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687 Sentences With "computes"

How to use computes in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "computes" and check conjugation/comparative form for "computes". Mastering all the usages of "computes" from sentence examples published by news publications.

"She computes while I am eating," one daughter, KC, wrote.
As in, someone who computes, who makes computations for a living.
It also computes to 12 times earnings, excluding Apple's net cash.
It's the software that computes all the lighting in the scene, and all the surface characteristics, and bounces all the light around, and computes what gets to the sensor, and what the picture should look like.
Siri computes, says okay, and starts playing a new Anderson Paak track.
Magic Leap has announced they are acquiring Computes, a decentralized mesh computing startup.
Arrows fill the sky, and the universe now computes my chances of surviving.
Researchers put glasses on the cuttlefish to test how the animal computes distance.
They have created the first example of a vat that computes—a chemical Turing machine.
In a sense, AR is essentially a new display method for computing, and just as everyone who computes leverages a display (or often multiple displays) of some kind, I can foresee a day when everyone who computes could leverage an AR-type of display.
From Magic Leap's blog post: From the beginning, Chris Matthieu and Jade Meskill started Computes, Inc.
Meanwhile, the "Because You Watched" algorithm computes shows you've watched to recommend shows with similar metadata.
Such studies of simple species can help uncover the complexities of how the human brain computes.
At the time of writing, FiveThirtyEight computes a 90% chance that football, alas, is not coming home.
Passive radar equipment computes an aerial picture by reading how civilian communications signals bounce off airborne objects.
This approach computes delinquencies based on the date of the last full contractual payment on a loan.
We're beginning to experience a world where everything computes, driven by technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT).
Like Smart Compose, your brain constantly computes and updates the "state" of where you are in the turn.
A recent paper blames centralised wage-bargaining, and computes the gains from switching to a Germany-style localised model.
To do that would require outside cameras and software that dynamically computes the lighting in the room in real time.
As we said before, because its math uses complex numbers, it computes a special version of probabilities—not just heads vs.
Same in the Civilizations VI AI benchmark, which scores how quickly a processor computes tasks set by the game's artificial intelligence.
Ambit Capital, a broker based in Mumbai, now computes its own "Keqiang Index" for India, which implies a real growth rate of 5.4%.
In 2014, O'Keefe and the Mosers shared a Nobel Prize for their discoveries of this ''inner GPS'' that constantly and subconsciously computes location.
And when you consider the Pixelbook as the souped up next step for a person who primarily computes on their phone, it's absolutely wonderful.
The current total debt level of $18.8 trillion is about 101 percent of GDP (the CBO computes debt to GDP based on public debt).
No one knows this better than mediaQuant, a firm that tracks media coverage of each candidate and computes a dollar value based on advertising rates.
By comparing how far along the sequence the message arriving from each satellite has got, it computes the relative time delays between all the signals.
And, indeed, the Congressional Budget Office regularly computes these numbers and invariably finds that the rich pay a higher share of their income in taxes.
When the driver presses the brake pedal, a control unit computes how much pressure needs to be applied, and an electric motor supplies the appropriate pressure.
The U.S. GFS model – or Global Forecast System – is a gridded model that computes temperature and precipitation forecasts four times per day, extending out 16 days.
Built into Dromsjel's images is a fascination with how the brain connects and computes with just a few pixels what is seemingly abnormal from everyday images.
Still, Oliver told me his rig computes about 1,100 hashes per second, which generates about $5-6 dollars worth of ZCash per day at current prices.
The software computes the best time to charge, considering the car owner's preference, how the electricity is being generated and pricing signals from the electric grid.
There is no other side because the doorframe is occupied by a screen running custom software that computes the viewer's perspective and changes what they see to match.
Federico Fubini, an Italian journalist, computes that Germany received 2.7m migrants from other EU countries in 2008-17, up to a third of whom hail from the south.
The code computes chemical shift values for NMR, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a common technique used by chemists to determine the molecular make-up of a sample.
What you would do is you would write a program on your normal computer, then send it to this extra hardware, which computes it and reads back the results.
"Hidden Figures" is heart-swelling Oscar bait about the African-American female mathematicians — called "computers" (as in: one who computes) — who worked at NASA in civil rights-era Virginia.
The patent, titled, "electronic device that computes health data," describes a device that comprises a camera, an ambient light sensor and a proximity sensor to measure and calculate health data.
A pedometer computes the distance straightforwardly: It estimates the length of your stride based on your height (which you typed into the app), and it counts how many steps you've taken.
The Office for National Statistics computes that the six-month-on-six-month growth rate slid from 1% in the second half of 2018 to 0.5% in the first half of 2019.
With Heliogen, cameras atop the tower scan the sky, and image analysis software computes the optimal position for each mirror, which can rotate in increments smaller than 1/160 of a degree.
Not only does it measure position, the system computes the distance from the finger to each electrode (called the Phase) and uses that information to continuously tracks the finger's motion in real time.
Researchers used publicly available information from the companies that have created these prototypes to create a model that computes how much energy they would use and how much greenhouse gas they would generate.
There's also an improved portrait mode, which computes depth from dual pixels and dual cameras, and it can be used on more subjects like bigger objects from a distance, and furry friends like pets.
S&P Dow Jones Indices computes earnings numbers a bit differently than FactSet; according to this set of data, analysts collectively expect to see an earnings boost rather than a drop reported for Q3.
Behind the scenes, using metadata that CheerSounds producers assign to the audio stems that make up each track, 8CountMixer computes which elements of which songs to fade in and out for the best transitions.
If you're still curious about what they do and are interested in some even more mildly dubious explaining, check out this video from Computes' CEO, which only mildly resembles a video from the Dharma Initiative.
The New York Fed computes a Weekly Economic Index to measure economic activity in real time, and its most recent calculations show the US economy has already plunged to Great Recession lows amid the coronavirus pandemic.
"After a match the Tonsser algorithm computes a rating for each player based on the individual performance, the performance of the team and 'Man of the Match' votes from teammates," explained Holm in a follow-up email.
To come up with viewing suggestions, the algorithm behind Netflix's "Recommended For You" section computes the films or programs you've watched, the ratings you've given those shows, and the ratings given by other members with similar tastes to yours.
Once detected, Facebook computes a "face signature" — a series of numbers that "represents a particular image of a face" based on your photo — and a "face template" database that the system uses to search face signatures for a match.
Based on the position of the markers and the forces they detect, it computes a "physically plausible" position and motion, double checked with a set of known motions, joint positions and poses to be sure it isn't something weird.
"Everyone could then pursue new linkages in the terror network, leading to new captures, new discoveries of documents, computes, and the like ... if the answers pointed to new action, that would be relayed back to tacticians and fighters," he said.
The CME computes the probability of a rate hike by taking the end-month futures contract, subtracting the level at the beginning of the month and dividing that by 25 basis points, which is the assumed level of each rate hike.
The CME computes the probability of a rate hike by taking the end-month futures contract, subtracting the level at the beginning of the month, and dividing that by 25 basis points, which is the assumed level of each rate hike.
IT Central Station computes a ranking score for each product based on a composite of:number of reviews' average star ratingnumber of times the product has been compared to alternative solutionsnumber of views of reviewsnumber of followers on IT Central Station.
Sourcing found footage of abandoned shopping malls from YouTube, Hentschker transforms flat video files into 360° experiential films through the use of photogrammetry, a technique that takes measurements from 2D images and computes their points into a spatially accurate three-dimensional plane.
Fayzullin and many others are still actively producing emulators, but the "emulation scene" of the era—the forums and IRC channels full of teens and college-aged kids, enthralled about playing old games on their new computes—peaked not long after NESticle's 19973 release.
In journalist T.R. Reid's great book A Fine Mess, he explains how the Japanese system works: Japan's equivalent of the IRS, Kokuzeicho, gathers all the pertinent data for each worker — income, taxable benefits, number of personal exemptions, tax withheld, and so on — and then computes how much the worker owes in tax, down to the last yen.
In journalist T.R. Reid's great new book A Fine Mess, he explains how the Japanese system works: Japan's equivalent of the IRS, Kokuzeicho, gathers all the pertinent data for each worker — income, taxable benefits, number of personal exemptions, tax withheld, and so on — and then computes how much the worker owes in tax, down to the last yen.
Congress had already requested NASA to look into a program to survey asteroids in 1992, but In 1998, they ordered NASA to catalogue all near-Earth asteroids larger than a kilometer in size within 2100 years, and that summer, NASA established the Near-Earth Object Observations Program headquartered at Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, now called the Center for Near-Earth Object Studies, which compiles and computes orbits for near-Earth asteroids.
An input gate computes the polynomial it is labeled by. A sum gate v computes the sum of the polynomials computed by its children (a gate u is a child of v if the directed edge (v,u) is in the graph). A product gate computes the product of the polynomials computed by its children. Consider the circuit in the figure, for example: the input gates compute (from left to right) x_1, x_2 and 1, the sum gates compute x_1 + x_2 and x_2 + 1, and the product gate computes (x_1 + x_2) x_2 (x_2 +1).
Ottawa was also adjusted to 30,000 circulation. In 1996, Our Computer Player was purchased in the Vancouver market and rebranded as Vancouver Computes!. A French-language version of the Computes! brand was launched in Montreal called Quebec Micro!.
The EuroMoMo project computes a z-score number to rank those deaths excess.
Upon receipt of c = HpubmT from Bob, Alice does the following to retrieve the message, m. #Alice computes S−1c = HPmT. #Alice applies a syndrome decoding algorithm for G to recover PmT. #Alice computes the message, m, via mT = P−1PmT.
In December 1994, Vancouver Computes! was launched from the editorial provided by Toronto Computes!. By owning two publications in both Toronto and Vancouver, Canada Computer Paper Inc., was able to effectively be bi-weekly in the two largest Canadian markets.
See also the Hook length formula which computes the same quantity for fixed λ.
This algorithm computes hypergeometric solutions and reduces the order of the recurrence equation recursively.
Gabor transform simply computes the Gabor coefficients C_{m,n} for the signal s(t).
This not only proves that Euclid's algorithm computes GCDs but also proves that GCDs exist.
He computes the hash y and checks that the signature x fulfils P(x)=y.
The ideal application computes a few properties of polynomial ideals: Gröbner basis, Hilbert polynomial, and radicals.
The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.
Welcome to "Georgia Computes!" — Georgia Computes! He has published dozens of scholarly articles in peer-reviewed journals and has given invited presentations at academic conferences such as SIGCSE and ICER. He is a member of numerous academic journals and professional societies, including IEEE, ACM, and AERA.
Split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography (SSADA) computes average decorrelation between consecutive B-scans to visualize blood flow.
Two-dimensional singular-value decomposition (2DSVD) computes the low-rank approximation of a set of matrices such as 2D images or weather maps in a manner almost identical to SVD (singular-value decomposition) which computes the low-rank approximation of a single matrix (or a set of 1D vectors).
In mathematics, the Cartan model is a differential graded algebra that computes the equivariant cohomology of a space.
Tetration: . (Using the other fixed point causes the series to diverge.) For , the series computes the inverse function .
Winmostar is a molecular modelling and visualisation software program that computes quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, and solid physics.
SPHARM-PDM is a tool that computes point-based models using a parametric boundary description based on spherical harmonics.
The algorithm computes the base of the sum U + W and a base of the intersection U \cap W.
The elapsed time is proportional to twice the distance between the transmitter and the beacons. After the distance to the beacons is derived the position of the vessel can be calculated. The transmitter computes the distances to the beacons and a computer, connected with the transmitter, computes the position of the vessel.
Presented here are two algorithms: the first, simpler one, computes what is known as the optimal string alignment distance or restricted edit distance, while the second one computes the Damerau–Levenshtein distance with adjacent transpositions. Adding transpositions adds significant complexity. The difference between the two algorithms consists in that the optimal string alignment algorithm computes the number of edit operations needed to make the strings equal under the condition that no substring is edited more than once, whereas the second one presents no such restriction. Take for example the edit distance between CA and ABC.
"Q" names the function that the algorithm computes with the maximum expected rewards for an action taken in a given state.
This method operates on distance data, computes a transformation of the input matrix and then computes the minimum distance of the pairs of languages.Saitou and Nei (1987) It operates correctly even if the languages do not evolve with a lexical clock. A weighted version of the method may also be used. The method produces an output tree.
A velocity or speed sensor measures consecutive position measurements at known intervals and computes the time rate of change in the position values.
Petkovšek's algorithm (also Hyper) is a computer algebra algorithm that computes a basis of hypergeometric terms solution of its input linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients. Equivalently, it computes a first order right factor of linear difference operators with polynomial coefficients. This algorithm was developed by Marko Petkovšek in his PhD- thesis 1992. The algorithm is implemented in all the major computer algebra systems.
For each effectively axiomatized theory T of first-order logic, the set of all completions of T is a \Pi^0_1 class. Moreover, for each \Pi^0_1 subset S of 2^\omega there is an effectively axiomatized theory T such that each element of S computes a completion of T, and each completion of T computes an element of S (Jockusch and Soare 1972b).
While the FDTD technique computes electromagnetic fields within a compact spatial region, scattered and/or radiated far fields can be obtained via near- to-far-field transformations.
Coupled with the electronic throttle strategy, the transmission computes the output torque required to maintain the vehicle speed, and chooses the correct gear and converter state accordingly.
The BTV uses the airliner's existing warning systems to alert the crew if unsafe conditions exist. If the system computes that the runway is too short when wet, an amber message appears in the primary flight display. If it computes that the runway is too short even under dry surface conditions, RWY TOO SHORT (in red letters) is flashed on the primary flight display, accompanied by an aural signal.
A direct approach to find the frequency moments requires to maintain a register for all distinct elements which requires at least memory of order \Omega(N). But we have space limitations and require an algorithm that computes in much lower memory. This can be achieved by using approximations instead of exact values. An algorithm that computes an (ε,δ)approximation of , where is the (ε,δ)- approximated value of .
Carl Jockusch and Robert Soare (1972) proved that the PA degrees are exactly the degrees of DNR2 functions. By definition, a degree is PA if and only if it computes a path through the tree of completions of Peano arithmetic. A stronger property holds: a degree a is a PA degree if and only if a computes a path through every infinite computable subtree of 2<ω (Simpson 1977).
Symbolab is an answer engine developed by EqsQuest Ltd. It is an online service that computes step-by-step solutions to mathematical problems in a range of subjects.
The International Swimming Federation computes the degree of difficulty of dives according to a five-part formula, incorporating height, number of somersaults and twists, positioning, approach, and entry.
If not, the computer computes the solution recursively and forwards the solution to the computer whose authority it falls under. This is what causes a lot of communication overhead.
Given an arithmetic circuit that computes a polynomial in a field, determine whether the polynomial is equal to the zero polynomial (that is, the polynomial with no nonzero terms).
To do so, PGP computes a hash (also called a message digest) from the plaintext and then creates the digital signature from that hash using the sender's private key.
As in the case when comparing two samples of data, one orders the data (formally, computes the order statistics), then plots them against certain quantiles of the theoretical distribution.
In Python 2.x the `range()` function computes a list of integers. The entire list is stored in memory when the first assignment statement is evaluated, so this is an example of eager or immediate evaluation: >>> r = range(10) >>> print r [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> print r[3] 3 In Python 3.x the `range()` function returns a special range object which computes elements of the list on demand.
A Toronto edition launched in March 1992. In February 1994, Canada Computer Paper Inc., negotiated to purchase its major Toronto competitor Toronto Computes! from publisher David Carter of Context Publishing.
NEDI (New Edge-Directed Interpolation) computes local covariances in the original image, and uses them to adapt the interpolation at high resolution. It is the prototypic filter of this family.
In mathematics, particularly in computer algebra, Abramov's algorithm computes all rational solutions of a linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients. The algorithm was published by Sergei A. Abramov in 1989.
With general valuations, any deterministic algorithm that computes an alloсation with minimum envy-ratio requires a number of queries which is exponential in the number of goods in the worst case.
The following MATLAB (or Octave) code example computes the mode of a sample: X = sort(x); indices = find(diff([X; realmax]) > 0); % indices where repeated values change [modeL,i] = max (diff([0; indices])); % longest persistence length of repeated values mode = X(indices(i)); The algorithm requires as a first step to sort the sample in ascending order. It then computes the discrete derivative of the sorted list, and finds the indices where this derivative is positive. Next it computes the discrete derivative of this set of indices, locating the maximum of this derivative of indices, and finally evaluates the sorted sample at the point where that maximum occurs, which corresponds to the last member of the stretch of repeated values.
One circuit computes the function itself, and the other computes its complement. One of the two circuits is derived by converting the conjunctions and disjunctions of the formula into series and parallel compositions of graphs, respectively. The other circuit reverses this construction, converting the conjunctions and disjunctions of the formula into parallel and series compositions of graphs.. These two circuits, augmented by an additional edge connecting the input of each circuit to its output, are planar dual graphs..
An often easier approach is to develop the optimization problem in an algebraic modeling language. The modeling environment computes function derivatives, and Knitro is called as a "solver" from within the environment.
This however only computes a superset of all dirty pages at the time of the crash, since we don't check the actual database file whether the page was written back to the storage.
If we assume the number of Gaddang to have been fairly stable over the twenty generations since the Spanish arrived, the entire Gaddang population ever (living and dead) computes to around a half-million.
Given a system S, there is no algorithm which computes a finite state machine representing R(S) for the class of lossy channel system. This problem is decidable over machine capable of insertion of error .
A post-stack attribute that computes the maximum value of the absolute value of the amplitudes within a window. This can be used to map the strongest direct hydrocarbon indicator within a zone of interest.
The propagation function computes the input to a neuron from the outputs of its predecessor neurons and their connections as a weighted sum. A bias term can be added to the result of the propagation.
The Turing degrees are partially ordered by Turing reducibility. The notation a ≤T b indicates there is a set in degree b that computes a set in degree a. Equivalently, a ≤T b holds if and only if every set in b computes every set in a. A function f from the natural numbers to the natural numbers is said to be diagonally nonrecursive (DNR) if, for all n, f(n) ot = \phi_n(n) (here inequality holds by definition if \phi_n(n) is undefined).
In computer science, patience sorting is a sorting algorithm inspired by, and named after, the card game patience. A variant of the algorithm efficiently computes the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a given array.
Key generation has two phases. The first phase is a choice of algorithm parameters which may be shared between different users of the system, while the second phase computes a single key pair for one user.
This is done by adding a counter to the column address, and ignoring carries past the burst length. The interleaved burst mode computes the address using an exclusive or operation between the counter and the address.
A post-stack attribute that computes the arithmetic mean of the amplitudes of a trace within a specified window. This can be used to observe the trace bias which could indicate the presence of a bright spot.
The EM algorithm is also an iterative estimation method. It computes the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of the model parameters in presence of missing or hidden data and decided the most likely fit of the observed data.
Daikon is an implementation of dynamic invariant detection. Daikon runs a program, observes the values that the program computes, and then reports properties that were true over the observed executions, and thus likely true over all executions.
For any locally compact space X, Borel–Moore homology with integral coefficients is defined as the cohomology of the dual of the chain complex which computes sheaf cohomology with compact support.Birger Iversen. Cohomology of sheaves. Section IX.1.
Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Security Protocols, 2006. This protocol presents an efficient solution to the Dining cryptographers problem. A related protocol that securely computes a boolean-count function is open vote network (or OV-net).
This algorithm computes not only the greatest common divisor (the last non zero ), but also all the subresultant polynomials: The remainder is the -th subresultant polynomial. If , the -th subresultant polynomial is . All the other subresultant polynomials are zero.
There are a large variety of algorithms, but each starts with an assumed image, computes projections from the image, compares the original projection data and updates the image based upon the difference between the calculated and the actual projections.
The kernel at is the space of locally constant functions on . Therefore, the complex is a resolution of the constant sheaf , which in turn implies a form of de Rham's theorem: de Rham cohomology computes the sheaf cohomology of .
Suppose Bob wishes to send a message, m, to Alice whose public key is (Hpub, t): #Bob encodes the message, m, as a binary string em' of length n and weight at most t. #Bob computes the ciphertext as c = HpubeT.
In the mathematical field of Galois cohomology, the local Euler characteristic formula is a result due to John Tate that computes the Euler characteristic of the group cohomology of the absolute Galois group GK of a non-archimedean local field K.
It is not true that merely having dI contained in I is sufficient for integrability. There is a problem caused by singular solutions. The theorem computes certain constants that must satisfy an inequality in order that there be a solution.
LCP array construction algorithms can be divided into two different categories: algorithms that compute the LCP array as a byproduct to the suffix array and algorithms that use an already constructed suffix array in order to compute the LCP values. provide an algorithm to compute the LCP array alongside the suffix array in O(n \log n) time. show that it is also possible to modify their O(n) time algorithm such that it computes the LCP array as well. present the first O(n) time algorithm (FLAAP) that computes the LCP array given the text and the suffix array.
Vincenty's formulae are two related iterative methods used in geodesy to calculate the distance between two points on the surface of a spheroid, developed by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975a). They are based on the assumption that the figure of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, and hence are more accurate than methods that assume a spherical Earth, such as great-circle distance. The first (direct) method computes the location of a point that is a given distance and azimuth (direction) from another point. The second (inverse) method computes the geographical distance and azimuth between two given points.
In 2003 he was awarded J. H. Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software for writing the Triangle software package which computes high-quality unstructured triangular meshes. He appears in online course videos of CS 61B: Data Structures class in University of California, Berkeley.
A post-stack attribute that computes the sum of the squared amplitudes divided by the number of samples within the specified window used. This provides a measure of reflectivity and allows one to map direct hydrocarbon indicators within a zone of interest.
Some examples are: monotone circuits (in which all the field elements are nonnegative real numbers), constant depth circuits, and multilinear circuits (in which every gate computes a multilinear polynomial). These restricted models have been studied extensively and some understanding and results were obtained.
In the mathematical field of computability theory, a PA degree is a Turing degree that computes a complete extension of Peano arithmetic (Jockusch 1987). These degrees are closely related to fixed-point-free (DNR) functions, and have been thoroughly investigated in recursion theory.
Normaliz also computes enumerative data, such as multiplicities (volumes) and Hilbert series. The kernel of Normaliz is a templated C++ class library. For multivariate polynomial arithmetic it uses CoCoALib. Normaliz has interfaces to several general computer algebra systems: CoCoA, GAP, Macaulay2 and Singular.
In practice, inverse dynamics computes these internal moments and forces from measurements of the motion of limbs and external forces such as ground reaction forces, under a special set of assumptions.Robertson DGE, et al., Research Methods in Biomechanics, Champaign IL:Human Kinetics Pubs., 2004.
The restriction operator often follows directly from the specific choice of the macroscale variables. For example, when the microscale model evolves an ensemble of many particles, the restriction typically computes the first few moments of the particle distribution (the density, momentum, and energy).
The Lemke–Howson algorithm is an algorithm that computes a Nash equilibrium of a bimatrix game, named after its inventors, Carlton E. Lemke and J. T. Howson. It is said to be "the best known among the combinatorial algorithms for finding a Nash equilibrium".
Naked and Afraid computes and then updates the cast members' PSR (Primitive Survival Rating), which is based on predictions and observations of survival fitness in skill, experience, and mental strengths. Before and after weight measurements are also revealed at the end of an episode.
The Montgomery ladder approach computes the point multiplication in a fixed amount of time. This can be beneficial when timing or power consumption measurements are exposed to an attacker performing a side-channel attack. The algorithm uses the same representation as from double-and-add. R0 ← 0 R1 ← P for i from m downto 0 do if di = 0 then R1 ← point_add(R0, R1) R0 ← point_double(R0) else R0 ← point_add(R0, R1) R1 ← point_double(R1) return R0 This algorithm has in effect the same speed as the double-and-add approach except that it computes the same number of point additions and doubles regardless of the value of the multiplicand d.
The simplest checksum algorithm is the so-called longitudinal parity check, which breaks the data into "words" with a fixed number n of bits, and then computes the exclusive or (XOR) of all those words. The result is appended to the message as an extra word. To check the integrity of a message, the receiver computes the exclusive or of all its words, including the checksum; if the result is not a word consisting of n zeros, the receiver knows a transmission error occurred. With this checksum, any transmission error which flips a single bit of the message, or an odd number of bits, will be detected as an incorrect checksum.
Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a dimensionality reduction algorithm developed by Peter Schmid in 2008. Given a time series of data, DMD computes a set of modes each of which is associated with a fixed oscillation frequency and decay/growth rate. For linear systems in particular, these modes and frequencies are analogous to the normal modes of the system, but more generally, they are approximations of the modes and eigenvalues of the composition operator (also called the Koopman operator). Due to the intrinsic temporal behaviors associated with each mode, DMD differs from dimensionality reduction methods such as principal component analysis, which computes orthogonal modes that lack predetermined temporal behaviors.
In Roald Dahl's novel Matilda, the lead character is portrayed having exceptional computational skills as she computes her father's profit without the need for paper computations. During class (she is a first-year elementary school student), she does large-number multiplication problems in her head almost instantly.
The Median CPI is usually higher than the trimmed figures for both PCE and CPI. The Cleveland Federal Reserve computes a Median CPI and a 16% trimmed mean CPI. There also is a median PCE, but it is not widely used as a predictor of inflation.
Supposing all setup data has been shared, the STS protocol proceeds as follows. If a step cannot be completed, the protocol immediately stops. All exponentials are in the group specified by p. #Alice generates a random number x and computes and sends the exponential gx to Bob.
It is possible to generate useful documentation from mining software repositories. For instance, Jadeite computes usage statistics and helps newcomers to quickly identify commonly used classes. When one focuses on certain kinds of structured documentation such as subclassing directives, more advanced techniques can synthesize full sentences.
Spliceman isolates the changed hexamers and computes the L1-distance between the frequencies of each hexamer appearing at each location near the splice site to measure the differences in their positional distributions. They distances are then assigned percentile ranks to estimate the likelihood of a splicing mutation.
The project remained highly popular for about 25 years. PDP-11 compatible TPAs appeared in 1976, VAX-11 compatibles in 1983. Due to CoCom restrictions 32 bit computers could not be exported to the eastern bloc. In practice 32-bit DEC computes and processors were available.
In electronics, a carry-select adder is a particular way to implement an adder, which is a logic element that computes the (n+1)-bit sum of two n-bit numbers. The carry-select adder is simple but rather fast, having a gate level depth of O(\sqrt n).
Problems 2 and 3 are ship's part problems. One of the problems calculates the length of a ship's rudder and the other computes the length of a ship's mast given that it is 1/3 + 1/5 of the length of a cedar log originally 30 cubits long.
The sample JSONiq code below computes the area code and the number of all people older than 20 from a collection of JSON person objects (see the JSON article for an example object). for $p in collection("persons") where $p.age gt 20 let $home := $p.phoneNumber[][$$.type eq "home"].
If the OCM computes that the oily discharge is above the 15 ppm standard, the oily water separator needs to be checked by the crew. There are three types of oil that the oil content meter needs to check for and they are fuel oil, diesel, and emulsions.
Yen's algorithm computes single-source K-shortest loopless paths for a graph with non-negative edge cost. The algorithm was published by Jin Y. Yen in 1971 and employs any shortest path algorithm to find the best path, then proceeds to find K − 1 deviations of the best path.
A mechanical device that computes area integrals is the planimeter, which measures the area of plane figures by tracing them out: this replicates integration in polar coordinates by adding a joint so that the 2-element linkage effects Green's theorem, converting the quadratic polar integral to a linear integral.
The Lexx is running out of food and must fly slowly to conserve energy. 790 computes that it might take thousands of years to reach an inhabited planet. The crew enters cryostasis to survive the voyage. After 4,000 years in cryostasis, they reach the twin planets Fire and Water.
The inverse transform is a sum of sinusoids called Fourier series. _Center- right column:_ Original function is discretized (multiplied by a Dirac comb) (top). Its Fourier transform (bottom) is a periodic summation (DTFT) of the original transform. _Right column:_ The DFT (bottom) computes discrete samples of the continuous DTFT.
Patristic is a Java program that uses different tree files as input and computes their patristic distances. Patristic allows saving and editing those distances. Patristic provides different graphic views of the results as well as the possibility to save them in the CSV format for building graphics using Excel.
For low-index-contrast waveguides k \approx \beta because modes are not guided otherwise, so k_x \approx k_y \ll 1. Marcatili's method neglects these terms in the second order, and computes the electromagnetic fields in the waveguide based on this assumption and the Ansatz of the shape of the fields.
Moreover, the dual linear program to that which maximises λ computes a noncontextual inequality for which this violation is attained. In this sense the contextual fraction is a more neutral measure of contextuality, since it optimises over all possible noncontextual inequalities rather than checking the statistics against one inequality in particular.
The (forward) Generalized Lifting Scheme transform block diagram. Generalized lifting scheme is a dyadic transform that follows these rules: # Deinterleaves the input into a stream of even-numbered samples and another stream of odd-numbered samples. This is sometimes referred to as a Lazy Wavelet Transform. # Computes a Prediction Mapping.
NIAflow is used to design new mineral processing plants as well as optimize existing plants. Applying machine- specific parameters, the software computes the material flow through entire plants and provides product forecasts. Based on these results, process layout and machinery setup can be evaluated. NIAflow is a product of Haver & Boecker.
The sender prepares a header and appends a counter value initialized to a random number. It then computes the 160-bit SHA-1 hash of the header. If the first 20 bits (i.e. the 5 most significant hex digits) of the hash are all zeros, then this is an acceptable header.
Scenario: Host A, has an algorithm which computes function f. A wants to send its mobile agent to B which holds input x, to compute f(x). But A doesn't want B to learn anything about f. Scheme: Function f is encrypted in a way that results in E(f).
At the core of SnapPea are two main algorithms. The first attempts to find a minimal ideal triangulation of a given link complement. The second computes the canonical decomposition of a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold. Almost all the other functions of SnapPea rely in some way on one of these decompositions.
In mathematics, specifically in representation theory, the Frobenius formula, introduced by G. Frobenius, computes the characters of irreducible representations of the symmetric group Sn. Among the other applications, the formula can be used to derive the hook length formula. In , Arun Ram gives a q-analog of the Frobenius formula.
The weight vector (the set of adaptive parameters) of such a unit is often called a filter. Units can share filters. Downsampling layers contain units whose receptive fields cover patches of previous convolutional layers. Such a unit typically computes the average of the activations of the units in its patch.
This method creates a sound world by attaching a characteristic sound to each object in the scene to synthesis a 3D sound. Sound sources can be obtained either by sampling or artificial method. This method has two distinct passes. The first one computes the propagation paths from each object to the microphone.
A procedural landscape rendered in Terragen The term procedural refers to the process that computes a particular function. Fractals are geometric patterns which can often be generated procedurally. Commonplace procedural content includes textures and meshes. Sound is often also procedurally generated, and has applications in both speech synthesis as well as music.
Surface emissivity model which parameterizes surface emissivity. FASTEM2 computes the surface emissivity averaged over all facets representing the surface of the ocean and an effective path correction factor for the down- welling brightness temperature. FASTEM2 is applicable for frequencies between 10 and 220 GHz, for earth incidence angles less than 60 degrees.
The Budapest Reference Connectome server computes the frequently appearing anatomical brain connections of 418 healthy subjects. It has been prepared from diffusion MRI datasets of the Human Connectome Project into a reference connectome (or brain graph), which can be downloaded in CSV and GraphML formats and visualized on the site in 3D.
The basic scheme that protects against abuses is as follows: Let be sender, be recipient, and be an e-mail. If has agreed beforehand to receive e-mail from , then is transmitted in the usual way. Otherwise, computes some function and sends to . checks if what it receives from is of the form .
Monocle first employs a differential expression test to reduce the number of genes then applies independent component analysis for additional dimensionality reduction. To build the trajectory Monocle computes a minimum spanning tree, then finds the longest connected path in that tree. Cells are projected onto the nearest point to them along that path.
