Sentences Generator
And
Your saved sentences

No sentences have been saved yet

"computer language" Definitions
  1. a programming language, as BASIC, COBOL, or FORTRAN, devised for communicating instructions to a computer.

228 Sentences With "computer language"

How to use computer language in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "computer language" and check conjugation/comparative form for "computer language". Mastering all the usages of "computer language" from sentence examples published by news publications.

The computer language is Assembly, and dates back to 21625.
You're then expected to make logic happen with your preferred computer language of choice.
The use of this abstract computer language is funny, especially since one of the signs is $.
But to make this happen, Streams and those systems need to use a shared computer language.
There are more than 100,000 Swift apps and it's been called fastest-growing computer language in history.
Praisner said the system requires an "unbelievably complicated" computer language used to describe the data in the forms.
With a degree in history, she started as a coder in a computer language that no longer exists.
I can't read computer language, and there are people that have a difficult time understanding financial language as well.
He taught from 1954 to 1967 at the University of California, Berkeley, where he led research into computer language.
The systems are about 56 years old, and use an outdated computer language that is difficult to write and maintain.
For example, the Department of the Treasury still runs on assembly language code — a computer language first created in the 1950's.
Talk of computer-language efficiency led to a discussion of the Hawaiian language, which makes do with far fewer letters than English.
A federal appeals court reversed that ruling, however, saying that the structure of the computer language that connects programs can be protected.
She was one of the architects of a "new compiled computer language" called COBOL, which is still a standard of data processing today.
A Flatiron district artificial intelligence start-up was recently looking to expand, adding new engineers who happened to know a niche computer language.
A federal appeals court disagreed in 2014, ruling that computer language that connects programs - known as application programming interfaces, or APIs - can be copyrighted.
A federal appeals court disagreed in 2014, ruling that computer language that connects programs — known as application programming interfaces, or APIs — can be copyrighted.
Based on the computer language SQL — that's pronounced "see-cue-ell" and stands for Structured Query Language — MySQL is the world's most popular relational database management system.
Mr. Hassanpur, 25, got a job at Accenture, the professional services company, where he worked for a year doing programming in the Java computer language for a government client.
Block languages cut out the need to memorize commands, which vary depending on the computer language, because the block "is read just the way you think about it," Dr. Garcia said.
The surveillance robots will be communicating to each other in a computer language, Ferrari says, but will also be able able to translate what they're thinking into "some syntax" that a human can understand.
If you've decided that you want to give this fancy computer language a look-see, the PCMag Shop is running a great sale on online coding courses for just $9.993 — beating Udemy's typical $12 price.
In his recent exhibition, Zero Width Non-Joiner at Susan Inglett (June 9–July 29, 2016), Greg Smith brings together Unicode (computer language) and photographic slides, two information delivery systems, one current, the other outmoded.
Our software allows factory workers to enter a simple command like "Pick up a cookie from conveyor belt A." Usually, it would take highly trained employees using a complex computer language to direct robots like this.
Through Code Next's curriculum, which was developed in partnership with MIT Media Lab, students will be able to learn how to code, participate in hands-on activities and expose themselves to computer language processing in after-school and weekend programs.
It's best described as fitting into the mould of (non-computer) language learning apps — of which there's also a rich variety these days (Duolingo, Babbel, Verbling etc) — offering budding developers similarly engaging touchscreen-based interactions as a route for learning.
It also includes more short courses that emphasize job skills — both hard skills, such as a new computer language or technology, and soft skills, such as learning how to engage in difficult conversations — using real-life problems and case studies.
It had been backed by Kleiner Perkins' special fund for Java startups, and the duo convinced John Doerr to appear at an event with Sun Microsystems founder Scott McNealy, an outspoken advocate for the computer language; they were set to name their top 10 Java startups.
Two Harvard students who said they were familiar with some of the violations, and who wanted to be anonymous for fear of repercussions from the university, described one of the more blatant examples: A student submitted code using a computer language, PHP, that had been taught in a previous year, but not last fall.
New inventions like the Soviet engineer Mikhail Kalashnikov's assault rifle, the French couturier Christian Dior's resplendent New Look, the American Navy admiral Grace Hopper's virtuoso development of computer language, Thelonious Monk's and Billie Holiday's musical genius and the Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin's coinage of the term "genocide" jostle with the United Nations' efforts to find a workable resolution for Palestine, gruesome rapes during the partition of India, anti-Semitic riots in England and the Nazi Einsatzgruppen trial at Nuremberg.
When a string grammar is used to define a computer language, some string-grammar parsing tools and compiler- generator tools can be used to more easily create a compiler software system for that particular computer language. Because other grammars can be more difficult to use for parsing text written in a specific computer language, using a string grammar is a means to seek simplicity in language processing.
A sublanguage is a subset of a language. Sublanguages occur in natural language, computer language, and relational databases.
The Self-Improvement Platform (Geliştirme Platformu) is to encourage personal and career growth through organized activities like computer, language and speaking courses.
The software package for C64 includes a full-screen editor and command shell. See also [Computer Language, Mar 1986, pp. 128–134].
In such an application the sentences used become high level abstractions (conceptualisations) of computing procedures that are computer language and machine independent.
365 While the first generation of literate programming tools were computer language-specific, the later ones are language-agnostic and exist above the programming languages.
RREAC used ALGOL 60 as its programming language \- the first computer language to use nested functions, and the ancestor of some of today's main programming languages.
The earlier CSMP III text-based programming language has been superseded by variations such as APL and object oriented computer-language modelling versions of CSMP such as OOSCMP.
The opening credits of the film were produced by the CG director, Seichi Tanaka. Tanaka converted code in a computer language displayed in romanized Japanese letters to numbers before inserting them into the computer to generate the credits. The origin of this code is the names of the film's staff as written in a computer language. Animation director Toshihiko Nishikubo was responsible for the realism and strove for accurate depictions of movement and effects.
Metaphone is a phonetic algorithm, published by Lawrence Philips in 1990, for indexing words by their English pronunciation.Hanging on the Metaphone, Lawrence Philips. Computer Language, Vol. 7, No. 12 (December), 1990.
The SBCL compiler generates fast native code according to a previous version of The Computer Language Benchmarks Game. ; Ufasoft Common Lisp: port of CLISP for windows platform with core written in C++.
SIMCOS (an acronym standing for SIMulation of COntinuous Systems) is a computer language and a development environment for computer simulation. In 1989 it was developed by Slovenian experts led by Borut Zupančič.
KM3 or Kernel Meta Meta Model is a neutral computer language to write metamodels and to define Domain Specific Languages. KM3 has been defined at INRIA and is available under the Eclipse platform.
9, 2003. Accessed Dec. 7, 2012 Starkey's first major computer language was STOP, an assembler emulator written in 1965 and used by IIT for undergraduate instruction. Starkey joined Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1975.
Daplex is a computer language introduced in 1981 by David Shipman of the Computer Corporation of America. Daplex was designed for creating distributed database systems and can be used as a global query language.
On the other hand, deterministic context-free languages can be accepted in O() time by an LR() parser. This is very important for computer language translation because many computer languages belong to this class of languages.
The project was known as The Great Computer Language Shootout until 2007. A port for Windows was maintained separately between 2002 and 2003. The sources have been archived on GitLab. There are also older forks on GitHub.
In computing, a compiler is a computer program that transforms source code written in a programming language or computer language (the source language), into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code or machine code). The most common reason for transforming source code is to create an executable program. Any program written in a high-level programming language must be translated to object code before it can be executed, so all programmers using such a language use a compiler or an interpreter. Thus, compilers are very important to programmers.
Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems (ATLAS) is a MILSPEC language for automatic testing of avionics equipment. It is a high-level computer language and can be used on any computer whose supporting software can translate it into the appropriate low-level instructions.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game also highlights its high-performance implementation of concurrency and parallelism.Computer Language Benchmarks Game An active, growing community exists around the language, and more than 5,400 third-party open-source libraries and tools are available in the online package repository Hackage.
Computation is based on graph rewriting and reduction. Constants such as numbers are graphs and functions are graph rewriting formulas. This, combined with compilation to native code, makes Clean programs which use high abstraction run relatively fast according to the Computer Language Benchmarks Game.
Output from a simple Artspeak program Artspeak is a computer language conceived by Jacob T. Schwartz at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. Until 2011, the only known compiler/interpreter was written for the CDC 6600, a mainframe computer. In order to program in Artspeak on the CDC 6600, one had to use punch cards and utilize batch processing.ARTSPEAK -- A Computer Language For Young At Heart And The Art Lover (The ARTSPEAK graphics programming language; history, reaction, examples) Artspeak was a specialized language that worked with a single-color graphical plotter to produce graphical output on a 10-inch by 10-inch sheet of paper.
In colloquial usage, the terms "Turing-complete" or "Turing- equivalent" are used to mean that any real-world general-purpose computer or computer language can approximately simulate the computational aspects of any other real-world general-purpose computer or computer language. Real computers constructed so far can be functionally analyzed like a single-tape Turing machine (the "tape" corresponding to their memory); thus the associated mathematics can apply by abstracting their operation far enough. However, real computers have limited physical resources, so they are only linear bounded automaton complete. In contrast, a universal computer is defined as a device with a Turing-complete instruction set, infinite memory, and infinite available time.
An example is string threading, in which operations are identified by strings, usually looked up by a hash table. This was used in Charles H. Moore's earliest Forth implementations and in the University of Illinois's experimental hardware-interpreted computer language. It is also used in Bashforth.
In issue 53, May 1990, Thompson wrote, "I'm closing down Micro C and I don't know what I'll be doing next." He explained his loss of interest in the magazine, and subscribers were offered the choice to switch to one of several other magazines, including Computer Language.
Met English Language (MEL) was an early computer language used by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife). It enabled MetLife to establish itself as a strong technology company in the early days of commercial computing. It has now been retired and is no longer in use.
In 2011 Hershman released the ground-breaking !Women Art Revolution, a feature-length documentary about the feminist art movement in the United States. According to Leeson: > The films are all about loss and technology. Ada Lovelace invented computer > language, but was never credited and was basically erased from history.
In 1974/1975, Walker wrote the ANIMAL software, which self-replicated on UNIVAC 1100 machines. It is considered one of the first computer viruses. Walker also founded the hardware integration manufacturing company Marinchip. Among other things, Marinchip pioneered the translation of numerous computer language compilers to Intel platforms.
