hash A is then compared with hash B inside the signed TSA message to confirm they are equal, proving that the timestamp and message is unaltered and was issued by the TSA.
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He said the respondent "should not escape liability just because they could not foresee the exact way" in which the boy might play with the equipment, or the way in which he might get hurt. Allowing the appeal, he found there was a duty owed by the respondent to safeguard the boy against the type or kind of occurrence which in fact happened and which resulted in his injuries, and the defenders are not absolved from liability because they didn't envisage "the precise concatenation of circumstances which lead up to the accident." Lord Guest pointed out that for making a coherent chain of causation it is not necessary to follow the minute details leading up to the accident to be reasonably foreseeable, but only that "the type of accident caused was of a foreseeable type". He was of the view that the lower courts wrongly gave more emphasis on the fact on explosion; to Lord Guest it was a non-essential element.
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If Γ is a quiver, then a path in Γ is a sequence of arrows an an−1 ... a3 a2 a1 such that the head of ai+1 is the tail of ai for i = 1, ..., n−1, using the convention of concatenating paths from right to left. If K is a field then the quiver algebra or path algebra KΓ is defined as a vector space having all the paths (of length ≥ 0) in the quiver as basis (including, for each vertex i of the quiver Γ, a trivial path e_i of length 0; these paths are not assumed to be equal for different i), and multiplication given by concatenation of paths. If two paths cannot be concatenated because the end vertex of the first is not equal to the starting vertex of the second, their product is defined to be zero. This defines an associative algebra over K. This algebra has a unit element if and only if the quiver has only finitely many vertices.
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In OS/VS1, OS/VS2 (SVS), MVS/370 and subsequent versions of the OS, the MODESET function (SVC 107) obviated the need for many user-written SVCs as this system SVC accommodated both changes in mode (problem state to supervisor state) and key (8-15 [ user ] to 0-7 [ system ] ) in a single operation, and many user-written SVCs were originally intended for simple mode and key changes, anyway, and subsequently the only special requirement was that the jobstep be APF authorized and that the MODESET-invoking program be resident in a concatenation of libraries all of which were identified as authorized, and this secure approach was completely under the installation's control. This approach generally simplified user controls over authorization, although some simple changes to the application were thereby required. In general, user installations favored this approach, and the overall reliability of the system was significantly improved thereby. Although mainframe applications are typically synchronous processes, the operating system itself is naturally asynchronous, although the system also supports many processes which are naturally synchronous.
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One of the most vocal opponents of "lazy reason" was the philosopher Leibniz. In his preface to Theodicy, Leibniz discussed "lazy reason": :Men have been perplexed in well-nigh every age by a sophism which the ancients called the 'Lazy reason', because it tended towards doing nothing, or at least towards being careful for nothing, and only following inclination for the pleasure of the moment. For, they said, if the future is necessary, that which must happen will happen, whatever I may do. Now the future (so they said) is necessary, whether because the Divinity foresees everything, and even pre-establishes it by the control of all things in the universe; or because everything happens of necessity, through the concatenation of causes; or finally, through the very nature of truth, which is determinate in the assertions that can be made on future events, as it is in all assertions, since the assertion must always be true or false in itself, even though we know not always which it is.
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In literature, the interaction between text and reader occurs within a framework that controls and limits the interaction, through genre, tone, structure, and the social conditions of the reader and author, whereas in landscapes the interaction occurs through movement and viewing, framed by typology instead of genre and tone. Instead of an "implied reader", reception theory of landscapes assumes an "implied visitor", who is an abstracted concatenation of responses of many visitors at different times. The theory recognizes that there is no single reading of a landscape that fulfills its entire potential, and that it is important to examine the motives of visitors and the factors influencing their visits (whether they read guidebooks about the place before visiting, or had strong feelings about the place or the designer, for instance). One key difference between reception theory in literature and reception theory in landscape architecture is that while literary works are accessible only to the imagination, physical landscapes are accessible to the senses as well as to the imagination.
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A motion is a loop in the configuration space, which consists of all possible ways of embedding n circles into the 3-disk. This becomes a group in the same way as loops in any space can be made into a group; first, we define equivalence classes of loops by letting paths g and h be equivalent iff they are related by a (smooth) homotopy, and then we define a group operation on the equivalence classes by concatenation of paths. In his 1962 Ph.D. thesis, David M. Dahm was able to show that there is an injective homomorphism from this group into the automorphism group of the free group on n generators, so it is natural to identify the group with this subgroup of the automorphism group.. One may also show that the loop braid group is isomorphic to the welded braid group, as is done for example in a paper by John C. Baez, Derek Wise, and Alissa Crans, which also gives some presentations of the loop braid group using the work of Xiao-Song Lin..
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An intermediate class of grammars known as conjunctive grammars allows conjunction and disjunction, but not negation. The rules of a Boolean grammar are of the form A \to \alpha_1 \And \ldots \And \alpha_m \And \lnot\beta_1 \And \ldots \And \lnot\beta_n where A is a nonterminal, m+n \ge 1 and \alpha_1, ..., \alpha_m, \beta_1, ..., \beta_n are strings formed of symbols in \Sigma and N. Informally, such a rule asserts that every string w over \Sigma that satisfies each of the syntactical conditions represented by \alpha_1, ..., \alpha_m and none of the syntactical conditions represented by \beta_1, ..., \beta_n therefore satisfies the condition defined by A. There exist several formal definitions of the language generated by a Boolean grammar. They have one thing in common: if the grammar is represented as a system of language equations with union, intersection, complementation and concatenation, the languages generated by the grammar must be the solution of this system. The semantics differ in details, some define the languages using language equations, some draw upon ideas from the field of logic programming.
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Furthermore, he defined this propositional logic from scratch, argued that neither classical propositional logic nor any of its non-classical extensions can be applied as an adequate formal language of descriptions, whereas the paradoxes of implication and equivalence are due to classical logic's restricting itself to considering only one, admittedly the most important, parameter of the content of a claim, namely its truth value. He rejected all the classical logical tautologies except the law of contradiction and added two logical axioms: (LD1): ≡ represents an equivalence relation and obeys the appropriate Extensionality property, that is equal descriptions can be substituted for each other, and (LD2): ≡ joins some of the Boolean properties of descriptions, such like associativity, commutativity, and idempotency of ∧ and ∨, distributivity of ∧ over ∨, distributivity of ∨ over ∧, involution of ¬ that additionally satisfies the De Morgan laws. His results in the concatenation theory and the propositional calculus with the descriptive equivalence connective provided an important addition to his signal achievements. By his investigations in psychologism, he converted the paradox of Eubulides into a positive theorem (formally proved): an ideal human tackling a linguistically properly stated problem is able to think on this consistently, sincerely and fully consciously.
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