In this case if the division has no finite representation, as when one computes e.g. 1/3=0.33333..., the divide() method can raise an exception if no rounding mode is defined for the operation. Hence the library, rather than the language, guarantees that the object respects the contract implicit in the class definition.
The timer backoff strategy computes an initial timeout. If the timer expires and causes a retransmission, TCP increases the timeout generally by a factor of two. This algorithm has proven to be extremely effective in balancing performance and efficiency in networks with high packet loss. Ideally, Karn's algorithm would not be needed.
Similar to row-column decomposition, the helix transform computes the multidimensional convolution by incorporating one-dimensional convolutional properties and operators. Instead of using the separability of signals, however, it maps the Cartesian coordinate space to a helical coordinate space allowing for a mapping from a multidimensional space to a one-dimensional space.
Data dependencies of a selected cell in the 2D array. To illustrate the formal definition, we'll have a look at how a two dimensional Jacobi iteration can be defined. The update function computes the arithmetic mean of a cell's four neighbors. In this case we set off with an initial solution of 0.
He computes the sum of the resulting geometric series, and proves that this is the area of the parabolic segment. This represents the most sophisticated use of the method of exhaustion in ancient mathematics, and remained unsurpassed until the development of integral calculus in the 17th century, being succeeded by Cavalieri's quadrature formula.
The measurements range from 75 to 99 Volts. A statistician computes the sample mean and a confidence interval for the true mean. Later the statistician discovers that the voltmeter reads only as far as 100 Volts, so technically, the population appears to be “censored”. If the statistician is orthodox this necessitates a new analysis.
The odds-algorithm computes the optimal strategy and the optimal win probability at the same time. Also, the number of operations of the odds-algorithm is (sub)linear in n. Hence no quicker algorithm can possibly exist for all sequences, so that the odds- algorithm is, at the same time, optimal as an algorithm.
Oculometer is a device that tracks eye movement. The oculometer computes eye movement by tracking corneal reflection relative to the center of the pupil.An oculometer, which can provide continuous measurements in real time, can be a research tool to understand gaze as well as cognitive function. Further, it can be applied for hands-free control.
DTServer computes structural effects of detonations and collisions and transmits the result to client simulations, making sure that all simulators share a unified terrain database. DTServer also uses a table look-up to compute the effects of blasts and collisions. The DTServer provides terrain updates by issuing distributed interactive simulation (DIS) protocol data units (PDUs).
A post-stack attribute that computes, for each trace, the best fit plane (3D) or line (2D) between its immediate neighbor traces on a horizon and outputs the magnitude of dip (gradient) of said plane or line measured in degrees. This can be used to create a pseudo paleogeologic map on a horizon slice.
In signal processing, the fast folding algorithm (Staelin, 1969) is an efficient algorithm for the detection of approximately-periodic events within time series data. It computes superpositions of the signal modulo various window sizes simultaneously. The FFA is best known for its use in the detection of pulsars, as popularised by SETI@home and Astropulse.
Achenbaum, Andrew. Social Security Visions and Revisions, 1986. p. 87 It also proposed an income tax on the Social Security benefits of higher-income individuals. This meant that benefits in excess of a household income threshold, generally $25,000 for singles and $32,000 for couples (the precise formula computes and compares three different measures) became taxable.
ASV is a patented technology originally described as one of the embodiments of US Patent No. 4986268.Tehrani, Fleur T., "Method and Apparatus for Controlling an Artificial Respirator" US Patent No. 4986268, issued Jan. 22, 1991. In this invention, the control algorithm computes the optimal rate of respiration to minimize the work rate of breathing.
The spoke length formula computes the length of the space diagonal of an imaginary rectangular box. Imagine holding a wheel in front of you such that a nipple is at the top. Look at the wheel from along the axis. The spoke through the top hole is now a diagonal of the imaginary box.
Solomonoff described a universal computer with a randomly generated input program. The program computes some possibly infinite output. The universal probability distribution is the probability distribution on all possible output strings with random input.Solomonoff, R., "The Kolmogorov Lecture: The Universal Distribution and Machine Learning" The Computer Journal, Vol 46, No. 6 p 598, 2003.
Due to recent advances in technology, duotones, tritones, and quadtones can be easily created using image manipulation programs. Duotone color mode in Adobe Photoshop computes the highlights and middle tones of a monochrome (grayscale or black-and-white) image in one color, and allows the user to choose any color ink as the second color.
This kind of encoding may be demodulated in the same way as for non-differential PSK but the phase ambiguities can be ignored. Thus, each received symbol is demodulated to one of the M points in the constellation and a comparator then computes the difference in phase between this received signal and the preceding one.
In the absence of SIP keywords, APT will attempt to read in and apply any PV distortion keywords in the FITS header for images with either CTYPE1 = 'RA---TAN' and CTYPE2 = 'DEC—TAN' or with CTYPE1 = 'RA---TPV' and CTYPE2 = 'DEC—TPV'. APT computes SIP distortion up to ninth polynomial order and PV distortion up to seventh polynomial order.
FSTAT is a computer program to estimate and test gene diversities and statistics. The program computes Nei and Weir & Cockerham families, estimators of gene diversities and F-statistics. The software was developed by Jérôme Goudet of the Department of Ecology & Evolution at the University of Lausanne. It was last updated on February, 2002, with version 2.9.3.2.
Leo Katz (29 November 1914 in Detroit - 6 May 1976) was an American statistician. Katz largely contributed to the area of Social Network Analysis. In 1953, he introduced a centrality measure named Katz centrality that computes the degree of influence of an actor in a social network. The computation already outlined the algorithm today known as PageRank.
PathGuide OASYS is a software system that captures employee time and labor data in real time online using a variety of tools. OASYS supports complex pay rules and specialized accounting requirements for organizations with thousands of employees. It automatically flags all time and labor data exceptions, and computes overtime and shift differentials according to a company's pay rules.
The service also verifies the user's email. # The user inputs the URL of the page she wishes to claim into the verifier service. The verifier service computes the MicroID and attempts to verify the MicroID in the claimed page. # If the MicroID in claimed page is the same as the one in the verifier service, a claim exists.
In 1985 Day gave an algorithm based on perfect hashing that computes this distance that has only a linear complexity in the number of nodes in the trees. A randomized algorithm that uses hash tables that are not necessarily perfect has been shown to approximate the Robinson-Foulds distance with a bounded error in sublinear time.
Since 2010 Graziano's lab has studied the brain basis of consciousness. Graziano proposed that specialized machinery in the brain computes the feature of awareness and attributes it to other people in a social context. The same machinery, in that hypothesis, also attributes the feature of awareness to oneself. Damage to that machinery disrupts one's own awareness.
A trimmed mean PCE price index, which separates "noise" and "signal" means that the highest rises and declines in prices are trimmed by a certain percentage, attributing to a more accurate measurement on core inflation. In the United States, the Dallas Federal Reserve computes trimming at 19.4% at the lower tail end and 25.4% at the upper tail.
The algorithm computes by performing the following steps: # Alias the argument to an integer as a way to compute an approximation of # Use this approximation to compute an approximation of # Alias back to a float, as a way to compute an approximation of the base-2 exponential # Refine the approximation using a single iteration of the Newton's method.
5702 (September 2009) pp. 1003–1010 that computes multiple independent Minimum Spanning Forests and then stitches them together. This enables parallel processing without splitting objects on tile borders. Instead of a fixed weight threshold, an initial connected-component labeling is used to estimate a lower bound on the threshold, which can reduce both over- and undersegmentation.
The various responses are evaluated by an algorithm which compares them and computes the relative confidence of the highest response (e.g., the difference d between the highest response and the second highest response, divided by the highest response). A schematic representation of a RAM-discriminator and a 10 RAM-discriminator WiSARD is shown in Figure 1.
PHCpack implements the homotopy continuation method. This solver computes the isolated complex solutions of polynomial systems having as many equations as variables. The third solver is Bertini,Bertini: Software for Numerical Algebraic Geometry written by D. J. Bates, J. D. Hauenstein, A. J. Sommese, and C. W. Wampler. Bertini uses numerical homotopy continuation with adaptive precision.
Despite all testing and other preparations, one uncertain factor remains; the weather. Any clouds would strongly influence the amount of sunlight that can be captured. So any weather changes along the track will have to be constantly monitored. All these data are analysed by a computer model that constantly computes the ideal speed for that moment.
This arrangement makes a physical analog of just one term in the tide equation. Old Brass Brains computes 37 such terms. The slotted yoke cranks at the top and bottom (with the triangular pieces) move vertically in a sinusoidal pattern. The locations of their pins determine their amplitudes and phases, representing factors in the tide equation.
The Department of Computer Science and Engineering has been functioning since the inception of the inception of the institute. The CSE department is the hub for all departments providing necessary logistics related to computes and networking. The department mentions six laboratories and internet lab. The department has evolved into a mini research center providing scholarly guidance to B.Tech.
This layer contains one neuron for each case in the training data set. It stores the values of the predictor variables for the case along with the target value. A hidden neuron computes the Euclidean distance of the test case from the neuron’s center point and then applies the radial basis function kernel function using the sigma values.
The class ACC0 includes AC0. This inclusion is strict, because a single MOD-2 gate computes the parity function, which is known to be impossible to compute in AC0. More generally, the function MODm cannot be computed in AC0[p] for prime p unless m is a power of p., The class ACC0 is included in TC0.
360) : "Definition 2.5. An n-ary function f(x1, ..., xn) is partially computable if there exists a Turing machine Z such that :: f(x1, ..., xn) = ΨZ(n)(x1, ..., [xn) : In this case we say that [machine] Z computes f. If, in addition, f(x1, ..., xn) is a total function, then it is called computable" (Davis (1958) p.
Zvezda contains the ESA built DMS-R Data Management System. Using two fault-tolerant computers (FTC), Zvezda computes the station's position and orbital trajectory using redundant Earth horizon sensors, Solar horizon sensors as well as Sun and star trackers. The FTCs each contain three identical processing units working in parallel and provide advanced fault-masking by majority voting.
The 2013 contest was announced on April 1, 2013, and was due July 4, 2013; results were announced on September 29, 2014. It was about a fictional social website called "ObsessBook". The challenge was to write a function to compute the DERPCON (Degrees of Edge-Reachable Personal CONnection) between two users that "accidentally" computes a too low distance for a special user.
Though discovering the algorithm after Ford he is referred to in the Bellman–Ford algorithm, also sometimes referred to as the Label Correcting Algorithm, computes single- source shortest paths in a weighted digraph where some of the edge weights may be negative. Dijkstra's algorithm accomplishes the same problem with a lower running time, but requires edge weights to be non-negative.
Several approximation algorithms exist with an approximation of 2 − 2/k. A simple greedy algorithm that achieves this approximation factor computes a minimum cut in each of the connected components and removes the heaviest one. This algorithm requires a total of n − 1 max flow computations. Another algorithm achieving the same guarantee uses the Gomory–Hu tree representation of minimum cuts.
Similarly, if PPP = FP, then one-way permutations do not exist. Hence, PPP (which is a subclass of FNP) more closely captures the question of the existence of one-way permutations. We can prove this by reducing the problem of inverting a permutation \pi on an output y to PIGEON. Construct a circuit C that computes C(x) = \pi(x) \oplus y.
PDM divides the folded data into a series of bins and computes the variance of the amplitude within each bin. The bins can overlap to improve phase coverage, if needed. The bin variances are combined and compared to the overall variance of the data set. For a true period the ratio of the bin to the total variances will be small.
This experiment is simpler than the bucket experiment in principle, because it need not involve gravity. Beyond a simple "yes or no" answer to rotation, one may actually calculate one's rotation. To do that, one takes one's measured rate of rotation of the spheres and computes the tension appropriate to this observed rate. This calculated tension then is compared to the measured tension.
NOVA uses RAID 4 to protect file data. It divides each 4 KB page into 512-byte strips and stores a parity strip in a dedicated region of persistent memory. It also computes (and store a replica of) a CRC32 checksum for the eight data strips and the parity strip. When NOVA reads a page, it confirms the checksum on each strip.
There are many options for the implementation of finger tracking. A great number of theses have been done in this field in order to make a global partition as an objective. We could divide this technique into finger tracking and interface. Regarding the last one, it computes a sequence estimation of the image which detects the hand part of the background.
It computes the tangent-space frame of a mesh that is used for effects like normal/bump mapping, parallax mapping and anisotropic lighting models. It handles vertices at tangent-space discontinuities by making duplicates, thus solving the hairy ball problem. It doesn't handle reversed UV winding of faces so models with mirrored texture mapping may run into lighting troubles because of this.
Another common feature detector is the SURF (speeded-up robust features). In SURF, the DOG is replaced with a Hessian matrix-based blob detector. Also, instead of evaluating the gradient histograms, SURF computes for the sums of gradient components and the sums of their absolute values. Its usage of integral images allows the features to be detected extremely quickly with high detection rate.
According to the AST, when the brain computes that person X is aware of thing Y, it is in effect modeling the state in which person X is applying an attentional enhancement to signal Y. Awareness is an attention schema. In that theory, the same process can be applied to oneself. One's own awareness is a schematized model of one's own attention.
A study on Twitter examined the usage of emoticons from users of 78 countries and found a positive correlation between individualism-collectivism dimension of Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory and people's use of mouth-oriented emoticons. A recent study proposed a computer framework that automatically mines data from social networks, extracts meaningful information using data mining, and computes cultural distance between multiple countries.
A post-stack attribute that computes the square root of the sum of squared amplitudes divided by the number of samples within the specified window used. With this root mean square amplitude, one can measure reflectivity in order to map direct hydrocarbon indicators in a zone of interest. However, RMS is sensitive to noise as it squares every value within the window.
A post-stack attribute that computes, for each trace, the best fit plane (3D) between its immediate neighbor traces on a horizon and outputs the direction of maximum slope (dip direction) measured in degrees, clockwise from north. This is not to be confused with the geological concept of azimuth, which is equivalent to strike and is measured 90° counterclockwise from the dip direction.
Specified nets must also be brought out to the left and right of the channel, but may be brought out in any order. The height of the channel is not specified - the router computes what height is needed. Figure 2: A solution to the channel routing problem shown above. Solutions are not unique, and this is just one of the many possible.
Furthermore, MAC computes freshness checks between successive receptions to ensure that presumably old frames, or data which is no longer considered valid, does not transcend to higher layers. In addition to this secure mode, there is another, insecure MAC mode, which allows access control lists merely as a means to decide on the acceptance of frames according to their (presumed) source.
The angular gyrus reacts differently to intended and consequential movement.Farrer C, Frey SH, Van Horn JD, Tunik E, Turk D, Inati S, Grafton ST. The angular gyrus computes action awareness representations. Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive. This suggests that the angular gyrus monitors the self's intended movements, and uses the added information to compute differently as it does for consequential movements.
Flight project support consists of orbital and attitude determination and control. Orbital parameters are traced through the actual orbit of the mission spacecraft and compared to its predicted orbit. Attitude determination computes sets of parameters that describe a spacecraft's orientation relative to known objects (Sun, Moon, stars or Earth's magnetic field). Tracking network support analyzes and evaluates the quality of the tracking data.
ONSET, the foundational ontology selection and explanation tool, assists the domain ontology developer in selecting the most appropriate foundational ontology. The domain ontology developer provides the requirements/answers one or more questions, and ONSET computes the selection of the appropriate foundational ontology and explains why. The current version (v2 of 24 April 2013) includes DOLCE, BFO, GFO, SUMO, YAMATO and gist.
Note that the computed value is probably better described as "optimistic" rather than "optimal". For example, consider three intervals [10,12], [11, 13] and [11.99,13]. The algorithm described below computes [11.99, 12] or 11.995 ± 0.005 which is a very precise value. If we suspect that one of the estimates might be incorrect, then at least two of the estimates must be correct.
This concept is used in Ford–Fulkerson algorithm which computes the maximum flow in a flow network. Note that there can be a path from to in the residual network, even though there is no path from to in the original network. Since flows in opposite directions cancel out, decreasing the flow from to is the same as increasing the flow from to .
The recovery works in three phases. The first phase, Analysis, computes all the necessary information from the logfile. The Redo phase restores the database to the exact state at the crash, including all the changes of uncommitted transactions that were running at that point in time. The Undo phase then undoes all uncommitted changes, leaving the database in a consistent state.
The fast Fourier transform algorithm computes the frequency content of a signal, and is useful in processing musical excerpts. 2\. A beat and tempo need to be detected (Beat detection)- this is a difficult, many-faceted problem. The method proposed in Costantini et al. 2009 focuses on note events and their main characteristics: the attack instant, the pitch and the final instant.
The fact that IPS delivers each single file in a separate shelf with a separate checksum, a package update only needs to replace files that have been modified. For ELF binaries, it computes checksums only from the loaded parts of an ELF binary; this permits e.g. to avoid to update an ELF binary that changed only the ELF comment section.
The out-of-kilter algorithm is an algorithm that computes the solution to the minimum-cost flow problem in a flow network. It was published in 1961 by D. R. Fulkerson and is described here. The analog of steady state flow in a network of nodes and arcs may describe a variety of processes. Examples include transportation systems & personnel assignment actions.
Suppose we have an array [2, 3, 5, 1, 7, 6, 8, 4]. The sum of this array can be computed serially by sequentially reducing the array into a single sum using the '+' operator. Starting the summation from the beginning of the array yields: \Bigg( \bigg( \Big( \big(\, (\, (2 + 3) + 5 ) + 1 \big) + 7\Big) + 6 \bigg) + 8\Bigg) + 4 = 36 Since '+' is both commutative and associative, it is a reduction operator. Therefore this reduction can be performed in parallel using several cores, where each core computes the sum of a subset of the array, and the reduction operator merges the results. Using a binary tree reduction would allow 4 cores to compute (2 + 3), (5 + 1), (7 + 6), and (8 + 4). Then two cores can compute (5 + 6) and (13 + 12), and lastly a single core computes (11 + 25) = 36.
Both TCP and UDP are supported. Each client knows all servers; the servers do not communicate with each other. If a client wishes to set or read the value corresponding to a certain key, the client's library first computes a hash of the key to determine which server to use. This gives a simple form of sharding and scalable shared-nothing architecture across the servers.
Turing informs him that he wrote letters to Christopher's mother and even managed to acquire his photograph. He still has the photograph in his wallet, and he shows it to Dr. Greenbaum. Turing later goes on to publish his paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". A computer in those days did not mean a machine, it meant a person who calculates or computes.
Injury can cause adaptation in a number of ways. Compensation is a large factor in injury adaptation. Compensation is a result of one or more weakened muscles. The brain is given the task to perform a certain motor task, and once a muscle has been weakened, the brain computes energy ratios to send to other muscles to perform the original task in the desired fashion.
A different approach is used for geomipmapping, a popular terrain rendering algorithm because this applies to terrain meshes which are both graphically and topologically different from "object" meshes. Instead of computing an error and simplify the mesh according to this, geomipmapping takes a fixed reduction method, evaluates the error introduced and computes a distance at which the error is acceptable. Although straightforward, the algorithm provides decent performance.
A critical component of operating affordable housing is managing a project's financing. Developers create an operating model to determine a property's financial viability through projected future cash flows. An operating model computes annual cash flow or operating income by subtracting operating expenses (maintenance, water, sewer, electricity, insurance, etc.) from income generated by rents and other income such as laundry, vending and parking services.Rolfe, G. November 2011.
Accurate wavelet estimation requires the accurate tie of the impedance log to the seismic. Errors in well tie can result in phase or frequency artifacts in the wavelet estimation. Once the wavelet is identified, seismic inversion computes a synthetic log for every seismic trace. To ensure quality, the inversion result is convolved with the wavelet to produce synthetic seismic traces which are compared to the original seismic.
In mathematics, polynomial identity testing (PIT) is the problem of efficiently determining whether two multivariate polynomials are identical. More formally, a PIT algorithm is given an arithmetic circuit that computes a polynomial p in a field, and decides whether p is the zero polynomial. Determining the computational complexity required for polynomial identity testing is one of the most important open problems in algebraic computing complexity.
385–394, 1976. is a white-box technique that executes a program symbolically, computes constraints along different paths, and uses a constraint solver to generate inputs that satisfy the collected constraints along each path. Symbolic execution can also be used to generate input for differential testing.D. A. Ramos and D. R. Engler, “Practical, low-effort equivalence verification of real code,” in International Conference on Computer Aided Verification.
While studying at the University of Toronto, Kristoff pursued his interest in photography and participated in a photography exhibition in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. His photographs document aerial and technical operations. His projects have appeared in publications including the Toronto Computes, Computer Player, Quebec Micro, The Athlete, Bulgarian Army Newspaper, National Post, The Toronto Sun, The Globe and Mail, Town Crier, Mississauga News, Mississauga Business Times, and others.
Since INV=1, receiver will invert the data before consuming it, thereby converting it to 0xFFFFFFFF internally. In this case, only 1 bit (INV bit) is changed over bus leading to an activity of factor 1. In general, in inversion encoding, the encoder computes the Hamming distance between the current value and next value and based on that, determines whether to use INV=0 or INV=1.
Most Monte Carlo modeling experts stop modeling after the first (uncalibrated) probability estimates from experts and there is usually little emphasis on further measurements with empirical methods. Since AIE computes the value of additional information, measurement can be selective and focused. This step often results in a very different set of measurement priorities than would otherwise have been used. # Various optimization methods including modern portfolio theory.
Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn. However, the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged; according to perturbation theory, which computes the evolution of the orbit, the semi-major axis is invariant. The orbital period (the length of a sidereal year) is also invariant, because according to Kepler's third law, it is determined by the semi-major axis.
It is a very useful technique for detecting changes in images due to its simplicity and ability to deal with occlusion and multiple motions. These techniques assume constant light source intensity. The algorithm first considers two frames at a time and then computes the pixel by pixel intensity difference. On this computation it thresholds the intensity difference and maps the changes onto a contour.
A circuit has two complexity measures associated with it: size and depth. The size of a circuit is the number of gates in it, and the depth of a circuit is the length of the longest directed path in it. For example, the circuit in the figure has size six and depth two. An arithmetic circuit computes a polynomial in the following natural way.
The process is also called posterior decoding. The algorithm computes probability much more efficiently than the naive approach, which very quickly ends up in a combinatorial explosion. Together, they can provide the probability of a given emission/observation at each position in the sequence of observations. It is from this information that a version of the most likely state path is computed ("posterior decoding").
If the system is not zero dimensional, this is signaled as an error. Internally, this solver, designed by F. Rouillier computes first a Gröbner basis and then a Rational Univariate Representation from which the required approximation of the solutions are deduced. It works routinely for systems having up to a few hundred complex solutions. The rational univariate representation may be computed with Maple function Groebner[RationalUnivariateRepresentation].
Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to identify shared motif in any set of sequences. This shared motif sequences and their length is given as input to ELPH. ELPH then computes the position weight matrix(PWM) which will be used by GLIMMER 3 to score any potential RBS found by RBSfinder. The above process is done when we have a substantial amount of training genes.
In addition to the RTS Index, Moscow Exchange also computes and publishes the RTS Standard Index (RTSSTD), RTS-2 Index, RTS Siberia Index and seven sectoral indexes (Telecommunication, Financial, Metals & Mining, Oil & Gas, Industrial, Consumer & Retail, and Electric Utilities). The RTS Standard and RTS-2 are compiled similarly to the RTS Index, from a list of top 15 large-cap stocks and 50+ second-tier stocks, respectively.
This downsampling helps to correctly classify objects in visual scenes even when the objects are shifted. In a variant of the neocognitron called the cresceptron, instead of using Fukushima's spatial averaging, J. Weng et al. introduced a method called max- pooling where a downsampling unit computes the maximum of the activations of the units in its patch. Max-pooling is often used in modern CNNs.
Visualisation of using the binary GCD algorithm to find the greatest common divisor (GCD) of 36 and 24. Thus, the GCD is 22 × 3 = 12. The binary GCD algorithm, also known as Stein's algorithm, is an algorithm that computes the greatest common divisor of two nonnegative integers. Stein's algorithm uses simpler arithmetic operations than the conventional Euclidean algorithm; it replaces division with arithmetic shifts, comparisons, and subtraction.
In computer algebra, the Faugère F4 algorithm, by Jean-Charles Faugère, computes the Gröbner basis of an ideal of a multivariate polynomial ring. The algorithm uses the same mathematical principles as the Buchberger algorithm, but computes many normal forms in one go by forming a generally sparse matrix and using fast linear algebra to do the reductions in parallel. The Faugère F5 algorithm first calculates the Gröbner basis of a pair of generator polynomials of the ideal. Then it uses this basis to reduce the size of the initial matrices of generators for the next larger basis: > If Gprev is an already computed Gröbner basis (f2, …, fm) and we want to > compute a Gröbner basis of (f1) + Gprev then we will construct matrices > whose rows are m f1 such that m is a monomial not divisible by the leading > term of an element of Gprev.
A completion of Peano arithmetic is a set of formulas in the language of Peano arithmetic, such that the set is consistent in first-order logic and such that, for each formula, either that formula or its negation is included in the set. Once a Gödel numbering of the formulas in the language of PA has been fixed, it is possible to identify completions of PA with sets of natural numbers, and thus to speak about the computability of these completions. A Turing degree is defined to be a PA degree if there is a set of natural numbers in the degree that computes a completion of Peano Arithmetic. (This is equivalent to the proposition that every set in the degree computes a completion of PA.) Because there are no computable completions of PA, the degree 0 consisting of the computable sets of natural numbers is not a PA degree.
Keith Schengili-Roberts is a long-time author on Internet technologies, beginning with his work for the magazines Toronto Computes! in the early 1990s and then The Computer Paper from the mid-1990s up until 2003. Keith recently joined IXIASOFT, maker of component content software solution DITA CMS, as one of their DITA Experts and DITA Information Architects. He also currently lectures on Information Architecture at the University of Toronto's iSchool.
Some languages, such as Alice ML, define futures that are associated with a specific thread that computes the future's value. This computation can start either eagerly when the future is created, or lazily when its value is first needed. A lazy future is similar to a thunk, in the sense of a delayed computation. Alice ML also supports futures that can be resolved by any thread, and calls these promises.
MEGAN alignment tool (MALT) is a new program for the fast alignment and taxonomic assignment method to the identification of ancient DNA. MALT is similar to BLAST as it computes local alignments between highly conserved sequences and references. MALT can also calculate semi-global alignments where reads are aligned end-to-end. All references, complete bacterial genomes, are contained in a database called National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) RefSeq.
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique using gamma rays. It may be used with any gamma-emitting isotope, including Tc-99m. In the use of technetium-99m, the radioisotope is administered to the patient and the escaping gamma rays are incident upon a moving gamma camera which computes and processes the image. To acquire SPECT images, the gamma camera is rotated around the patient.
When multiplying by larger single digits, it is common that upon adding a diagonal column, the sum of the numbers results in a number that is 10 or greater. The second example computes 6785 x 8. Like Example 1, the corresponding bones to the biggest number are placed in the board. For this example, bones 6, 7, 8, and 5 were placed in the proper order as shown below.
An electro-mechanical device in the tradition of complex post- World War II clocks such as master clocks, the Globus IMP instrument incorporates hundreds of mechanical components common to horology. This instrument is a mechanical computer for navigation akin to the Norden bombsight. It mechanically computes complex functions and displays its output through mechanical displacements of the globe and other indicator components. It also modulates electric signals from other instruments.
The laminar finite rate model computes the chemical source terms using the Arrhenius expressions and ignores turbulence fluctuations. This model provides with the exact solution for laminar flames but gives inaccurate solution for turbulent flames, in which turbulence highly affects the chemistry reaction rates, due to highly non-linear Arrhenius chemical kinetics. However this model may be accurate for combustion with small turbulence fluctuations, for example supersonic flames.
Note that # Alice, using her private key, computes v and then the quotient, Thus, vv = 1, unless z ≠ m. # Alice then tests vv for equality against the values: which are calculated by repeated multiplication of mz (rather than exponentiating for each i). If the test succeeds, Alice conjectures the relevant i to be s; otherwise, she conjectures random value. Where z = m, (mz) = vxv = 1 for all i, s is unrecoverable.
An animated figure is modeled with a skeleton of rigid segments connected with joints, called a kinematic chain. The kinematics equations of the figure define the relationship between the joint angles of the figure and its pose or configuration. The forward kinematic animation problem uses the kinematics equations to determine the pose given the joint angles. The inverse kinematics problem computes the joint angles for a desired pose of the figure.
The following example run, obtained from the E theorem prover, computes a completion of the (additive) group axioms as in Knuth, Bendix (1970). It starts with the three initial equations for the group (neutral element 0, inverse elements, associativity), using `f(X,Y)` for X+Y, and `i(X)` for −X. The 10 equations marked with "final" represent the resulting convergent rewrite system. "pm" is short for "paramodulation", implementing deduce.
Step 3: PCAS computation of aircraft 3-axis informationThe PCAS unit computes range (maximum 6 miles) based on the amplitude of the received signal, the altitude code is decoded, and the signal angle-of-arrival is determined to a resolution of "quadrants" (ahead, behind, left, or right) using a directional antenna array. XRX will recognize interrogations from TCAS, Skywatch, and any other "active" system, military protocols, and Mode S transmissions.
Host A then creates another program P(E(f)), which implements E(f), and sends it to B through its agent. B then runs the agent, which computes P(E(f))(x) and returns the result to A. A then decrypts this to get f(x). Drawbacks: Finding appropriate encryption schemes that can transform arbitrary functions is a challenge. The scheme doesn't prevent denial of service, replay, experimental extraction and others.
The Hash Table Local Level Set method, introduced in 2012 by Brun, Guittet and Gibou,Brun, E., Guittet, A. & Gibou, F. 2012. "A local level-set method using a hash table data structure." Journal of Computational Physics. 231(6)2528-2536. only computes the level set data in a band around the interface, as in the Narrow Band Level-Set Method, but also only stores the data in that same band.
However, the CBO also computes a current-policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut sunset provisions. The current CBO 10-year budget baseline projection grows from $4.1 trillion in 2018 to $7.0 trillion in 2028. In March, the budget committees consider the President's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1.
This is an area beginning with the posterior parietal cortex and extending to the superior occipital cortex. A function of the Perietal-Temporal-Occipital is the analysis the spatial coordination of body parts. This area receives visual sensory information from the periphery occipital cortex and somatic sensory information from the anterior parietal cortex. From this, the information coordinates and computes the visual auditory information from the body surroundings.
The transit time is measured in both directions for several (usually two or three) pairs of the transducer heads. Based on those results, the sensor computes wind speed and direction. Compared to mechanical sensors, the ultrasonic sensors offer several advantages such as no moving parts, advanced self- diagnostic capabilities and reduced maintenance requirements. NWS and FAA ASOS stations and most of new AWOS installations are currently equipped with ultrasonic wind sensors.
In differential geometry, the equivariant index theorem, of which there are several variants, computes the (graded) trace of an element of a compact Lie group acting in given setting in terms of the integral over the fixed points of the element. If the element is neutral, then the theorem reduces to the usual index theorem. The classical formula such as the Atiyah–Bott formula is a special case of the theorem.
This can occur since each node computes its shortest-path tree and its routing table without interacting in any way with any other nodes. If two nodes start with different maps, it is possible to have scenarios in which routing loops are created. In certain circumstances, differential loops may be enabled within a multi cloud environment. Variable access nodes across the interface protocol may also bypass the simultaneous access node problem.
Inertial navigation system (INS) is a dead reckoning type of navigation system that computes its position based on motion sensors. Before actually navigating, the initial latitude and longitude and the INS's physical orientation relative to the earth (e.g., north and level) are established. After alignment, an INS receives impulses from motion detectors that measure (a) the acceleration along three axes (accelerometers), and (b) rate of rotation about three orthogonal axes (gyroscopes).