Historically, computer language syntax was restricted to the ASCII character set, and the asterisk became the de facto symbol for the multiplication operator. This selection is reflected in the standard numeric keypad, where the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are represented by the keys , , and , respectively.
Additional computer language projects grew out of CUPL. Most notably, the CUPL compiler was reworked to implement a subset of the PL/I programming language, called PL/C. PL/C retained the diagnostic and error correction features of CUPL. Audio CUPL was an implementation to accept verbal CUPL statements spoken by the programmer.
ASDL is also a common misspelling of ADSL. Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language (ASDL) is a computer language developed as part of ESPRIT project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combines an object-oriented type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a target-language interface.
Some tribes have used technology to preserve their culture and languages through digital storytelling, computer language platforms, audio recordings, webpages and other forms of media. Technology also contributes to economic and educational development. STEM knowledge helps Native youth enter into Western jobs. Increased representation in STEM fields could aid the Native American self-determination movement.
Although data structure alignment is a fundamental issue for all modern computers, many computer languages and computer language implementations handle data alignment automatically. Ada, PL/I, Pascal, certain C and C++ implementations, D, Rust, C#, and assembly language allow at least partial control of data structure padding, which may be useful in certain special circumstances.
The College of Agricultural Technology (CAT Theni) in Theni, Tamil Nadu was established in 2010. It is affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The campus has 15 classrooms, 8 labs, 1 exam hall, library and computer/language lab. Being a residential institution, a 150-room hostel separately for men and women is available.
Within a Spin code program, assembly code program(s) can be inline inserted. These assembler program(s) will then run on their own COGs. Like Python, Spin uses indentation whitespace, rather than curly braces or keywords, to delimit blocks. The Propeller's interpreter for its proprietary multi-threaded Spin computer language is a bytecode interpreter.
NPL (for NonProcedural Language) was a relational database language developed by T.D. Truitt et al."An Introduction to Nonprocedural Languages Using NPL", T.D. Truitt et al., McGraw-Hill 1983.Truitt, T. D. "NPL: the nonprogrammer's data base language" Computer Language 4(06) June 1987 pp97-103 in 1980 for Apple II and MS-DOS.
The B6500 and similar Burroughs computers performed bound checking via hardware, irrespective of which computer language had been compiled to produce the machine code. A limited number of later CPUs have specialised instructions for checking bounds, e.g., the CHK2 instruction on the Motorola 68000 series. Many programming languages, such as C, never perform automatic bounds checking to raise speed.
The logic is usually designed as if it were relays, using a special computer language called ladder logic. In PLCs, timers are usually simulated by the software built into the controller. Each timer is just an entry in a table maintained by the software. Digital timers are used in safety devices such as a gas timer.
The term sublanguage has also sometimes been used to denote a computer language that is a subset of another language. A sublanguage may be restricted syntactically (it accepts a subgrammar of the original language), and/or semantically (the set of possible outcomes for any given program is a subset of the possible outcomes in the original language).
A commercial program, ViewSoft Internet, was briefly available in the 1990s that implemented a general purpose GUI builder based upon the Editing Model. Transition Networks present the user interface logic as a kind of intelligent flowchart. In an Event Language model, the computer language is designed around the handling of events. This is essentially the approach taken in Microsoft's .
In 2001, he co-founded both the non-profit corporation Ruby Central, Inc. dedicated to the promotion of the Ruby programming language, and the for-profit corporation InfoEther, Inc., created to focus on applying the Ruby computer language in business. He served as president and CEO of InfoEther until its acquisition by LivingSocial in March 2011.
Fredkin, "Trie memory," Communications of the ACM, Sept. 1960). Part 5.4. begins initially by demonstrating the differences between human language and computer language, the latter in regards especially to FORTRAN, an Information Processing Language identified by J. C. Shaw, A. Newell, H. A. Simon, and T. O. Ellis (in A command structure for complex information processing, Proc. WJCC, pp.
Computational linguistics is the study of linguistic issues in a way that is "computationally responsible", i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development.
Muhammad Rafique (2 January 1940 — 16 June 1996), was a Pakistani mathematician and professor of mathematics at the Punjab University. He was a versatile scholar who authored textbooks on computer language and special relativity. He was belated co-author of textbook Group Theory for High Energy Physicists, which was eventually published years after his death in 2016.
Scottish Americans have also been leaders in computing and information technology. Scottish Americans Howard Aiken and Grace Murray Hopper created the first automatic sequence computer in 1939. Hopper was also the co-inventor of the computer language COBOL. Ross Perot, another Scottish American entrepreneur, made his fortune from Electronic Data Systems, an outsourcing company he established in 1962.
The Elements of Java Style is a book of rules of programming style in the Java computer language. The book was published by Cambridge University Press in January 2000. The book provides conventions for formatting, naming, documentation, programming and packaging. This book is part of a series of books that include The Elements of C# Style and The Elements of C++ Style.
The Standard Interchange Language Thayer, Warren. "Can SIL break the computer language barrier? The Standard Interchange Language — a data exchange standard designed with wholesalers in mind — may give retail systems integration a big boost", Progressive Grocer, January 1991. is a data interchange language standard developed by the Food Distribution Retails Systems Group for the interchange of information between software programs.
A SNOBOL pattern can be very simple or extremely complex. A simple pattern is just a text string (e.g. "ABCD"), but a complex pattern may be a large structure describing, for example, the complete grammar of a computer language. It is possible to implement a language interpreter in SNOBOL almost directly from a Backus–Naur form expression of it, with few changes.
683 Sammet was employed by Sperry Gyroscope from 1955 to 1958 where she supervised the first scientific programming group. From 1958 to 1961, she worked for Sylvania as a staff consultant for programming research and a member of the original COBOL group. She joined IBM in 1961 where she developed FORMAC, the first widely used computer language for symbolic manipulation of mathematical formulas.
28이재숙, 문화포털 예술지식백과 and Jeongja Kim also studied Pansori (UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity) under Yoojin Chung, Korean traditional dance under Eunhee Song. Additionally, she studied data science at Harvard University and MITx and currently is following DEDP MicroMasters at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Han speaks 6 languages and more : Korean, Japanese, Chinese, English, French, Italian, C++ Computer language.
We > use computational algorithms to express the methods used to analyze > dynamical phenomena. Expressing the methods in a computer language forces > them to be unambiguous and computationally effective. Formulating a method > as a computer-executable program and debugging that program is a powerful > exercise in the learning process. Also, once formalized procedurally, a > mathematical idea becomes a tool that can be used directly to compute > results.
A global interpreter lock (GIL) is a mechanism used in computer-language interpreters to synchronize the execution of threads so that only one native thread can execute at a time. An interpreter that uses GIL always allows exactly one thread to execute at a time, even if run on a multi-core processor. Some popular interpreters that have GIL are CPython and Ruby MRI.
For a program to qualify as simple, there are several requirements: # Its operation can be completely explained by a simple graphical illustration. # It can be completely explained in a few sentences of human language. # It can be implemented in a computer language using just a few lines of code. # The number of its possible variations is small enough so that all of them can be computed.
An international collaborative project known as OneGeology was launched, aiming to bring together geological data from all nations into a digital database and thus transform them into a single computer language, providing free access to the online digital geological world map in the scale of 1:1 million. That initiative, spearheaded by Ian Jackson of the British Geological Survey, came under the IYPE banner in 2007.
The SoftCard was Paul Allen's idea. Its original purpose was to simplify porting Microsoft's computer-language products to the Apple II. The SoftCard was developed by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP). SCP built prototypes, Don Burtis of Burtronix redesigned the card, and California Computer Systems manufactured it for Microsoft. Unsure whether the card would sell, Microsoft first demonstrated it publicly at the West Coast Computer Faire in March 1980.
Bob Albrecht edited an eccentric newspaper about computer games programmed in the BASIC computer language, with the same name as the tiny nonprofit educational corporation that he had founded, People's Computer Company (PCC). Dennis Allison was a longtime computer consultant on the San Francisco Peninsula and sometime instructor at Stanford University. The Dobbs title was based on a mashup of the first letters of their names: Dennis and Bob.
Neural Designer performs descriptive, diagnostic, predictive and prescriptive data analytics. It implements deep architectures with multiple non-linear layers and contains utilities to solve function regression, pattern recognition, time series and autoencoding problems. The input to Neural Designer is a data set, and the output from it is a predictive model. That result takes the form of an explicit mathematical expression, which can be exported to any computer language or system.
COFFEE (often written as "C.O.F.F.E.E") was a computer scripting language that forms part of CINEMA 4D, a proprietary 3D graphics application. Although presented as an acronym the letters of the word COFFEE allegedly stand for Cinema Object-oriented Fery Fast Environment Enhancer, it is primarily a comic reference to Java, a considerably more famous computer language. COFFEE has been discontinued with Release 20 of Cinema 4D in 2018.
Illustration of row- and column-major order Matrix representation is a method used by a computer language to store matrices of more than one dimension in memory. Fortran and C use different schemes for their native arrays. Fortran uses "Column Major", in which all the elements for a given column are stored contiguously in memory. C uses "Row Major", which stores all the elements for a given row contiguously in memory.
Veeder's knowledge of photography lead her to experiment with video art, eventually working across multiple program platforms. These included Bally Home Computer/Arcade, and ZGRASS computer language which was eventually combined with Sandin Image Processor. The burgeoning professional video game industry in Chicago gave Veeder an outlet to put her theories into practice. Veeder collaborated with Phil Morton to create the video art pieces "Program #7" and "Program #9" in 1978.
In digital printing, a page description language (PDL) is a computer language that describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap (or generally raster graphics). An overlapping term is printer control language, which includes Hewlett-Packard's Printer Command Language (PCL). PostScript is one of the most noted page description languages. The markup language adaptation of the PDL is the page description markup language.
On the business-focused CP/M computers which soon became widespread in small business environments, Microsoft BASIC (MBASIC) was one of the leading applications. In 1978, David Lien published the first edition of The BASIC Handbook: An Encyclopedia of the BASIC Computer Language, documenting keywords across over 78 different computers. By 1981, the second edition documented keywords from over 250 different computers, showcasing the explosive growth of the microcomputer era.
