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82 Sentences With "compartmental"

How to use compartmental in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "compartmental" and check conjugation/comparative form for "compartmental". Mastering all the usages of "compartmental" from sentence examples published by news publications.

"We have developed a compartmental model that captures the dynamics of human ectoparasite transmission," conclude the authors in their study.
James, 33, who used to make rent in Los Angeles hunting down and reselling vintage clothing, sourced a large, multi-compartmental columnar basket.
The R&A understands Daly's challenges — the golfer says he has bi-compartmental degenerative arthritis in his right knee — but stood firm in sticking to its policies.
Compartmental models are formulated as Markov chains. A classic compartmental model in epidemiology is the SIR model, which may be used as a simple model for modeling epidemics. Multiple other types of compartmental models are also employed.
Compartmental PK analysis uses kinetic models to describe and predict the concentration-time curve. PK compartmental models are often similar to kinetic models used in other scientific disciplines such as chemical kinetics and thermodynamics. The advantage of compartmental over some noncompartmental analyses is the ability to predict the concentration at any time. The disadvantage is the difficulty in developing and validating the proper model.
Haddad's treatise on Nonnegative and Compartmental Dynamical Systems, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010, presents a complete analysis and design framework for modeling and feedback control of nonnegative and compartmental dynamical systems. This work is rigorously theoretical in nature yet vitally practical in impact. The concepts are illustrated by examples from biology, chemistry, ecology, economics, genetics, medicine, sociology, and engineering. This book develops a unified stability and dissipativity analysis and control design framework for nonnegative and compartmental dynamical systems in order to foster the understanding of these systems as well as advancing the state-of-the-art in active control of nonnegative and compartmental systems.
Compartment-free modelling based on curve stripping does not suffer this limitation. The simplest PK compartmental model is the one-compartmental PK model with IV bolus administration and first-order elimination. The most complex PK models (called PBPK models) rely on the use of physiological information to ease development and validation.
Agent-based models have replaced compartmental models, the usual type of epidemiological models. ABMs have been shown to be superior to compartmental models in regard to the accuracy of predictions. Recently, ABMs have been used to inform public health (nonpharmaceutical) interventions against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiological ABMs have been criticized for simplifying and unrealistic assumptions.
Many mathematical models have been developed to understand the electric behavior of the dendrites. Dendrites tend to be very branchy and complex, so the compartmental approach to understand the electrical behavior of the dendrites makes it very useful. Lindsay, A. E., Lindsay, K. A., & Rosenberg, J. R. (2005). Increased computational accuracy in multi-compartmental cable models by a novel approach for precise point process localization.
But, in deterministic mean-field models, the number of infected can take on real, namely, non-integer values of infected hosts, and the number of hosts in the model can be less than one, but more than zero, thereby allowing the pathogen in the model to propagate. The reliability of compartmental models is limited to compartmental applications. One of the possible extensions of mean-field models considers the spreading of epidemics on a network based on percolation theory concepts.
As the other phosphoinositides, PtdIns5P is also present in the nucleus of mammalian cells.Barlow CA, Laishram RS, Anderson RA. Nuclear phosphoinositides: a signaling enigma wrapped in a compartmental conundrum. Trends Cell Biol.
Noncompartmental methods estimate the exposure to a drug by estimating the area under the curve of a concentration-time graph. Compartmental methods estimate the concentration-time graph using kinetic models. Noncompartmental methods are often more versatile in that they do not assume any specific compartmental model and produce accurate results also acceptable for bioequivalence studies. The final outcome of the transformations that a drug undergoes in an organism and the rules that determine this fate depend on a number of interrelated factors.
Flatt JP. Carbohydrate-fat interactions and obesity examined by a two-compartment computer model.Obes Res. 12:2013, 2004. Similar methods have been used to study the spread of epidemics (see Compartmental models in epidemiology).
Spatial SIR model simulation. Each cell can infect its eight immediate neighbors. Classic epidemic models of disease transmission are described in Compartmental models in epidemiology. Here we discuss the behavior when such models are simulated on a lattice.
It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra, numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in chemical kinetics analysis and modeling> and compartmental modeling in pharmacological (including pharmacokinetics) and physiological research.
EMOD is the group's individual-based disease modeling software (not a compartmental model) initially coded 2005. It has been released to the public as open-source software. , the software could model malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, dengue, polio and typhoid.
It is of a unique compartmental brutalism architecture. Gerig Hall, immediately next to English, is a four-story co-ed residence hall for 96 students. Constructed in 1971, this hall is arranged in a suite-style similar to English Hall.