In typical approaches to leader election, the size of the ring is assumed to be known to the processes. In the case of anonymous rings, without using an external entity, it is not possible to elect a leader. Even assuming an algorithm exists, the leader could not estimate the size of the ring. i.e. in any anonymous ring, there is a positive probability that an algorithm computes a wrong ring size.
Instead of computing , Alice first chooses a secret random value r and computes . The result of this computation, after applying Euler's Theorem, is and so the effect of r can be removed by multiplying by its inverse. A new value of r is chosen for each ciphertext. With blinding applied, the decryption time is no longer correlated to the value of the input ciphertext and so the timing attack fails.
A common approach is to implement production systems to support forward or backward chaining. Each rule (‘production’) binds a conjunction of predicate clauses to a list of executable actions. At run-time, the rule engine matches productions against facts and executes (‘fires’) the associated action list for each match. If those actions remove or modify any facts, or assert new facts, the engine immediately re-computes the set of matches.
The method, proposed semi-seriously by mathematical physicist John C. Baez in 1992, computes an index by responses to a list of 36 questions, each positive response contributing a point value ranging from 1 to 50. The computation is initialized with a value of −5. An earlier version only had 17 questions with point values for each ranging from 1 to 40. Presumably any positive value of the index indicates crankiness.
This method treats the system locally as if it were uniform with the local properties; in particular, the local wave velocity associated with a frequency is the only thing needed to estimate the corresponding local wavenumber or wavelength. In addition, the method computes a slowly changing amplitude to satisfy other constraints of the equations or of the physical system, such as for conservation of energy in the wave.
If there are inadequate number of training genes, GLIMMER 3 can bootstrap itself to generate a set of gene predictions which can be used as input to ELPH. ELPH now computes PWM and this PWM can be again used on the same set of genes to get more accurate results for start-sites. This process can be repeated for many iterations to obtain more consistent PWM and gene prediction results.
Critics note that while the court said that the ABC was the first electronic digital computer, it did not define the term computer. It had originally referred to a person who computes, but was adapted to apply to a machine. Critics of the court decision also note that there is, at a component level, nothing in common between the two machines. The ABC was binary; the ENIAC was decimal.
John J. Craig, 2004, Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control (3rd Edition), Prentice-Hall. The reverse process that computes the joint parameters that achieve a specified position of the end-effector is known as inverse kinematics. The dimensions of the robot and its kinematics equations define the volume of space reachable by the robot, known as its workspace. There are two broad classes of robots and associated kinematics equations: serial manipulators and parallel manipulators.
When the robot senses its environment, it updates its particles to more accurately reflect where it is. For each particle, the robot computes the probability that, had it been at the state of the particle, it would perceive what its sensors have actually sensed. It assigns a weight w_t^{[i]} for each particle proportional to the said probability. Then, it randomly draws M new particles from the previous belief, with probability proportional to w_t^{[i]}.
Let F be a random instance of the DES block cipher. This cipher has 64-bit blocks and a 56-bit key. The key therefore selects one of a family of 256 permutations on the 264 possible 64-bit blocks. A "random DES instance" means our oracle F computes DES using some key K (which is unknown to the adversary) where K is selected from the 256 possible keys with equal probability.
The third example computes 825 x 913. The corresponding bones to the leading number are placed in the board. For this example, the bones 8, 2, and 5 were placed in the proper order as shown below. First step of solving 825 x 913 To multiply by a multi-digit number, multiple rows are reviewed. For this example, the rows for 9, 1, and 3 have been removed from the board for clarity.
Whenever a computer is done with its current job it fetches a new job from the queue. It then computes all possible distinct positions that can be reached from the current position in one action. This is all traditional transposition based problem solving. However, in the traditional method, the computer would now, for every position just computed, ask the computer that holds authority over that position if it has a solution for it.
The core of the algorithm is a procedure that computes the length of the shortest-paths between any pair of vertices. This can be done in O(V^\omega \log V) time in the worst case. Once the lengths are computed, the paths can be reconstructed using a Las Vegas algorithm whose expected running time is O(V^\omega \log V) for \omega > 2 and O(V^2 \log^2 V) for \omega = 2.
Includes applications in wide area network design, where a single central processor to read the headers of the packets arriving in exponential fashion, then computes the next adapter to which each packet should go and dispatch the packets accordingly. Here the service time is the processing of the packet header and cyclic redundancy check, which are independent of the length of each arriving packets. Hence, it can be modeled as a M/D/1 queue.
The Radon–Nikodym theorem makes the assumption that the measure μ with respect to which one computes the rate of change of ν is σ-finite. Here is an example when μ is not σ-finite and the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold. Consider the Borel σ-algebra on the real line. Let the counting measure, , of a Borel set be defined as the number of elements of if is finite, and otherwise.
The field of digital signal processing relies heavily on operations in the frequency domain (i.e. on the Fourier transform). For example, several lossy image and sound compression methods employ the discrete Fourier transform: the signal is cut into short segments, each is transformed, and then the Fourier coefficients of high frequencies, which are assumed to be unnoticeable, are discarded. The decompressor computes the inverse transform based on this reduced number of Fourier coefficients.
This computes down to having the stack and heap exist at one of several million positions (23 and 24 bit randomization), and all libraries existing in any of approximately 65,000 positions. On 64-bit CPUs, the virtual address space supplied by the MMU may be larger, allowing access to more memory. The randomization will be more entropic in such situations, further reducing the probability of a successful attack in the lack of an information leak.
NEMS (National Energy Modeling System) is a long-standing United States government policy model, run by the Department of Energy (DOE). NEMS computes equilibrium fuel prices and quantities for the US energy sector. To do so, the software iteratively solves a sequence of linear programs and nonlinear equations. NEMS has been used to explicitly model the demand-side, in particular to determine consumer technology choices in the residential and commercial building sectors.
This simple 2-tag system is adapted from [De Mol, 2008]. It uses no halting symbol, but halts on any word of length less than 2, and computes a slightly modified version of the Collatz sequence. In the original Collatz sequence, the successor of n is either (for even n) or 3n + 1 (for odd n). The value 3n + 1 is clearly even for odd n, hence the next term after 3n + 1 is surely .
The proper generalized decomposition (PGD) is an iterative numerical method for solving boundary value problems (BVPs), that is, partial differential equations constrained by a set of boundary conditions. The PGD algorithm computes an approximation of the solution of the BVP by successive enrichment. This means that, in each iteration, a new component (or mode) is computed and added to the approximation. The more modes obtained, the closer the approximation is to its theoretical solution.
Normaliz is a free computer algebra system developed by Winfried Bruns, Robert Koch (1998–2002), Bogdam Ichim (2007/08) and Christof Soeger (2009–2016). It is published under the GNU General Public License version 2. Normaliz computes lattice points in rational polyhedra, or, in other terms, solves linear diophantine systems of equations, inequalities, and congruences. Special tasks are the computation of lattice points in bounded rational polytopes and Hilbert bases of rational cones.
Both linear programming and linear-fractional programming represent optimization problems using linear equations and linear inequalities, which for each problem-instance define a feasible set. Fractional linear programs have a richer set of objective functions. Informally, linear programming computes a policy delivering the best outcome, such as maximum profit or lowest cost. In contrast, a linear-fractional programming is used to achieve the highest ratio of outcome to cost, the ratio representing the highest efficiency.
The major step of the algorithm computes for a given DNA fragment posterior probabilities of either being "protein-coding" (carrying genetic code) in each of six possible reading frames (including three frames in complementary DNA strand) or being "non-coding". Original GeneMark (developed before the HMM era in Bioinformatics) is an HMM-like algorithm; it can be viewed as approximation to known in the HMM theory posterior decoding algorithm for appropriately defined HMM.
In total functional programming languages, such as Charity and Epigram, all functions are total and must terminate. Charity uses a type system and control constructs based on category theory, whereas Epigram uses dependent types. The LOOP language is designed so that it computes only the functions that are primitive recursive. All of these compute proper subsets of the total computable functions, since the full set of total computable functions is not computably enumerable.
They are offered clemency if they help find two more missing escape pods as well as the mothership, one of which may contain the Emperor's only son. With Thor and Elle accompanying them, Stella and Akton set off on their quest. They quickly arrive at the location Akton computes for the first escape pod. Stella and Elle take a shuttle from the spaceship and land near the pod on a sandy, rocky beach.
Pancomputationalism (also known as naturalist computationalism)Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, "Info‐Computational Philosophy Of Nature: An Informational Universe With Computational Dynamics" (2011). is a view that the universe is a computational machine, or rather a network of computational processes that, following fundamental physical laws, computes (dynamically develops) its own next state from the current one.Papers on pancomputationalism on philpapers.org A computational universe is proposed by Jürgen Schmidhuber in a paper based on Zuse's 1967 thesis.
In India, National Housing Bank completely owned by Reserve Bank of India computes an index termed NHB RESIDEX. The index was formulated based on a pilot study covering 5 cities, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Bhopal representing the five regions of the country. Actual transactions prices are used to compute an Index reflecting the market trends. 2007 is taken as the base year for the study to be comparable with the WPI and CPI.
Another notable feature is the use of a virtual Document Object Model, or virtual DOM. React creates an in-memory data-structure cache, computes the resulting differences, and then updates the browser's displayed DOM efficiently.. This process is called reconciliation. This allows the programmer to write code as if the entire page is rendered on each change, while the React libraries only render subcomponents that actually change. This selective rendering provides a major performance boost.
The flight director computes and displays the proper pitch and bank angles required for the aircraft to follow a selected flight path. A simple example: The aircraft flies level on 045° heading at flight level FL150 at 260 kt indicated airspeed, the FD bars are thus centered. Then the flight director is set to heading 090° and a new flight level FL200. The aircraft must thus turn to the right and climb.
Problems 48–55 show how to compute an assortment of areas. Problem 48 is notable in that it succinctly computes the area of a circle by approximating π. Specifically, problem 48 explicitly reinforces the convention (used throughout the geometry section) that "a circle's area stands to that of its circumscribing square in the ratio 64/81." Equivalently, the papyrus approximates π as 256/81, as was already noted above in the explanation of problem 41.
Using this deflation guarantees that each root is computed only once and that all roots are found. The real variant follows the same pattern, but computes two roots at a time, either two real roots or a pair of conjugate complex roots. By avoiding complex arithmetic, the real variant can be faster (by a factor of 4) than the complex variant. The Jenkins–Traub algorithm has stimulated considerable research on theory and software for methods of this type.
For aperture photometry on an astronomical image, it is often useful to know the sky coordinates of an image pixel. APT computes and displays sky coordinates if keywords that define a World Coordinate System (WCS) are present in the header of the FITS-image file. APT handles the commonly used tangent or gnomonic projection (TAN, TPV, and SIP subtypes), as well as the sine (a.k.a. orthographic), Cartesian, and Aitoff projections(the latter is probably only useful for display purposes).
Forward kinematics of an over-actuated planar parallel manipulator done with MeKin2D. Forward kinematics specifies the joint parameters and computes the configuration of the chain. For serial manipulators this is achieved by direct substitution of the joint parameters into the forward kinematics equations for the serial chain. For parallel manipulators substitution of the joint parameters into the kinematics equations requires solution of the a set of polynomial constraints to determine the set of possible end-effector locations.
Following the acquisition, Wentz served as Vice President of Product at Kernel, leading development program in clinical neural interfaces. In August 2018, Wentz announced the establishment and funding of Gradient Technologies, Inc., a venture focused on engineering trust into everyday electronic devices such that "the authenticity and integrity of every electronic device, the software it operates, data it stores and computes, and information itself, are provable qualities by construction, not by trust in a third party".
In 1980, Fischer and Richard E. Ladner. presented a parallel algorithm for computing prefix sums efficiently. They show how to construct a circuit that computes the prefix sums; in the circuit, each node performs an addition of two numbers. With their construction, one can choose a trade-off between the circuit depth and the number of nodes.. However, the same circuit designs were already studied much earlier in Soviet mathematics.. English translation in Sov. Phys. Dokl.
D. Clayton, New Astronomy Reviews 55, 155–65 (2011), section 5.5, p. 163] According to that principle rapid oxidation actually intensifies growth of large grains of carbon by keeping the population of carbon solids small so that those few can grow large by accreting the continuously replenished free carbon. This topic establishes another new aspect of carbon's uniquely versatile chemistry. Their 2017 paper also computes the abundances of molecules and of Buckminsterfullerene grains ejected along with the graphite grains.
The server computes a second hash of the key to determine where to store or read the corresponding value. The servers keep the values in RAM; if a server runs out of RAM, it discards the oldest values. Therefore, clients must treat Memcached as a transitory cache; they cannot assume that data stored in Memcached is still there when they need it. Other databases, such as MemcacheDB, Couchbase Server, provide persistent storage while maintaining Memcached protocol compatibility.
Specifically in the case of the Black[-Scholes-Merton] model, Jaeckel's "Let's Be Rational" method computes the implied volatility to full attainable (standard 64 bit floating point) machine precision for all possible input values in sub-microsecond time. The algorithm comprises an initial guess based on matched asymptotic expansions, plus (always exactly) two Householder improvement steps (of convergence order 4), making this a three-step (i.e., non-iterative) procedure. A reference implementation in C++ is freely available.
The LN3-2A computer controls the platform, computes navigational information and provides special AC and DC voltages required for equipment operation. The functions of the computer are: # to position the azimuth, pitch and roll gimbals of the platform. The basic sequence is that the gyro precession error due to airplane maneuvering is sensed and fed to the platform azimuth synchro resolver. The gyro signals are resolved into pitch and roll error voltages which are amplified in the computer.
1 Statements and Expressions, p. 26 It is a combination of one or more constants, variables, functions, and operators that the programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of precedence and of association) and computes to produce ("to return", in a stateful environment) another value. This process, for mathematical expressions, is called evaluation. In simple settings, the resulting value is usually one of various primitive types, such as numerical, string, boolean, complex data type or other types.
Its graphical user interface enables users to select from various ways of visualizing each parameter (e.g., iso-surfaces, plane slices, volume renderings), and to select a combination of parameters for view. A key innovation of Vis5D is that it computes and stores the geometries and colors for such graphics over the simulated time sequence, allowing them to be animated quickly so users can watch movies of their simulations. Furthermore, users can interactively rotate the animations in 3D.
Flat shading (left) versus phong shading (right) In 3D computer graphics, Phong shading is an interpolation technique for surface shading invented by the computer graphics pioneer Bui Tuong Phong. It is also called Phong interpolation, or normal-vector interpolation shading. It interpolates surface normals across rasterized polygons and computes pixel colors based on the interpolated normals and a reflection model. Phong shading may also refer to the specific combination of Phong interpolation and the Phong reflection model.
The elementary row operations may be viewed as the multiplication on the left of the original matrix by elementary matrices. Alternatively, a sequence of elementary operations that reduces a single row may be viewed as multiplication by a Frobenius matrix. Then the first part of the algorithm computes an LU decomposition, while the second part writes the original matrix as the product of a uniquely determined invertible matrix and a uniquely determined reduced row echelon matrix.
Two types of tensor decompositions exist, which generalise the SVD to multi-way arrays. One of them decomposes a tensor into a sum of rank-1 tensors, which is called a tensor rank decomposition. The second type of decomposition computes the orthonormal subspaces associated with the different factors appearing in the tensor product of vector spaces in which the tensor lives. This decomposition is referred to in the literature as the higher-order SVD (HOSVD) or Tucker3/TuckerM.
Parity learning is a problem in machine learning. An algorithm that solves this problem must find a function ƒ, given some samples (x, ƒ(x)) and the assurance that ƒ computes the parity of bits at some fixed locations. The samples are generated using some distribution over the input. The problem is easy to solve using Gaussian elimination provided that a sufficient number of samples (from a distribution which is not too skewed) are provided to the algorithm.
Today's precalculus text computes e as the limit of (1 + 1/n)n as n approaches infinity. An exposition on compound interest in financial mathematics may motivate this limit. Another difference in the modern text is avoidance of complex numbers, except as they may arise as roots of a quadratic equation with a negative discriminant, or in Euler's formula as application of trigonometry. Euler used not only complex numbers but also infinite series in his precalculus.
The algorithm computes the sets S_i in increasing order of i. As soon as one of the S_i contains a word from C or the empty word, then the algorithm terminates and answers that the given code is not uniquely decodable. Otherwise, once a set S_i equals a previously encountered set S_j with j, then the algorithm would enter in principle an endless loop. Instead of continuing endlessly, it answers that the given code is uniquely decodable.
SAM identifies statistically significant genes by carrying out gene specific t-tests and computes a statistic dj for each gene j, which measures the strength of the relationship between gene expression and a response variable.Chu, G., Narasimhan, B, Tibshirani, R, Tusher, V. "SAM "Significance Analysis of Microarrays" Users Guide and technical document." This analysis uses non-parametric statistics, since the data may not follow a normal distribution. The response variable describes and groups the data based on experimental conditions.
The Törnqvist index weighs the experiences in the two periods equally, so it is said to be a symmetric index. Usually, that share doesn't change much; e.g. food expenditures across a million households might be 20% of income in one period and 20.1% the next period. In practice, Törnqvist indexes are often computed using an equation that results from taking logs of both sides, as in the expression below which computes the same P_t as those above.Glossary.
Typically, there is one FDC for a battery of six guns, in a light division. In a typical heavy division configuration, there exist two FDC elements capable of operating two four-gun sections, also known as a split battery. The FDC computes firing data—fire direction—for the guns. The process consists of determining the precise target location based on the observer's location if needed, then computing range and direction to the target from the guns' location.
The device then computes the voltage angle, frequency and voltage magnitude at 100 ms intervals. Each measurement is time stamped using the information provided by the GPS system and then transmitted to the FNET/GridEye server for processing and storage. The frequency measurements obtained from the FDR are accurate to within ± 0.0005 Hz and angle accuracy could reach 0.02 degree. An FDR requires only a power outlet, Ethernet port and a view of the sky (for the GPS antenna).
Balzarotti's analysis is divided into two main phases (figure below). The first phase analyzes the video recorded by the camera using computer vision techniques. For each frame of the video, the computer vision analysis computes the set of keys that were likely pressed, the set of keys that were certainly not pressed, and the position of space characters. Because the results of this phase of the analysis are noisy, a second phase, called the text analysis, is required.
GraphCrunch performs the following tasks: 1) computes user specified global and local properties of an input real-world network, 2) creates a user specified number of random networks belonging to user specified random graph models, 3) compares how closely each model network reproduces a range of global and local properties (specified in point 1 above) of the real-world network, and 4) produces the statistics of network property similarities between the data and the model networks.
EnDrain is software for the calculation of a subsurface drainage system in agricultural land. The EnDrain program computes the water flow discharged by drains, the hydraulic head losses and the distance between drains, also obtaining the curve described by water-table level. Such calculations are necessary to design a drainage system in the framework of an irrigation system for water table and soil salinity control.Rares HALBAC-COTOARA-ZAMFIR, 2010, Calculation of distance between drains using EnDrain program.
Periodic Steady-State Analysis (PSS analysis) computes the periodic steady- state response of a circuit at a specified fundamental frequency, with a simulation time independent of the time constants of the circuit. The PSS analysis also determines the circuit's periodic operating point which is required starting point for the periodic time-varying small-signal analyses: PAC, PSP, PXF, and Pnoise. The PSS analysis works with both autonomous and driven circuits. PSS is usually used after transient analysis.
Given two integers and and modulus , the classical modular multiplication algorithm computes the double-width product , and then performs a division, subtracting multiples of to cancel out the unwanted high bits until the remainder is once again less than . Montgomery reduction instead adds multiples of to cancel out the low bits until the result is a multiple of a convenient (i.e. power of two) constant . Then the low bits are discarded, producing a result less than .
DMM is a physical simulation system which models the material properties of objects allowing them to break and bend in accordance to the stress placed on them. Structures modeled with DMM can break and bend if they are not physically viable. Objects made of glass, steel, stone and jelly are all possible to create and simulate in real-time with DMM. The system accomplishes this by running a finite element simulation that computes how the materials would actually behave.
An equivalent definition is the class of problems AC0 reducible to CCVP. As an example, a sorting network can be used to compute majority by designating the middle wire as an output wire: If the middle wire is designated as output, and the wires are annotated with 16 different input variables, then the resulting comparator circuit computes majority. Since there are sorting networks which can be constructed in AC0, this shows that the majority function is in CC.
Yamaha Chip Controlled Throttle (YCC-T) is also a new addition. The throttle cables are connected to a throttle position sensor and a new computer called G.E.N.I.C.H. that operates the butterfly valves, the EXUP valve in the exhaust and the other components involved, such as the igniter unit, and the YCC-I lifter unit. The YCC-T computes all the input of the sensors and calculates the best throttle position, ignition advance, EXUP valve and injection time in milliseconds.
The Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes (ROAM) algorithm computes a dynamically changing triangulation of a terrain. It works by splitting triangles where more detail is needed and merging them where less detail is needed. The algorithm assigns each triangle in the terrain a priority, usually related to the error decrease if that triangle would be split. The algorithm uses two priority queues, one for triangles that can be split and another for triangles that can be merged.
That is, given two polynomials and in , there is a unique pair of polynomials such that , and either or . This makes a Euclidean domain. However, most other Euclidean domains (excepts integers) do not have any property of uniqueness for the division nor an easy algorithm (such as long division) for computing the Euclidean division. The Euclidean division is the basis of the Euclidean algorithm for polynomials that computes a polynomial greatest common divisor of two polynomials.
The billing application computes the total call charges and deducts the amount from the calling customer's account or prepaid card. Termination Requirements All VoIP originators require a call termination arrangement with a terminator called VoIP terminator. There are different companies which provide termination to specific destinations and there are others that provide termination to all the destinations. The latter are usually called A-Z terminators and are more convenient for start-up companies to work with.
In mathematics, the Leray–Hirsch theorem is a basic result on the algebraic topology of fiber bundles. It is named after Jean Leray and Guy Hirsch, who independently proved it in the late 1940s. It can be thought of as a mild generalization of the Künneth formula, which computes the cohomology of a product space as a tensor product of the cohomologies of the direct factors. It is a very special case of the Leray spectral sequence.
To extract all the complex solutions from a rational univariate representation, one may use MPSolve, which computes the complex roots of univariate polynomials to any precision. It is recommended to run MPSolve several times, doubling the precision each time, until solutions remain stable, as the substitution of the roots in the equations of the input variables can be highly unstable. The second solver is PHCpack,Release 2.3.86 of PHCpack written under the direction of J. Verschelde.
In electronics, an adder is a combinatorial or sequential logic element which computes the n-bit sum of two numbers. The family of Ling adders is a particularly fast adder and is designed using H. Ling's equations and generally implemented in BiCMOS. Samuel Naffziger of Hewlett Packard presented an innovative 64 bit adder in 0.5 μm CMOS based on Ling's equations at ISSCC 1996. The Naffziger adder's delay was less than 1 nanosecond, or 7 FO4.
Consider what happens when TCP sends a segment after a sharp increase in delay. Using the prior round-trip time estimate, TCP computes a timeout and retransmits a segment. If TCP ignores the round-trip time of all retransmitted packets, the round trip estimate will never be updated, and TCP will continue retransmitting every segment, never adjusting to the increased delay. A solution to this problem is to incorporate transmission timeouts with a timer backoff strategy.
In cases where they can't, a LALR(2) grammar is usually adequate. If the parser generator allows only LALR(1) grammars, the parser typically calls some hand-written code whenever it encounters constructs needing extended lookahead. Similar to an SLR parser and Canonical LR parser generator, an LALR parser generator constructs the LR(0) state machine first and then computes the lookahead sets for all rules in the grammar, checking for ambiguity. The Canonical LR constructs full lookahead sets.
PRE-SCAN suspension was an upgrade of Active Body Control. Using PRE-SCAN suspension, the car not only reacts highly sensitively to uneven patches of road surface, but also acts in an anticipatory manner. PRE-SCAN uses two laser sensors in the headlamps as “eyes” that produce a precise picture of the road's condition. From this data, the control unit computes the´parameters for the active suspension settings in order to provide the highest level of comfort.
At least four antennas are mounted in a precise geometric pattern, often on the roof of a vehicle. Specialty electronics computes the amount of Doppler shift present in the received signals and determines a probable direction from which the signal originates. The direction is commonly displayed using LEDs oriented in a circle or a straight line. Advanced units can use a compass or GPS receiver to compute a direction relative to the instant motion of the vehicle.
Both models have high-capacity batteries, with final specifications coming to 3,020 mAh for the Nova and 3,340 mAh for the Nova Plus. The Smart Power 4.0 software comes pre-installed on both phones and controls and optimizes battery performance and app power consumption. Both models are equipped with an octa-core 14 nm Snapdragon 625 processor that computes at speeds of 2 GHz. The chipset specializes in increasing the phone's performance and reducing power consumption.
Rader's algorithm (1968),C. M. Rader, "Discrete Fourier transforms when the number of data samples is prime," Proc. IEEE 56, 1107–1108 (1968). named for Charles M. Rader of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of prime sizes by re-expressing the DFT as a cyclic convolution (the other algorithm for FFTs of prime sizes, Bluestein's algorithm, also works by rewriting the DFT as a convolution).
Matrix multiplication is not a reduction operator since the operation is not commutative. If processes were allowed to return their matrix multiplication results in any order to the master process, the final result that the master computes will likely be incorrect if the results arrived out of order. However, note that matrix multiplication is associative, and therefore the result would be correct as long as the proper ordering were enforced, as in the binary tree reduction technique.
In mathematics a P-recursive equation can be solved for polynomial solutions. Sergei A. Abramov in 1989 and Marko Petkovšek in 1992 described an algorithm which finds all polynomial solutions of those recurrence equations with polynomial coefficients. The algorithm computes a degree bound for the solution in a first step. In a second step an ansatz for a polynomial of this degree is used and the unknown coefficients are computed by a system of linear equations.
In this technique, each symbol generator contains two display monitoring channels. One channel, the internal, samples the output from its own symbol generator to the display unit and computes, for example, what roll attitude should produce that indication. This computed roll attitude is then compared with the roll attitude input to the symbol generator from the INS or AHRS. Any difference has probably been introduced by faulty processing, and triggers a warning on the relevant display.
Many implementations of the Rabin–Karp algorithm internally use Rabin fingerprints. The Low Bandwidth Network Filesystem (LBFS) from MIT uses Rabin fingerprints to implement variable size shift-resistant blocks.Athicha Muthitacharoen, Benjie Chen, and David Mazières "A Low-bandwidth Network File System" The basic idea is that the filesystem computes the cryptographic hash of each block in a file. To save on transfers between the client and server, they compare their checksums and only transfer blocks whose checksums differ.
The archetypal reducer is summation of numbers: the identity element is zero, and the associative reduce operation computes a sum. This reducer is built into Cilk++ and Cilk Plus: // Compute ∑ foo(i) for i from 0 to N, in parallel. cilk::reducer_opadd result(0); cilk_for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) result += foo(i); Other reducers can be used to construct linked lists or strings, and programmers can define custom reducers. A limitation of hyperobjects is that they provide only limited determinacy.
Post-processing is used in Differential GPS to obtain precise positions of unknown points by relating them to known points such as survey markers. The GPS measurements are usually stored in computer memory in the GPS receivers, and are subsequently transferred to a computer running the GPS post-processing software. The software computes baselines using simultaneous measurement data from two or more GPS receivers. The baselines represent a three-dimensional line drawn between the two points occupied by each pair of GPS antennas.
MALT consists of two programs: malt-build and malt-run. Malt-build is used to construct an index for the given database of reference sequences. Instead, malt-run is used to align a set of query sequences against the reference database. The program then computes the bit-score and the expected value (E-value) of the alignment and decides whether to keep or discard the alignment depending on user- specified thresholds for the bit-score, the E-value or the per cent identity.
The prime factorization of twenty is 22 × 5, so it is not a perfect power. However, its squarefree part, 5, is congruent to 1 (mod 4). Thus, according to Artin's conjecture on primitive roots, vigesimal has infinitely many cyclic primes, but the fraction of primes that are cyclic is not necessarily ~37.395%. An UnrealScript program that computes the lengths of recurring periods of various fractions in a given set of bases found that, of the first 15,456 primes, ~39.344% are cyclic in vigesimal.
The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of other pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to PageRank, Google, over the years, has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of resulting pages. This is reported to comprise over 250 different indicators, the specifics of which are kept secret to avoid difficulties created by scammers and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally.
It was described by J. L. Kelly, Jr, a researcher at Bell Labs, in 1956. The practical use of the formula has been demonstrated. For an even money bet, the Kelly criterion computes the wager size percentage by multiplying the percent chance to win by two, then subtracting one. So, for a bet with a 70% chance to win (or 0.7 probability), doubling 0.7 equates 1.4, from which you subtract 1, leaving 0.4 as your optimal wager size: 40% of available funds.
We will prove that the algorithm never computes incorrect shortest path lengths. : Lemma: Whenever the queue is checked for emptiness, any vertex currently capable of causing relaxation is in the queue. : Proof: We want to show that if dist[w] > dist[u]+wt(u,w) for any two vertices u and w at the time the condition is checked,u is in the queue. We do so by induction on the number of iterations of the loop that have already occurred.
Volume ray casting, sometimes called volumetric ray casting, volumetric ray tracing, or volume ray marching, is an image-based volume rendering technique. It computes 2D images from 3D volumetric data sets (3D scalar fields). Volume ray casting, which processes volume data, must not be mistaken with ray casting in the sense used in ray tracing, which processes surface data. In the volumetric variant, the computation doesn't stop at the surface but "pushes through" the object, sampling the object along the ray.
The psychoacoustic model looks at the energy in each of these subbands, as well as in the original signal, and computes masking thresholds using psychoacoustic information. Each of the subband samples is quantized and encoded so as to keep the quantization noise below the dynamically computed masking threshold. The final step is to format all these quantized samples into groups of data called frames, to facilitate eventual playback by a decoder. Decoding is much easier than encoding, since no psychoacoustic model is involved.
Precomputed Radiance Transfer (PRT) is a computer graphics technique used to render a scene in real time with complex light interactions being precomputed to save time. Radiosity methods can be used to determine the diffuse lighting of the scene, however PRT offers a method to dynamically change the lighting environment. In essence, PRT computes the illumination of a point as a linear combination of incident irradiance. An efficient method must be used to encode this data, such as spherical harmonics.
Resource-oriented computing describes an abstract computing model. The fundamental idea is that sets of information known as resources are treated as abstracts; that is, a resource is a Platonic concept of the information that is the subject of a computation process. Resources are identified by logical addresses (typically a URI) and processing is defined using compositions and sequences of resource requests. At the physical level, a ROC system processes resource-representations, executes transformations and, in so doing, computes new resources.
Deformation analysis is concerned with determining if a measured displacement is significant enough to warrant a response. Deformation data must be checked for statistical significance, and then checked against specified limits, and reviewed to see if movements below specified limits imply potential risks. The software acquires data from sensors, computes meaningful values from the measurements, records results, and can notify responsible persons should threshold value be exceeded. However, a human operator must make considered decisions on the appropriate response to the movement, e.g.
TriDAR builds on recent developments in 3D sensing technologies and computer vision achieving lighting immunity in space vision systems. This technology provides the ability to automatically rendezvous and dock with vehicles that were not designed for such operations. The system includes a 3D active sensor, a thermal imager and Neptec's model based tracking software. Using only knowledge about the target spacecraft's geometry and 3D data acquired from the sensor, the system computes the 6 Degree Of Freedom (6DOF) relative pose directly.
In an oblivious pseudorandom function, information is concealed from two parties that are involved in a PRF. That is, if Alice gives the input for a pseudorandom function to Bob, and Bob computes a PRF and gives the output to Alice, Bob is not able to see either the input or the output, and Alice is not able to see the secret key Bob uses with the pseudorandom function. This enables transactions of sensitive cryptographic information to be secure even between untrusted parties.