In computer programming, the interpreter pattern is a design pattern that specifies how to evaluate sentences in a language. The basic idea is to have a class for each symbol (terminal or nonterminal) in a specialized computer language. The syntax tree of a sentence in the language is an instance of the composite pattern and is used to evaluate (interpret) the sentence for a client. See also Composite pattern.
PFC Patricia Barbeau operates a tape-drive on the IBM 729 at Camp Smith. Milly Koss who had worked at UNIVAC with Hopper, started work at Control Data Corporation (CDC) in 1965. There she developed algorithms for graphics, including graphic storage and retrieval. Mary K. Hawes of Burroughs Corporation set up a meeting in 1959 to discuss the creation a computer language that would be shared between businesses.
The term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language.Robert A. Edmunds, The Prentice-Hall standard glossary of computer terminology, Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 91 However, the usage of both terms varies among authors, including the exact scope of each. One usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer languages.Pascal Lando, Anne Lapujade, Gilles Kassel, and Frédéric Fürst, Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs , ICSOFT 2007 , pp.
A record can be viewed as the computer analog of a mathematical tuple, although a tuple may or may not be considered a record, and vice versa, depending on conventions and the specific programming language. In the same vein, a record type can be viewed as the computer language analog of the Cartesian product of two or more mathematical sets, or the implementation of an abstract product type in a specific language.
The Regular Season, in which individual students compete to get their school team qualified for the All-Star Contest, consists of four rounds. These rounds consist of a programming part and a written part. In the programming part, students have 72 hours to complete a program in any computer language to perform the given task. In the written part, students have a total of 30 minutes to answer 5 questions based on given topics.
The psychology of programming (PoP) is the field of research that deals with the psychological aspects of writing programs (often computer programs). The field has also been called the empirical studies of programming (ESP). It covers research into computer programmers' cognition, tools and methods for programming-related activities, and programming education. Psychologically, computer programming is a human activity which involves cognitions such as reading and writing computer language, learning, problem solving, and reasoning.
In 1981, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry set aside $850 million for the Fifth generation computer project. Their objectives were to write programs and build machines that could carry on conversations, translate languages, interpret pictures, and reason like human beings., , , and see also Much to the chagrin of scruffies, they chose Prolog as the primary computer language for the project. Other countries responded with new programs of their own.
Slice is a ZeroC-proprietary file format that programmers follow to edit computer-language independent declarations and definitions of classes, interfaces, structures and enumerations. Slice definition files are used as input to the stub generating process. The stub in turn is linked to applications and servers that should communicate with one another based on interfaces and classes as declared/defined by the slice definitions. Apart from CORBA, classes and interfaces support inheritance and abstract classes.
Horn's first book LISP co-authored with Patrick Winston was published in 1981. It was a textbook written for students with no previous background in the computer language LISP. The book was divided in two parts; one dealt with the theory of the language and the second gave instance of practical use in the area of artificial intelligence. A second version of the book was published in 1984 followed by a third version in 1989.
Much of the history of computer language design during the 1960s can be traced to the ALGOL 60 language. ALGOL was developed during the 1950s with the explicit goal to be able to clearly describe algorithms. It included a number of features for structured programming that remain common in languages to this day. Shortly after its introduction, in 1962 Wirth began working on his dissertation with Helmut Weber on the Euler programming language.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game compares the performance of implementations of typical programming problems in several programming languages. The submitted Perl implementations typically perform toward the high end of the memory-usage spectrum and give varied speed results. Perl's performance in the benchmarks game is typical for interpreted languages. Large Perl programs start more slowly than similar programs in compiled languages because perl has to compile the source every time it runs.
The ECL programming language and system were an extensible high-level programming language and development environment developed at Harvard University in the 1970s. The name 'ECL' stood for 'Extensible Computer Language' or 'EClectic Language'. Some publications used the name 'ECL' for the entire system and 'EL/1' (Extensible Language) for the language itself. ECL was an interactive system where programs were represented within the system; there was a compatible compiler and interpreter.
In computing, object code or object module is the product of a compiler. In a general sense object code is a sequence of statements or instructions in a computer language, usually a machine code language (i.e., binary) or an intermediate language such as register transfer language (RTL). The term indicates that the code is the goal or result of the compiling process, with some early sources referring to source code as a "subject program".
Terms might include keywords, syntactic constructs, functions, methods, or macros in a computer language. In a reference card for a program with a graphical user interface, terms may include menu entries, icons or key combinations representing program actions. Due to its logical structure and conciseness, finding information in a reference card is trivial for humans and requires no computer interaction. It is therefore convenient for a user to print out a reference card.
Another track of development is to combine reconfigurable logic with a general-purpose CPU. In this scheme, a special computer language compiles fast-running subroutines into a bit-mask to configure the logic. Slower, or less-critical parts of the program can be run by sharing their time on the CPU. This process allows creating devices such as software radios, by using digital signal processing to perform functions usually performed by analog electronics.
Pseudorandom number generators are widely available in computer language libraries and application programs. They are, almost universally, unsuited to cryptographic use as they do not evade the deterministic nature of modern computer equipment and software. A class of improved random number generators is termed cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators, but even they require random seeds external to the software to work as intended. These can be obtained via extractors, if done carefully.
It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols.
These languages allowed programs to be specified in an abstract way, independent of the precise details of the hardware architecture of the computer. The languages were primarily intended only for specifying numerical calculations. COBOL was first conceived of when Mary K. Hawes convened a meeting (which included Grace Hopper) in 1959 to discuss how to create a computer language to be shared between businesses. Hopper's innovation with COBOL was developing a new symbolic way to write programming.
Some benchmarks provide opportunities for producing an analysis comparing the relative speed of various compiled and interpreted languages for example and The Computer Language Benchmarks Game compares the performance of implementations of typical programming problems in several programming languages. Even creating "do it yourself" benchmarks can demonstrate the relative performance of different programming languages, using a variety of user specified criteria. This is quite simple, as a "Nine language performance roundup" by Christopher W. Cowell-Shah demonstrates by example.
Erlang is a computer language originally built by Ericsson for fault-tolerant telephone switches. Programs are structured as modules that can be replaced (hot swapped) without having to restart the entire program. If a module crashes or needs to be updated it can be restarted or replaced without affecting any other part of the program. Within the Open Telecom Platform, which often is used together with Erlang, there exist frameworks to simplify and automate this task.
The first Computer Literacy Bookshop was opened in March 1983Susan Meyers, "People in the News: Dan Doernberg & Rachel Unkefer," PC Magazine, July 10, 1984.Kathy Kincade, "The Making of a Computer Bookstore," Computer Language Magazine, September 1987. on Lawrence Expressway between Lakeside Drive and Titan Way in Sunnyvale, California, by founders Dan Doernberg and Rachel Unkefer. It was located in the heart of Silicon Valley, not far from where the original Fry's Electronics store opened two years later.
The focus of the magazine was, as declared on the cover, "The world of computers and new technology". Each issue included programs in the BASIC computer language, which readers could type into their own home computer. Readers were introduced to technological innovations of the day, such as optical disc recording technology, which was new at the time. Unlike other magazines produced by Children's Television Workshop, Enter did not tie into a television series produced by the organization.
In a computer language, a reserved word (also known as a reserved identifier) is a word that cannot be used as an identifier, such as the name of a variable, function, or label – it is "reserved from use". This is a syntactic definition, and a reserved word may have no meaning. A closely related and often conflated notion is a keyword, which is a word with special meaning in a particular context. This is a semantic definition.
S.) in electrical engineering in 1968 before taking his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in computer science in 1969. His doctoral dissertation, FLEX: A Flexible Extendable Language, described the invention of a computer language known as FLEX. While there, he worked with "fathers of computer graphics" David C. Evans (who had been recently recruited from the University of California, Berkeley to start Utah's computer science department) and Ivan Sutherland (best known for writing such pioneering programs as Sketchpad).
A computer programmer, sometimes called a software developer, a programmer or more recently a coder (especially in more informal contexts), is a person who creates computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computers, or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. A programmer's most oft-used computer language (e.g., Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Lisp, Python) may be prefixed to the term programmer.
ALGOL was the result of a collaboration of American and European committees. ALGOL 60 (short for ALGOrithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It followed on from ALGOL 58 and inspired many languages that followed it. It gave rise to many other languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, Simula, and C. Algol 60 was a sophisticatedly designed computer language and it provided a large number of hitherto unknown implementation challenges.
Syntax highlighting and indent style are often used to aid programmers in recognizing elements of source code. This Python code uses color coded highlighting. In computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured statements or expressions in that language. This applies both to programming languages, where the document represents source code, and to markup languages, where the document represents data.
At the time, the machine was already officially being called a "personal computer". The first manuals contain a personal note from Kutt to future customers, "But the simplicity of the MCM/70 and its associated computer language…make personal computer use and ownership a reality… Enjoy the privilege of having your own personal computer."Stachniak 2011, pg. 12 The MCM/70 was sold mainly to companies and government institutions with the need to make complex calculations and mathematical analysis.
NET and C# use the same CLR (Common Language Runtime) today. Microsoft and HP were interested in creating an ISO standard language, which was the original goal, however; HP dropped its support, and the ISO computer language never materialized as an International Standard. VB.NET finds its roots in BASIC. In its beginning, BASIC was used in the college community as a "basic" language for first exposure to computer programming and the acronym represented the language accurately.
In contexts of solar physics and data analysis, Ana is a computer language that is designed for array processing and image data analysis. The name is an acronym for "A Non Acronym". Ana began as a fork of an early version of IDL, but has diverged significantly since then. It is in common use at the Lockheed-Martin Space Applications Laboratory and at institutions that analyze data from the TRACE spacecraft, but is not commonly used elsewhere.
In programming, the rule of least power is a design principle that "suggests choosing the least powerful [computer] language suitable for a given purpose". Stated alternatively, given a choice among computer languages, classes of which range from descriptive (or declarative) to procedural, the less procedural, more descriptive the language one chooses, the more one can do with the data stored in that language. This rule is an application of the principle of least privilege to protocol design.
The free-play university version of Zork first became available on the MIT-DM PDP-10 in June 1977. It was then distributed by the Digital Equipment Corporation DECUS program and spread to many colleges in the United States and Canada. Blank graduated from medical school in 1979 but the call of Zork was irresistible. He and several friends spent the next year developing a specialized computer language that they could use to program text adventures like Zork on the new microcomputers.