Forward simulation-based approaches for addressing how immune selection can shape the phylogeny of influenza A/H3N2's hemagglutinin protein have been actively developed by disease modelers since the early 2000s. These approaches include both compartmental models and agent- based models. One of the first compartmental models for influenza was developed by Gog and Grenfell, who simulated the dynamics of many strains with partial cross-immunity to one another. Under a parameterization of long host lifespan and short infectious period, they found that strains would form self- organized sets that would emerge and replace one another.
A vesosome is a multi-compartmental structure of lipidic nature used to deliver drugs. They can be considered multivesicular vesicles (MVV)Daniels, Rolf. - Liposomes - Classification, Processing Technologies, Industry Applications and Risk Assessment Retrieved 25 November 2012 and are, therefore, liposome derived structures.
J. Lipid Res. 44: 1927, 2003. The commonest assumption in compartmental modeling is that material in a homogeneous compartment behaves exponentially. However, this assumption is sometimes modified to include a saturable response that follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics or a related model called a Hill equation.
A model can be simulated using many physical assumptions: deterministic, stochastic or hybrid deterministic/stochastic; non-spatial compartmental, simulating only reaction kinetics, or with explicit spatial geometries accounting also for diffusion and flow. A new experimental feature allows for reaction-diffusion models in changing geometries (top).
The ICRP models are used to simulate the distribution of the isotopes inside the human being. All current ICRP models, compiled in the OIR (ICRP134/137) data viewer,International Commission on Radiological Protection. OIR Data Viewer; 2018-07-15. can be represented by compartmental systems with constant coefficients.
Compartmental modelling of dendrites deals with multi-compartment modelling of the dendrites, to make the understanding of the electrical behavior of complex dendrites easier. Basically, compartmental modelling of dendrites is a very helpful tool to develop new biological neuron models. Dendrites are very important because they occupy the most membrane area in many of the neurons and give the neuron an ability to connect to thousands of other cells. Originally the dendrites were thought to have constant conductance and current but now it has been understood that they may have active Voltage-gated ion channels, which influences the firing properties of the neuron and also the response of neuron to synaptic inputs.
Simulation- based models require specification of a transmission model for the infection process between infected hosts and susceptible hosts and for the recovery process of infected hosts. Simulation-based models may be compartmental, tracking the numbers of hosts infected and recovered to different viral strains, or may be individual-based, tracking the infection state and immune history of every host in the population. Generally, compartmental models offer significant advantages in terms of speed and memory usage, but may be difficult to implement for complex evolutionary or epidemiological scenarios. A forward simulation model may account for geographic population structure or age structure by modulating transmission rates between host individuals of different geographic or age classes.
A similar dependence of self- renewal potential on proximity to the niche border was reported in the context of hair follicle, in an in vivo live-imaging study. This bi-compartmental structure of stem cell niche has been mathematically modeled to obtain the optimal architecture that leads to the maximum delay in double-hit mutant production. They found that the bi-compartmental SC architecture minimizes the rate of two-hit mutant production compared to the single SC compartment model. Moreover, the minimum probability of double-hit mutant generation corresponds to purely symmetric division of SCs with a large proliferation rate of border stem cells along with a small, but non-zero, proliferation rate of central stem cells.
He had one interception in limited duty at cornerback.He missed three games during the season because of surgery to correct compartmental syndrome in his leg. In track, he was part of the Georgia Class 4A state champion 4 × 400 metres relay team and placed second in the 400 metres as a senior.
Compartmental models simplify the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases. The population is assigned to compartments with labels - for example, S, I, or R, (Susceptible, Infectious, or Recovered). People may progress between compartments. The order of the labels usually shows the flow patterns between the compartments; for example SEIS means susceptible, exposed, infectious, then susceptible again.
Brian is primarily, although not solely, aimed at single compartment neuron models. Simulators focused on multi- compartmental models include Neuron, GENESIS, and its derivatives. The focus of Brian is on flexibility and ease of use, and only supports simulations running on a single machine. The NEST simulator includes facilities for distributing simulations across a cluster.
The history and the built inheritance remain today badly included/understood because of information often too compartmental. Fifteen seigneuriales families continue until 1789, the last being the family of Pazery on June 17, 1711 the seigniory with Balthazar of Villeneuve. Some seigneuriale family are known: Seigniory of Glandevez at the 14th century, then of Villeneuve, Gassendi and Pazery.
"Predicting Concentrations of Organic Chemicals in Fish by Using Toxicokinetic Models". Environ. Sci. Technol. .Otero-Muras, I; Franco-Uria, A; Alonso, A A; Balsa-Canto, E (2010). "Dynamic multi-compartmental modelling of metal bioaccumulation in fish". Environ. Modell. Soft. . Hypotheses for molecular size cutoff criteria for use as bioaccumulation potential indicators are not supported by data.