The Zuse-Fredkin thesis, dating back to the 1960s, states that the entire universe is a huge cellular automaton which continuously updates its rules.Fredkin, F. Digital mechanics: An informational process based on reversible universal CA. Physica D 45 (1990) 254-270Zuse, K. Rechnender Raum. Elektronische Datenverarbeitung 8 (1967) 336-344 Recently it has been suggested that the whole universe is a quantum computer that computes its own behaviour.Lloyd, S. Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos.
Agnesi's 1748 illustration of the curve and its construction The curve was studied by Pierre de Fermat in his 1659 treatise on quadrature. In it, Fermat computes the area under the curve and (without details) claims that the same method extends as well to the cissoid of Diocles. Fermat writes that the curve was suggested to him "ab erudito geometra" [by a learned geometer]. speculate that the geometer who suggested this curve to Fermat might have been Antoine de Laloubère.
Camerini proposed an algorithm used to obtain a minimum bottleneck spanning tree (MBST) in a given undirected, connected, edge-weighted graph in 1978. It half divides edges into two sets. The weights of edges in one set are no more than that in the other. If a spanning tree exists in subgraph composed solely with edges in smaller edges set, it then computes a MBST in the subgraph, a MBST of the subgraph is exactly a MBST of the original graph.
UTEXAS uses the limit equilibrium method. The user provides the geometry and shear strength parameters for the slope in question and UTEXAS computes a factor of safety against slope failure. The factor of safety for a candidate failure surface is computed as the forces driving failure along the surface divided by the shear resistance of the soils along the surface. UTEXAS employs a fast automatic search algorithm to find the failure surface with the lowest factor of safety with respect to shear strength.
The FDC computes firing data, fire direction, for the guns. The process consists of determining the precise target location based on the observer's location if needed, then computing range and direction to the target from the guns' location. This data can be computed manually, using special protractors and slide rules with precomputed firing data. Corrections can be added for conditions such as a difference between target and howitzer altitudes, propellant temperature, atmospheric conditions, and even the curvature and rotation of the Earth.
Given a polynomial f, we may ask ourselves what is the best way to compute it — for example, what is the smallest size of a circuit computing f. The answer to this question consists of two parts. The first part is finding some circuit that computes f; this part is usually called upper bounding the complexity of f. The second part is showing that no other circuit can do better; this part is called lower bounding the complexity of f.
An algorithm of Mahajan and Vinay, and Berkowitz is based on closed ordered walks (short clow). It computes more products than the determinant definition requires, but some of these products cancel and the sum of these products can be computed more efficiently. The final algorithm looks very much like an iterated product of triangular matrices. If two matrices of order n can be multiplied in time M(n), where for some , then the determinant can be computed in time O(M(n)).
Note that the effective computability of these functions does not imply that they can be efficiently computed (i.e. computed within a reasonable amount of time). In fact, for some effectively calculable functions it can be shown that any algorithm that computes them will be very inefficient in the sense that the running time of the algorithm increases exponentially (or even superexponentially) with the length of the input. The fields of feasible computability and computational complexity study functions that can be computed efficiently.
An integer is square- free if and only if q_i=1 for all . An integer greater than one is the th power of another integer if and only if is a divisor of all such that q_i eq 1. The use of the square-free factorization of integers is limited by the fact that its computation is as difficult as the computation of the prime factorization. More precisely every known algorithm for computing a square- free factorization computes also the prime factorization.
Equidistribution and statistical independence properties of the generated sequences, which are very important for their usability in a stochastic simulation, can be analyzed based on the discrepancy of s-tuples of successive pseudorandom numbers with s=1 and s=2 respectively. The discrepancy computes the distance of a generator from a uniform one, a low discrepancy means that the sequence generated can be used for cryptographic purposes and the first aim of the Inversive congruential generator is to provide pseudorandom numbers.
Fast Analog Computing with Emergent Transient States or FACETS is a European project to research the properties of the human brain. Established and funded by the European Union in September 2005, the five-year project involves approximately 80 scientists from Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The main project goal is to address questions about how the brain computes. Another objective is to create microchip hardware equaling approximately 200,000 neurons with 50 million synapses on a single silicon wafer.
The fourth stage breaks the vertical list of lines and other material into pages. The TeX system has precise knowledge of the sizes of all characters and symbols, and using this information, it computes the optimal arrangement of letters per line and lines per page. It then produces a DVI file ("DeVice Independent") containing the final locations of all characters. This dvi file can then be printed directly given an appropriate printer driver, or it can be converted to other formats.
If one is considering malicious adversaries, further mechanisms to ensure correct behavior of both parties need to be provided. By construction it is easy to show security for the sender, as all the receiver can do is to evaluate a garbled circuit that would fail to reach the circuit-output wires if he deviated from the instructions. The situation is very different on the sender's side. For example, he may send an incorrect garbled circuit that computes a function revealing the receiver's input.
Thus if one can compute the median in linear time, this only adds linear time to each step, and thus the overall complexity of the algorithm remains linear. The median-of-medians algorithm computes an approximate median, namely a point that is guaranteed to be between the 30th and 70th percentiles (in the middle 4 deciles). Thus the search set decreases by at least 30%. The problem is reduced to 70% of the original size, which is a fixed proportion smaller.
Each neuron in a neural network computes an output value by applying a specific function to the input values coming from the receptive field in the previous layer. The function that is applied to the input values is determined by a vector of weights and a bias (typically real numbers). Learning, in a neural network, progresses by making iterative adjustments to these biases and weights. The vector of weights and the bias are called filters and represent particular features of the input (e.g.
The public Imgur gallery is a collection of the most viral images from around the web based on an algorithm that computes views, shares and votes based on time. As opposed to private account uploads, images added to the gallery are publicly searchable by title. Members of the Imgur community, self-proclaimed "Imgurians," can vote and comment on the images, earning reputation points and trophies. Images from the gallery are often later posted to social news sites such as Huffington Post.
Fischer computes the deadweight loss generated by an increase in inflation from zero to 10 percent as just 0.3 percent of GDP using the monetary base as the definition of money. Lucas places the cost of a 10 percent inflation at 0.45 percent of GDP using M1 as the measure of money. Lucas (2000) revised his estimate upward, to slightly less than 1 percent of GDP. Ireland (2009) extends this line of analysis to study the recent behavior of U.S. money demand.
In theoretical computer science, a circuit is a model of computation in which input values proceed through a sequence of gates, each of which computes a function. Circuits of this kind provide a generalization of Boolean circuits and a mathematical model for digital logic circuits. Circuits are defined by the gates they contain and the values the gates can produce. For example, the values in a Boolean circuit are boolean values, and the circuit includes conjunction, disjunction, and negation gates.
Feed-forward control computes its input into a system using only the current state and its model of the system. It does not use feedback, so it cannot correct for errors in its control. In feedback control, some of the output of the system can be fed back into the system’s input, and the system is then able to make adjustments or compensate for errors from its desired output. Two primary types of internal models have been proposed: forward models and inverse models.
Namely, OCT is able to acquire depth- resolved localization at high spatial and temporal resolutions, does not require exogenous contrast agents, and is non-invasive and contactless. OCT gave rise to a family of techniques to perform OCT-A including speckle variance OCT, phase variance OCT, optical microangiography, and split-spectrum microangiography. Speckle variance OCT uses only the amplitude information of the complex OCT signal, whereas phase variance OCT uses only the phase information . Optical microangiography computes flow using both components of the complex OCT signal.
Inverse kinematics specifies the end-effector location and computes the associated joint angles. For serial manipulators this requires solution of a set of polynomials obtained from the kinematics equations and yields multiple configurations for the chain. The case of a general 6R serial manipulator (a serial chain with six revolute joints) yields sixteen different inverse kinematics solutions, which are solutions of a sixteenth degree polynomial. For parallel manipulators, the specification of the end-effector location simplifies the kinematics equations, which yields formulas for the joint parameters.
The rsync utility uses an algorithm invented by Australian computer programmer Andrew Tridgell for efficiently transmitting a structure (such as a file) across a communications link when the receiving computer already has a similar, but not identical, version of the same structure. The recipient splits its copy of the file into chunks and computes two checksums for each chunk: the MD5 hash, and a weaker but easier to compute 'rolling checksum'.NEWS for rsync 3.0.0 (1 March 2008) It sends these checksums to the sender.
The Boomerang unit attaches on a mast to the rear of a vehicle and uses an array of seven small microphone sensors. The sensors detect and measure both the muzzle blast and the supersonic shock wave from a supersonic bullet traveling through the air (and so is less effective against subsonic ammunition). Each microphone detects the sound at slightly different times. Boomerang then computes the direction a bullet is coming from, distance above the ground and range to the shooter in less than one second.
The BAT detects GRB events and computes its coordinates in the sky. It covers a large fraction of the sky (over one steradian fully coded, three steradians partially coded; by comparison, the full sky solid angle is 4π or about 12.6 steradians). It locates the position of each event with an accuracy of 1 to 4 arc-minutes within 15 seconds. This crude position is immediately relayed to the ground, and some wide-field, rapid-slew ground-based telescopes can catch the GRB with this information.
The PoWR (Potsdam Wolf-Rayet) code is designed for expanding stellar atmospheres, i.e. for stars with a stellar wind. It has been developed since the 1990s by Wolf- Rainer Hamann and collaborators at the Universität Potsdam (Germany) especially for simulating Wolf-Rayet stars, which are hot stars with very strong mass loss. Adopting spherical symmetry and stationarity, the program computes the occupation numbers of the atomic energy states, including the ionization balance, in non-LTE, and consistently solves the radiative transfer problem in the comoving frame.
The wholesale market for electricity operates under the Electricity Industry Participation Code (EIPC), and is overseen by the market regulator, the Electricity Authority. Trade takes place at more than 200 pricing nodes across New Zealand. Generators can make offers to supply electricity at grid injection points, while retailers and some major industrial users make bids to withdraw "offtake" electricity at grid exit points. The market uses a locational marginal pricing auction which takes generators' offers and retailers' bids, and computes final prices and quantities at each node.
Another conversion of the Fahd APC enables it to become a mine laying vehicle. The mine are of anti-tank type, where these vehicles are used as mobile systems with high maneuverability, and the ability to lay anti-tank mine fields in a short time. The mine laying system used on the Fahd is the Nather-2. The mine laying system is equipped with a control unit that computes the tube firing sequence delay time to set mine densities, and adjusts the required dispensing direction.
Memory-bound functions and memory functions are related in that both involve extensive memory access, but a distinction exists between the two. Memory functions use a dynamic programming technique called memoization in order to relieve the inefficiency of recursion that might occur. It is based on the simple idea of calculating and storing solutions to subproblems so that the solutions can be reused later without recalculating the subproblems again. The best known example that takes advantage of memoization is an algorithm that computes the Fibonacci numbers.
Sean is captain of the foretop, as he performs well, being sure-footed and brave with frozen sails and ropes. Centurion reaches Juan Fernandez, staying there a few months to fix ships and heal the men with good food there. Peter spends a second birthday as a midshipman, having learned the tone of authority and grown out of his best clothes. Peter computes the losses of crew on Centurion, Gloucester and Tryal since leaving England: 961 sailed out, 626 dead after reaching Juan Fernandez.
Buck requires explicit declaration of dependencies and enforces that by use of a symbolic link tree. Since all dependencies are explicit and Buck has a directed acyclic graph of all source files and build targets, Buck can perform incremental recompilation only building targets downstream of files that have changed. Buck computes a key for each target that is a hash of the contents all the files it depends on. It stores a mapping from that key to the built target in a build cache.
In the C++ programming language, dominance refers to a particular aspect of C++ name lookup in the presence of Inheritance. When the compiler computes the set of declarations to which a particular name might refer, declarations in very-ancestral classes which are "dominated" by declarations in less-ancestral classes are hidden for the purposes of name lookup. In other languages or contexts, the same principle may be referred to as "name masking" or "shadowing". The algorithm for computing name lookup is described in section 10.2 [class.member.
From an abstract point of view, head reduction is the way a program computes when it evaluates a recursive sub-program. To understand how such a reduction can be implemented is important. One of the aims of the Krivine machine is to propose a process to reduct a term in head normal form and to describe formally this process. Like Turing used an abstract machine to describe formally the notion of algorithm, Krivine used an abstract machine to describe formally the notion of head normal form reduction.
Probability bounds analysis (PBA) is a collection of methods of uncertainty propagation for making qualitative and quantitative calculations in the face of uncertainties of various kinds. It is used to project partial information about random variables and other quantities through mathematical expressions. For instance, it computes sure bounds on the distribution of a sum, product, or more complex function, given only sure bounds on the distributions of the inputs. Such bounds are called probability boxes, and constrain cumulative probability distributions (rather than densities or mass functions).
The inverse DFT (top) is a periodic summation of the original samples. The FFT algorithm computes one cycle of the DFT and its inverse is one cycle of the DFT inverse. Depiction of a Fourier transform (upper left) and its periodic summation (DTFT) in the lower left corner. The spectral sequences at (a) upper right and (b) lower right are respectively computed from (a) one cycle of the periodic summation of s(t) and (b) one cycle of the periodic summation of the s(nT) sequence.
GRAPE has been used in simulations of planetary formation GRAPE computes approximate solutions to the historically intractable n-body problem, which is of interest in astrophysics and celestial mechanics. n refers to the number of celestial bodies in a given problem. While the 2-body problem was solved by Kepler's Laws in the 17th century, any calculation where n > 2 has historically been a nigh-impossible challenge. An analytical solution exists for n = 3 although the resulting series converges too slowly to be of practical use.
Numerous sources cite that approximately one-third of disease-causing mutations affect RNA splicing. Such mutations frequently affect Exonic splicing enhancers, regions of pre-mRNA that recruit the spliceosome to remove intron sequences and aid in the formation mature mRNA. Spliceman Co-Authors Kian Huat Lim and William Fairbrother write that "Spliceman takes a set of DNA sequences with point mutations and computes how likely these single nucleotide variants alter splicing phenotypes." The tool takes advantage of findings in 2011 on positional distribution analysis within DNA sequences.
At his death his collection in England was estimated by Dibdin at 105,000 volumes, exclusive of many thousands on the Continent, the whole having cost upward of £180,000. Allibone in his Dictionary of Authors computes the volumes in England at 113,195, and those in France and Holland at 33,632, making a total of 146,827, to which must be added a large collection of pamphlets. This immense library was disposed of by auction after the owner's death, the sale lasting 216 days and realizing more than £60,000.
SipHash computes 64-bit message authentication code from a variable-length message and 128-bit secret key. It was designed to be efficient even for short inputs, with performance comparable to non- cryptographic hash functions, such as CityHash, thus can be used to prevent denial-of-service attacks against hash tables ("hash flooding"), or to authenticate network packets. A variant was later added which produces a 128-bit result. An unkeyed hash function such as SHA is only collision- resistant if the entire output is used.
The aircraft coordinates (x_A,y_A) are then found. When the algorithm computes the correct TOT, the three computed ranges have a common point of intersection which is the aircraft location (the solid-line circles in Figure 2). If the algorithm's computed TOT is after the actual TOT, the computed ranges do not have a common point of intersection (dashed-line circles in Figure 2). Similarly, if the algorithm's computed TOT is after the actual TOT, the three computed ranges do not have a common point of intersection.
Fig. 2. Multilateration surveillance system TOT algorithm concept The TOT concept is illustrated in Figure 2 for the surveillance function and a planar scenario (d=2). Aircraft A, at coordinates (x_A,y_A), broadcasts a pulse sequence at time t_A. The broadcast is received at stations S_1, S_2 and S_3 at times t_1, t_2 and t_3, respectively. Based on the three measured TOAs, the processing algorithm computes an estimate of the TOT t_A, from which the range between the aircraft and the stations can be calculated.
Interaction in the quantum world: world lines of point-like particles or a world sheet swept up by closed strings in string theory. In quantum field theory, one typically computes the probabilities of various physical events using the techniques of perturbation theory. Developed by Richard Feynman and others in the first half of the twentieth century, perturbative quantum field theory uses special diagrams called Feynman diagrams to organize computations. One imagines that these diagrams depict the paths of point-like particles and their interactions.
3D Slash algorithm computes the mesh approximation thanks to the octree's cuboids (import) and the reverse operation for the export (computation of the octree's mesh envelope). 3D Slash enables community links with the possibility to share, like and re-use 3D designs among members. Printing is directly possible thanks to commercial partnerships. 3D Slash provides a 3D modeling unique solution for non-designer mass-market audience, ages from 5 to 95, matching together creativity seeks, Do it yourself trends and their concrete production thanks to 3D Printing.
The other possibility to assess a listener's performance is eGauge, a framework based on the analysis of variance. It computes agreement, repeatability and discriminability, though only the latter two are recommended for pre or post screening. Agreement analyses how well a listener agrees with the rest of the listeners. Repeatability looks at the variance when rating the same test signal again in comparison to the variance of the other test signals and discriminability analyses if listeners can distinguish between test signals of different conditions.
Geodesics on the sphere are circles on the sphere whose centers coincide with the center of the sphere, and are called great circles. The determination of the great-circle distance is part of the more general problem of great-circle navigation, which also computes the azimuths at the end points and intermediate way-points. Through any two points on a sphere that are not directly opposite each other, there is a unique great circle. The two points separate the great circle into two arcs.
By convention weights are fractions or ratios summing to one, as percentages summing to 100 or as per mille numbers summing to 1000. On the European Union's Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), for example, each country computes some 80 prescribed sub-indices, their weighted average constituting the national HICP. The weights for these sub- indices will consist of the sum of the weights of a number of component lower level indices. The classification is according to use, developed in a national accounting context.
The 3-coloring problem remains NP-complete even on 4-regular planar graphs. However, for every k > 3, a k-coloring of a planar graph exists by the four color theorem, and it is possible to find such a coloring in polynomial time. The best known approximation algorithm computes a coloring of size at most within a factor O(n(log log n)2(log n)−3) of the chromatic number. For all ε > 0, approximating the chromatic number within n1−ε is NP-hard.
MP3Gain first computes the desired gain (volume adjustment), either per track or per album, using the ReplayGain algorithm. It then modifies the overall volume scale factor in each MP3 frame, and writes undo information as a tag (in APEv2, or ID3v2 format) making this a reversible process. The scale factor modification can be reversed using the information in the added tag and the tag may be removed. MP3Gain does not introduce any digital generation loss because it does not decode and re-encode the file.
In the numerical realization of this method one uses disks D(c,r) (center c, radius r) in the complex plane as regions. The boundary circle of a disk splits the set of roots of p(x) in two parts, hence the name of the method. To a given disk one computes approximate factors following the analytical theory and refines them using Newton's method. To avoid numerical instability one has to demand that all roots are well separated from the boundary circle of the disk.
To correct for this, the encoder takes the difference of all corresponding pixels of the two regions, and on that macroblock difference then computes the DCT and strings of coefficient values for the four 8×8 areas in the 16×16 macroblock as described above. This "residual" is appended to the motion vector and the result sent to the receiver or stored on the DVD for each macroblock being compressed. Sometimes no suitable match is found. Then, the macroblock is treated like an I-frame macroblock.
Mathematical Reviews computes a "mathematical citation quotient" (MCQ) for each journal. Like the impact factor, this is a numerical statistic that measures the frequency of citations to a journal."Citation Database Help Topics", Mathematical Reviews. Accessed 2011-1-13 The MCQ is calculated by counting the total number of citations into the journal that have been indexed by Mathematical Reviews over a five-year period, and dividing this total by the total number of papers published by the journal during that five-year period.
According to one of Libratus' creators, Professor Tuomas Sandholm, Libratus does not have a fixed built-in strategy, but an algorithm that computes the strategy. The technique involved is a new variant of counterfactual regret minimization, namely the CFR+ method introduced in 2014 by Oskari Tammelin. On top of CFR+, Libratus used a new technique that Sandholm and his PhD student, Noam Brown, developed for the problem of endgame solving. Their new method gets rid of the prior de facto standard in Poker programming, called "action mapping".
An ideal functionality is a protocol in which a trusted party that can communicate over perfectly secure channels with all protocol participants computes the desired protocol outcome. We say that a cryptographic protocol that cannot make use of such a trusted party fulfils an ideal functionality, if the protocol can emulate the behaviour of the trusted party for honest users, and if the view that an adversary learns by attacking the protocol is indistinguishable from what can be computed by a simulator that only interacts with the ideal functionality.
Exact, as opposed to approximate, OIT accurately computes the final color, for which all fragments must be sorted. For high depth complexity scenes, sorting becomes the bottleneck. One issue with the sorting stage is local memory limited occupancy, in this case a SIMT attribute relating to the throughput and operation latency hiding of GPUs. Backwards memory allocation (BMA) groups pixels by their depth complexity and sorts them in batches to improve the occupancy and hence performance of low depth complexity pixels in the context of a potentially high depth complexity scene.
Consider the circuit minimization problem: given a circuit A computing a Boolean function f and a number n, determine if there is a circuit with at most n gates that computes the same function f. An alternating Turing machine, with one alternation, starting in an existential state, can solve this problem in polynomial time (by guessing a circuit B with at most n gates, then switching to a universal state, guessing an input, and checking that the output of B on that input matches the output of A on that input).
Illumio’s technology decouples security from the underlying network and hypervisor. This allows for a security approach that works across a variety of computing environments, including private data centers, private clouds, and public clouds. Illumio Adaptive Security Platform (ASP) uses the context (state, relationships, etc.) of workloads (bare-metal and virtual servers, etc.) in the computing environment and keeps security policies intact. Unlike traditional security systems such as firewalls that rely on imperative programming techniques due to static networking constructs, Illumio Adaptive Security Platform is based on declarative programming and computes security in real time.
Exergy efficiency (also known as the second-law efficiency or rational efficiency) computes the effectiveness of a system relative to its performance in reversible conditions. It is defined as the ratio of the thermal efficiency of an actual system compared to an idealized or reversible version of the system for heat engines. It can also be described as the ratio of the useful work output of the system to the reversible work output for work-consuming systems. For refrigerators and heat pumps, it is the ratio of the actual COP and reversible COP.
On classical computers, ear decompositions of 2-edge-connected graphs and open ear decompositions of 2-vertex-connected graphs may be found by greedy algorithms that find each ear one at a time. A simple greedy approach that computes at the same time ear decompositions, open ear decompositions, st-numberings and -orientations in linear time (if exist) is given in . The approach is based on computing a special ear decomposition named chain decomposition by one path-generating rule. shows that non-separating ear decompositions may also be constructed in linear time.
Media Computation To Attract & Retain Students — College of Computing Guzdial is currently serving as Program Co-Chair of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) 2008 Annual Symposium, the largest computing education conference in the world. Guzdial was Director of Undergraduate Programs (including the BS in Computer Science, BS in Computational Media, and Minor in Computer Science) until 2007. He is Lead Principal Investigator on Georgia Computes, a National Science Foundation Broadening Participation in Computing alliance focused on increasing the number and diversity of computing students in the state of Georgia.
Likewise, as an improvement over the simple correlation method, it is possible to perform a single operation covering all code phases for each frequency bin. The operation performed for each code phase bin involves forward FFT, element- wise multiplication in the frequency domain. inverse FFT, and extra processing so that overall, it computes circular correlation instead of circular convolution. This yields more accurate code phase determination than the simple correlation method in contrast with the previous method, which yields more accurate carrier frequency determination than the previous method.
Circuit complexity goes back to Shannon (1949), who proved that almost all Boolean functions on n variables require circuits of size Θ(2n/n). Despite this fact, complexity theorists have only been able to prove superpolynomial circuit lower bounds on functions explicitly constructed for the purpose of being hard to calculate. More commonly, superpolynomial lower bounds have been proved under certain restrictions on the family of circuits used. The first function for which superpolynomial circuit lower bounds were shown was the parity function, which computes the sum of its input bits modulo 2.
In the context of text indexing, RMQs can be used to find the LCP (longest common prefix), where computes the LCP of the suffixes that start at indexes and in . To do this we first compute the suffix array , and the inverse suffix array . We then compute the LCP array giving the LCP of adjacent suffixes in . Once these data structures are computed, and RMQ preprocessing is complete, the length of the general LCP can be computed in constant time by the formula: , where we assume for simplicity that (otherwise swap).
The distance to this star has been measured using the parallax technique, yielding a value of roughly . At this distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by 0.03 as a result of extinction from intervening gas and dust. Delta Hydrae is about from Zeta Hydrae and may be a largely co-moving object. The star has one of the lower- error margin readings among those of the Gaia spacecraft which computes a parallax of 20.7182 ± 0.3925 mas and, if correct, a distance of 157 ± 3 light years.
In structure mining, a domain of learning on structured data objects in machine learning, a graph kernel is a kernel function that computes an inner product on graphs. Graph kernels can be intuitively understood as functions measuring the similarity of pairs of graphs. They allow kernelized learning algorithms such as support vector machines to work directly on graphs, without having to do feature extraction to transform them to fixed-length, real-valued feature vectors. They find applications in bioinformatics, in chemoinformatics (as a type of molecule kernels), and in social network analysis.
GJK makes use of Johnson's distance subalgorithm, which computes in the general case the point of a tetrahedron closest to the origin, but is known to suffer from numerical robustness problems. In 2017 Montanari, Petrinic, and Barbieri proposed a new subalgorithm based on signed volumes which avoids the multiplication of potentially small quantities and achieved a speedup of 15% to 30%. GJK algorithms are often used incrementally in simulation systems and video games. In this mode, the final simplex from a previous solution is used as the initial guess in the next iteration, or "frame".
Then, given a test sample, one computes the Mahalanobis distance to each class, and classifies the test point as belonging to that class for which the Mahalanobis distance is minimal. Mahalanobis distance and leverage are often used to detect outliers, especially in the development of linear regression models. A point that has a greater Mahalanobis distance from the rest of the sample population of points is said to have higher leverage since it has a greater influence on the slope or coefficients of the regression equation. Mahalanobis distance is also used to determine multivariate outliers.
The NSRL collects software from various sources and computes message digests, or cryptographic hash values, from them. The digests are stored in the Reference Data Set (RDS) which can be used to identify "known" files on digital media. This will help alleviate much of the effort involved in determining which files are important as evidence on computers or file systems that have been seized as part of criminal investigations. Although the RDS hashset contains some malicious software (such as steganography and hacking tools) it does not contain illicit material (e.g.
Then we can build an algorithm that enumerates all these statements. This means that there is an algorithm N(n) that, given a natural number n, computes a true first-order logic statement about natural numbers, and that for all true statements, there is at least one n such that N(n) yields that statement. Now suppose we want to decide if the algorithm with representation a halts on input i. We know that this statement can be expressed with a first-order logic statement, say H(a, i).
The Periodic Steady-State or PSS analysis directly computed the periodic steady-state response of a circuit. The periodic small-signal analyses use the periodic steady-state solution as a periodically time-varying operating point and linearize the circuit about that operating point and then computes the response of the circuit to small perturbation sources. Effectively they build a periodically time-varying linear model of the circuit. This is significant as periodically time-varying linear models, unlike the time-invariant linear models used by the traditional small-signal analyses (AC and noise) exhibit frequency conversion.
The Frequency Disturbance Recorder, or FDR, is a GPS-synchronized single-phase PMU that is installed at ordinary 120 V outlets. Because the voltages involved are much lower than those of a typical three-phase PMU, the device is relatively inexpensive and simple to install. The FDR works by rapidly sampling (1,440 times per second) a scaled-down version of the outlet’s voltage signal using an analog-to- digital converter. These samples are then processed via an onboard digital signal processor, which computes the instantaneous phase angle of the voltage signal for each sample.
Marching tetrahedra computes up to nineteen edge intersections per cube, where marching cubes only requires twelve. Only one of these intersections cannot be shared with an adjacent cube (the one on the main diagonal), but sharing on all faces of the cube complicates the algorithm and increases memory requirements considerably. On the other hand, the additional intersections provide for a slightly better sampling resolution. The number of configurations, determining the size of the commonly used lookup tables, is much smaller, since only four rather than eight separate vertices are involved per tetrahedron.
HBEFA computes the selected emission factors either as weighted emission factors per vehicle category, per emission stage (e.g. EURO-5-passenger cars, etc.), per fuel type (gasoline, diesel, alternatives) or per sub-segment (= vehicle category/size class/emission stage, such as passenger cars with engine size <1.4 l EURO-3, etc.) and per traffic situation. Results (emission factors) can be pre-viewed as a query and then be exported to Excel or directly to an MS Access data base for further processing. The HBEFA provides emission factors per traffic activity (i.e.
Momentum is the rate of the rise or fall in price. The RSI computes momentum as the ratio of higher closes to lower closes: stocks which have had more or stronger positive changes have a higher RSI than stocks which have had more or stronger negative changes. The RSI is most typically used on a 14-day timeframe, measured on a scale from 0 to 100, with high and low levels marked at 70 and 30, respectively. Shorter or longer timeframes are used for alternately shorter or longer outlooks.
Some of the nodes are called labeled nodes, some output nodes, the rest hidden nodes. For supervised learning in discrete time settings, training sequences of real-valued input vectors become sequences of activations of the input nodes, one input vector at a time. At each time step, each non-input unit computes its current activation as a nonlinear function of the weighted sum of the activations of all units from which it receives connections. The system can explicitly activate (independent of incoming signals) some output units at certain time steps.
It excels at matching remote homologs, particularly structures generated by ab initio structure prediction to structure families such as SCOP, because it emphasizes extracting a statistically reliable sub alignment and not in achieving the maximal sequence alignment or maximal 3D superposition. For every overlapping window of 7 consecutive residues it computes the set of displacement direction unit vectors between adjacent C-alpha residues. All-against-all local motifs are compared based on the URMS score. These values becomes the pair alignment score entries for dynamic programming which produces a seed pair-wise residue alignment.
A node that would like to join the net must first go through a bootstrap process. In this phase, the joining node needs to know the IP address and port of another node—a bootstrap node (obtained from the user, or from a stored list)—that is already participating in the Kademlia network. If the joining node has not yet participated in the network, it computes a random ID number that is supposed not to be already assigned to any other node. It uses this ID until leaving the network.
The dual aspect of natural computation is that it aims to understand nature by regarding natural phenomena as information processing. Already in the 1960s, Zuse and Fredkin suggested the idea that the entire universe is a computational (information processing) mechanism, modelled as a cellular automaton which continuously updates its rules. A recent quantum-mechanical approach of Lloyd suggests the universe as a quantum computer that computes its own behaviour, while Vedral Vedral, V. [Decoding Reality: The Universe as Quantum Information]. Oxford University Press, 2010 suggests that information is the most fundamental building block of reality.
Adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) is a computer image processing technique used to improve contrast in images. It differs from ordinary histogram equalization in the respect that the adaptive method computes several histograms, each corresponding to a distinct section of the image, and uses them to redistribute the lightness values of the image. It is therefore suitable for improving the local contrast and enhancing the definitions of edges in each region of an image. However, AHE has a tendency to overamplify noise in relatively homogeneous regions of an image.
If a spanning tree does not exist, it combines each disconnected component into a new super vertex, then computes a MBST in the graph formed by these super vertices and edges in the larger edges set. A forest in each disconnected component is part of a MBST in original graph. Repeat this process until two (super) vertices are left in the graph and a single edge with smallest weight between them is to be added. A MBST is found consisting of all the edges found in previous steps.
A Critical Analysis of Vulnerability Taxonomies. Technical Report CSE-96-11, Department of Computer Science at the University of California at Davis, September 1996 give the following definition of computer vulnerability: :A computer system is composed of states describing the current configuration of the entities that make up the computer system. The system computes through the application of state transitions that change the state of the system. All states reachable from a given initial state using a set of state transitions fall into the class of authorized or unauthorized, as defined by a security policy.