A style sheet language, or style language, is a computer language that expresses the presentation of structured documents. One attractive feature of structured documents is that the content can be reused in many contexts and presented in various ways. Different style sheets can be attached to the logical structure to produce different presentations. One modern style sheet language with widespread use is Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), which is used to style documents written in HTML, XHTML, SVG, XUL, and other markup languages.
They believe the act "appropriately specifies a financial data reporting standard that Federal agencies can implement using a currently available nonproprietary computer language. Ultimately, the benefits of using data standards to tag financial data will enhance the accuracy and transparency of financial and performance information." The data standard being discussed was XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language), which AICPA approves of. Trey Hodgkins of TechAmerica published an opinion article about the bill on September 23, 2013, mentioning specific areas his organization felt needed improvement.
84, No. 6.,"Literary Metaphors and Other Linguistic Innovations in Computer Language" Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with short message service (SMS), and instant messenger (IM). To fit messages into the 160-character SMS limit, and to save time, acronyms such as "GF" ("girlfriend"), "LOL" ("laughing out loud"), and "DL" ("download" or "down low") have become popular. Some prescriptivists disdain texting acronyms and abbreviations as decreasing clarity, or as failure to use "pure" or "proper" English.
The LALR parser and its alternatives, the SLR parser and the Canonical LR parser, have similar methods and parsing tables; their main difference is in the mathematical grammar analysis algorithm used by the parser generation tool. LALR generators accept more grammars than do SLR generators, but fewer grammars than full LR(1). Full LR involves much larger parse tables and is avoided unless clearly needed for some particular computer language. Real computer languages can often be expressed as LALR(1) grammars.
A compiler is a computer program that translates one computer language into another. To improve the execution time of the resulting code, one of the techniques of compiler optimization is register allocation, where the most frequently used values of the compiled program are kept in the fast processor registers. Ideally, values are assigned to registers so that they can all reside in the registers when they are used. The textbook approach to this problem is to model it as a graph coloring problem.
A general-purpose computer language takes source text and converts the statements to instructions that can be processed internally by a computer. APT converts source statements into programs for driving numerically-controlled machine tools. The output from an APT processor may be a cutter location (CL) file which is then run through a post-processor specific to the desired control - machine pair. The resulting file is then run by the control of the machine to generate tool motions and other machine actions.
Often, real logic systems are designed as a series of sub-projects, which are combined using a "tool flow." The tool flow is usually a "script," a simplified computer language that can invoke the software design tools in the right order. Tool flows for large logic systems such as microprocessors can be thousands of commands long, and combine the work of hundreds of engineers. Writing and debugging tool flows is an established engineering specialty in companies that produce digital designs.
Plauger has been credited with inventing pair programming while leading Whitesmiths Ltd.Larry Constantine, "The Benefits of Visibility," Computer Language Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, February 1992. Reprinted in L. L. Constantine, The Peopleware Papers [Prentice Hall, 2001] Plauger wrote a science fiction short story, "Child of All Ages", first published in Analog in the March 1975 issue, whose protagonist was granted immortality before attaining puberty and finds that being a child who never grows up is far removed from an idyllic Peter Pan-like existence.
Cellpadding (along with cellspacing) is a term used in the computer language HTML which stands for Hypertext Markup Language. When used in conjunction with the table element, it specifies the amount of space between the border of a table cell and its contents.Tables in HTML documentscellPadding property (table) JavaScript Cellpadding is an attribute of an individual cell in a table, so each cell in a table can have its own cellpadding value. The cellpadding attribute was added to version 2.0 of the HTML language in 1996.
It is one of the more advanced railway signalling systems in the world, although the implementation itself is still based on relays rather than solid state electronics. There are two components to the TVM-430 system: one ground-based, the other on board the train. Both run using Motorola 68020 class processors, and are programmed in Ada, a computer language often used in safety critical systems. The system makes extensive use of redundancy; the mean time between dangerous failures is estimated to be over 1 million years.
Whelan had developed software for Jaslow to manage the operations of a dental laboratory, and later took it to market under the trade name Dentalab. Jaslow became engaged in selling the Dentalab software. He later formed a new company named Dentcom and wrote a program in a different computer language but with similar functionality that he called Dentlab, marketing it as a Dentalab successor. Whelan filed a suit in federal court in Pennsylvania alleging that the Dentlab software violated Whelan's copyrights in the Dentalab software.
A text search operation could be case-sensitive or case-insensitive, depending on the system, application, or context. The user can in many cases specify whether a search is sensitive to case, e.g. in most text editors, word processors, and Web browsers. A case-insensitive search is more comprehensive, finding "Language" (at the beginning of a sentence), "language", and "LANGUAGE" (in a title in capitals); a case-sensitive search will find the computer language "BASIC" but exclude most of the many unwanted instances of the word.
An embedded style language is a kind of computer language whose commands appear intermixed with those of a base language. Such languages can either have their own syntax, which is translated into that of the base language, or can provide an API with which to invoke the behaviors of the language. Embedded domain-specific languages are common examples of embedded style languages that rely upon translation. Posix threads is an example of an embedded style language that uses only an API to invoke its behaviors.
Elfland Catacombs is one of the earliest examples of hypertext fiction . It was published by Winterhearth company in 1981, several years before Michael Joyce's Afternoon, a story (which is generally thought to be "the first hypertext fiction"). Author Alan Lance Andersen created Elfland Catacombs as a children's fantasy adventure, using the Commodore BASIC computer language. The plot involved the reader visiting an aunt in the border country of Scotland and becoming lost after crossing into Elfland with the help of an elf named Jennings.
Evolution of mobile web standards XHTML Mobile Profile (XHTML MP) is a hypertextual computer language standard designed specifically for mobile phones and other resource-constrained devices. It is an XHTML document type defined by the Open Mobile Alliance. XHTML-MP is derived from XHTML Basic 1.0 by adding XHTML Modules, with later versions of the standard adding more modules. However, for certain modules, XHTML-MP does not mandate a complete implementation so an XHTML-MP browser may not be fully conforming on all modules.
In the early 1980s, researchers at UC Berkeley and IBM both discovered that most computer language compilers and interpreters used only a small subset of the instructions of complex instruction set computing (CISC). Much of the power of the CPU was being ignored in real-world use. They realized that by making the computer simpler and less orthogonal, they could make it faster and less costly at the same time. At the same time, CPU calculation became faster in relation to the time for needed memory accesses.
Scaletti designed the Kyma sound generation computer language and co-founded Symbolic Sound Corporation with Kurt J. Hebel in 1989 as a spinoff of the CERL Sound Group. Scaletti has published professional articles in the Computer Music Journal, proceedings of the OOPSLA and SPIE conferences, Perspectives of New Music, and as book chapters. In 2003 she received the Distinguished Alumnae Award for contributions in the field of music from Texas Tech University. From 2000 to 2007, she lectured at the Center for the Creation of Music Iannis Xenakis (CCMIX) in Paris.
Expressions for the convolution coefficients are easily obtained because the normal equations matrix, JTJ, is a diagonal matrix as the product of any two orthogonal polynomials is zero by virtue of their mutual orthogonality. Therefore, each non-zero element of its inverse is simply the reciprocal the corresponding element in the normal equation matrix. The calculation is further simplified by using recursion to build orthogonal Gram polynomials. The whole calculation can be coded in a few lines of PASCAL, a computer language well-adapted for calculations involving recursion.
For purely functional languages, the worst- case slowdown is logarithmic in the number of memory cells used, because mutable memory can be represented by a purely functional data structure with logarithmic access time (such as a balanced tree). However, such slowdowns are not universal. For programs that perform intensive numerical computations, functional languages such as OCaml and Clean are only slightly slower than C according to The Computer Language Benchmarks Game. For programs that handle large matrices and multidimensional databases, array functional languages (such as J and K) were designed with speed optimizations.
Software: The standard Visual 1050 shipped with CP/M Plus operating system, a CP/M source disk, a copy of WordStar word processor with MailMerge software, Microsoft Multiplan spreadsheet, Digital Research DR Graph charting software, Digital Research CBASIC computer language, and an RS-232C communications program. Chipset: In addition to the Z80 and 6502, the system also included Intel 8255A PIO, Intel 8251A USART, Intel 8214 Programmable Interrupt Controller, Motorola 6845 CRT controller, Western Digital 1793 floppy disk controller, and OKI MSM5832 real time clock.Visual 1050 Programmer's Technical Document, 1984.
When creating a new behaviour, the option is presented to create it either in Code Mode or Design Mode. Using Code Mode for a behaviour permits the user to program logic in traditional textual form and optionally open the code in an external editor. Alternatively, Design Mode is a GUI that allows users to create modular game logic for actors and scenes using a visual programming language. The concept of Design Mode as a form of end-user development originated with MIT's Scratch computer language learning environment, and was used with permission for Stencyl.
In the early days, the approach taken to compiler design was directly affected by the complexity of the computer language to be processed, the experience of the person(s) designing it, and the resources available. Resource limitations led to the need to pass through the source code more than once. A compiler for a relatively simple language written by one person might be a single, monolithic piece of software. However, as the source language grows in complexity the design may be split into a number of interdependent phases.
A programmer, computer programmer, or coder is a person who writes computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. One who practices or professes a formal approach to programming may also be known as a programmer analyst. A programmer's primary computer language (C, C++, Java, Lisp, Python, etc.) is often prefixed to the above titles, and those who work in a web environment often prefix their titles with web.
Strohl kept ownership of the software, which was branded Dentalab, and could license it to other companies in exchange for a 10% commission to Jaslow. In November 1979 Whelan left Strohl and set up her own business, acquiring the right to the software. Later, Jaslow became engaged in selling the Dentalab software in exchange for a percentage of the gross sales. He formed a company named Dentcom which in late 1982 began to develop a program in a different computer language (BASIC) but with very similar functionality called Dentlab, marketed as a Dentalab successor.
The flight software is being developed in SPARK/Ada by the Vermont Technical College CubeSat Lab. SPARK/Ada has the lowest error rate of any computer language, important for the reliability and success of this complicated spacecraft. It is used in commercial and military aircraft, air traffic control and high speed trains. This is the second spacecraft using SPARK/Ada, the first being the Basic Low Earth Orbit CubeSat also by the Vermont Tech CubeSat Lab, the only fully successful university CubeSat out of 12 on the NASA ELaNa IV Air Force ORS-3 launch.
Architecture description languages (ADLs) are used in several disciplines: system engineering, software engineering, and enterprise modelling and engineering. The system engineering community uses an architecture description language as a language and/or a conceptual model to describe and represent system architectures. The software engineering community uses an architecture description language as a computer language to create a description of a software architecture. In the case of a so-called technical architecture, the architecture must be communicated to software developers; a functional architecture is communicated to various stakeholders and users.
In contrast, language sensitivity in an XML editor is driven by a formal DTD schema for the given language. Although structured editors allow the viewing and manipulation of the underlying document in a structured manner, the file format in which the document is stored on disk may or may not be heavily structured and may or may not be open or standardized (e.g., plain text versus Microsoft Word documents). Structure editing has often been employed in source code editors, as source code is naturally structured by the syntax of the computer language.
In general, built-in "sum" functions in computer languages typically provide no guarantees that a particular summation algorithm will be employed, much less Kahan summation. The BLAS standard for linear algebra subroutines explicitly avoids mandating any particular computational order of operations for performance reasons,BLAS Technical Forum, section 2.7 (August 21, 2001), Archived on Wayback Machine. and BLAS implementations typically do not use Kahan summation. The standard library of the Python computer language specifies an fsum function for exactly rounded summation, using the Shewchuk algorithm to track multiple partial sums.
Framework built-in interpreter, the FRED (Frame Editor) computer language, was based on Lisp and included an Eval function. It applied to all text and frame type across the product. Framework could be considered a predecessor to the present GUI window metaphor as well as integrated interpreters. The spreadsheet program was superior in its day, offering true 3D capability, where spreadsheets could form outline which can be "opened" to reveal a separate spreadsheet as well as other frame types—a feat of sheer convenient function never again seen and further enhanced in much later versions.
Smart Pascal is a dialect of the Object Pascal computer language that is derived from Delphi Web Script, but is enhanced and adapted for Smart Mobile Studio, a commercial development suite that generates JavaScript rather than machine code. Smart Pascal is a RAD (rapid application development) language, and ships with a substantial library of classes and pre-made components. The Smart Pascal compiler is an advanced source-to-source compiler generating rich, HTML5 compliant, server independent applications. Compiled Smart applications can be executed in any modern HTML5 capable browser.
While the rules for an expert system were more comprehensible than typical computer code, they still had a formal syntax where a misplaced comma or other character could cause havoc as with any other computer language. Also, as expert systems moved from prototypes in the lab to deployment in the business world, issues of integration and maintenance became far more critical. Inevitably demands to integrate with, and take advantage of, large legacy databases and systems arose. To accomplish this, integration required the same skills as any other type of system.
A fail-stop subset of a computer language is one that has the same semantics as the original, except in the case where an exceptional condition arises. The fail-stop subset must report an exceptional condition whenever the superset language reports one, but may additionally report an exceptional condition in other cases. Fail-stop languages are often used in computer systems where correctness is very important, since it is easier to make such systems fail- fast. For example, the "+" operator in many programming languages is not associative because of the possibility of floating-point overflow.
Both Russell and Norvig's Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and John Sowa's Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations characterize production systems as systems of logic that perform reasoning by means of forward chaining. However, Stuart Shapiro, reviewing Sowa's book, argues that this is a misrepresentation. Similarly, Kowalski and Sadri argue that, because actions in production systems are understood as imperatives, production systems do not have a logical semantics. Their logic and computer language Logic Production System (LPS) combines logic programs, interpreted as an agent's beliefs, with reactive rules, interpreted as an agent's goals.
The example below illustrates this point. Because of the correspondence with existential quantification, some authorities prefer to define projection in terms of the excluded attributes. In a computer language it is of course possible to provide notations for both, and that was done in ISBL and several languages that have taken their cue from ISBL. A nearly identical concept occurs in the category of monoids, called a string projection, which consists of removing all of the letters in the string that do not belong to a given alphabet.
Davis attended Friends Academy, in Locust Valley, New York, from kindergarten through sixth grade, while his mother was an English teacher and assistant principal. In 1966 Davis enrolled at Eaglebrook School, in Deerfield, Massachusetts, where he spent grades 7 through 9 and graduated in 1970. In 1966 Davis, then age 11, learned computer programming, by participating in the testing and development of the BASIC computer language via a time-sharing hookup to Dartmouth College, where BASIC was being developed. In 1970 Davis enrolled at Northfield Mt. Hermon School, in Northfield, Massachusetts, where he spent his sophomore and junior years.
Tomita proved himself amongst his peers by overcoming the challenges of the console's limited power through maximizing the use of background elements. Mega Man was scored by Manami Matsumae (credited as "Chanchacorin Manami"), who composed the music, created the sound effects, and programmed the data in three months, using a sound driver programmed by Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (credited as "Yuukichan's Papa"). The musical notes were translated one by one into the computer language. Matsumae was challenged by the creative limits of three notes available at any one time, and when she was unable to write songs, she created the sound effects.
Bix was also a BBS and website sponsored by Byte Magazine (BIX = "Byte Information Exchange"), rather like a social media site before such became popular. The website survived for a short time after the magazine ceased publication in 2001 (there was a July issue, but no August issue that year). The site had forums for virtually every known computer language, most major computing topics of interest, and each forum was run by relatively well-known people in the industry. The site was rather like a bulletin board system, and by current standards was rather crude, but it was very popular at the time.
Sprawling over 3.82 acres, the school has a unique V-shaped building comprising 60 air-conditioned classrooms, State of the art Science, Maths, Computer, Language Labs, Art Studios, an auditorium, staff rooms, cafeteria, medical centre with 6 beds and qualified doctor and nurse. The heart of the School flaunts a multigame amphitheatre which is the students favourite hangout too. The Library is a design classic with over 30,000 books and electronic resources. Activities & Achievements Variety of extra curricular activities organise by School like Dance, Music, Dramatics, Debates, Special assemblies, Celebration of National events, festivals and a plethora of Sports activities.
Designed for use by high school and college students, though now used by middle school students in some public school systems, it contains all the features of a scientific calculator as well as function, parametric, polar, and sequential graphing capabilities; an environment for financial calculations; matrix operations; on-calculator programming; and more. Symbolic manipulation (differentiation, algebra) is not built into the TI-83 Plus. It can be programmed using a language called TI-BASIC, which is similar to the BASIC computer language. Programming may also be done in TI Assembly, made up of Z80 assembly and a collection of TI provided system calls.
Three months before the show premiered, a print magazine of the same name that also focused on science was released. In 1985, the magazine absorbed some of the content of sibling publication Enter (which went out of print that same year), including reader submissions of computer programs written in the BASIC computer language as well as reviews of popular computer programs. The Enter section also contained a new feature called "The Slipped Disk Show," in which a fictional disc jockey answered computer-related questions submitted by readers. In 1987, the magazine began featuring content from another CTW production, Square One Television.
A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a particular application domain. This is in contrast to a general-purpose language (GPL), which is broadly applicable across domains. There are a wide variety of DSLs, ranging from widely used languages for common domains, such as HTML for web pages, down to languages used by only one or a few pieces of software, such as MUSH soft code. DSLs can be further subdivided by the kind of language, and include domain-specific markup languages, domain-specific modeling languages (more generally, specification languages), and domain- specific programming languages.
CORC (after CORnell Compiler), was a simple computer language developed at Cornell University in 1962 to serve lay users, namely, for students to use to solve math problems. Its developers, industrial engineering professors Richard Conway and William Maxwell and mathematics professor Robert J. Walker, sought to create a diagnostic compiler in PL/I which could both expose math and engineering students to computing and remove the burden of mechanical problem- solving from their professors. CORC was designed with ease of use in mind. In contrast to the BASIC programming language under contemporaneous development at Dartmouth College, it used English language statements.
He authored three books on technology issues, wrote a regular column for InfoWorld, and was founding technical editor for Computer Language magazine. In 1981, he formed a software startup company, Ibis Research Labs, in the basement of Frederick Terman's Palo Alto home. The company developed tax and accounting software for CP/M and early IBM PC computers; it grew to have 25 employees and was sold to senior management in 1992. He attended the joint MD/PhD program at UCSF and UC Berkeley between 1984 & 1993 and completed an Emergency Medicine residency at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center between 1993 & 1996\.
Lacking a large standard library, the standard specifies 43 statements, 87 functions and just one class. Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text. COBOL has been criticized throughout its life for its verbosity, design process, and poor support for structured programming. These weaknesses result in monolithic and, though intended to be English-like, not easily comprehensible and verbose programs.
He was awarded the Rolf Nevanlinna Prize at the 24th International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 2002. The prize recognizes outstanding work in the mathematical aspects of computer science. Sudan was honored for his work in advancing the theory of probabilistically checkable proofs--a way to recast a mathematical proof in computer language for additional checks on its validity--and developing error-correcting codes.. For the same work, he received the ACM's Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award in 1993 and the Gödel Prize in 2001 and was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1998. He is a Fellow of the ACM (2008).
Robert Stanley "Bob" Barton (February 13, 1925 - January 28, 2009) was recognized as the chief architect of the Burroughs B5000 and other computers such as the B1700, and a co-inventor of dataflow. Barton's thinking has been broadly influential. As one example, Barton influenced the systems and higher- level computer language thinking of Alan Kay who went on to further develop object-oriented programming, co-design Smalltalk, and develop concepts key to modern GUI systems built into the Macintosh and later Microsoft Windows. Barton designed machines at a more abstract level, not tied to the technology constraints of the time.
Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a computer language designed to enable systems to share and re-use information from knowledge-based systems. KIF is similar to frame languages such as KL-One and LOOM but unlike such language its primary role is not intended as a framework for the expression or use of knowledge but rather for the interchange of knowledge between systems. The designers of KIF likened it to PostScript. PostScript was not designed primarily as a language to store and manipulate documents but rather as an interchange format for systems and devices to share documents.
He wrote the first e-mail program used at the university. In 1977, he joined the technical staff of Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, from which he later retired. The first book he authored, in 1987, C Traps and Pitfalls, had been motivated by his prior paper and work, mostly as a staff member at Columbia University, on a different computer language, PL/I. In 1977, as a recently hired staff member at Bell Labs, he presented a paper called "PL/I Traps and Pitfalls" at a SHARE meeting in Washington, D.C.Cf. Koenig, preface to "C Traps and Pitfalls".