A planimeter, which mechanically computes polar integrals This result can be found as follows. First, the interval is divided into n subintervals, where n is an arbitrary positive integer. Thus Δφ, the angle measure of each subinterval, is equal to (the total angle measure of the interval), divided by n, the number of subintervals. For each subinterval i = 1, 2, ..., n, let φi be the midpoint of the subinterval, and construct a sector with the center at the pole, radius r(φi), central angle Δφ and arc length r(φi)Δφ.
The second category of algorithms computes a set of features corresponding to actual physical points on the objects. These sparse features are then used to characterize either the 2-D motion of the scene or the 3-D motion of the objects in the scene. There are a number of requirements to design a good motion segmentation algorithm. The algorithm must extract distinct features (corners or salient points) that represent the object by a limited number of points and it must have the ability to deal with occlusions.
Erik Sandberg-Diment of The New York Times in January 1984 stated that Macintosh "presages a revolution in personal computing". Although preferring larger screens and calling the lack of color a "mistake", he praised the "refreshingly crisp and clear" display and lack of fan noise. While unsure whether it would become "a second standard to Big Blue", Ronald Rosenberg of The Boston Globe wrote in February of "a euphoria that Macintosh will change how America computes. Anyone that tries the pint-size machine gets hooked by its features".
In computer science, a deterministic algorithm is an algorithm which, given a particular input, will always produce the same output, with the underlying machine always passing through the same sequence of states. Deterministic algorithms are by far the most studied and familiar kind of algorithm, as well as one of the most practical, since they can be run on real machines efficiently. Formally, a deterministic algorithm computes a mathematical function; a function has a unique value for any input in its domain, and the algorithm is a process that produces this particular value as output.
Here is a more general description of the protocol: # Alice and Bob agree on a finite cyclic group G of order n and a generating element g in G. (This is usually done long before the rest of the protocol; g is assumed to be known by all attackers.) The group G is written multiplicatively. # Alice picks a random natural number a, where 1 < a < n, and sends ga to Bob. # Bob picks a random natural number b, which is also 1 < b < n, and sends gb to Alice. # Alice computes (gb)a.
Moreover, representatives of international and of foreign relief organizations are not permitted to travel beyond Phnom Penh, except with special permission, because of security and logistics problems. In addition, international and Cambodian sources use different benchmarks in calculating rice production. The FAO computes the harvest by calendar year; Cambodian officials and private observers base their calculations on the harvest season, which runs from November to February and thus extends over two calendar years. Last of all, a substantial statistical difference exists between milled rice and paddy (unmilled rice) production, compounding problems in compiling accurate estimates.
For each vertex, he computes a symmetric polynomial in the variables corresponding to the edges incident on that vertex. The symmetric polynomial contains the terms of degree equal to the allowed degree for that node. He then multiplies these symmetric polynomials together and uses Asano contractions to only keep terms where the edge is present at both its endpoints. By using the Grace–Walsh–Szegő theorem and intersecting all the sets that can be obtained, Ruelle gives sets containing the roots of several types of these symmetric polynomials.
Given any decision problem in NP, construct a non-deterministic machine that solves it in polynomial time. Then for each input to that machine, build a Boolean expression which computes whether that specific input is passed to the machine, the machine runs correctly, and the machine halts and answers "yes". Then the expression can be satisfied if and only if there is a way for the machine to run correctly and answer "yes", so the satisfiability of the constructed expression is equivalent to asking whether or not the machine will answer "yes".
LEDA makes use of certifying algorithms to demonstrate that the results of a function are mathematically correct. In addition to the input and output of a function, LEDA computes a third "witness" value which can be used as an input to checker programs to validate the output of the function. LEDA's checker programs were developed in Simpl, an imperative programming language, and validated using Isabelle/HOL, a software tool for checking the correctness of mathematical proofs. The nature of a witness value often depends on the type of mathematical calculation being performed.
In January 2014, Daniel J. Bernstein published a critique of how Linux mixes different sources of entropy. He outlines an attack in which one source of entropy capable of monitoring the other sources of entropy could modify its output to nullify the randomness of the other sources of entropy. Consider the function where H is a hash function and x, y, and z are sources of entropy with z being the output of a CPU based malicious HRNG Z: # Z generates a random value of r. # Z computes .
Local tangent space alignment (LTSA) is a method for manifold learning, which can efficiently learn a nonlinear embedding into low-dimensional coordinates from high-dimensional data, and can also reconstruct high-dimensional coordinates from embedding coordinates. It is based on the intuition that when a manifold is correctly unfolded, all of the tangent hyperplanes to the manifold will become aligned. It begins by computing the k-nearest neighbors of every point. It computes the tangent space at every point by computing the d-first principal components in each local neighborhood.
In computability theory, several closely related terms are used to describe the computational power of a computational system (such as an abstract machine or programming language): ;Turing completeness : A computational system that can compute every Turing- computable function is called Turing-complete (or Turing-powerful). Alternatively, such a system is one that can simulate a universal Turing machine. ;Turing equivalence : A Turing-complete system is called Turing- equivalent if every function it can compute is also Turing-computable; i.e., it computes precisely the same class of functions as do Turing machines.
The idea of delaying carry resolution until the end, or saving carries, is due to John von Neumann. Here is an example of a binary sum of 3 long binary numbers: 10111010101011011111000000001101 (a) \+ 11011110101011011011111011101111 (b) \+ 10010010101101110101001101010010 (c) Conventional way to do it would be to first compute (a+b), and then compute ((a+b)+c). Carry-save arithmetic works by abandoning any kind of carry propagation. It computes the sum digit by digit, as: 10111010101011011111000000001101 \+ 11011110101011011011111011101111 \+ 00010010101101110101001101010010 = 21132130303123132223112112112222 The notation is unconventional, but the result is still unambiguous.
American Heritage Dictionary entry for "chocolate" ; Human computer : Until mechanical computers, and later electronic computers became commercially available, the term "computer", in use from the mid-17th century, meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations. Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was sometimes divided so that this could be done in parallel. ; Indoor volleyball : Used to differentiate from beach volleyball after the latter gained prominence. ; Independent bookstore : All bookstores were independent until the advent of bookstore chains.
Many ARM-containing proteins (ARM-CPs) are also involved in autophagosome formation and maturation and a few of them in regulating signaling pathways. Autophagy Receptor Motif Plotter assists in the identification of novel ARM-CPs. Users input a given an amino acid sequence into the web-enabled tool, and the program identifies internal sequences matching a pattern within the 3 classes of the extended ARM motif (x6-W/F/Yxxx-x2). The program then computes and lists the top four scores for each motif class (W-, F-, Y-).
The output of this filter then passes through a nonlinear function, which gives the neuron's instantaneous spike rate as its output. Finally, the spike rate is used to generate spikes according to an inhomogeneous Poisson process. The linear filtering stage performs dimensionality reduction, reducing the high-dimensional spatio-temporal stimulus space to a low-dimensional feature space, within which the neuron computes its response. The nonlinearity converts the filter output to a (non-negative) spike rate, and accounts for nonlinear phenomena such as spike threshold (or rectification) and response saturation.
351 The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 446(a) states, however, that "[t]axable income shall be computed under the method of accounting on the basis which the taxpayer regularly computes his income in keeping his books." One of the major advantages to the cash method of accounting is the ability to defer taxation because the recognition of income applicable to amounts in accounts receivable can be deferred to a later year.Donaldson, p. 352 The Doctrine of Cash Equivalence is important because many people are cash method taxpayers and would be subject to this rule.
Graphical representation of the VERTCON result VERTCON is a computer program that computes the modeled difference in orthometric height between the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) and the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) for a location in the contiguous United States. The parameters required are the latitude and longitude of the location. The program was created by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) in 1994 and is available as an online tool, or PC executable package. The package contains the Perl source code.
Because a single inverter computes the logical NOT of its input, it can be shown that the last output of a chain of an odd number of inverters is the logical NOT of the first input. The final output is asserted a finite amount of time after the first input is asserted and the feedback of the last output to the input causes oscillation. A circular chain composed of an even number of inverters cannot be used as a ring oscillator. The last output in this case is the same as the input.
Instead, when a user enters a password for authentication, the system computes the hash value for the provided password, and that hash value is compared to the stored hash for that user. Authentication is successful if the two hashes match. After gathering a password hash, using the said hash as a password would fail since the authentication system would hash it a second time. To learn a user's password, a password that produces the same hashed value must be found, usually through a brute-force or dictionary attack.
Because randomness is present throughout quantum theory, one typically requires that a quantum computational procedure yield the correct answer, not with certainty, but with high probability. For example, one might aim for a procedure that computes the correct answer with probability at least 3/4. One also specifies a degree of uncertainty, typically by setting the maximum acceptable error. Thus, the goal of a quantum computation could be to compute the numerical result of a path-integration problem to within an error of at most ε with probability 3/4 or more.
We intend to use the function f(x)to simulate the behavior of what we observed from the training data-set by the linear classifier method. Using the joint feature vector \phi(x,y), the decision function is defined as: :f(x,w)=\arg \max_y w^T \phi(x,y) According to Memisevic's interpretation, w^T \phi(x,y), which is also c(x,y;w), computes a score which measures the computability of the input xwith the potential output y. Then the \arg \max determines the class with the highest score.
Once the compiler has decided to inline a particular function, performing the inlining operation itself is usually simple. Depending on whether the compiler inlines functions across code in different languages, the compiler can do inlining on either a high-level intermediate representation (like abstract syntax trees) or a low-level intermediate representation. In either case, the compiler simply computes the arguments, stores them in variables corresponding to the function's arguments, and then inserts the body of the function at the call site. Linkers can also do function inlining.
The budget repair law reduced state aid to K-12 school districts by about $900 million over the next two years. 410 of Wisconsin's 424 districts was projected to receive about 10 percent less aid than the previous year. The biggest losses in dollar amounts was predicted to occur in the Milwaukee, Racine and Green Bay districts; Milwaukee was projected to lose $54.6 million, Racine $13.1 million, and Green Bay $8.8 million. A complex formula based on property values, student enrollment and other factors computes state aid to schools.
If G is cyclic then the transfer takes any element y of G to y[G:H]. A simple case is that seen in the Gauss lemma on quadratic residues, which in effect computes the transfer for the multiplicative group of non-zero residue classes modulo a prime number p, with respect to the subgroup {1, −1}. One advantage of looking at it that way is the ease with which the correct generalisation can be found, for example for cubic residues in the case that p − 1 is divisible by three.
Digital physics suggests that there exists, at least in principle, a program for a universal computer that computes the evolution of the universe. The computer could be, for example, a huge cellular automaton (Zuse 1967Zuse, Konrad, 1967, Elektronische Datenverarbeitung vol 8., pages 336–344), or a universal Turing machine, as suggested by Schmidhuber (1997), who pointed out that there exists a short program that can compute all possible computable universes in an asymptotically optimal way. Loop quantum gravity could lend support to digital physics, in that it assumes space-time is quantized.
For the implementation of a "fast" algorithm (similar to how FFT computes the DFT), it is often desirable that the transform length is also highly composite, e.g., a power of two. However, there are specialized fast Fourier transform algorithms for finite fields, such as Wang and Zhu's algorithm,Yao Wang and Xuelong Zhu, "A fast algorithm for the Fourier transform over finite fields and its VLSI implementation", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 6(3)572–577, 1988 that are efficient regardless of whether the transform length factors.
The most direct is to split into real and imaginary parts, reducing the problem to evaluating two real-valued line integrals. The Cauchy integral theorem may be used to equate the line integral of an analytic function to the same integral over a more convenient curve. It also implies that over a closed curve enclosing a region where f(z) is analytic without singularities, the value of the integral is simply zero, or in case the region includes singularities, the residue theorem computes the integral in terms of the singularities.
For a general positive real number, the binary logarithm may be computed in two parts.. First, one computes the integer part, \lfloor\log_2 x\rfloor (called the characteristic of the logarithm). This reduces the problem to one where the argument of the logarithm is in a restricted range, the interval [1, 2), simplifying the second step of computing the fractional part (the mantissa of the logarithm). For any , there exists a unique integer such that , or equivalently . Now the integer part of the logarithm is simply , and the fractional part is .
The Kabsch algorithm, named after Wolfgang Kabsch, is a method for calculating the optimal rotation matrix that minimizes the RMSD (root mean squared deviation) between two paired sets of points. It is useful in graphics, cheminformatics to compare molecular structures, and also bioinformatics for comparing protein structures (in particular, see root-mean-square deviation (bioinformatics)). The algorithm only computes the rotation matrix, but it also requires the computation of a translation vector. When both the translation and rotation are actually performed, the algorithm is sometimes called partial Procrustes superimposition (see also orthogonal Procrustes problem).
Spike-triggered covariance (STC) analysis is a tool for characterizing a neuron's response properties using the covariance of stimuli that elicit spikes from a neuron. STC is related to the spike-triggered average (STA), and provides a complementary tool for estimating linear filters in a linear- nonlinear-Poisson (LNP) cascade model. Unlike STA, the STC can be used to identify a multi-dimensional feature space in which a neuron computes its response. STC analysis identifies the stimulus features affecting a neuron's response via an eigenvector decomposition of the spike-triggered covariance matrix.
The divide and conquer algorithm computes the smaller multiplications recursively, using the scalar multiplication as its base case. The complexity of this algorithm as a function of is given by the recurrence :T(1) = \Theta(1); :T(n) = 8T(n/2) + \Theta(n^2), accounting for the eight recursive calls on matrices of size and to sum the four pairs of resulting matrices element-wise. Application of the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences shows this recursion to have the solution , the same as the iterative algorithm.
A sequence y is called d'Alembertian if y = h_1 \sum h_2 \sum \cdots \sum h_k for some hypergeometric sequences h_1,\dots,h_k and y=\sum x means that \Delta y = x where \Delta denotes the difference operator, i.e. \Delta y = N y - y = y (n+1) - y(n). This is the case if and only if there are first-order linear recurrence operators L_1, \dots, L_k with rational coefficients such that L_k \cdots L_1 y = 0. 1994 Abramov and Petkovšek described an algorithm which computes the general d'Alembertian solution of a recurrence equation.
Secondly, the algorithm does not exactly do Gaussian elimination, but it computes the LU decomposition of the matrix A. This is mostly an organizational tool, but it is much quicker if one has to solve several systems with the same matrix A but different vectors b. If the matrix A has some special structure, this can be exploited to obtain faster or more accurate algorithms. For instance, systems with a symmetric positive definite matrix can be solved twice as fast with the Cholesky decomposition. Levinson recursion is a fast method for Toeplitz matrices.
Problems 41–46 show how to find the volume of both cylindrical and rectangular granaries. In problem 41 Ahmes computes the volume of a cylindrical granary. Given the diameter d and the height h, the volume V is given by: : V = \left[\right(1-1/9\left) d\right]^2 h In modern mathematical notation (and using d = 2r) this gives V = (8/9)^2 d^2 h = (256/81) r^2 h. The fractional term 256/81 approximates the value of π as being 3.1605..., an error of less than one percent.
Stochastic computing is, by its very nature, random. When we examine a random bit stream and try to reconstruct the underlying value, the effective precision can be measured by the variance of our sample. In the example above, the digital multiplier computes a number to 2n bits of accuracy, so the precision is 2^{-2n}. If we are using a random bit stream to estimate a number and want the standard deviation of our estimate of the solution to be at least 2^{-2n}, we would need O(2^{4n}) samples.
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its inverse. An FFT computes the DFT and produces exactly the same result as evaluating the DFT definition directly; the only difference is that an FFT is much faster. (In the presence of round-off error, many FFT algorithms are also much more accurate than evaluating the DFT definition directly).There are many different FFT algorithms involving a wide range of mathematics, from simple complex-number arithmetic to group theory and number theory.
An FFT rapidly computes such transformations by factorizing the DFT matrix into a product of sparse (mostly zero) factors. As a result, it manages to reduce the complexity of computing the DFT from O\left(N^2\right), which arises if one simply applies the definition of DFT, to O(N \log N), where N is the data size. The difference in speed can be enormous, especially for long data sets where N may be in the thousands or millions. In the presence of round-off error, many FFT algorithms are much more accurate than evaluating the DFT definition directly or indirectly.
The standard decimation-in-frequency (DIF) radix-r Cooley–Tukey algorithm corresponds closely to a recursive factorization. For example, radix-2 DIF Cooley–Tukey factors z^N-1 into F_1 = (z^{N/2}-1) and F_2 = (z^{N/2}+1). These modulo operations reduce the degree of x(z) by 2, which corresponds to dividing the problem size by 2. Instead of recursively factorizing F_2 directly, though, Cooley–Tukey instead first computes x2(z ωN), shifting all the roots (by a twiddle factor) so that it can apply the recursive factorization of F_1 to both subproblems.
The BKM algorithm is a shift-and-add algorithm for computing elementary functions, first published in 1994 by Jean-Claude Bajard, Sylvanus Kla, and Jean-Michel Muller. BKM is based on computing complex logarithms (L-mode) and exponentials (E-mode) using a method similar to the algorithm Henry Briggs used to compute logarithms. By using a precomputed table of logarithms of negative powers of two, the BKM algorithm computes elementary functions using only integer add, shift, and compare operations. BKM is similar to CORDIC, but uses a table of logarithms rather than a table of arctangents.
The major difference between SAPT and supermolecular EDA methods is that, as the name suggests, SAPT computes the interaction energy directly via a perturbative approach. One consequence of capturing the total interaction energy as a perturbation to the total system energy rather than using the subtractive supermolecular method outlined above, is that the interaction energy is made free of BSSE in a natural way. Being a perturbation expansion, SAPT also provides insight into the contributing components to the interaction energy. The lowest-order expansion at which all interaction energy components are obtained is second-order in the intermolecular perturbation.
The Shortest Path Faster Algorithm (SPFA) is an improvement of the Bellman–Ford algorithm which computes single-source shortest paths in a weighted directed graph. The algorithm is believed to work well on random sparse graphs and is particularly suitable for graphs that contain negative- weight edges.About the so-called SPFA algorithm However, the worst-case complexity of SPFA is the same as that of Bellman–Ford, so for graphs with nonnegative edge weights Dijkstra's algorithm is preferred. The SPFA algorithm was first published by Edward F. Moore in 1959, as a generalization of breadth first search; SPFA is Moore's “Algorithm D”.
It marks the end of the month with winter solstice for India and Nepal and the longest night of the year, a month that is called Pausha in the lunar calendar and Dhanu in the solar calendar in the Vikrami system. The festival celebrates the first month with consistently longer days. There are two different systems to calculate the Makara Sankranti date: nirayana (without adjusting for precession of equinoxes, sidereal) and sayana (with adjustment, tropical). The January 14 date is based on the nirayana system, while the sayana system typically computes to about December 23, per most Siddhanta texts for Hindu calendars.
The Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion determines the degree of freedom of a kinematic chain, that is, a coupling of rigid bodies by means of mechanical constraints. These devices are also called linkages. The Kutzbach criterion is also called the mobility formula, because it computes the number of parameters that define the configuration of a linkage from the number of links and joints and the degree of freedom at each joint. Interesting and useful linkages have been designed that violate the mobility formula by using special geometric features and dimensions to provide more mobility than predicted by this formula.
In contrast to e.g. Runge-Kutta or multi-step methods, some of the computations in Parareal can be performed in parallel and Parareal is therefore one example of a parallel-in-time integration method. While historically most efforts to parallelize the numerical solution of partial differential equations focussed on the spatial discretization, in view of the challenges from exascale computing, parallel methods for temporal discretization have been identified as a possible way to increase concurrency in numerical software. Because Parareal computes the numerical solution for multiple time steps in parallel, it is categorized as a parallel across the steps method.
Marcos A. M. Vieira and Ramesh Govindan and Gaurav S. Sukhatme provided an algorithm that computes the minimal completion time strategy for pursuers to capture all evaders when all players make optimal decisions based on complete knowledge. This algorithm can also be applied to when evader are significantly faster than pursuers. Unfortunately, these algorithms do not scale beyond a small number of robots. To overcome this problem, Marcos A. M. Vieira and Ramesh Govindan and Gaurav S. Sukhatme design and implement a partition algorithm where pursuers capture evaders by decomposing the game into multiple multi-pursuer single-evader games.
Either team can have any number of players, but Reisswitz recommended 4 to 6 players each and that they be equal in size.Reisswitz Jr. (25 Feb 1824), in Militär-Wochenblatt no. 402 (6 March 1824) The players in a team will divide command of the troops between them and establish a hierarchy. Only the umpire needs to be fully familiar with the rules, as he manipulates the pieces on the map and computes the outcomes of combat, whereas the players describe what they want their troops to do as if they were issuing orders to real troops in the field.
The Sitemap Protocol (first developed, and introduced by Google in 2005) and OAI-PMH are mechanisms that allow search engines and other interested parties to discover deep web resources on particular web servers. Both mechanisms allow web servers to advertise the URLs that are accessible on them, thereby allowing automatic discovery of resources that are not directly linked to the surface web. Google's deep web surfacing system computes submissions for each HTML form and adds the resulting HTML pages into the Google search engine index. The surfaced results account for a thousand queries per second to deep web content.
The 40 mm airburst grenade uses a programmable, time-based fuse that computes and programs the detonation time into it, which counts down once fired to zero to detonate at the intended target point. The airburst ammunition is compatible with the Mk 19, which would give it greater effectiveness and lethality, particularly against concealed and defilade targets.General Dynamics to manufacture ST Kinetics' 40mm High Velocity Air Burst Ammunition - Armyrecognition.com, 20 November 2014 The U.S. Army plans to introduce several new features to the Mk 19 in an upgrade package that could be introduced by late 2017.
During the late twelfth century, historians sought to differentiate between their own work and that of the monastic annal-writers. Gervase of Canterbury, whose work influenced Matthew Paris's writing, wrote the following in 1188: > "The historian proceeds diffusely and elegantly, whereas the chronicler > proceeds simply, gradually and briefly. The Chronicler computes the years > Anno Domini and months kalends, and briefly describes the actions of kings > and princes which occurred at those times; he also commemorates events, > portents and wonders."Gervase of Canterbury, in Suzanne Lewis, The Art of > Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora (California, 1987), p.11.
The Brooks–Iyengar algorithm or Brooks–Iyengar hybrid algorithm is a distributed algorithm that improves both the precision and accuracy of the interval measurements taken by a distributed sensor network, even in the presence of faulty sensors. The sensor network does this by exchanging the measured value and accuracy value at every node with every other node, and computes the accuracy range and a measured value for the whole network from all of the values collected. Even if some of the data from some of the sensors is faulty, the sensor network will not malfunction. The algorithm is fault- tolerant and distributed.
In his solution, he defines a utility function and computes expected utility rather than expected financial value.For a review see In the 20th century, interest was reignited by Abraham Wald's 1939 paper pointing out that the two central procedures of sampling-distribution-based statistical-theory, namely hypothesis testing and parameter estimation, are special cases of the general decision problem. Wald's paper renewed and synthesized many concepts of statistical theory, including loss functions, risk functions, admissible decision rules, antecedent distributions, Bayesian procedures, and minimax procedures. The phrase "decision theory" itself was used in 1950 by E. L. Lehmann.
The trimmed mean is a simple robust estimator of location that deletes a certain percentage of observations (10% here) from each end of the data, then computes the mean in the usual way. The analysis was performed in R and 10,000 bootstrap samples were used for each of the raw and trimmed means. The distribution of the mean is clearly much wider than that of the 10% trimmed mean (the plots are on the same scale). Also whereas the distribution of the trimmed mean appears to be close to normal, the distribution of the raw mean is quite skewed to the left.
CS-BLAST (Context-Specific BLAST) is a tool that searches a protein sequence that extends BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), using context-specific mutation probabilities. More specifically, CS-BLAST derives context-specific amino-acid similarities on each query sequence from short windows on the query sequences [4]. Using CS-BLAST doubles sensitivity and significantly improves alignment quality without a loss of speed in comparison to BLAST. CSI-BLAST (Context-Specific Iterated BLAST) is the context-specific analog of PSI-BLAST (Position-Specific Iterated BLAST), which computes the mutation profile with substitution probabilities and mixes it with the query profile [2].
Nodes are either input nodes (receiving data from outside of the network), output nodes (yielding results), or hidden nodes (that modify the data en route from input to output). For supervised learning in discrete time settings, sequences of real-valued input vectors arrive at the input nodes, one vector at a time. At any given time step, each non-input unit computes its current activation (result) as a nonlinear function of the weighted sum of the activations of all units that connect to it. Supervisor-given target activations can be supplied for some output units at certain time steps.
In 2006 the functionality of PTstitcher was reproduced by the developers of Panorama Tools. Its functionality was broken into several program, in an attempt to modularize it: ;PTmender†: Remaps one image at a time ;PTblender†: Implements the rudimentary colour correction algorithm found in later versions of PTstitcher ;PTmasker†: Computes stitching masks. It implements the ability to increase depth-of-field by stacking images ;PTroller†: Takes a set of images and merges them into a single one ;PTcrop†: Crops an image to its outer rectangle. ;PTuncrop†: Opposite of PTcrop: takes a cropped file and creates an uncropped one.
In computing, working set size is the amount of memory needed to compute the answer to a problem. In any computing scenario, but especially high performance computing where mistakes can be costly, this is a significant design-criteria for a given super computer system in order to ensure that the system performs as expected. When a program/algorithm computes the answer to a problem, it uses a set of data (input and intermediate data) to complete the work. For any given instance of the problem, the program has one such data set, which is called the working set.
The President's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time. In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President' proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website. CBO computes a current-law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years.
In computations with rounded arithmetic, e.g. with floating-point numbers, a divide-and- conquer algorithm may yield more accurate results than a superficially equivalent iterative method. For example, one can add N numbers either by a simple loop that adds each datum to a single variable, or by a D&C; algorithm called pairwise summation that breaks the data set into two halves, recursively computes the sum of each half, and then adds the two sums. While the second method performs the same number of additions as the first, and pays the overhead of the recursive calls, it is usually more accurate.
The Elsebe in Colombos, A Treatise on the Law of Prize p. 21 (Lord Stowell noting that prize law is matter of international law, not the law of any one nation.) Fortunes in prize money were to be made at sea as vividly depicted in the novels of C. S. Forester and Patrick O'Brian. During the American Revolution the combined American naval and privateering prizes totaled nearly $24 million; While the calculation is complex and inexact, adjusted for inflation according to the Consumer Price Index $24 million in the dollars of 1800 computes to approximately $450 million today.
The PA degrees are upward closed in the Turing degrees: if a is a PA degree and a ≤T b then b is a PA degree. The Turing degree 0‘, which is the degree of the halting problem, is a PA degree. There are also PA degrees that are not above 0‘. For example, the low basis theorem implies that there is a low PA degree. On the other hand, Antonín Kučera has proved that there is a degree less than 0‘ that computes a DNR function but is not a PA degree (Jockusch 1989:197).
The attacker then computes the differences of the corresponding ciphertexts, hoping to detect statistical patterns in their distribution. The resulting pair of differences is called a differential. Their statistical properties depend upon the nature of the S-boxes used for encryption, so the attacker analyses differentials (ΔX, ΔY), where ΔY = S(X ⊕ ΔX) ⊕ S(X) (and ⊕ denotes exclusive or) for each such S-box S. In the basic attack, one particular ciphertext difference is expected to be especially frequent; in this way, the cipher can be distinguished from random. More sophisticated variations allow the key to be recovered faster than exhaustive search.
Currently, the Bureau of Labor Statistics computes each month average prices of 211 different categories of goods and services in 38 different urban geographical areas, totaling 8,018 different elementary indices. From these, higher-level indices are obtained as weighted averages of these elementary indices, using different weights for different categories of goods and services nationwide or for different groups of consumers. One set of weights is used to obtain a consumer price index (CPI) for all urban consumers (CPI-U). Another is used to compute a CPI for urban wage earners and clerical workers (CPI-W).
The Ford-Fulkerson method or Ford–Fulkerson algorithm (FFA) is a greedy algorithm that computes the maximum flow in a flow network. It is sometimes called a "method" instead of an "algorithm" as the approach to finding augmenting paths in a residual graph is not fully specified or it is specified in several implementations with different running times. It was published in 1956 by L. R. Ford Jr. and D. R. Fulkerson. The name "Ford-Fulkerson" is often also used for the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which is a fully defined implementation of the Ford-Fulkerson method.
The carry-save unit consists of n full adders, each of which computes a single sum and carry bit based solely on the corresponding bits of the three input numbers. Given the three n-bit numbers a, b, and c, it produces a partial sum ps and a shift- carry sc: :ps_i = a_i \oplus b_i \oplus c_i, :sc_i = (a_i \wedge b_i) \vee (a_i \wedge c_i) \vee (b_i \wedge c_i). The entire sum can then be computed by: # Shifting the carry sequence sc left by one place. # Appending a 0 to the front (most significant bit) of the partial sum sequence ps.
The RSA problem is defined as the task of taking eth roots modulo a composite n: recovering a value m such that , where is an RSA public key and c is an RSA ciphertext. Currently the most promising approach to solving the RSA problem is to factor the modulus n. With the ability to recover prime factors, an attacker can compute the secret exponent d from a public key , then decrypt c using the standard procedure. To accomplish this, an attacker factors n into p and q, and computes which allows the determination of d from e.
This is simply the sum of the pairwise differences divided by the number of pairs, and is often symbolized by \pi. The purpose of Tajima's test is to identify sequences which do not fit the neutral theory model at equilibrium between mutation and genetic drift. In order to perform the test on a DNA sequence or gene, you need to sequence homologous DNA for at least 3 individuals. Tajima's statistic computes a standardized measure of the total number of segregating sites (these are DNA sites that are polymorphic) in the sampled DNA and the average number of mutations between pairs in the sample.
Second, and even more importantly, it follows from this property that, if two clusters and both belong to the greedy hierarchical clustering, and are mutual nearest neighbors at any point in time, then they will be merged by the greedy clustering, for they must remain mutual nearest neighbors until they are merged. It follows that each mutual nearest neighbor pair found by the nearest neighbor chain algorithm is also a pair of clusters found by the greedy algorithm, and therefore that the nearest neighbor chain algorithm computes exactly the same clustering (although in a different order) as the greedy algorithm.
The PCI bus detects parity errors, but does not attempt to correct them by retrying operations; it is purely a failure indication. Due to this, there is no need to detect the parity error before it has happened, and the PCI bus actually detects it a few cycles later. During a data phase, whichever device is driving the AD[31:0] lines computes even parity over them and the C/BE[3:0]# lines, and sends that out the PAR line one cycle later. All access rules and turnaround cycles for the AD bus apply to the PAR line, just one cycle later.
The model essentially computes deviations from a mean face in terms of shape, orientation and gray level. The model is matched by the minimization of an error function. These three classes of algorithms naturally fall within the scope of template matching Of the non-constellation perhaps the most successful is that of Leibe and Schiele. Their algorithm finds templates associated with positive examples and records both the template (an average of the feature in all positive examples where it is present) and the position of the center of the item (a face for instance) relative to the template.
The reversed time dynamics of a second-order automaton may be described by another second-order automaton with the same neighborhood, in which the function mapping neighborhoods to permutations gives the inverse permutation to . That is, on each possible neighborhood , and should be inverse permutations. With this reverse rule, the automaton described by function correctly computes the configuration at time from the configurations at time and . Because every second-order automaton can be reversed in this way, it follows that they are all reversible cellular automata, regardless of which function is chosen to determine the automaton rule.
The semi-distributed DPHM-RS (Semi-Distributed Physically based Hydrologic Model using Remote Sensing and GIS) sub-divides a river basin to a number of sub-basins, computes the evapotranspiration, soil moisture and surface runoff using energy and rainfall forcing data in a sub-basin scale. It consists of six basic components: interception of rainfall, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, saturated subsurface flow, surface flow and channel routing, as described in Biftu and Gan.Biftu, G.F., and Gan, T.Y., 2001. Semi-distributed, physically based, hydrologic modeling of the Paddle River Basin, Alberta, using remotely sensed data. Journal of Hydrology 244, 137-156.
Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms is an algorithm introduced by John Pollard in 1978 to solve the discrete logarithm problem, analogous to Pollard's rho algorithm to solve the integer factorization problem. The goal is to compute \gamma such that \alpha ^ \gamma = \beta, where \beta belongs to a cyclic group G generated by \alpha. The algorithm computes integers a, b, A, and B such that \alpha^a \beta^b = \alpha^A \beta^B. If the underlying group is cyclic of order n, \gamma is one of the solutions of the equation (B-b) \gamma = (a-A) \pmod n.
This algorithm was extended to higher dimensions by where the running time is o(n^{d-1}). Given sets of points in general position in -dimensional space, the algorithm computes a -dimensional hyperplane that has an equal number of points of each of the sets in both of its half-spaces, i.e., a ham-sandwich cut for the given points. If is a part of the input, then no polynomial time algorithm is expected to exist, as if the points are on a moment curve, the problem becomes equivalent to necklace splitting, which is PPA-complete.
The necessary capital had been provided by Ms. Evangelina Scorbitt, a wealthy widow and ardent Maston's admirer (whose more than scientific interest was lost on the obsessive engineer). The cannon needed for that plan would be enormous, much larger than the huge Columbiad that had sent them to the Moon. Once the plan became public, the brilliant French engineer Alcide Pierdeux quickly computes the required force of the explosion. He then discovers that the recoil would buckle the Earth's crust; many countries (mostly in Asia) would be flooded, while others (including the United States) would gain new land.
Dykstra's algorithm is a method that computes a point in the intersection of convex sets, and is a variant of the alternating projection method (also called the projections onto convex sets method). In its simplest form, the method finds a point in the intersection of two convex sets by iteratively projecting onto each of the convex set; it differs from the alternating projection method in that there are intermediate steps. A parallel version of the algorithm was developed by Gaffke and Mathar. The method is named after Richard L. Dykstra who proposed it in the 1980s.
This can allow interactive requests such as that implemented in Wolfram Alpha.Wolfram Alpha how it works (part 2) Computer Weekly, 4 June 2009 Wolfram Alpha computes answers Tech Crunch, 8 March 2009 The difference between these and NLP is that the latter builds up a single program or a library of routines that are programmed through natural language sentences using an ontology that defines the available data structures in a high level programming language. An example text from an English language natural-language program is as follows: > If U_ is 'smc01-control', then do the following. Define surface weights > Alpha as "[0.5, 0.5]".
This algorithm computes without requiring custom data types having thousands or even millions of digits. The method calculates the nth digit without calculating the first n − 1 digits and can use small, efficient data types. Though the BBP formula can directly calculate the value of any given digit of with less computational effort than formulas that must calculate all intervening digits, BBP remains linearithmic (O(n \log n)), whereby successively larger values of n require increasingly more time to calculate; that is, the "further out" a digit is, the longer it takes BBP to calculate it, just like the standard -computing algorithms.
The first solution decreases rapidly with n. The second solution increases rapidly with n. Miller's algorithm provides a numerically stable procedure to obtain the decreasing solution. To compute the terms of a recurrence a_0 through a_N according to Miller's algorithm, one first chooses a value M much larger than N and computes a trial solution taking initial conditiona_M to an arbitrary non-zero value (such as 1) and taking a_{M+1} and later terms to be zero. Then the recurrence relation is used to successively compute trial values for a_{M-1}, a_{M-2} down to a_0.
The size-change termination principle (SCT) guarantees termination for a computer program by proving that infinite computations always trigger infinite descent in data values that are well-founded. Size-change termination analysis utilizes this principle in order to solve the universal halting problem for a certain class of programs. When applied to general programs, the principle is intended to be used conservatively, which means that if the analysis determines that a program is terminating, the answer is sound, but a negative answer means "don't know". The decision problem for SCT is PSPACE-complete; however, there exists an algorithm that computes an approximation of the decision problem in polynomial time.
Moreover, it can be inferred from the results in that using the symmetry-breaking conditions results in high efficiency particularly for directed networks in comparison to undirected networks. The symmetry-breaking conditions used in the GK algorithm are similar to the restriction which ESU algorithm applies to the labels in EXT and SUB sets. In conclusion, the GK algorithm computes the exact number of appearance of a given query graph in a large complex network and exploiting symmetry-breaking conditions improves the algorithm performance. Also, GK algorithm is one of the known algorithms having no limitation for motif size in implementation and potentially it can find motifs of any size.
Devlin et al. (2006) state that the left posterior fusiform gyrus is not a 'word form area' as such, but instead hypothesizes that the area is dedicated to determining word meaning. That is to say, that this area of the brain is where bottom-up information (visual shapes of words (form), and other visual attributes if necessary) comes into contact with top-down information (semantics and phonology of words). Therefore, the left fusiform gyrus is thought to be the interface in the processing of the words not a dictionary that computes a word based on its form alone, as the lexical word form hypothesis states.
An example FFT algorithm structure, using a decomposition into half-size FFTs A discrete Fourier analysis of a sum of cosine waves at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Hz A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a sequence of values into components of different frequencies. This operation is useful in many fields, but computing it directly from the definition is often too slow to be practical.
An illustration of the potential use of a cryptographic hash is as follows: Alice poses a tough math problem to Bob and claims that she has solved it. Bob would like to try it himself, but would yet like to be sure that Alice is not bluffing. Therefore, Alice writes down her solution, computes its hash and tells Bob the hash value (whilst keeping the solution secret). Then, when Bob comes up with the solution himself a few days later, Alice can prove that she had the solution earlier by revealing it and having Bob hash it and check that it matches the hash value given to him before.
More formally, a spin network is a (directed) graph whose edges are associated with irreducible representations of a compact Lie group and whose vertices are associated with intertwiners of the edge representations adjacent to it. A spin network, immersed into a manifold, can be used to define a functional on the space of connections on this manifold. One computes holonomies of the connection along every link (closed path) of the graph, determines representation matrices corresponding to every link, multiplies all matrices and intertwiners together, and contracts indices in a prescribed way. A remarkable feature of the resulting functional is that it is invariant under local gauge transformations.
The outputs from one capsule (child) are routed to capsules in the next layer (parent) according to the child's ability to predict the parents' outputs. Over the course of a few iterations, each parents' outputs may converge with the predictions of some children and diverge from those of others, meaning that that parent is present or absent from the scene. For each possible parent, each child computes a prediction vector by multiplying its output by a weight matrix (trained by backpropagation). Next the output of the parent is computed as the scalar product of a prediction with a coefficient representing the probability that this child belongs to that parent.
The client challenge is returned in one 24-byte slot of the response message, the 24-byte calculated response is returned in the other slot. This is a strengthened form of NTLMv1 which maintains the ability to use existing Domain Controller infrastructure yet avoids a dictionary attack by a rogue server. For a fixed X, the server computes a table where location Y has value K such that Y=DES_K(X). Without the client participating in the choice of challenge, the server can send X, look up response Y in the table and get K. This attack can be made practical by using rainbow tables.
Stream ciphers combine a secret key with an agreed initialization vector (IV) to produce a pseudo- random sequence which from time-to-time is re-synchronized . A "Chosen IV" attack relies on finding particular IV's which taken together probably will reveal information about the secret key. Typically multiple pairs of IV are chosen and differences in generated key-streams are then analysed statistically for a linear correlation and/or an algebraic boolean relation (see also Differential cryptanalysis). If choosing particular values of the initialization vector does expose a non-random pattern in the generated sequence, then this attack computes some bits and thus shortens the effective key length.
The Wildland-Urban Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS) is an extension developed by the US Forest Service that is integrated into FDS and allows it to be used for wildfire modeling. It models vegetative fuel either by explicitly defining the volume of the vegetation or, for surface fuels such as grass, by assuming uniform fuel at the air-ground boundary. FDS is a Fortran program that reads input parameters from a text file, computes a numerical solution to the governing equations, and writes user-specified output data to files. Smokeview is a companion program that reads FDS output files and produces animations on the computer screen.
The Black Widowers suggest various groups of fourteen letters, such as VLADIMIR POCHIK and SIR ISAAC NEWTON, which might provide the clue, and which Sandino might easily have thought of in order to break into the computer and steal Pochik's work. But Trumbull takes out his pocket computer and computes, gloomily, that there are about 64 million trillion different possibilities for the code word, beginning with AAAAAAAAAAAAAA. The Black Widowers are able to come up with the code, purely because one member shares a trait with the mathematician. That member is Henry, the waiter, who focused on the fact that Pochik was reading Wordsworth.
VSim is a cross-platform (Windows, Linux, and macOS) computational framework for multiphysics, including electrodynamics in the presence of metallic and dielectric shapes as well as with or without self-consistent charged particles and fluids. VSim comes with VSimComposer, a full-featured graphical user interface for visual setup of any simulation, including CAD geometry import and/or direct geometry construction. With VSimComposer, the user can execute data analysis scripts and visualize results in one, two, or three dimensions. VSim computes using the powerful Vorpal computational engine, which has been used to simulate the dynamics of electromagnetic systems, plasmas, and rarefied as well as dense gases.
WGHM computes time-series of fast- surface and subsurface runoff, groundwater recharge and river discharge as well as storage variations of water in canopy, snow, soil, groundwater, lakes, wetlands and rivers. Thus it quantifies the total renewable water resources as well as the renewable groundwater resources of a grid cell, river basin, or country. Precipitation on each grid cell is modelled as being transported through the different storage compartments and partly evapotranspirating. Location and size of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands are defined by the global lakes and wetland database (GLWD),Lehner, B., Döll, P. (2004): Development and validation of a database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands.
In some situations sea level does not apply at all — for instance for mapping Mars' surface — forcing the use of a different "zero elevation", such as mean radius. A geodetic vertical datum takes some specific zero point, and computes elevations based on the geodetic model being used, without further reference to sea levels. Usually, the starting reference point is a tide gauge, so at that point the geodetic and tidal datums might match, but due to sea level variations, the two scales may not match elsewhere. An example of a gravity-based geodetic datum is NAVD88, used in North America, which is referenced to a point in Quebec, Canada.
Alternate Frame Rendering (AFR) is a technique of graphics rendering in personal computers which combines the work output of two or more graphics processing units (GPU) for a single monitor, in order to improve image quality, or to accelerate the rendering performance. The technique is that one graphics processing unit computes all the odd video frames, the other renders the even frames. This technique is useful for generating 3D video sequences in real time, improving or filtering textured polygons and performing other computationally intensive tasks, typically associated with computer gaming, CAD and 3D modeling. One disadvantage of AFR is a defect known as micro stuttering.
The bijectivity of a language is a severe restriction of its bidirectionality, because a bijective language is merely relating two different ways to present the very same information. More general is a lens language, in which there is a distinguished forward direction ("get") that takes a concrete input to an abstract output, discarding some information in the process: the concrete state includes all the information that is in the abstract state, and usually some more. The backward direction ("put") takes a concrete state and an abstract state and computes a new concrete state. Lenses are required to obey certain conditions to ensure sensible behaviour.
In computing, the utility diff is a data comparison tool that computes and displays the differences between the contents of files. Unlike edit distance notions used for other purposes, diff is line-oriented rather than character- oriented, but it is like Levenshtein distance in that it tries to determine the smallest set of deletions and insertions to create one file from the other. The utility displays the changes in one of several standard formats, such that both humans or computers can parse the changes, and use them for patching. Typically, diff is used to show the changes between two versions of the same file.
The Blackmer RMS detector is an electronic true RMS converter invented by David E. Blackmer in 1971. The Blackmer detector, coupled with the Blackmer gain cell, forms the core of the dbx noise reduction system and various professional audio signal processors developed by dbx, Inc. Unlike earlier RMS detectors that time-averaged algebraic square of input signal, the Blackmer detector performs time-averaging on the logarithm of the input, being the first successful, commercialized instance of log-domain filter. The circuit, created by trial and error, computes root mean squared of various waveforms with high precision, although exact nature of its operation was not known to the inventor.
In computational complexity theory, an integer circuit is a circuit model of computation in which inputs to the circuit are sets of integers and each gate of the circuit computes either a set operation or an arithmetic operation on its input sets. As an algorithmic problem, the possible questions are to find if a given integer is an element of the output node or if two circuits compute the same set. The decidability is still an open question, but there are results on restriction of those circuits. Finding answers to some questions about this model could serve as a proof to many important mathematical conjectures, like Goldbach's conjecture.
To use Authenticator, the app is first installed on a smartphone. It must be set up for each site with which it is to be used: the site provides a shared secret key to the user over a secure channel, to be stored in the Authenticator app. This secret key will be used for all future logins to the site. To log into a site or service that uses two-factor authentication and supports Authenticator, the user provides username and password to the site, which computes (but does not display) the required six- digit one-time password and asks the user to enter it.
Krylov subspaces are used in algorithms for finding approximate solutions to high-dimensional linear algebra problems. Modern iterative methods for finding one (or a few) eigenvalues of large sparse matrices or solving large systems of linear equations avoid matrix-matrix operations, but rather multiply vectors by the matrix and work with the resulting vectors. Starting with a vector, b, one computes A b, then one multiplies that vector by A to find A^2 b and so on. All algorithms that work this way are referred to as Krylov subspace methods; they are among the most successful methods currently available in numerical linear algebra.
Algorithmic information theory (AIT) is the information theory of individual objects, using computer science, and concerns itself with the relationship between computation, information, and randomness. The information content or complexity of an object can be measured by the length of its shortest description. For instance the string `"0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101"` has the short description "32 repetitions of '01'", while `"1100100001100001110111101110110011111010010000100101011110010110"` presumably has no simple description other than writing down the string itself. More formally, the Algorithmic Complexity (AC) of a string x is defined as the length of the shortest program that computes or outputs x, where the program is run on some fixed reference universal computer.
The link state protocol is used to discover and advertise the network topology and compute shortest path trees (SPT) from all bridges in the SPT Region. In SPBM, the Backbone MAC (B-MAC) addresses of the participating nodes and also the service membership information for interfaces to non-participating devices (user network interface (UNI) ports) is distributed. Topology data is then input to a calculation engine which computes symmetric shortest path trees based on minimum cost from each participating node to all other participating nodes. In SPBV these trees provide a shortest path tree where individual MAC address can be learned and Group Address membership can be distributed.
The presentation of the Krivine machine given here is based on notations of lambda terms that use de Bruijn indices and assumes that the terms of which it computes the head normal forms are closed. It modifies the current state until it cannot do it anymore, in which case it obtains a head normal form. This head normal form represents the result of the computation or yields an error, meaning that the term it started from is not correct. However, it can enter an infinite sequence of transitions, which means that the term it attempts reducing has no head normal form and corresponds to a non terminating computation.
Anomic patients often produce fluent and generally grammatical speech despite having difficulty retrieving and recognizing words, which implies the lexicon is "more impaired than grammatical combination." Some patients also have jargon aphasia in which they speak their own neologisms (e.g. "nose cone" for "phone call") and often add regular suffixes onto their jargon, which suggests the area of the brain that computes regular inflection is distinct from the area in which words are processed. In contrast, agrammatic patients have difficulty assembling words into phrases and sentences and applying correct grammatical suffixes (either omitting them altogether or using the wrong one) and are therefore unable to produce fluent grammatical sequences.
The mechanical-electric timing systems consists of a starting pad, recording when the competitor lifts the foot, and a stop device, which is hit with the hand at the top of the wall. The size of the stop device is not precisely specified in the rules, however it covers the holes A/B 9/10 on panel dx10, and its centre has to be 13140 mm above the starting hold, which computes as 15 mm above grid line 10 of dx10. Manually taking of time was allowed as a backup solution in previous versions of the IFSC rules, but has been removed in 2018IFSC Rules modification 2018 V1.5, April 2018.
In statistics, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method to find (local) maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which creates a function for the expectation of the log- likelihood evaluated using the current estimate for the parameters, and a maximization (M) step, which computes parameters maximizing the expected log- likelihood found on the E step. These parameter-estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step. EM clustering of Old Faithful eruption data.
Fournier formed Otter Research Ltd. in 1989, and by 1990 the AUTODIF Library included special classes for derivative computation and the requisite overloaded functions for all C++ operators and all functions in the standard C++ math library. The AUTODIF Library automatically computes the derivatives of the objective function with the same accuracy as the objective function itself and thereby frees the developer from the onerous task of writing and maintaining derivative code for statistical models. Equally important from the standpoint of model development, the AUTODIF Library includes a "gradient stack", a quasi-Newton function minimizer, a derivative checker, and container classes for vectors and matrices.
A bounded form of each of the above strong reducibilities can be defined. The most famous of these is bounded truth-table reduction, but there are also bounded Turing, bounded weak truth-table and others. These first three are the most common ones and they are based on the number of queries. For example, a set A is bounded truth-table reducible to B if and only if the Turing machine M computing A relative to B computes a list of up to n numbers, queries B on these numbers and then terminates for all possible oracle answers; the value n is a constant independent of x.
555-563,See publication here Recent advances in the construction of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have made it possible to manufacture small and light inertial navigation systems. These advances have widened the range of possible applications to include areas such as human and animal motion capture. An inertial navigation system includes at least a computer and a platform or module containing accelerometers, gyroscopes, or other motion-sensing devices. The INS is initially provided with its position and velocity from another source (a human operator, a GPS satellite receiver, etc.) accompanied with the initial orientation and thereafter computes its own updated position and velocity by integrating information received from the motion sensors.
Conventional controls, including Building and Energy Management Systems and state-of-the-art refrigeration controls, often operate only on reaching pre-programmed static values to switch compressors off and on or adjust capacity. When the measured medium is within the dead band, the system and controllers remain idle. The "energy saving module" is a computer that records the switching values of the primary controller and also measures the 'rate of change' of both the rise and fall of temperatures during the operating cycle. With this data the "energy saving module" computes a reference heat load to match the cooling capacity and then calculates operating parameters.
Wolfram Alpha is a free online service that answers factual queries directly by computing the answer from externally sourced curated data, rather than providing a list of documents or web pages that might contain the answer as a search engine might. Users submit queries and computation requests via a text field and Wolfram Alpha then computes answers and relevant visualizations. On February 8, 2012, Wolfram Alpha Pro was released, offering users additional features(e.g., the ability to upload many common file types and data — including raw tabular data, images, audio, XML, and dozens of specialized scientific, medical, and mathematical formats — for automatic analysis) for a monthly subscription fee.
The `ADDR` function computes such pointers, safely and machine independently. Pointer arithmetic may be accomplished by aliasing a binary variable with a pointer as in `DCL P POINTER, N FIXED BINARY(31) BASED(ADDR(P)); N=N+255;` It relies on pointers being the same length as `FIXED BINARY(31)` integers and aligned on the same boundaries. With the prevalence of C and its free and easy attitude to pointer arithmetic, recent IBM PL/I compilers allow pointers to be used with the addition and subtraction operators to giving the simplest syntax (but compiler options can disallow these practices where safety and machine independence are paramount).
The incremental conductance method computes the maximum power point by comparison of the incremental conductance (I_\Delta / V_\Delta) to the array conductance (I / V). When these two are the same (I / V = I_\Delta / V_\Delta), the output voltage is the MPP voltage. The controller maintains this voltage until the irradiation changes and the process is repeated. The incremental conductance method is based on the observation that at the maximum power point dP/dV = 0, and that P = IV. The current from the array can be expressed as a function of the voltage: P = I(V)V. Therefore, dP/dV = VdI/dV + I(V).
Some properties of the GCD are in fact easier to see with this description, for instance the fact that any common divisor of a and b also divides the GCD (it divides both terms of ua + vb). The equivalence of this GCD definition with the other definitions is described below. The GCD of three or more numbers equals the product of the prime factors common to all the numbers, but it can also be calculated by repeatedly taking the GCDs of pairs of numbers. For example, : Thus, Euclid's algorithm, which computes the GCD of two integers, suffices to calculate the GCD of arbitrarily many integers.
At every step k, the Euclidean algorithm computes a quotient qk and remainder rk from two numbers rk−1 and rk−2 : where the rk is non-negative and is strictly less than the absolute value of rk−1. The theorem which underlies the definition of the Euclidean division ensures that such a quotient and remainder always exist and are unique. In Euclid's original version of the algorithm, the quotient and remainder are found by repeated subtraction; that is, rk−1 is subtracted from rk−2 repeatedly until the remainder rk is smaller than rk−1. After that rk and rk−1 are exchanged and the process is iterated.
The Riemann singularity theorem was extended by George Kempf in 1973, building on work of David Mumford and Andreotti - Mayer, to a description of the singularities of points p = class(D) on Wk for 1 ≤ k ≤ g − 1\. In particular he computed their multiplicities also in terms of the number of independent meromorphic functions associated to D (Riemann-Kempf singularity theorem).Griffiths and Harris, p.348 More precisely, Kempf mapped J locally near p to a family of matrices coming from an exact sequence which computes h0(O(D)), in such a way that Wk corresponds to the locus of matrices of less than maximal rank.
In computability theory, Rice's theorem states that all non-trivial, semantic properties of programs are undecidable. A semantic property is one about the program's behavior (for instance, does the program terminate for all inputs), unlike a syntactic property (for instance, does the program contain an if- then-else statement). A property is non-trivial if it is neither true for every computable function, nor false for every computable function. Rice's theorem can also be put in terms of functions: for any non-trivial property of partial functions, no general and effective method can decide whether an algorithm computes a partial function with that property.
Computability theory deals primarily with the question of the extent to which a problem is solvable on a computer. The statement that the halting problem cannot be solved by a Turing machine is one of the most important results in computability theory, as it is an example of a concrete problem that is both easy to formulate and impossible to solve using a Turing machine. Much of computability theory builds on the halting problem result. Another important step in computability theory was Rice's theorem, which states that for all non-trivial properties of partial functions, it is undecidable whether a Turing machine computes a partial function with that property.
The all-pairs widest path problem has applications in the Schulze method for choosing a winner in multiway elections in which voters rank the candidates in preference order. The Schulze method constructs a complete directed graph in which the vertices represent the candidates and every two vertices are connected by an edge. Each edge is directed from the winner to the loser of a pairwise contest between the two candidates it connects, and is labeled with the margin of victory of that contest. Then the method computes widest paths between all pairs of vertices, and the winner is the candidate whose vertex has wider paths to each opponent than vice versa.
Topology is of further significance in Contact mechanics where the dependence of stiffness and friction on the dimensionality of surface structures is the subject of interest with applications in multi-body physics. A topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory that computes topological invariants. Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory, the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for work related to topological field theory.
In algebraic geometry, a localized Chern class is a variant of a Chern class, that is defined for a chain complex of vector bundles as opposed to a single vector bundle. It was originally introduced in Fulton's intersection theory, as an algebraic counterpart of the similar construction in algebraic topology. The notion is used in particular in the Riemann–Roch-type theorem. S. Bloch later generalized the notion in the context of arithmetic schemes (schemes over a Dedekind domain) for the purpose of giving #Bloch's conductor formula that computes the non-constancy of Euler characteristic of a degenerating family of algebraic varieties (in the mixed characteristic case).
The Bellman–Ford algorithm is an algorithm that computes shortest paths from a single source vertex to all of the other vertices in a weighted digraph. It is slower than Dijkstra's algorithm for the same problem, but more versatile, as it is capable of handling graphs in which some of the edge weights are negative numbers. The algorithm was first proposed by , but is instead named after Richard Bellman and Lester Ford Jr., who published it in 1958 and 1956, respectively. Edward F. Moore also published the same algorithm in 1957, and for this reason it is also sometimes called the Bellman–Ford–Moore algorithm.
A dataflow network is a network of concurrently executing processes or automata that can communicate by sending data over channels (see message passing.) In Kahn process networks, named after Gilles Kahn, the processes are determinate. This implies that each determinate process computes a continuous function from input streams to output streams, and that a network of determinate processes is itself determinate, thus computing a continuous function. This implies that the behavior of such networks can be described by a set of recursive equations, which can be solved using fixed point theory. The movement and transformation of the data is represented by a series of shapes and lines.
The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, and material at the periphery of attention is carried mainly by B. When a new potentially important stimulus is received, the nucleus basalis is activated. The axons it sends to the visual cortex provide collaterals to pyramidal cells in layer IV (the input layer for retinal fibres) where they activate excitatory nicotinic receptors and thus potentiate retinal activation of V1.
When the LF files a document to the Court, the submission is actually received by the GW which then performs certain validations, computes the fees to be charged and identifies to which user department the submission is to be routed to. Replies from the Court are received by the GW and routed to the correct LF for retrieval. The GW performs the following crucial functions: (a) Automated validation checks when documents are filed; (b) Implementation of certain special rules; (c) Automated routing of submissions into Courts’ in-trays; (d) Computation of stamp and other filing fees; (e) Exchange of information between the Back End and the Front End.
In this optimization, Alice generates a global random (k-1)-bit value R which is kept secret. During the garbling of the input gates w^a and w^b, she only generates the labels (X_0^a,X_0^b) and computes the other labels as X_1^a = X_0^a \oplus (R \parallel 1) and X_1^b = X_0^b \oplus (R \parallel 1). Using these values, the label of an XOR gate's output wire w^c with input wires w^a, w^b is set to X^c = X^a \oplus X^b. The proof of security for this optimization is given in the Free-XOR paper.
Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or computed by machine. : Examples: :: "Functions": include "common subtraction m − n" and "addition m + n" :: "Partial function": "Common subtraction" m − n is undefined when only natural numbers (positive integers and zero) are allowed as input – e.g. 6 − 7 is undefined :: Total function: "Addition" m + n is defined for all positive integers and zero. We now observe Kleene's definition of "computable" in a formal sense: : Definition: "A partial function φ is computable, if there is a machine M which computes it" (Kleene (1952) p.
The BGP neighbor process however can have a rule to set LOCAL_PREFERENCE or another factor based on a manually programmed rule to set the attribute if the COMMUNITY value matches some pattern matching criterion. If the route was learned from an external peer the per-neighbor BGP process computes a LOCAL_PREFERENCE value from local policy rules and then compares the LOCAL_PREFERENCE of all routes from the neighbor. At the per-neighbor level ignoring implementation-specific policy modifiers the order of tie breaking rules is: # Prefer the route with the shortest AS_PATH. An AS_PATH is the set of AS numbers that must be traversed to reach the advertised destination.
The idea of hashing is to distribute the entries (key/value pairs) across an array of buckets. Given a key, the algorithm computes an index that suggests where the entry can be found: index = f(key, array_size) Often this is done in two steps: hash = hashfunc(key) index = hash % array_size In this method, the hash is independent of the array size, and it is then reduced to an index (a number between `0` and `array_size − 1`) using the modulo operator (`%`). In the case that the array size is a power of two, the remainder operation is reduced to masking, which improves speed, but can increase problems with a poor hash function.
Repeatedly adding `t` into `s` computes the necessary multiples: // Returns ISBN error syndrome, zero for a valid ISBN, non-zero for an invalid one. // digits[i] must be between 0 and 10. int CheckISBN(int const digits[10]) { int i, s = 0, t = 0; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { t += digits[i]; s += t; } return s % 11; } The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case `s` could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid ISBN 99999-999-9-X), or `s` and `t` could be reduced by a conditional subtract after each addition.
The sender computes the checksum for each rolling section in its version of the file having the same size as the chunks used by the recipient's. While the recipient calculates the checksum only for chunks starting at full multiples of the chunk size, the sender calculates the checksum for all sections starting at any address. If any such rolling checksum calculated by the sender matches a checksum calculated by the recipient, then this section is a candidate for not transmitting the content of section, but only the location in the recipients file instead. In this case the sender uses the more computationally expensive MD5 hash to verify that the sender's section and recipient's chunk are equal.
Each frame contains (in subframe 1) the 10 least significant bits of the corresponding GPS week number. Note that each frame is entirely within one GPS week because GPS frames do not cross GPS week boundaries. Since rollover occurs every 1,024 GPS weeks (approximately every 19.6 years; 1,024 is 210), a receiver that computes current calendar dates needs to deduce the upper week number bits or obtain them from a different source. One possible method is for the receiver to save its current date in memory when shut down, and when powered on, assume that the newly decoded truncated week number corresponds to the period of 1,024 weeks that starts at the last saved date.
The definition of a halting probability relies on the existence of a prefix-free universal computable function. Such a function, intuitively, represents a programming language with the property that no valid program can be obtained as a proper extension of another valid program. Suppose that F is a partial function that takes one argument, a finite binary string, and possibly returns a single binary string as output. The function F is called computable if there is a Turing machine that computes it (in the sense that for any finite binary strings x and y, F(x) = y if and only if the Turing machine halts with y on its tape when given the input x).
Elsewhere, the Church used Latin as a principal means of destroying native and pagan tradition. The Northmen inflicted irrevocable losses on the Irish from the end of the 8th to the middle of the 11th century—followed by the ravages of the Norman invasion of Ireland, and the later and more ruthless destructions by the Elizabethan and Cromwellian English. Despite those tragic and violent cultural wounds, O'Curry could assert that he knew of 4,000 large quarto pages of strictly historical tales. He computes that tales of the Ossianic and Fenian cycles would fill 3,000 more and that, in addition to these, miscellaneous and imaginative cycles that are neither historical nor Fenian, would fill 5,000.
Both spatial domain methods, and frequency (spectral) domain methods are available for the numerical solution of the discretized master equation. Upon discretization into a grid, (using various centralized difference, Crank Nicolson method, FFT-BPM etc.) and field values rearranged in a causal fashion, the field evolution is computed through iteration, along the propagation direction. The spatial domain method computes the field at the next step (in the propagation direction) by solving a linear equation, whereas the spectral domain methods use the powerful forward/inverse DFT algorithms. Spectral domain methods have the advantage of stability even in the presence of nonlinearity (from refractive index or medium properties), while spatial domain methods can possibly become numerically unstable.
Another algorithm with the same approximation factor takes advantage of the fact that the k-center problem is equivalent to finding the smallest index i such that Gi has a dominating set of size at most k and computes a maximal independent set of Gi, looking for the smallest index i that has a maximal independent set with a size of at least k. It is not possible to find an approximation algorithm with an approximation factor of 2 − ε for any ε > 0, unless P = NP. Furthermore, the distances of all edges in G must satisfy the triangle inequality if the k-center problem is to be approximated within any constant factor, unless P = NP.
NACA High Speed Flight Station "Computer Room" (1949) The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available. Alan Turing described the "human computer" as someone who is "supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail." Teams of people, often women from the late nineteenth century onwards, were used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was divided so that this could be done in parallel. The same calculations were frequently performed independently by separate teams to check the correctness of the results.
In addition, a top-down matching phase is used to add any further matches that agree with the projected model position, which may have been missed from the Hough transform bin due to the similarity transform approximation or other errors. The final decision to accept or reject a model hypothesis is based on a detailed probabilistic model. This method first computes the expected number of false matches to the model pose, given the projected size of the model, the number of features within the region, and the accuracy of the fit. A Bayesian probability analysis then gives the probability that the object is present based on the actual number of matching features found.
When making transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution, then electronically compares the intensities of the two signals and computes the percentage of transmission of the sample compared to the reference standard. For reflectance measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that reflects from the reference and test samples. Light from the source lamp is passed through a monochromator, which diffracts the light into a "rainbow" of wavelengths through a rotating prism and outputs narrow bandwidths of this diffracted spectrum through a mechanical slit on the output side of the monochromator. These bandwidths are transmitted through the test sample.