The university maintains close ties to the petroleum and geoscience industry through the Department of Geosciences and the Schulich School of Engineering. The university also maintains several other departments and faculties, including the Cumming School of Medicine, the Faculty of Arts, the School of Public Policy, the Faculty of Law, and the Haskayne School of Business. Notable former students include Canadian Prime Minister Steven Harper, James Gosling who invented the Java computer language, Garrett Camp who co-founded Uber, astronaut Robert Thirsk, and Chip Wilson who founded Lululemon Athletica.. The university has produced over 170,000 alumni who reside in 152 countries.
Gearman is an open-source application framework designed to distribute appropriate computer tasks to multiple computers, so large tasks can be done more quickly. In some cases, load balancing rather than raw speed may be the main goal; a Web server, for instance, could use Gearman to send tasks for which it is not optimized to another computer (which may be running on a different architecture, using another operating system, or loaded with a computer language better suited to a particular operation). It was originally written in Perl by Brad Fitzpatrick. Brian Aker and Eric Day rewrote the framework in C.
The software simulations often simulate late-model PDP-8s with all possible peripherals. Even these use only a tiny fraction of the capacity of a modern personal computer. One of the first commercial versions of a PDP-8/s virtual machine ran on a Kaypro 386 (80386 based computer) and was written in the C computer language and assembler by David Beecher, Denver Colorado. It was used to replace the failing pdp-8/s computer used to operate the fuel handling machine at Reactor #85, the Platteville, Colorado Nuclear Fuel powered Electric Generating Station, Ft. St. Vrain.
Blue plaque to Ada Lovelace in St. James's Square, London The computer language Ada, created on behalf of the United States Department of Defense, was named after Lovelace. The reference manual for the language was approved on 10 December 1980 and the Department of Defense Military Standard for the language, MIL-STD-1815, was given the number of the year of her birth. In 1981, the Association for Women in Computing inaugurated its Ada Lovelace Award. Since 1998, the British Computer Society (BCS) has awarded the Lovelace Medal, and in 2008 initiated an annual competition for women students.
Hume received a B.A. in Mathematics and Physics in 1945, an M.A. in Physics in 1946 and a PhD in Physics in 1949 (Theoretical Atomic Spectroscopy) from the University of Toronto. From 1946-1949 he taught returning soldiers Mathematics at the University of Toronto campus in Ajax, Ontario. He was an instructor in Physics at Rutgers University in New Jersey between 1949-1950 before rejoining the University of Toronto as an Assistant Professor of Physics. In 1953, Hume and Beatrice Worsley began development of Transcode, a new computer language for the Ferranti Mark 1 machine known as FERUT.
ProvideX is a computer language and development environment derived from Business Basic (a business oriented derivative of BASIC) in the mid-1980s. ProvideX is available on several operating systems (Unix/Linux/Windows/Mac OS X) and includes not only the programming language but also file system, presentation layer interface, and other components. The language is primarily designed for use in the development of business applications. Over the years since its inception and as the computer industry has changed, ProvideX has added functionality such as a graphical interface, client-server capabilities, access to external databases, web services, and, more recently, object- oriented programming capabilities.
The machine was operational by the summer, providing the UofT with one of the most powerful computers in the world. In the fall of 1953, Worsley and Patterson Hume began development of a new computer language for the machine known as Transcode. This was similar to Autocode being developed by Alick Glennie at the University of Manchester for the same machine, but took advantage of several design notes of the Mark I to produce a faster and somewhat easier to use language. One major advantage was the conversion from decimal to binary and back, which allowed programmers to enter numbers in decimal form.
JXTA (Juxtapose) is an open-source peer-to-peer protocol specification begun by Sun Microsystems in 2001. The JXTA protocols are defined as a set of XML messages which allow any device connected to a network to exchange messages and collaborate independently of the underlying network topology. As JXTA is based upon a set of open XML protocols, it can be implemented in any modern computer language. Implementations are currently available for Java SE, C/C++, C# and Java ME. The C# Version uses the C++/C native bindings and is not a complete re-implementation in its own right.
He also became an expert and teacher on the IAS Machine, another of the first computers, which was located at the Institute for Advanced Study. During this time, Acton worked with other important figures in early computing, including Princeton Professor John Tukey, who coined the terms "software" and "bit," and Thomas Kurtz, who went on to co-invent the computer language BASIC. Other contemporaries he knew and worked with included Albert W. Tucker, Grace Hopper, Richard Feynman, James H. Wilkinson, Claude Shannon, John Backus, and John Nash. Acton moved to the Department of Electrical Engineering in 1955.
A "Hello, World!" message being displayed through long-exposure light painting with a moving strip of LEDs A "Hello, World!" program generally is a computer program that outputs or displays the message "Hello, World!". Such a program is very simple in most programming languages, and is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language. It is often the first program written by people learning to code. It can also be used as a sanity test to make sure that a computer language is correctly installed, and that the operator understands how to use it.
That same year, Dog Star Adventure was published in source code form in SoftSide, spawning legions of similar games in BASIC. The largest company producing works of interactive fiction was Infocom, which created the Zork series and many other titles, among them Trinity, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and A Mind Forever Voyaging. In June 1977, Marc Blank, Bruce K. Daniels, Tim Anderson, and Dave Lebling began writing the mainframe version of Zork (also known as Dungeon), at the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. The game was programmed in a computer language called MDL, a variant of LISP.
Chip Elliott is an American engineer, best known for his work in creating advanced computer networks. Elliott was Northfield Mount Hermon School's first graduate as 1972 class orator, then graduated from Dartmouth College, where he maintained and helped create computer language systems, including Algol 60, APL, Dynamo, and PL/I, for the Dartmouth Time Sharing System. Subsequently, he was a founder of True BASIC, Inc. At BBN Technologies in the 1990s, he created the videoconferencing system for the Defense Simulation Internet, led the networking design and implementation of the Iris Digital Communications System, and served as network architect for the Near-term digital radio (NTDR) system.
Blank first encountered Don Woods and Will Crowther's Adventure game while he was studying at MIT in the mid-1970s, where the game was played on mainframe computers. Blank was frustrated by the computer's tiny vocabulary; when it parsed user inputs very few words were recognized. After thinking about the problem during his undergraduate years, he started work on his own adventure game using MDL, a computer language invented at MIT. Blank and a handful of friends wrote the original version of Zork on a PDP-10 while he was attending medical school at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City (he received his MD degree in 1979).
Since an FML program realizes only a static view of a fuzzy system, the so-called eXtensible Stylesheet Language Translator (XSLT) is provided to change this static view to a computable version. In particular, the XSLT technology is used convert a fuzzy controller description into a general-purpose computer language to be computed on several hardware platforms. Currently, a XSLT converting FML program in runnable Java code has been implemented. In this way, thanks to the transparency capabilities provided by Java virtual machines, it is possible to obtain a fuzzy controller modeled in high level way by means of FML and runnable on a plethora of hardware architectures through Java technologies.
Following graduation from Dartmouth College, Geoff accepted an appointment as computer coordinator at the Westtown School in Westtown, PA where he taught mathematics and computer science. While at Westtown he helped develop the first AP computer science examination and in 1985 was funded by the National Science Foundation to work on a new computer language for education. In 1986 Geoff entered Villanova University's graduate program in computer science and taught mathematics there. He completed his master's degree in 1988; during the years he was studying and teaching at Villanova Andrews also worked as a database designer at Isolite, in sales at IBM and earned his private pilot's license.
The motivation for representing sequential control logic in a ladder diagram was to allow factory engineers and technicians to develop software without additional training to learn a language such as FORTRAN or other general purpose computer language. Development and maintenance were simplified because of the resemblance to familiar relay hardware systems.Edward W. Kamen Industrial Controls and Manufacturing, (Academic Press, 1999) , Chapter 8 Ladder Logic Diagrams and PLC Implementations Implementations of ladder logic may have characteristics, such as sequential execution and support for control flow features, that make the analogy to hardware somewhat inaccurate. Ladder logic can be thought of as a rule-based language rather than a procedural language.
A transformation language is a computer language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal. Program transformation systems such as Stratego/XT, TXL, Tom, DMS, and ASF+SDF all have transformation languages as a major component. The transformation languages for these systems are driven by declarative descriptions of the structure of the input text (typically a grammar), allowing them to be applied to wide variety of formal languages and documents. Macro languages are a kind of transformation languages to transform a meta language into specific higher programming language like Java, C++, Fortran or into lower-level Assembly language.
When the first personal computers were released in 1977, they each included a pre-installed version of the BASIC computer language along with example programs, including games, to show what users could do with these systems. While the manufacturers also had released commercial games that could be purchased for computers, the availability of BASIC led to people trying to make their own programs. Sales of the 1978 rerelease of the book BASIC Computer Games by David H. Ahl that included the source code for over one hundred games, eventually surpassed over one million copies. The availability of BASIC inspired a number of people to start writing their own games.
Boswell earned his undergraduate and Masters in Computer Science at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. While he was a student and after he earned his masters in 1980, Boswell worked under J. Wesley Graham, a senior Computer Scientist at the University of Waterloo, who had broadly managed teams at Waterloo that developed several widely used computer language compilers. One of the first languages that was his design was the ″Waterloo Systems Language″, intended for systems programming, which introduced some new flow control constructs. Boswell worked in compiler design at the University of Waterloo's Computer Systems Group until 1988, when he was one of the founders of Watcom.
Interactive programming techniques are especially useful in cases where no clear specification of the problem that is to be solved can be given in advance. In such situations (which are not unusual in research), the formal language provides the necessary environment for the development of an appropriate question or problem formulation. Interactive programming has also been used in applications that need to be rewritten without stopping them, a feature which the computer language Smalltalk is famous for. Generally, dynamic programming languages provide the environment for such an interaction, so that typically prototyping and iterative and incremental development is done while other parts of the program are running.
A lookahead left-to-right (LALR) parser generator is a software tool that reads a BNF grammar and creates an LALR parser which is capable of parsing files written in the computer language defined by the BNF grammar. LALR parsers are desirable because they are very fast and small in comparison to other types of parsers. There are other types of parser generators, such as Simple LR parser, LR parser, GLR parser, LL parser and GLL parser generators. What differentiates one from another is the type of BNF grammar which they are capable of accepting and the type of parsing algorithm which is used in the generated parser.