Josh Bennett refuses to give up on the crew. He remembers that an Earth Return Vehicle is on its way to Mars at the same time, and proposes to accelerate it to intercept Ares 10, so that the crew can use it as a lifeboat. Engineer Cathe Willison computes a solution for the intercept—but then points out that the oxygen will only last if two of the crew sacrifice themselves. Valkerie, however, proposes another solution: observing that Lex, who is still in a coma, is consuming less oxygen, she proposes that two other astronauts go into drug-induced comas, with one astronaut remaining awake to accomplish the rendezvous and then reawaken the rest of the crew.
The MACD can be classified as an absolute price oscillator (APO), because it deals with the actual prices of moving averages rather than percentage changes. A percentage price oscillator (PPO), on the other hand, computes the difference between two moving averages of price divided by the longer moving average value. While an APO will show greater levels for higher priced securities and smaller levels for lower priced securities, a PPO calculates changes relative to price. Subsequently, a PPO is preferred when: comparing oscillator values between different securities, especially those with substantially different prices; or comparing oscillator values for the same security at significantly different times, especially a security whose value has changed greatly.
In SPBM the shortest path trees are then used to populate forwarding tables for each participating node's individual B-MAC addresses and for Group addresses; Group multicast trees are sub trees of the default shortest path tree formed by (Source, Group) pairing. Depending on the topology several different equal cost multi path trees are possible and SPB supports multiple algorithms per IS-IS instance. In SPB as with other link state based protocols, the computations are done in a distributed fashion. Each node computes the Ethernet compliant forwarding behavior independently based on a normally synchronized common view of the network (at scales of about 1000 nodes or less) and the service attachment points (user network interface (UNI) ports).
The Constructive Systems Engineering Cost Model (COSYSMO) was created by Ricardo Valerdi while at the University of Southern California Center for Software Engineering. It gives an estimate of the number of person-months it will take to staff systems engineering resources on hardware and software projects. Initially developed in 2002, the model now contains a calibration data set of more than 50 projects provided by major aerospace and defense companies such as Raytheon, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, SAIC, General Dynamics, and BAE Systems. Similar to its predecessor COCOMO, COSYSMO computes effort (and cost) as a function of system functional size and adjusts it based on a number of environmental factors related to systems engineering.
Firing semantics of process P modeled with a Petri net displayed in the image above Assuming process P in the KPN above is constructed so that it first reads data from channel A, then channel B, computes something and then writes data to channel C, the execution model of the process can be modeled with the Petri net shown on the right. The single token in the PE resource place forbids that the process is executed simultaneously for different input data. When data arrives at channel A or B, tokens are placed into places FIFO A and FIFO B respectively. The transitions of the Petri net are associated with the respective I/O operations and computation.
Chemical enhancement of these neurons produced a "super flincher" state in which any mild stimulus, such as an object gently moved toward the face, evoked a full-blown flinching reaction. In Graziano's interpretation, these multisensory neurons form a specialized brain-wide network that encodes the space near the body, computes a margin of safety, and helps to coordinate movements in relation to nearby objects with an emphasis on withdrawal or blocking movements. A subtle level of activation might bias ongoing behavior to avoid collision, whereas a strong level of activation evidently causes an overt defensive action. The neurons that encode peripersonal space may also provide a neuronal basis for the psychological phenomenon of personal space.
Specifically, the animal continually samples from its memory of past times at which reinforcement occurred and compares this memory sample with the current time on its clock. When the two values are close to one another the animal responds; when they are far enough apart, the animal stops responding. To make this comparison, it computes the ratio of the two values; when the ratio is less than a certain value it responds, when the ratio is larger it does not respond. By using a ratio of current time to expected time, rather than, for example, simply subtracting one from the other, SET accounts for a key observation about animal and human timing.
In gauge theory and mathematical physics, a topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory which computes topological invariants. Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory and the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for mathematical work related to topological field theory. In condensed matter physics, topological quantum field theories are the low-energy effective theories of topologically ordered states, such as fractional quantum Hall states, string-net condensed states, and other strongly correlated quantum liquid states.
Regression line for 50 random points in a Gaussian distribution around the line y=1.5x+2 (not shown). In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome variable') and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', or 'features'). The most common form of regression analysis is linear regression, in which a researcher finds the line (or a more complex linear combination) that most closely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion. For example, the method of ordinary least squares computes the unique line (or hyperplane) that minimizes the sum of squared distances between the true data and that line (or hyperplane).
An anti-unification algorithm should compute for given expressions a complete, and minimal generalization set, that is, a set covering all generalizations, and containing no redundant members, respectively. Depending on the framework, a complete and minimal generalization set may have one, finitely many, or possibly infinitely many members, or may not exist at all;Complete generalization sets always exist, but it may be the case that every complete generalization set is non-minimal. it cannot be empty, since a trivial generalization exists in any case. For first-order syntactical anti- unification, Gordon Plotkin gave an algorithm that computes a complete and minimal singleton generalization set containing the so-called "least general generalization" (lgg).
A median-selection algorithm can be used to yield a general selection algorithm or sorting algorithm, by applying it as the pivot strategy in Quickselect or Quicksort; if the median-selection algorithm is asymptotically optimal (linear-time), the resulting selection or sorting algorithm is as well. In fact, an exact median is not necessary – an approximate median is sufficient. In the median of medians selection algorithm, the pivot strategy computes an approximate median and uses this as pivot, recursing on a smaller set to compute this pivot. In practice the overhead of pivot computation is significant, so these algorithms are generally not used, but this technique is of theoretical interest in relating selection and sorting algorithms.
Plasticity of the spinal neural circuitry after injury. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27:145–167. When a painting is viewed, the brain interprets the total visual field, as opposed to processing each individual pixel of information independently, and then derives an image. At any instant the spinal cord receives an ensemble of information from all receptors throughout the body that signals a proprioceptive “image” that represents time and space, and it computes which neurons to excite next based on the most recently perceived “images.” The importance of the CPG is not simply its ability to generate repetitive cycles, but also to receive, interpret, and predict the appropriate sequences of actions during any part of the step cycle, i.e.
A simple social network: the nodes represent people or actors and the edges between nodes represent some relationship between actors Katz centrality computes the relative influence of a node within a network by measuring the number of the immediate neighbors (first degree nodes) and also all other nodes in the network that connect to the node under consideration through these immediate neighbors. Connections made with distant neighbors are, however, penalized by an attenuation factor \alpha. Each path or connection between a pair of nodes is assigned a weight determined by \alpha and the distance between nodes as \alpha^d. For example, in the figure on the right, assume that John's centrality is being measured and that \alpha = 0.5.
Stack frames look like this: EP -> local stack SP -> ... locals ... parameters ... return address (previous PC) previous EP dynamic link (previous MP) static link (MP of surrounding procedure) MP -> function return value The procedure calling sequence works as follows: The call is introduced with mst n where `n` specifies the difference in nesting levels (remember that Pascal supports nested procedures). This instruction will mark the stack, i.e. reserve the first five cells of the above stack frame, and initialise previous EP, dynamic, and static link. The caller then computes and pushes any parameters for the procedure, and then issues cup n, p to call a user procedure (`n` being the number of parameters, `p` the procedure's address).
In arithmetic and computer programming, the extended Euclidean algorithm is an extension to the Euclidean algorithm, and computes, in addition to the greatest common divisor (gcd) of integers a and b, also the coefficients of Bézout's identity, which are integers x and y such that : ax + by = \gcd(a, b). This is a certifying algorithm, because the gcd is the only number that can simultaneously satisfy this equation and divide the inputs. It allows one to compute also, with almost no extra cost, the quotients of a and b by their greatest common divisor. also refers to a very similar algorithm for computing the polynomial greatest common divisor and the coefficients of Bézout's identity of two univariate polynomials.
In recursion theory, \phi_e denotes the computable function with index (program) e in some standard numbering of computable functions, and \phi^B_e denotes the eth computable function using a set B of natural numbers as an oracle. A set A of natural numbers is Turing reducible to a set B if there is a computable function that, given an oracle for set B, computes the characteristic function χA of the set A. That is, there is an e such that \chi_A = \phi^B_e. This relationship is denoted A ≤T B; the relation ≤T is a preorder. Two sets of natural numbers are Turing equivalent if each is Turing reducible to the other.
Given the definition of the permanent of a matrix, it is clear that PERM(M) for any n-by-n matrix M is a multivariate polynomial of degree n over the entries in M. Calculating the permanent of a matrix is a difficult computational task--PERM has been shown to be #P-complete (proof). Moreover, the ability to compute PERM(M) for most matrices implies the existence of a random program that computes PERM(M) for all matrices. This demonstrates that PERM is random self-reducible. The discussion below considers the case where the matrix entries are drawn from a finite field Fp for some prime p, and where all arithmetic is performed in that field.
The Modular Midcourse Package (MMP), which is located in the forward portion of the warhead section, consists of the navigational electronics and a missile-borne computer that computes the guidance and autopilot algorithms and provides steering commands according to a resident computer program. The warhead section, just aft of the guidance section, contains the proximity fused warhead, safety-and-arming device, fuzing circuits and antennas, link antenna switching circuits, auxiliary electronics, inertial sensor assembly, and signal data converter. The propulsion section consists of the rocket motor, external heat shield, and two external conduits. The rocket motor includes the case, nozzle assembly, propellant, liner and insulation, pyrogen igniter, and propulsion arming and firing unit.
Consider a scalar field φ contained in a large box of volume V in flat spacetime at the temperature T = β−1. The partition function is defined by a path integral over all fields φ on the Euclidean space obtained by putting τ = it which are zero on the walls of the box and which are periodic in τ with period β. In this situation from the partition function he computes energy, entropy and pressure of the radiation of the field φ. In case of flat spaces the eigenvalues appearing in the physical quantities are generally known, while in case of curved space they are not known: in this case asymptotic methods are needed.
Many modern radio clocks use the Global Positioning System to provide more accurate time than can be obtained from terrestrial radio stations. These GPS clocks combine time estimates from multiple satellite atomic clocks with error estimates maintained by a network of ground stations. Due to effects inherent in radio propagation and ionospheric spread and delay, GPS timing requires averaging of these phenomena over several periods. No GPS receiver directly computes time or frequency, rather they use GPS to discipline an oscillator that may range from a quartz crystal in a low-end navigation receiver, through oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO) in specialized units, to atomic oscillators (rubidium) in some receivers used for synchronization in telecommunications.
Wolfram suggests that the theory of computational irreducibility may provide a resolution to the existence of free will in a nominally deterministic universe. He posits that the computational process in the brain of the being with free will is actually complex enough so that it cannot be captured in a simpler computation, due to the principle of computational irreducibility. Thus, while the process is indeed deterministic, there is no better way to determine the being's will than, in essence, to run the experiment and let the being exercise it. The book also contains a vast number of individual results—both experimental and analytic—about what a particular automaton computes, or what its characteristics are, using some methods of analysis.
If the vectors a, b, c were not previously provided values in the form of three-tuples of numbers, then this amounted to a vector algebra error, failing to properly apply distributivity of vector cross product over vector addition. On the other hand, if the vectors had been assigned values, then both of the above expressions would reduce to the same value, as long as the second expression had been copied and pasted from the "simplified" result of the former expression, but if the user typed in the second expression, then its value as a specific three-tuple would be computed correctly. MathCAD 15.0 erroneously computes some integrals. See the image at right for an example.
The principles used are correspond to those described in the article soil salinity control. Salt concentrations of outgoing water (either from one reservoir into the other or by subsurface drainage) are computed on the basis of salt balances, using different leaching or salt mixing efficiencies to be given with the input data. The effects of different leaching efficiencies can be simulated varying their input value. If drain or well water is used for irrigation, the method computes the salt concentration of the mixed irrigation water in the course of the time and the subsequent effect on the soil and ground water salinity, which again influences the salt concentration of the drain and well water.
While much of the prior work in automated virtual camera control systems has been directed towards reducing the need for a human to manually control the camera, the Director's Lens solution computes and proposes a palette of suggested virtual camera shots leaving the human operator to make the creative shot selection. In computing subsequent suggested virtual camera shots, the system analyzes the visual compositions and editing patterns of prior recorded shots to compute suggested camera shots that conform to continuity conventions such as not crossing the line of action, match placement of virtual characters so they appear to look at one another across cuts, and favors those shots which the human operator had previously used in sequence.
The algorithm determines a square-free factorization for polynomials whose coefficients come from the finite field Fq of order q = pm with p a prime. This algorithm firstly determines the derivative and then computes the gcd of the polynomial and its derivative. If it is not one then the gcd is again divided into the original polynomial, provided that the derivative is not zero (a case that exists for non-constant polynomials defined over finite fields). This algorithm uses the fact that, if the derivative of a polynomial is zero, then it is a polynomial in xp, which is, if the coefficients belong to Fp, the pth power of the polynomial obtained by substituting x by x1/p.
Many conscious beings behave in ways that are contrary to the rules of logic. Yet this irrational behavior is not accounted for by any rules, showing that there is at least some behavior that does not act by this set of rules. Another objection within representational theory of mind has to do with the relationship between propositional attitudes and representation. Dennett points out that a chess program can have the attitude of “wanting to get its queen out early,” without having representation or rule that explicitly states this. A multiplication program on a computer computes in the computer language of 1’s and 0’s, yielding representations that do not correspond with any propositional attitude.
In computing, `traceroute` and `tracert` are computer network diagnostic commands for displaying possible routes (paths) and measuring transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The history of the route is recorded as the round-trip times of the packets received from each successive host (remote node) in the route (path); the sum of the mean times in each hop is a measure of the total time spent to establish the connection. Traceroute proceeds unless all (usually three) sent packets are lost more than twice; then the connection is lost and the route cannot be evaluated. Ping, on the other hand, only computes the final round-trip times from the destination point.
In computing, especially digital signal processing, the multiply–accumulate operation is a common step that computes the product of two numbers and adds that product to an accumulator. The hardware unit that performs the operation is known as a multiplier–accumulator (MAC, or MAC unit); the operation itself is also often called a MAC or a MAC operation. The MAC operation modifies an accumulator a: :\ a \leftarrow a + ( b \times c ) When done with floating point numbers, it might be performed with two roundings (typical in many DSPs), or with a single rounding. When performed with a single rounding, it is called a fused multiply–add (FMA) or fused multiply–accumulate (FMAC).
In the context of the quoted sentence, the income tax is voluntary in that the person bearing the economic burden of the tax is the one required to compute (assess) the amount of tax and file the related tax return. In this sense, a state sales tax is not a voluntary tax - i.e., the purchaser of the product does not compute the tax or file the related tax return. The store at which he or she bought the product computes the sales tax, charges the customer, collects the tax from him at the time of sale, prepares and files a monthly or quarterly sales tax return and remits the money to the taxing authority.
In the quote from Flora the term "assessment" does not refer to a statutory assessment by the Internal Revenue Service under and and other statutes (i.e., a formal recordation of the tax on the books and records of the United States Department of the Treasury.). The term is instead used in the sense in which the taxpayer himself or herself "assesses" or computes his or her own tax in the process of preparing a tax return, prior to filing the return. Similarly, the word "deficiency" has more than one technical meaning under the Internal Revenue Code: one kind of "deficiency" for purposes of relating to statutory notices of deficiency, U.S. Tax Court cases, etc.
This systematic behavior implements the execution model of the language, as opposed to implementing semantics of the particular program text which is directly translated into code that computes results. One way to observe this separation between the semantics of a particular program and the runtime environment is to compile a program into an object file containing all the functions versus compiling an entire program to an executable binary. The object file will only contain assembly code relevant to those functions, while the executable binary will contain additional code used to implement the runtime environment. The object file, on one hand, may be missing information from the runtime environment that will be resolved by linking.
The percent value is computed by multiplying the numeric value of the ratio by 100. For example, to find 50 apples as a percentage of 1250 apples, one first computes the ratio = 0.04, and then multiplies by 100 to obtain 4%. The percent value can also be found by multiplying first instead of later, so in this example, the 50 would be multiplied by 100 to give 5,000, and this result would be divided by 1250 to give 4%. To calculate a percentage of a percentage, convert both percentages to fractions of 100, or to decimals, and multiply them. For example, 50% of 40% is: : It is not correct to divide by 100 and use the percent sign at the same time.
They have recorded 140 species of mammals, representing 47% of the mammal fauna in Venezuela. Larger groups are represented by the bats, followed by rodents and carnivores, among them are the tapir, the peccary, the sloth, the anteater, the howler monkey, the giant otter, the ocelot, the puma, the tailed deer, the agouti, the paca and the water rat. Among the reptiles have been recorded 97 species and 38 amphibians, both types of animals include the american crocodile located at the mouth of the San Miguel river, sea turtles, rattlesnakes and other species of toads and frogs of tropical forests. It is estimated that live more than a million species of insects, and has never computes all insect species in the park.
However, the 80286 has 24 address bits and computes effective addresses to 24 bits even in real mode. Therefore, for the segment 0xFFFF and offset greater than 0x000F, the 80286 would actually make an access into the beginning of the second mebibyte of memory, whereas the 80186 and earlier would access an address equal to [offset]-0x10, which is at the beginning of the first mebibyte. (Note that on the 80186 and earlier, the first kibibyte of the address space, starting at address 0, is the permanent, immovable location of the interrupt vector table.) So, the actual amount of memory addressable by the 80286 and later x86 CPUs in real mode is 1 MiB + 64 KiB – 16 B = 1114096 B.
The user runs the Authenticator app, which independently computes and displays the same password, which the user types in, authenticating their identity. With this kind of two-factor authentication, mere knowledge of username and password is not sufficient to break into a user's account; the attacker also needs knowledge of the shared secret key, or physical access to the device running the Authenticator app. An alternative route of attack is a man-in-the-middle attack: if the computer used for the login process is compromised by a trojan, then username, password and one-time password can be captured by the trojan, which can then initiate its own login session to the site or monitor and modify the communication between user and site.
Comparison of polynomials has applications for branching programs (also called binary decision diagrams). A read-once branching program can be represented by a multilinear polynomial which computes (over any field) on {0,1}-inputs the same Boolean function as the branching program, and two branching programs compute the same function if and only if the corresponding polynomials are equal. Thus, identity of Boolean functions computed by read-once branching programs can be reduced to polynomial identity testing. Comparison of two polynomials (and therefore testing polynomial identities) also has applications in 2D-compression, where the problem of finding the equality of two 2D-texts A and B is reduced to the problem of comparing equality of two polynomials p_A(x,y) and p_B(x,y).
Consider the case where Y is the graph with vertex set {1,2,3} and undirected edges {1,2}, {1,3} and {2,3} (a triangle or 3-circle) with vertex states from K = {0,1}. For vertex functions use the symmetric, boolean function nor : K3 → K defined by nor(x,y,z) = (1+x)(1+y)(1+z) with boolean arithmetic. Thus, the only case in which the function nor returns the value 1 is when all the arguments are 0. Pick w = (1,2,3) as update sequence. Starting from the initial system state (0,0,0) at time t = 0 one computes the state of vertex 1 at time t=1 as nor(0,0,0) = 1. The state of vertex 2 at time t=1 is nor(1,0,0) = 0.
In 1993, Fournier further abstracted the writing of statistical models by creating ADMB, a special "template" language to simplify model specification by creating the tools to transform models written using the templates into the AUTODIF Library applications. ADMB produces code to manage the exchange of model parameters between the model and the function minimizer, automatically computes the Hessian matrix and inverts it to provide an estimate the covariance of the estimated parameters. ADMB thus completes the liberation of the model developer from all of the tedious overhead of managing non-linear optimization, thereby freeing him or her to focus on the more interesting aspects of the statistical model. By the mid-1990s, ADMB had earned acceptance by researchers working on all aspects of resource management.
HAL computes an NxN matrix, where N is the number of words in its lexicon, using a 10-word reading frame that moves incrementally through a corpus of text. Like in SAM (see above), any time two words are simultaneously in the frame, the association between them is increased, that is, the corresponding cell in the NxN matrix is incremented. The bigger the distance between the two words, the smaller the amount by which the association is incremented (specifically, \Delta=11-d, where d is the distance between the two words in the frame). As in LSA (see above), the semantic similarity between two words is given by the cosine of the angle between their vectors (dimension reduction may be performed on this matrix, as well).
A path of symplectomorphisms of a symplectic vector space may be assigned a Maslov index, named after V. P. Maslov; it will be an integer if the path is a loop, and a half-integer in general. If this path arises from trivializing the symplectic vector bundle over a periodic orbit of a Hamiltonian vector field on a symplectic manifold or the Reeb vector field on a contact manifold, it is known as the Conley–Zehnder index. It computes the spectral flow of the Cauchy–Riemann-type operators that arise in Floer homology. It appeared originally in the study of the WKB approximation and appears frequently in the study of quantization, quantum chaos trace formulas, and in symplectic geometry and topology.
The "68–95–99.7 rule" is often used to quickly get a rough probability estimate of something, given its standard deviation, if the population is assumed to be normal. It is also used as a simple test for outliers if the population is assumed normal, and as a normality test if the population is potentially not normal. To pass from a sample to a number of standard deviations, one first computes the deviation, either the error or residual depending on whether one knows the population mean or only estimates it. The next step is standardizing (dividing by the population standard deviation), if the population parameters are known, or studentizing (dividing by an estimate of the standard deviation), if the parameters are unknown and only estimated.
The "probability plot correlation coefficient" (PPCC plot) is the correlation coefficient between the paired sample quantiles. The closer the correlation coefficient is to one, the closer the distributions are to being shifted, scaled versions of each other. For distributions with a single shape parameter, the probability plot correlation coefficient plot provides a method for estimating the shape parameter – one simply computes the correlation coefficient for different values of the shape parameter, and uses the one with the best fit, just as if one were comparing distributions of different types. Another common use of Q–Q plots is to compare the distribution of a sample to a theoretical distribution, such as the standard normal distribution , as in a normal probability plot.
A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modernAccording to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed, 2007), the word computer dates back to the mid 17th century, when it referred to "A person who makes calculations; specifically a person employed for this in an observatory etc." definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.
Two hidden chaotic attractors and one hidden periodic attractor coexist with two trivial attractors in Chua circuit (from the IJBC cover). The classical implementation of Chua circuit is switched on at the zero initial data, thus a conjecture was that the chaotic behavior is possible only in the case of unstable zero equilibrium. In this case a chaotic attractor in mathematical model can be obtained numerically, with relative ease, by standard computational procedure where after transient process a trajectory, started from a point of unstable manifold in a small neighborhood of unstable zero equilibrium, reaches and computes a self-excited attractor. To date, a large number of various types of self-excited chaotic attractors in Chua's system have been discovered.
Similarly, inverse dynamics in biomechanics computes the net turning effect of all the anatomical structures across a joint, in particular the muscles and ligaments, necessary to produce the observed motions of the joint. These moments of force may then be used to compute the amount of mechanical work performed by that moment of force. Each moment of force can perform positive work to increase the speed and/or height of the body or perform negative work to decrease the speed and/or height of the body. The equations of motion necessary for these computations are based on Newtonian mechanics, specifically the Newton–Euler equations of: : Force equal mass times linear acceleration, and : Moment equals mass moment of inertia times angular acceleration.
A directed acyclic graph may be used to represent a network of processing elements. In this representation, data enters a processing element through its incoming edges and leaves the element through its outgoing edges. For instance, in electronic circuit design, static combinational logic blocks can be represented as an acyclic system of logic gates that computes a function of an input, where the input and output of the function are represented as individual bits. In general, the output of these blocks cannot be used as the input unless it is captured by a register or state element which maintains its acyclic properties.. Electronic circuit schematics either on paper or in a database are a form of directed acyclic graphs using instances or components to form a directed reference to a lower level component.
Kc computes the successors of measurable and many singular cardinals correctly. Also, it is expected that under an appropriate weakening of countable certifiability, Kc would correctly compute the successors of all weakly compact and singular strong limit cardinals correctly. If V is closed under a mouse operator (an inner model operator), then so is Kc. Kc has no sharp: There is no natural non-trivial elementary embedding of Kc into itself. (However, unlike K, Kc may be elementarily self-embeddable.) If in addition there are also no Woodin cardinals in this model (except in certain specific cases, it is not known how the core model should be defined if Kc has Woodin cardinals), we can extract the actual core model K. K is also its own core model.
The first example computes 425 x 6. Napier's bones for 4, 2, and 5 are placed into the board. The bones for the larger number are multiplied. As an example of the values being derived from multiplication tables, the values of the seventh row of the 4 bone would be 2 / 8, derived from 7 x 4 = 28. In the example below for 425 x 6, the bones are depicted as red, yellow, and blue, respectively. First step of solving 485×7 The left-most column before any of the bones could be represented as the 1 bone, which would have a blank space or zero to the upper left separated by a diagonal line, since 1 x 1 = 01, 1 x 2 = 02, 1 x 3 = 03, etc.
Salt concentrations of outgoing water (either from one reservoir into the other or by subsurface drainage) are computed on the basis of salt balances, using different leaching or salt mixing efficiencies to be given with the input data. The effects of different leaching efficiencies can be simulated by varying their input value. If drain or well water is used for irrigation, the method computes the salt concentration of the mixed irrigation water in the course of the time and the subsequent effect on the soil and ground water salinities, which again influences the salt concentration of the drain and well water. By varying the fraction of used drain or well water (to be given in the input data), the long-term effect of different fractions can be simulated.
In particular, whereas Monte Carlo techniques provide a numerical approximation to the exact posterior using a set of samples, Variational Bayes provides a locally-optimal, exact analytical solution to an approximation of the posterior. Variational Bayes can be seen as an extension of the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm from maximum a posteriori estimation (MAP estimation) of the single most probable value of each parameter to fully Bayesian estimation which computes (an approximation to) the entire posterior distribution of the parameters and latent variables. As in EM, it finds a set of optimal parameter values, and it has the same alternating structure as does EM, based on a set of interlocked (mutually dependent) equations that cannot be solved analytically. For many applications, variational Bayes produces solutions of comparable accuracy to Gibbs sampling at greater speed.
Testfact features - Marginal maximum likelihood (MML) exploratory factor analysis and classical item analysis of binary data \- Computes tetrachoric correlations, principal factor solution, classical item descriptive statistics, fractile tables and plots \- Handles up to 10 factors using numerical quadrature: up to 5 for non-adaptive and up to 10 for adaptive quadrature \- Handles up to 15 factors using Monte Carlo integration techniques \- Varimax (orthogonal) and PROMAX (oblique) rotation of factor loadings \- Handles an important form of confirmatory factor analysis known as "bifactor" analysis: Factor pattern consists of one main factor plus group factors \- Simulation of responses to items based on user specified parameters \- Correction for guessing and not-reached items \- Allows imposition of constraints on item parameter estimates \- Handles omitted and not-presented items \- Detailed online HELP documentation includes syntax and annotated examples.
Just as with Bresenham's line algorithm, this algorithm can be optimized for integer-based math. Because of symmetry, if an algorithm can be found that only computes the pixels for one octant, the pixels can be reflected to get the whole circle. We start by defining the radius error as the difference between the exact representation of the circle and the center point of each pixel (or any other arbitrary mathematical point on the pixel, so long as it's consistent across all pixels). For any pixel with a center at (x_i, y_i), the radius error is defined as: :RE(x_i,y_i) = \left\vert x_i^2 + y_i^2 - r^2 \right\vert For clarity, this formula for a circle is derived at the origin, but the algorithm can be modified for any location.
Main path analysis is implemented in Pajek, a widely used social network analysis software written by Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar of University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. To run main path analysis in Pajek, one needs to first prepare a citation network and have Pajek reads in the network. Next, in the Pajek main menu, computes the traversal counts of all links in the network applying one of the following command sequences (depending on the choice of traversal counts). Network → Acyclic Network → Create Weighted Network + Vector → Traversal Weights → Search Path Link Count (SPC), or Network → Acyclic Network → Create Weighted Network + Vector → Traversal Weights → Search Path Link Count (SPLC), or Network → Acyclic Network → Create Weighted Network + Vector → Traversal Weights → Search Path Node Pairs (SPNP) After traversal counts are computed, the following command sequences find the main paths.
In computer software and hardware, find first set (ffs) or find first one is a bit operation that, given an unsigned machine word, designates the index or position of the least significant bit set to one in the word counting from the least significant bit position. A nearly equivalent operation is count trailing zeros (ctz) or number of trailing zeros (ntz), which counts the number of zero bits following the least significant one bit. The complementary operation that finds the index or position of the most significant set bit is log base 2, so called because it computes the binary logarithm . This is closely related to count leading zeros (clz) or number of leading zeros (nlz), which counts the number of zero bits preceding the most significant one bit.
Let l(n) denote the smallest s so that there exists an addition chain of length s which computes n. It is known that :\log_2(n)+ \log_2( u(n))-2.13\leq l(n) \leq \log_2(n) + \log_2(n)(1+o(1))/\log_2(\log_2(n)), where u(n) is the Hamming weight (the number of ones) of the binary expansion of n. One can obtain an addition chain for 2n from an addition chain for n by including one additional sum 2n=n+n, from which follows the inequality l(2n)\le l(n)+1 on the lengths of the chains for n and 2n. However, this is not always an equality, as in some cases 2n may have a shorter chain than the one obtained in this way.
Data streaming is becoming more useful and necessary in today's world and is being applied in a broad range of industries, some of which that have been already mentioned in examples such as the medical or transportation industry. Other examples of industries or markets, where data streaming is applicable, are: Finance: where it allows to track changes in the stock market in real time, computes value- at-risk, and automatically rebalances portfolios based on stock price movements. Real-estate: Websites can track a subset of data from consumers’ mobile devices and makes real-time property recommendations of properties to visit based on their geo-location (Amazon). Gaming: An online gaming company can collect streaming data about player-game interactions, and feeds the data into its gaming platform (Amazon).
Simple back-of-the-envelope test takes the sample maximum and minimum and computes their z-score, or more properly t-statistic (number of sample standard deviations that a sample is above or below the sample mean), and compares it to the 68–95–99.7 rule: if one has a 3σ event (properly, a 3s event) and substantially fewer than 300 samples, or a 4s event and substantially fewer than 15,000 samples, then a normal distribution will understate the maximum magnitude of deviations in the sample data. This test is useful in cases where one faces kurtosis risk – where large deviations matter – and has the benefits that it is very easy to compute and to communicate: non-statisticians can easily grasp that "6σ events are very rare in normal distributions".
Mary took a pound of very costly oil of spikenard, anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped His feet with her hair, and the house was filled with the fragrance of the oil. Judas Iscariot, described as "one of [Jesus'] disciples" and "Simon’s son, who would betray Him", said, “Why was this fragrant oil not sold for three hundred denarii () and the money given to poor people (or the poor)?” The New International Version, New King James Version and New Living Translation all equate this amount to a year's wages. In the oil is also valued at three hundred denarii; in it could have been sold for "a high (but unspecified) price". Charles Ellicott computes that, since in , two hundred denarii would purchase food for 5,000, three hundred denarii would have fed 7,500 people.
If the coefficients do not belong to Fp, the p-th root of a polynomial with zero derivative is obtained by the same substitution on x, completed by applying the inverse of the Frobenius automorphism to the coefficients. This algorithm works also over a field of characteristic zero, with the only difference that it never enters in the blocks of instructions where pth roots are computed. However, in this case, Yun's algorithm is much more efficient because it computes the greatest common divisors of polynomials of lower degrees. A consequence is that, when factoring a polynomial over the integers, the algorithm which follows is not used: one compute first the square-free factorization over the integers, and to factor the resulting polynomials, one chooses a p such that they remain square-free modulo p.
Generally tracks used for regional or national competition have an epoxy or polymer painted surface with recessed braided electrical contacts. In USRA Division 1, the use of traction-enhancing compounds on the racing surface ("glue" or "goop") may be applied to the racing surface by the competitors. One type of 1:24 commercial track is the "Blue King" (155 foot lap length) which is the track that is recognized for world records in 1:24 racing The 2017 world record qualifying lap is held by Brad Friesner at 1.347 seconds, which computes to 78.45 mph. The "King" track segments are "named" starting from the main straight in an anti-clock wise direction: bank, chute, deadman (corner), finger, back straight, 90 (corner), donut (corner), lead-on, and top-turn.