One of the ways to automate processes is to develop or purchase an application that executes the required steps of the process; however, in practice, these applications rarely execute all the steps of the process accurately or completely. Another approach is to use a combination of software and human intervention; however this approach is more complex, making the documentation process difficult. In response to these problems, companies have developed software that defines the full business process (as developed in the process design activity) in a computer language that a computer can directly execute. Process models can be run through execution engines that automate the processes directly from the model (e.g.
All of them can serve as an abstraction layer for any computer language. A special case of process VMs are systems that abstract over the communication mechanisms of a (potentially heterogeneous) computer cluster. Such a VM does not consist of a single process, but one process per physical machine in the cluster. They are designed to ease the task of programming concurrent applications by letting the programmer focus on algorithms rather than the communication mechanisms provided by the interconnect and the OS. They do not hide the fact that communication takes place, and as such do not attempt to present the cluster as a single machine.
In 1982, Verostko developed an interactive program which produced a computer-generated light show called the "Magic Hand of Chance". It was a mere 32 kb in size and was written in the computer language BASIC on a first-generation IBM PC. The "Magic Hand" was capable of running for days without repeating itself. He went on to create his Hodos software, an integrated program of routines that, to his mind, attempted to mime some of the procedures he had used in his pre-algorist years. His first pen plotter, a Houston Instruments DMP-52, with 14 pen stalls, provided a rich palette of inks for his drawing routines.
Historically, bootstrapping also refers to an early technique for computer program development on new hardware. The technique described in this paragraph has been replaced by the use of a cross compiler executed by a pre-existing computer. Bootstrapping in program development began during the 1950s when each program was constructed on paper in decimal code or in binary code, bit by bit (1s and 0s), because there was no high-level computer language, no compiler, no assembler, and no linker. A tiny assembler program was hand-coded for a new computer (for example the IBM 650) which converted a few instructions into binary or decimal code: A1.
In computer programming, conditional loops or repetitive control structures are a way for computer programs to repeat one or more various steps depending on conditions set either by the programmer initially or real-time by the actual program. A conditional loop has the potential to become an infinite loop when nothing in the loop's body can affect the outcome of the loop's conditional statement. However, infinite loops can sometimes be used purposely, often with an exit from the loop built into the loop implementation for every computer language, but many share the same basic structure and/or concept. The While loop and the For loop are the two most common types of conditional loops in most programming languages.
A 1974 advertisement for the Wang 2200 ComputerThe Wang 2200 appeared in May 1973, and was Wang Laboratories' first minicomputer that could perform data processing in a common computer language. Unlike some other desktop computers, such as the HP 9830, it had a cathode ray tube (CRT) in a cabinet that also included an integrated computer-controlled cassette tape storage unit and keyboard. Microcoded to run interpretive BASIC, about 65,000 systems were shipped in its lifetime and it found wide use in small and medium-size businesses worldwide. The 2200 evolved into a desktop computer and larger system to support up to 16 workstations and utilized commercial disk technologies that appeared in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
ToolboX is an integrated development environment designed to introduce computer programming in academic subjects with originally no competences in this matter. Its design is based on the premise that, when solving a problem, a student performs a sequence of computations (i.e., proceeds in an algorithmic way), that can be expressed in a computer language, similarly to how it is done on a notebook or blackboard. Besides the environment and the academic contents, ToolboX compiles students' usage data and process it by means of big data algorithms based on artificial intelligence (just in the Andalusian region, a million students have access to this tool, after being integrated in the Guadalinex and Guadalinfo repositories).
Structured concurrency is a programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by using a structured approach to concurrent programming. The core concept is the encapsulation of concurrent threads of execution (here encompassing kernel and userland threads and processes) by way of control flow constructs that have clear entry and exit points and that ensure all spawned threads have completed before exit. The concept is analogous to structured programming, which introduced control flow constructs that encapsulated sequential statements and subroutines. Such encapsulation allows errors in concurrent threads to be propagated to the control structure's parent scope and managed by the native error handling mechanisms of each particular computer language.
In computer language design, stropping is a method of explicitly marking letter sequences as having a special property, such as being a keyword, or a certain type of variable or storage location, and thus inhabiting a different namespace from ordinary names ("identifiers"), in order to avoid clashes. Stropping is not used in most modern languages – instead, keywords are reserved words and cannot be used as identifiers. Stropping allows the same letter sequence to be used both as a keyword and as an identifier, and simplifies parsing in that case – for example allowing a variable named `if` without clashing with the keyword if. Stropping is primarily associated with ALGOL and related languages in the 1960s.
As hardware became smaller, he developed the PILOT language (Programmed Inquiry, Learning Or Teaching) that made it easy for non-programmers to write sequences of machine-administered teaching or testing using the time-share terminals in use in 1970, and then microcomputers when they became available a decade later. The National Library of Medicine adopted PILOT as its primary computer language for the dissemination and exchange of computer-based instructional materials in the health sciences, and used it for instructing medical librarians in using MEDLINE. Starkweather chaired a working group for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers from 1987 through 1991 that established standards for PILOT. The language was in active use for many years.
Genealogy: The OPS series and systems they are inspired from or inspired. OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers. The OPS (said to be short for "Official Production System") family was developed in the late 1970s by Charles Forgy while at Carnegie Mellon University. Allen Newell's research group in artificial intelligence had been working on production systems for some time, but Forgy's implementation, based on his Rete algorithm, was especially efficient, sufficiently so that it was possible to scale up to larger problems involving hundreds or thousands of rules.
An interpreter directive is a computer language construct, that on some systems is better described as an aspect of the system's executable file format, that is used to control which interpreter parses and interprets the instructions in a computer program. In Unix, Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, the first two bytes in a file can be the characters "#!", which constitute a magic number (hexadecimal 23 and 21, the ASCII values of "#" and "!") often referred to as shebang, prefix the first line in a script, with the remainder of the line being a command usually limited to a max of 14 (when introduced) up to usually about 80 characters in 2016.
Computer scientists use abstraction to make models that can be used and re-used without having to re-write all the program code for each new application on every different type of computer. They communicate their solutions with the computer by writing source code in some particular computer language which can be translated into machine code for different types of computers to execute. Abstraction allows program designers to separate a framework (categorical concepts related to computing problems) from specific instances which implement details. This means that the program code can be written so that code doesn't have to depend on the specific details of supporting applications, operating system software, or hardware, but on a categorical concept of the solution.
Code folding example on PHP with vim. Code folding is a feature of some text editors, source code editors, and IDEs that allows the user to selectively hide and display – "fold" – sections of a currently edited file as a part of routine edit operations. This allows the user to manage large amounts of text while viewing only those subsections of the text that are specifically relevant at any given time. Identification of folds can be automatic, most often based on the syntax of the computer language in question, indentation, or manual, either based on an in-band marker (saved as part of the source code) or specified out-of-band, only within the editor.
Many conscious beings behave in ways that are contrary to the rules of logic. Yet this irrational behavior is not accounted for by any rules, showing that there is at least some behavior that does not act by this set of rules. Another objection within representational theory of mind has to do with the relationship between propositional attitudes and representation. Dennett points out that a chess program can have the attitude of “wanting to get its queen out early,” without having representation or rule that explicitly states this. A multiplication program on a computer computes in the computer language of 1’s and 0’s, yielding representations that do not correspond with any propositional attitude.
A computer language like SQL presents an interesting case: it can be deemed a domain-specific language because it is specific to a specific domain (in SQL's case, accessing and managing relational databases), and is often called from another application, but SQL has more keywords and functions than many scripting languages, and is often thought of as a language in its own right, perhaps because of the prevalence of database manipulation in programming and the amount of mastery required to be an expert in the language. Further blurring this line, many domain-specific languages have exposed APIs, and can be accessed from other programming languages without breaking the flow of execution or calling a separate process, and can thus operate as programming libraries.
Lexers and parsers are most often used for compilers, but can be used for other computer language tools, such as prettyprinters or linters. Lexing can be divided into two stages: the scanning, which segments the input string into syntactic units called lexemes and categorizes these into token classes; and the evaluating, which converts lexemes into processed values. Lexers are generally quite simple, with most of the complexity deferred to the parser or semantic analysis phases, and can often be generated by a lexer generator, notably lex or derivatives. However, lexers can sometimes include some complexity, such as phrase structure processing to make input easier and simplify the parser, and may be written partly or fully by hand, either to support more features or for performance.
In computer engineering, a hardware description language (HDL) is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure and behavior of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits. A hardware description language enables a precise, formal description of an electronic circuit that allows for the automated analysis and simulation of an electronic circuit. It also allows for the synthesis of an HDL description into a netlist (a specification of physical electronic components and how they are connected together), which can then be placed and routed to produce the set of masks used to create an integrated circuit. A hardware description language looks much like a programming language such as C or ALGOL; it is a textual description consisting of expressions, statements and control structures.
A translator or programming language processor is a generic term that can refer to anything that converts code from one computer language into another. A program written in high-level language is called source program.These include translations between high-level and human-readable computer languages such as C++ and Java, intermediate-level languages such as Java bytecode, low- level languages such as the assembly language and machine code, and between similar levels of language on different computing platforms, as well as from any of the above to another. The term is also used for translators between software implementations and hardware implementations (ASICs microchips) of the same program, and from software descriptions of a microchip to the logic gates needed to build it.
Numerical analysis and symbolic computation had been in most important place of the subject, but other kind of them is also growing now. A useful mathematical knowledge of such as algorism which exist before the invention of electronic computer, helped to mathematical software developing. On the other hand, by the growth of computing power (such as seeing on Moore's law), the new treatment (for example, a new kind of technique such as data assimilation which combined numerical analysis and statistics) needing conversely the progress of the mathematical science or applied mathematics. The progress of mathematical information presentation such as TeX or MathMLBoth MathML and TeX may be only simple a kind of computer language which enable also to present the mathematical formula.
" In the May 1984 issue Williams added, "Initial reaction to the Macintosh has been strongly, but not overpoweringly, favorable. A few traditional computer users see the mouse, the windows, and the desktop metaphor as silly, useless frills, and others are outraged at the lack of color graphics, but most users are impressed by the machine and its capabilities. Still, some people have expressed concern about the relatively small 128K-byte RAM size, the lack of any computer language sent as part of the basic unit, and the inconvenience of the single disk drive." Jerry Pournelle, also of BYTE, added that "The Macintosh is a bargain only if you can get it at the heavily discounted price offered to faculty and students of the favored 24 universities in the Macintosh consortium.