The algorithm is based on the facts that in a well-quasi-order (A,\le), any upward closed set has a finite set of minima, and any sequence S_1 \subseteq S_2 \subseteq ... of upward-closed subsets of A converges after finitely many steps (1). The algorithm needs to store an upward-closed set S_s of states in memory, which it can do because an upward-closed set is representable as a finite set of minima. It starts from the upward closure of the set of error states S_e and computes at each iteration the (by monotonicity also upward-closed) set of immediate predecessors and adding it to the set S_s. This iteration terminates after a finite number of steps, due to the property (1) of well-quasi-orders.
Using it, a computer program has been written that computes the digits of a transcendental number in polynomial time. The program that uses Cantor's 1874 construction requires at least sub- exponential time..) steps to produce n digits. (.)}} The presentation of the non-constructive proof without mentioning Cantor's constructive proof appears in some books that were quite successful as measured by the length of time new editions or reprints appeared—for example: Oskar Perron's Irrationalzahlen (1921; 1960, 4th edition), Eric Temple Bell's Men of Mathematics (1937; still being reprinted), Godfrey Hardy and E. M. Wright's An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (1938; 2008 6th edition), Garrett Birkhoff and Saunders Mac Lane's A Survey of Modern Algebra (1941; 1997 5th edition), and Michael Spivak's Calculus (1967; 2008 4th edition).
A visibility polygon for a point in the center (shown in white) amongst a set of arbitrary line segments in the plane, allowed to intersect only at their endpoints, acting as obstacles (shown in black). For a point among a set of n segments that do not intersect except at their endpoints, it can be shown that in the worst case, a \Theta(n\log n) algorithm is optimal. This is because a visibility polygon algorithm must output the vertices of the visibility polygon in sorted order, hence the problem of sorting can be reduced to computing a visibility polygon. Notice that any algorithm that computes a visibility polygon for a point among segments can be used to compute a visibility polygon for all other kinds of polygonal obstacles, since any polygon can be decomposed into segments.
Leading into the 2010s, Nintendo principally offered its home console, the Wii, and its portable console the Nintendo DS, along with several in-house games of their major franchises, such as Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda, a business method that had worked for the company for the previous 30 years. A distinguishing element of Nintendo's approach compared to other video game hardware computes was its unique take on hardware that allowed for novel gameplay elements, such as the motion-sensing Wii Remote and the dual-screen nature of the DS line. Nintendo is also unique in that their first-party games depend on their unique hardware, making a significant portion of their revenues tied to the success of these games. However, the 2010s also saw the growth of mobile gaming with wide adoption of smartphones and tablet computers.
Appellees, large-family recipients of benefits under the Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) program, brought this suit to enjoin the application of Maryland's maximum grant regulation as contravening the Social Security Act of 1935 and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Under the program, which is jointly financed by the Federal and State Governments, a State computes the "standard of need" of eligible family units. Under the Maryland regulation, though most families are provided aid in accordance with the standard of need, a ceiling of about $250 per month is imposed on an AFDC grant regardless of the size of the family and its actual need. The United States District Court for the District of Maryland held the regulation "invalid on its face for overreaching," and thus violative of the Equal Protection Clause.
The field of channel coding is concerned with sending a stream of data at the highest possible rate over a given communications channel, and then decoding the original data reliably at the receiver, using encoding and decoding algorithms that are feasible to implement in a given technology. Shannon's channel coding theorem shows that over many common channels there exist channel coding schemes that are able to transmit data reliably at all rates R less than a certain threshold C, called the channel capacity of the given channel. In fact, the probability of decoding error can be made to decrease exponentially as the block length N of the coding scheme goes to infinity. However, the complexity of a naive optimum decoding scheme that simply computes the likelihood of every possible transmitted codeword increases exponentially with N, so such an optimum decoder rapidly becomes infeasible.
While Alice and Bob can always succeed by having Bob send his whole n-bit string to Alice (who then computes the function f), the idea here is to find clever ways of calculating f with fewer than n bits of communication. Note that, unlike in computational complexity theory, communication complexity is not concerned with the amount of computation performed by Alice or Bob, or the size of the memory used, as we generally assume nothing about the computational power of either Alice or Bob. This abstract problem with two parties (called two-party communication complexity), and its general form with more than two parties, is relevant in many contexts. In VLSI circuit design, for example, one seeks to minimize energy used by decreasing the amount of electric signals passed between the different components during a distributed computation.
Even as this flaw is somewhat diminished as Minamoto trains her, Hatsune still has to overcome the fact that she computes and conducts in lupine/canine maneuvering rather than anthropoid action. Even with her canine conduct and gluttony set aside for the moment, Hatsune demonstrates a proclivity to become enthralled with anyone that sees past her exterior to interact with her as a human being and twice tries to claim Minamoto for herself. As Kaoru emphatically and vigorously demonstrates at her natural potency designation during an exercise regarding Minamoto and his affiliation, whoever is decided upon to supervise Hatsune will have to establish and maintain dominance right from the start without being cruel or despotic. She has romantic feeling for Akira, as shown when Keiko first became their commander, she did not accept Keiko, as she was jealous.
The function below takes as input sequences `X[1..m]` and `Y[1..n]`, computes the LCS between `X[1..i]` and `Y[1..j]` for all `1 ≤ i ≤ m` and `1 ≤ j ≤ n`, and stores it in `C[i,j]`. `C[m,n]` will contain the length of the LCS of `X` and `Y`. function LCSLength(X[1..m], Y[1..n]) C = array(0..m, 0..n) for i := 0..m C[i,0] = 0 for j := 0..n C[0,j] = 0 for i := 1..m for j := 1..n if X[i] = Y[j] //i-1 and j-1 if reading X & Y from zero C[i,j] := C[i-1,j-1] + 1 else C[i,j] := max(C[i,j-1], C[i-1,j]) return C[m,n] Alternatively, memoization could be used.
Black–Litterman overcame this problem by not requiring the user to input estimates of expected return; instead it assumes that the initial expected returns are whatever is required so that the equilibrium asset allocation is equal to what we observe in the markets. The user is only required to state how his assumptions about expected returns differ from the markets and to state his degree of confidence in the alternative assumptions. From this, the Black–Litterman method computes the desired (mean-variance efficient) asset allocation. In general, when there are portfolio constraints - for example, when short sales are not allowed - the easiest way to find the optimal portfolio is to use the Black–Litterman model to generate the expected returns for the assets, and then use a mean-variance optimizer to solve the constrained optimization problem.
Let X be a random n-by-n matrix with entries from Fp. Since all the entries of any matrix M + kX are linear functions of k, by composing those linear functions with the degree n multivariate polynomial that calculates PERM(M) we get another degree n polynomial on k, which we will call p(k). Clearly, p(0) is equal to the permanent of M. Suppose we know a program that computes the correct value of PERM(A) for most n-by-n matrices with entries from Fp\---specifically, 1 − 1/(3n) of them. Then with probability of approximately two-thirds, we can calculate PERM(M + kX) for k = 1,2,...,n + 1. Once we have those n + 1 values, we can solve for the coefficients of p(k) using interpolation (remember that p(k) has degree n).
According to the submission document, the name "Grøstl" is a multilingual play-on-words, referring to an Austrian dish that is very similar to hash (food). Like other hash functions in the MD5/SHA family, Grøstl divides the input into blocks and iteratively computes hi = f(hi−1, mi). However, Grøstl maintains a hash state at least twice the size of the final output (512 or 1024 bits), which is only truncated at the end of hash computation. The compression function f is based on a pair of 256- or 512-bit permutation functions P and Q, and is defined as: : f(h, m) = P(h ⊕ m) ⊕ Q(m) ⊕ h The permutation functions P and Q are heavily based on the Rijndael (AES) block cipher, but operate on 8×8 or 8×16 arrays of bytes, rather than 4×4.
To adjust for this, the BLS computes a consumer price index for the elderly (CPI-E). However, the CPI-E as an index has a number of flaws. For one, it covers a very small sample size and is in reality just a subset of the CPI-U rather than its own index. More importantly, there is substantial controversy about whether the CPI appropriately measures health care cost inflation – a problem which is particularly pronounced in the CPI-E. As CBO explains, it is unclear “whether the cost of living actually grows at a faster rate for the elderly than for younger people… Some research suggests that BLS underestimates the rate of improvement in the quality of health care and that such improvement may be reducing the true price of health care by more than 1 percent a year.
For an arbitrary query q, parallel comparison computes the index i such that :`sketch`(xi-1) ≤ `sketch`(q) ≤ `sketch`(xi) Unfortunately, the sketch function is not in general order-preserving outside the set of keys, so it is not necessarily the case that xi-1 ≤ q ≤ xi. What is true is that, among all of the keys, either xi-1 or xi has the longest common prefix with q. This is because any key y with a longer common prefix with q would also have more sketch bits in common with q, and thus `sketch`(y) would be closer to `sketch`(q) than any `sketch`(xj). The length longest common prefix between two w-bit integers a and b can be computed in constant time by finding the most significant bit of the bitwise XOR between a and b.
A variable rules analysis computes a multivariate statistical model, on the basis of observed token counts, such that each determining factor is assigned a numerical factor weight that describes how it influences the probabilities of choice of either form. This is done by means of stepwise logistic regression, using a maximum likelihood algorithm. Although the necessary computations required for a variable rules analysis can be carried out with the help of mainstream general-purpose statistics software packages such as SPSS, it is more often done by means of a specialised software dedicated to the needs of linguists, called Varbrul. It was originally written by David Sankoff and currently exists in freeware implementations for Mac OS and Microsoft Windows, under the title of Goldvarb X. There are also versions implemented in the statistical language R and therefore available on most platforms.
A simple example of an output-sensitive algorithm is given by the division algorithm division by subtraction which computes the quotient and remainder of dividing two positive integers using only addition, subtraction, and comparisons: def divide(number: int, divisor: int) -> Tuple[int, int]: """Division by subtraction.""" if not divisor: raise ZeroDivisionError if number < 1 or divisor < 1: raise ValueError( f"Positive integers only for " f"dividend ({number}) and divisor ({divisor})." ) q = 0 r = number while r >= divisor: q += 1 r -= divisor return q, r Example output: >>> divide(10, 2) (5, 0) >>> divide(10, 3) (3, 1) This algorithm takes Θ(Q) time, and so can be fast in scenarios where the quotient Q is known to be small. In cases where Q is large however, it is outperformed by more complex algorithms such as long division.
A Turing reduction from a set B to a set A computes the membership of a single element in B by asking questions about the membership of various elements in A during the computation; it may adaptively determine which questions it asks based upon answers to previous questions. In contrast, a truth-table reduction or a weak truth-table reduction must present all of its (finitely many) oracle queries at the same time. In a truth-table reduction, the reduction also gives a boolean function (a truth table) which, when given the answers to the queries, will produce the final answer of the reduction. In a weak truth-table reduction, the reduction uses the oracle answers as a basis for further computation which may depend on the given answers but may not ask further questions of the oracle.
Because mechanical injection systems have limited adjustments to develop the optimal amount of fuel into an engine that needs to operate under a variety of different conditions (such as when starting, the engine's speed and load, atmospheric and engine temperatures, altitude, ignition timing, etc.) electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems were developed that relied on numerous sensors and controls. When working together, these electronic components can sense variations and the main system computes the appropriate amount of fuel needed to achieve better engine performance based on a stored "map" of optimal settings for given requirements. in 1953, the Bendix Corporation began exploring the idea of an electronic fuel injection system as a way eliminate the well known problems of traditional carburetors. The first commercial EFI system was the "Electrojector" developed by Bendix and was offered by American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1957.
The running time of this procedure is proportional to the Hamming distance rather than to the number of bits in the inputs. It computes the bitwise exclusive or of the two inputs, and then finds the Hamming weight of the result (the number of nonzero bits) using an algorithm of that repeatedly finds and clears the lowest-order nonzero bit. Some compilers support the __builtin_popcount function which can calculate this using specialized processor hardware where available. int hamming_distance(unsigned x, unsigned y) { int dist = 0; // Count the number of bits set for (unsigned val = x ^ y; val > 0; val = val >> 1) { // If A bit is set, so increment the count if (val & 1) dist++; // Clear (delete) val's lowest-order bit } // Return the number of differing bits return dist; } A faster alternative is to use the population count (popcount) assembly instruction.
For an example of the latter, consider spam, which thrives in the email ecosystem and could not exist outside it. Whereas species of animals and plants interact with one another in their own terms, species of artifacts are brought into interaction through human agency. People arrange artifacts, like the furniture at home; connect them into networks, like computes in the internet; form large cultural cooperatives, like hospitals full of medical equipment, drugs, and treatments; retire one species in favor of another, like typewriters gave way to personal computers; or change their ecological meanings, like horses, originally used for work and transportation, found an ecological niche in sports. In an ecology of artifacts, the meaning of one consists of the possible interactions with other artifacts: cooperation, competition (substitution), domination or submission, leading technological development, like computers do right now, supporting the leaders, like the gadgets found in computer stores.
Concerning the identification of the parameters of a distribution law, the mature reader may recall lengthy disputes in the mid 20th century about the interpretation of their variability in terms of fiducial distribution , structural probabilities , priors/posteriors , and so on. From an epistemology viewpoint, this entailed a companion dispute as to the nature of probability: is it a physical feature of phenomena to be described through random variables or a way of synthesizing data about a phenomenon? Opting for the latter, Fisher defines a fiducial distribution law of parameters of a given random variable that he deduces from a sample of its specifications. With this law he computes, for instance “the probability that μ (mean of a Gaussian variable – our note) is less than any assigned value, or the probability that it lies between any assigned values, or, in short, its probability distribution, in the light of the sample observed”.
Training data is used by a learning algorithm to produce a ranking model which computes the relevance of documents for actual queries. Typically, users expect a search query to complete in a short time (such as a few hundred milliseconds for web search), which makes it impossible to evaluate a complex ranking model on each document in the corpus, and so a two-phase scheme is used. First, a small number of potentially relevant documents are identified using simpler retrieval models which permit fast query evaluation, such as the vector space model, boolean model, weighted AND, or BM25. This phase is called top-k document retrieval and many heuristics were proposed in the literature to accelerate it, such as using a document's static quality score and tiered indexes.. Section 7.1 In the second phase, a more accurate but computationally expensive machine-learned model is used to re-rank these documents.
Radix sort is a sorting algorithm that works for larger keys than pigeonhole sort or counting sort by performing multiple passes over the data. Each pass sorts the input using only part of the keys, by using a different sorting algorithm (such as pigeonhole sort or counting sort) that is suited only for small keys. To break the keys into parts, the radix sort algorithm computes the positional notation for each key, according to some chosen radix; then, the part of the key used for the th pass of the algorithm is the th digit in the positional notation for the full key, starting from the least significant digit and progressing to the most significant. For this algorithm to work correctly, the sorting algorithm used in each pass over the data must be stable: items with equal digits should not change positions with each other.
All were modified with the AMT-1 dropsonde system and assigned to the 54th WRS, where they remained until 1972. From then to 1987, when they were assigned permanently to the 53d WRS, the E-models were assigned to the operational demands of all the operational weather reconnaissance squadrons. In 1989 they were upgraded with the Improved Weather Reconnaissance System ("I-Wars") utilizing the Omega Navigation System"I-Wars" consists of three semi-independent sub-systems: the Atmospheric Distributed Data System (ADDS) which records and computes flight level meteorological data from various angle-of-attack probes, the radar altimeter, the pressure altimeter, ambient temperature and dewpoint sensors, and navigation data; the Dropsonde Windfinding System (DWS) which processes temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction data received from a dropsonde; and the Satellite Communication system (SATCOM). The ADDS generates measurements in the horizontal aspect ("horizontal data"), the DWS in the vertical ("vertical data"), and the SATCOM provides immediate direct transfer of the data to the user.
The Drako GTE uses proprietary Drako DriveOS software.Electric Vehicles News Drako GTE Featured on the Cover of Automobile Magazine The four motors produce a combined output of and 6490 lb-ft (8,800 Nm) of combined torque through four permanent-magnet hybrid synchronous electric motors (225 kW each) and four direct-drive gearboxes.CarScoops Drako GTE Electric Supercar Coming This Summer With 1200 HP Hot Hardware Drako GTE Is A Ferocious Quad-Motor EV With A Staggering 1200HP And 206MPH Top Speed The car has no differentials. Each motor is controlled individuallyDupont Registry Daily Top 10 Monterey Unveilings for 2019 by the Drako DriveOS operating system, which computes a new torque value for each wheel every 10 milliseconds, based on steering angle, slip angle, wheel-speed sensors, accelerator, and brakes. Top Speed Drako’s all-electric supercar is surely promising loads of performance Automobile MagThe 2020 Drako GTE Is a 1,200-Hp, All-Electric Hyper-Handling Supercar In addition to forward torque, the DriveOS can decelerate the individual wheels.
Before the M–σ relation was discovered in 2000, a large discrepancy existed between black hole masses derived using three techniques.Merritt, D. and Ferrarese, L. (2001), Relationship of Black Holes to Bulges Direct, or dynamical, measurements based on the motion of stars or gas near the black hole seemed to give masses that averaged ≈1% of the bulge mass (the "Magorrian relation"). Two other techniques—reverberation mapping in active galactic nuclei, and the Sołtan argument, which computes the cosmological density in black holes needed to explain the quasar light—both gave a mean value of M/Mbulge that was a factor ≈10 smaller than implied by the Magorrian relation. The M–σ relation resolved this discrepancy by showing that most of the direct black hole masses published prior to 2000 were significantly in error, presumably because the data on which they were based were of insufficient quality to resolve the black hole's dynamical sphere of influence.
Moreover, Kosslyn's work showed that there are considerable similarities between the neural mappings for imagined stimuli and perceived stimuli. The authors of these studies concluded that, while the neural processes they studied rely on mathematical and computational underpinnings, the brain also seems optimized to handle the sort of mathematics that constantly computes a series of topologically-based images rather than calculating a mathematical model of an object. Recent studies in neurology and neuropsychology on mental imagery have further questioned the "mind as serial computer" theory, arguing instead that human mental imagery manifests both visually and kinesthetically. For example, several studies have provided evidence that people are slower at rotating line drawings of objects such as hands in directions incompatible with the joints of the human body,Parsons 1987; 2003 and that patients with painful, injured arms are slower at mentally rotating line drawings of the hand from the side of the injured arm.
This example of inline assembly from the D programming language shows code that computes the tangent of x using the x86's FPU (x87) instructions. // Compute the tangent of x real tan(real x) { asm { fld x[EBP] ; // load x fxam ; // test for oddball values fstsw AX ; sahf ; jc trigerr ; // C0 = 1: x is NAN, infinity, or empty // 387's can handle denormals SC18: fptan ; fstp ST(0) ; // dump X, which is always 1 fstsw AX ; sahf ; // if (!(fp_status & 0x20)) goto Lret jnp Lret ; // C2 = 1: x is out of range, do argument reduction fldpi ; // load pi fxch ; SC17: fprem1 ; // reminder (partial) fstsw AX ; sahf ; jp SC17 ; // C2 = 1: partial reminder, need to loop fstp ST(1) ; // remove pi from stack jmp SC18 ; } trigerr: return real.nan; Lret: ; } For readers unfamiliar with x87 programming, the followed by conditional jump idiom is used to access the x87 FPU status word bits C0 and C2.
After its 2006 US release, The Death of Mr. Lazarescu rose quickly to critical acclaim, receiving enthusiastic reviews. Rotten Tomatoes, which gathers reviews from a large number of professional film critics, gives the film a 93% 'fresh' rating.Rotten Tomatoes computes a 93% 'fresh' rating for The Death of Mr. Lazarescu (May 21, 2007) Moreover, in 2007 it appeared on more than 10 "Top Ten films of 2006" lists compiled by professional critics, reaching the first place in J. Hoberman's list in the "Village Voice" and Sheri Linden's list in The Hollywood Reporter.Metacritic's "Film Critic Top Ten Lists – 2006 Critics' Picks" Roger Ebert and David Denby praised the film for its authenticity and the matter-of-fact approach which lets the story draw its audience deeply inside, while J. Hoberman called it "the great discovery of the last Cannes Film Festival and, in several ways, the most remarkable new movie to open in New York this spring".
He examined the role of these two cues in sound discrimination and identification and auditory scene analysis, how these cues are processed at each stage of the auditory system, and the effects of peripheral (cochlear) or central damage, ageing and rehabilitation systems (e.g., hearing aids or cochlear implants) on the perception of these temporal envelope and TFS cues. His early work on the perception of temporal-envelope information corroborated the existence of tuned (selective) modulation filters at central stages of the human auditory system, consistent with the notion that the auditory system computes some form of modulation spectrum of incoming sounds. He then showed that dynamic information in sounds not only is carried by so-called first- order characteristic of sounds (e.g., onset and offset cues, slow amplitude modulations composing the envelope of sounds), but also can be carried by temporal variations in “second-order” characteristics such as the temporal- envelope contrast (depth).
However, when the coefficients are integers, rational numbers or polynomials, these arithmetic operations imply a number of GCD computations of coefficients which is of the same order and make the algorithm inefficient. The subresultant pseudo- remainder sequences were introduced to solve this problem and avoid any fraction and any GCD computation of coefficients. A more efficient algorithm is obtained by using the good behavior of the resultant under a ring homomorphism on the coefficients: to compute a resultant of two polynomials with integer coefficients, one computes their resultants modulo sufficiently many prime numbers and then reconstructs the result with the Chinese remainder theorem. The use of fast multiplication of integers and polynomials allows algorithms for resultants and greatest common divisors that have a better time complexity, which is of the order of the complexity of the multiplication, multiplied by the logarithm of the size of the input (\log(s(d+e)), where is an upper bound of the number of digits of the input polynomials).
The height of the market for these computes was the late 1970s and early 1980s, prior to the introduction of the IBM PC. However, according to a long-time regional manager of the IBM personal computer division, speaking in confidence to the author of this entry in the mid-1980s, when the IBM PC was introduced, no portrait mode was made available for two reasons: (1) Top management didn't want the PC division to undermine the DisplayWriter product, (2) The computer was designed with spreadsheets and software development in mind, not word processing. Thus, it had a keyboard without a large backspace key at first, substituting a key widely used in computer software writing. Within a short period of time, the DisplayWriter and other dedicated word processors were no longer available. However, Portrait Display Labs leaped into this market niche, producing a number of rotating CRT monitors as well as software which could be used as a driver for many video cards.
To use as a test for outliers or a normality test, one computes the size of deviations in terms of standard deviations, and compares this to expected frequency. Given a sample set, one can compute the studentized residuals and compare these to the expected frequency: points that fall more than 3 standard deviations from the norm are likely outliers (unless the sample size is significantly large, by which point one expects a sample this extreme), and if there are many points more than 3 standard deviations from the norm, one likely has reason to question the assumed normality of the distribution. This holds ever more strongly for moves of 4 or more standard deviations. One can compute more precisely, approximating the number of extreme moves of a given magnitude or greater by a Poisson distribution, but simply, if one has multiple 4 standard deviation moves in a sample of size 1,000, one has strong reason to consider these outliers or question the assumed normality of the distribution.
In a sound proof system, every provably total function is indeed total, but the converse is not true: in every first-order proof system that is strong enough and sound (including Peano arithmetic), one can prove (in another proof system) the existence of total functions that cannot be proven total in the proof system. If the total computable functions are enumerated via the Turing machines that produces them, then the above statement can be shown, if the proof system is sound, by a similar diagonalization argument to that used above, using the enumeration of provably total functions given earlier. One uses a Turing machine that enumerates the relevant proofs, and for every input n calls fn(n) (where fn is n-th function by this enumeration) by invoking the Turing machine that computes it according to the n-th proof. Such a Turing machine is guaranteed to halt if the proof system is sound.
The Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by each gun once the target has been accurately located—to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However, in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link. Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes.
In single-linkage or nearest-neighbor clustering, the oldest form of agglomerative hierarchical clustering, the dissimilarity between clusters is measured as the minimum distance between any two points from the two clusters. With this dissimilarity, :d(A\cup B,C) = \min(d(A,C),d(B,C)), meeting as an equality rather than an inequality the requirement of reducibility. (Single-linkage also obeys a Lance–Williams formula, but with a negative coefficient from which it is more difficult to prove reducibility.) As with complete linkage and average distance, the difficulty of calculating cluster distances causes the nearest-neighbor chain algorithm to take time and space to compute the single-linkage clustering. However, the single-linkage clustering can be found more efficiently by an alternative algorithm that computes the minimum spanning tree of the input distances using Prim's algorithm, and then sorts the minimum spanning tree edges and uses this sorted list to guide the merger of pairs of clusters.
One digital signature scheme (of many) is based on RSA. To create signature keys, generate a RSA key pair containing a modulus, N, that is the product of two random secret distinct large primes, along with integers, e and d, such that e d ≡ 1 (mod φ(N)), where φ is the Euler phi-function. The signer's public key consists of N and e, and the signer's secret key contains d. To sign a message, m, the signer computes a signature, σ, such that σ ≡ md (mod N). To verify, the receiver checks that σe ≡ m (mod N). Several early signature schemes were of a similar type: they involve the use of a trapdoor permutation, such as the RSA function, or in the case of the Rabin signature scheme, computing square modulo composite, N. A trapdoor permutation family is a family of permutations, specified by a parameter, that is easy to compute in the forward direction, but is difficult to compute in the reverse direction without already knowing the private key ("trapdoor").
Informally, an oblivious tester for a graph property P is an algorithm that takes as input a parameter ε and graph G, and then runs as a property testing algorithm on G for the property P with proximity parameter ε that makes exactly q(ε) queries to G. Crucially, the number of queries an oblivious tester makes is a constant only dependent on ε. The formal definition is that an oblivious tester is an algorithm that takes as input a parameter ε. It computes an integer q(ε) and then asks an oracle for an induced subgraph H on exactly q(ε) vertices from G chosen uniformly at random. It then accepts or rejects according to ε and H. As before, we say it tests for the property P if it accepts with probability at least ⅔ for G that has property P, and rejects with probability at least ⅔ or G that is ε-far from having property P. In complete analogy with property testing algorithms, we can talk about oblivious testers with one-sided error.
Sample extrema can be used for normality testing, as events beyond the 3σ range are very rare. The sample extrema can be used for a simple normality test, specifically of kurtosis: one computes the t-statistic of the sample maximum and minimum (subtracts sample mean and divides by the sample standard deviation), and if they are unusually large for the sample size (as per the three sigma rule and table therein, or more precisely a Student's t-distribution), then the kurtosis of the sample distribution deviates significantly from that of the normal distribution. For instance, a daily process should expect a 3σ event once per year (of calendar days; once every year and a half of business days), while a 4σ event happens on average every 40 years of calendar days, 60 years of business days (once in a lifetime), 5σ events happen every 5,000 years (once in recorded history), and 6σ events happen every 1.5 million years (essentially never). Thus if the sample extrema are 6 sigmas from the mean, one has a significant failure of normality.
The general principle of grid computing is to use distributed computing resources from diverse administrative domains to solve a single task, by using resources as they become available. Traditionally, most grid systems have approached the task scheduling challenge by using an "opportunistic match-making" approach in which tasks are matched to whatever resources may be available at a given time.Grid computing: experiment management, tool integration, and scientific workflows by Radu Prodan, Thomas Fahringer 2007 pages 1-4 Example architecture of a geographically disperse distributively owned distributed computing system connecting many personal computers over a network BOINC, developed at the University of California, Berkeley is an example of a volunteer-based, opportunistic grid computing system.Parallel and Distributed Computational Intelligence by Francisco Fernández de Vega 2010 pages 65-68 The applications based on the BOINC grid have reached multi-petaflop levels by using close to half a million computers connected on the internet, whenever volunteer resources become available.BOIN statistics, 2011 Another system, Folding@home, which is not based on BOINC, computes protein folding, has reached 8.8 petaflops by using clients that include GPU and PlayStation 3 systems.
The strong reducibilities include: ;One-one reducibility: A is one-one reducible (or 1-reducible) to B if there is a total computable injective function f such that each n is in A if and only if f(n) is in B. ;Many-one reducibility: This is essentially one-one reducibility without the constraint that f be injective. A is many-one reducible (or m-reducible) to B if there is a total computable function f such that each n is in A if and only if f(n) is in B. ;Truth-table reducibility: A is truth-table reducible to B if A is Turing reducible to B via an oracle Turing machine that computes a total function regardless of the oracle it is given. Because of compactness of Cantor space, this is equivalent to saying that the reduction presents a single list of questions (depending only on the input) to the oracle simultaneously, and then having seen their answers is able to produce an output without asking additional questions regardless of the oracle's answer to the initial queries. Many variants of truth-table reducibility have also been studied.
The Ritt–Wu process, first devised by Ritt, subsequently modified by Wu, computes not a Ritt characteristic but an extended one, called Wu characteristic set or ascending chain. A non-empty subset T of the ideal generated by F is a Wu characteristic set of F if one of the following condition holds :(1) T = {a} with a being a nonzero constant, :(2) T is a triangular set and there exists a subset G of such that = and every polynomial in G is pseudo-reduced to zero with respect to T. Wu characteristic set is defined to the set F of polynomials, rather to the ideal generated by F. Also it can be shown that a Ritt characteristic set T of is a Wu characteristic set of F. Wu characteristic sets can be computed by Wu's algorithm CHRST-REM, which only requires pseudo-remainder computations and no factorizations are needed. Wu's characteristic set method has exponential complexity; improvements in computing efficiency by weak chains, regular chains, saturated chain were introducedChou S C, Gao X S; Ritt–Wu's decomposition algorithm and geometry theorem proving. Proc of CADE, 10 LNCS, #449, Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1990 207–220.
The version of Suurballe's algorithm as described above finds paths that have disjoint edges, but that may share vertices. It is possible to use the same algorithm to find vertex-disjoint paths, by replacing each vertex by a pair of adjacent vertices, one with all of the incoming adjacencies of the original vertex, and one with all of the outgoing adjacencies . Two edge-disjoint paths in this modified graph necessarily correspond to two vertex-disjoint paths in the original graph, and vice versa, so applying Suurballe's algorithm to the modified graph results in the construction of two vertex-disjoint paths in the original graph. Suurballe's original 1974 algorithm was for the vertex-disjoint version of the problem, and was extended in 1984 by Suurballe and Tarjan to the edge-disjoint version.. By using a modified version of Dijkstra's algorithm that simultaneously computes the distances to each vertex in the graphs , it is also possible to find the total lengths of the shortest pairs of paths from a given source vertex to every other vertex in the graph, in an amount of time that is proportional to a single instance of Dijkstra's algorithm.
Depending on which of those two values is smaller, the chord is then labeled as "Oberklang" or "Unterklang" ("upper chord", if reference to the lower reference note, or "lower chord", if referenced to the upper reference note). The C major chord c’-e’-g’ could, for instance, be referenced to C. All three notes of the triad can be represented as integer multiples of the frequency of this reference tone (4, 5, and 6). The prime decomposition yields 2·2,5,2·3. Applying the weights suggested by Vogel one obtains a so-called consonance value of (1+1+5+1+3)/3 = 11/3 = 3.67. The same chord may also be referenced to b’’’’: this upper reference tone has 15 times the frequency of c’, 12 times the frequency of e’ and ten times the frequency of g’. The prime decomposition yields3·5,2·2·3,2·5. The consonance value computes to (3+5+1+1+3+1+5)/3 = 19/3 = 6,33. As the consonance value for the lower reference tone is better (smaller), the c major chord c’-e’-g’ is defined to be an upper chord referenced to C. The consonance value of the c minor chord c’-es’-g’ is identical. It is, however, reference to the upper reference tone of this chord, g’’’.

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