In computer science, an LALR parser or Look-Ahead LR parser is a simplified version of a canonical LR parser, to parse (separate and analyze) a text according to a set of production rules specified by a formal grammar for a computer language. ("LR" means left-to-right, rightmost derivation.) The LALR parser was invented by Frank DeRemer in his 1969 PhD dissertation, Practical Translators for LR(k) languages, in his treatment of the practical difficulties at that time of implementing LR(1) parsers. He showed that the LALR parser has more language recognition power than the LR(0) parser, while requiring the same number of states as the LR(0) parser for a language that can be recognized by both parsers. This makes the LALR parser a memory- efficient alternative to the LR(1) parser for languages that are LALR.
The Interact Model One Home Computer debuted at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago in June 1978 at a price of $499. The majority of sales were thru Mail Order houses and you could buy it off the shelf at Highland Appliance in the Detroit, MI area and Newman Computer Exchange in Ann Arbor also Montgomery Wards in Houston, TX area Probably the most successful application available for the Interace was a program called "Message Center". With it, a store could type in whatever message they wanted to appear scrolling on a TV screen...like Advertisements, or welcoming messages to guests in an office. Although it was mostly a Game machine at the time with games such as Showdown, BlackJack and Chess, there was also BASIC programming where users could create their own programs in the BASIC computer language.
Rule-based theories of concept learning began with cognitive psychology and early computer models of learning that might be implemented in a high level computer language with computational statements such as if:then production rules. They take classification data and a rule-based theory as input which are the result of a rule-based learner with the hopes of producing a more accurate model of the data (Hekenaho 1997). The majority of rule-based models that have been developed are heuristic, meaning that rational analyses have not been provided and the models are not related to statistical approaches to induction. A rational analysis for rule-based models could presume that concepts are represented as rules, and would then ask to what degree of belief a rational agent should be in agreement with each rule, with some observed examples provided (Goodman, Griffiths, Feldman, and Tenenbaum).
In 1959 an office in Washington, DC was opened, since CUC had business with the US Navy. In April 1960 the company had an initial public offering of stock shares, and grew to three managers, 37 mathematicians, 6 physicists, and 3 engineers. Later in 1960 CUC established a division to sell computer time and in Spring 1961 opened an office in Los Angeles. Cuthbert Hurd joined the company as chairman in 1962, a former division director from IBM. The FAA was planning to use the IBM 9020 model of the new IBM System/360, so contracted with CUC to develop a compiler for the JOVIAL computer language. The compiler was first developed on a simulator using the IBM 7030 before actual hardware was available. In early 1964, CUC developed software used by CBS Television to track the election results. Sheldon left later in 1964.
Many editors provide disclosure widgets for code folding in a sidebar, next to line numbers, indicated for example by a triangle that points sideways (if collapsed) or down (if expanded), or by a `[-]` box for collapsible (expanded) text, and a `[+]` box for expandable (collapsed) text. This feature is commonly used by some computer programmers to manage source code files, and is also frequently used in data comparison, to only view the changed text. Text folding is a similar feature used in folding editors, outliners, and some word processors, but is used for ordinary text and, if automatic, is based on syntax of human languages, particularly paragraphs, or section levels, rather than syntax of a computer language. Another variant of code folding is "data folding", which is implemented in some hex editors and is used to structure a binary file or hide inaccessible data sections in a RAM editor.
Harold "Hal" Abelson (born April 26, 1947) is the Class of 1922 Professor of Computer Science and Engineering in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and a founding director of both Creative Commons and the Free Software Foundation. He directed the first implementation of the language Logo for the Apple II, which made the language widely available on personal computers starting in 1981; and published a widely selling book on Logo in 1982. Together with Gerald Jay Sussman, Abelson developed MIT's introductory computer science subject, The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (called by the course number, 6.001), a subject organized around the idea that a computer language is primarily a formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology, rather than just a way to get a computer to perform operations. Abelson and Sussman also cooperate in codirecting the MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation.
Together with Gerald Jay Sussman, Abelson developed MIT's introductory computer science subject, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, a subject organized around the notion that a computer language is primarily a formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology, rather than just a way to get a computer to perform operations. This work, through the textbook of the same name, videotapes of their lectures, and the availability on personal computers of the Scheme dialect of Lisp (used in teaching the course), has had a worldwide impact on university computer science education. He is a visiting faculty member at Google, where he was part of the App Inventor for Android team, an educational program aiming to make it easy for people with no programming background to write mobile phone applications and "explore whether this could change the nature of introductory computing". He is coauthor of the book App Inventor with David Wolber, Ellen Spertus, and Liz Looney, published by O'Reilly Media in 2011.
McBBS started out as a project for the then High School student Derek McDonald, then attending Charles P. Allen High School in Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada. As an aspiring young programmer, and unhappy with the software available to him at the time, he set out to prove he could build his own stable computer communications system as a personal project. Heavily influenced by the works of Ken Spence and his Spence XP BBS system of which there were two versions written in 1985 and 1987 respectively, as well as Ed Parry's EBBS and Clarke Development's PCBoard, the McBBS software was originally developed for the Commodore 64 computer but was ported over to the DOS platform in 1992 (starting with McBBS v3.0) where it remained until the project was officially ended in May 2000. The software was written entirely in the BASIC computer language, but starting with version 3.1 in 1992 it was compiled from BASIC into 8086 executable code for DOS.
In the early 1970s, the IBM platform proved to be too small for the IIT environment and the hardware was upgraded. A new version was developed for the Univac 1108 platform. The language itself did not change but with the new hardware, a new implementation of the IITran software was developed. IITRAN was designed and developed in response to the increasing demand for a computer language which would meet the following specifications: #It should be clear, concise, and easily learned, even for those who have had no previous experience with computers or mathematics; #It should bear as close a resemblance as possible to the English language; #It should be free of awkward restrictions and limitations; #It should be consistent with mathematical and logical foundations; #It should allow processing of a great number of individual programs in a very short time; #It should serve as a computational tool for students of science and engineering; #It should process a clear, easily understood, set of diagnostic error messages.
In relational databases, relvar is a term introduced by C. J. Date and Hugh Darwen as an abbreviation for relation variable in their 1995 paper The Third Manifesto, to avoid the confusion sometimes arising from the use of the term relation, by the inventor of the relational model, E. F. Codd, for a variable to which a relation is assigned as well as for the relation itself. The term is used in Date's well-known database textbook An Introduction to Database Systems and in various other books authored or coauthored by him. Relvar is not universally accepted as a term, and it is not used in the context of existing database management system products that support SQL, whose counterpart concept (but not exact equivalent) is the base table, this being something that, like computer language variables in general, has a name and is subject to update (i.e., being assigned different values from time to time).
In 1959 AT&E;, later Plessey, became the prime contractor for a new UK air defence system, known by the company under the name Plan Ahead and, from 1961, as Project Linesman. To enable the system to be designed and built without too much information becoming public knowledge, a new factory called "Exchange Works" was built in Cheapside in Liverpool city centre, where young employees were granted exemption from conscription. At the heart of the system, installed in a huge building in the middle of a council housing estate in West Drayton, was the computer room, occupying an area of around and filled with around 1,000 racks of electronics, including mainly the XL4 computer, based entirely on germanium transistors and using a computer language developed at Exchange Works in the 1950s and 1960s. The secure status of the factory attracted many other secret contracts and led to it becoming one of the major designers and manufacturers of cryptographic equipment.
The first record of the proposal to evolve programs is probably that of Alan Turing in 1950. There was a gap of 25 years before the publication of John Holland's 'Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems' laid out the theoretical and empirical foundations of the science. In 1981, Richard Forsyth demonstrated the successful evolution of small programs, represented as trees, to perform classification of crime scene evidence for the UK Home Office. Although the idea of evolving programs, initially in the computer language Lisp, was current amongst John Holland’s students,A personal communication with Tom Westerdale it was not until they organised the first Genetic Algorithms conference in Pittsburgh that Nichael Cramer published evolved programs in two specially designed languages, which included the first statement of modern "tree-based" Genetic Programming (that is, procedural languages organized in tree-based structures and operated on by suitably defined GA-operators) . In 1988, John Koza (also a PhD student of John Holland) patented his invention of a GA for program evolution.
The term is synonymous with that of independent music or independent film in those respective mediums. Indie game development bore out from the same concepts of amateur and hobbyist programming that grew with the introduction of the personal computer and the simple BASIC computer language in the 1970s and 1980s. So-called bedroom coders, particularly in the United Kingdom, made their own games and used mail order to distribute their products, later shifting to other software distribution methods with the onset of the Internet in the 1990s such as shareware and other file sharing distribution methods, though by this time, interest in hobbyist programming had waned due to rising costs of development and competition from video game publishers and home consoles. The modern take on the indie game scene resulted in a combination of numerous factors in the early 2000s, including technical, economic, and social concepts that made indie games less expensive to make and distribute, but more visible to larger audiences and offered non-traditional gameplay from the current mainstream games.
The Last One is a computer program released in 1981 by the British company D.J. "AI" Systems.A terminal case for programmers, New Scientist, 13 Aug 1981, Page 410, ..Its creator is David James, a bankrupt former millionare with only a week's formal training in computers. In partnership with Scotty Bambury, a Sommerset tyre dealer...First Look at the Last One - Program That Writes Programs, By Bill Burns, InfoWorld, 25 May 1981, Page 7, ...David James, the program's author says that he named it The Last One because 'it's the last human-produced program that needs to be written'...Computer expert system spares time for a chat, New Scientist, 22 Jan 1981, Page 214, Two men from Ilminster, Somerset..'The Last One' About to be Released, Says DJ 'AI', By Paul Freiberger, InfoWorld, 28 Sep 1981, Page 1The Last One Is a First, By David Tebbutt, InfoWorld, 16 Mar 1981, Page 14THE LAST ONE, by David Tebbutt, Personal Computer World 02/81history - What became of 'The last one'? - Stack OverflowDevelopment of The Last One (paper) - British program generator, By David Tebbutt, Editor of Personal Computer World magazine Now obsolete, it took input from a user and generated an executable program in the BASIC computer language.

No results under this filter, show 228 sentences.

Copyright © 2024 RandomSentenceGen.com All rights reserved.