Heparin elimination in live rats has been monitored with 2D MOF based peroxidase mimics and AG73 peptide. Glucose oxidase and iron oxide nanozymes were encapsulated within multi- compartmental hydrogels for incompatible tandem reactions. A cascade nanozyme biosensor was developed for detection of viable Enterobacter sakazakii. An integrated nanozyme of GOx@ZIF-8(NiPd) was developed for tandem catalysis.
Morrison suffered compartmental syndrome in his calf, which necessitated surgical repair to stop internal bleeding, during his 1990 freshman season, for which he earned a medical redshirt season by the NCAA. As a sophomore (redshirt freshman), he sat out four games with a broken leg. In 1993, he missed the first seven games with a broken foot.
The second interaction, that of host and pathogen, differs from predator–prey interactions in that pathogens are much smaller, have much faster generation times, and require a host to reproduce. Therefore, only the host population is tracked in host–pathogen models. Compartmental models that categorize host population into groups such as susceptible, infected, and recovered (SIR) are commonly used.
A Logan plot (or Logan graphical analysis) is a graphical analysis technique based on the compartment model that uses linear regression to analyze pharmacokinetics of tracers involving reversible uptake. It is mainly used for the evaluation of nuclear medicine imaging data after the injection of a labeled ligand that binds reversibly to specific receptor or enzyme. In conventional compartmental analysis, an iterative method is used to fit the individual model parameters in the solution of a compartmental model of specific configuration to the measurements with a measured plasma time- activity curve that serves as an forcing (input) function, and the binding of the tracer can then be described. Graphical analysis is a simplified method that transforms the model equations into a linear equation evaluated at multiple time points and provides fewer parameters (i.e.
The SIR model is one of the simplest compartmental models, and many models are derivatives of this basic form. The model consists of three compartments: :S: The number of susceptible individuals. When a susceptible and an infectious individual come into "infectious contact", the susceptible individual contracts the disease and transitions to the infectious compartment. :I: The number of infectious individuals.
The mixing modelling and design techniques applied to MBRs are very similar to those used for conventional activated sludge systems. They include the relatively quick and easy compartmental modelling technique which will only derive the RTD of a process (e.g. the MBR) or the process unit (e.g. membrane filtration vessel) and relies on broad assumptions of the mixing properties of each sub-unit.
Scientists have evaluated turnover of bodily constituents using radioactive tracers and stable isotope tracers.Berman M, Weiss MF, Shawn E. Some formal approaches to the analysis of kinetic data in terms of linear compartmental systems. Biophys J. 2:289, 1962. If given orally, the tracers are absorbed and move into the blood plasma, and are then distributed throughout the bodily tissues.
Prevention of the condition requires restoration of blood flow after injury and reduction of compartmental pressure on the muscles. Any splints, bandages, or other devices that might be obstructing circulation must be removed. A fasciotomy may be required to reduce pressure in the muscle compartment. If the contracture occurs, surgery to release the fixed tissues may help with the deformity and function of the hand.
The typical Ecolego model is a compartmental model which requires a solver of differential equations. There is a wide array of numerical solvers to choose from. Some are optimized for stiff and numerically difficult models, others for trivial models. With an extensive list of probability density functions, together with Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling and parameter correlation settings, Ecolego holds all the required tools to perform advanced probabilistic analysis.
The compartments are cascaded by a resistance, called axial resistance. Figure 6 shows a compartmental model of a neuron that is developed over the membrane model. Dendrites are the postsynaptic receptors receiving inputs from other neurons; and the axon with one or more axon terminals transmits neurotransmitters to other neurons. Figure 6 Neuron model The second building block is the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model of the action potential.
Three barnacles of Notochthamalus scabrosus (the one on the bottom left is of the genus Jehlius) Notochthamalus is composed of 6 compartmental plates, composed of a carina, rostrum, and paired carinolatera and rostrolatera. Sutures between plates made up of poorly developed oblique folded laminae with membraneous basis. Plates are colored dull purplish brown, weathering to gray. Free-growing shellis are conic, crowded colonies become cylindrical, with plate sutures obscured.
This approach has already been applied to solve, in real-time, direct optimal control problems, such as autonomous landing on a large planetary body . Additional applications of TFC are found in nonlinear programming and calculus of variations , in Radiative Transfer , Compartmental models in epidemiology , and in Machine learning , where orders of magnitude improvements in speed and accuracy are obtained thanks to the search-space restriction enabled by TFC.
Compartmental modeling in biomedical sciences primarily originated from the need to study metabolism by using tracers. In contrast, System dynamics originated as a simple method of developing mathematical models by Jay Wright Forrester and colleagues. System dynamics represents a compartment or pool as a stock and movement among compartments as flows. In general, the rate of flow depends on the amount of material in the stock to which it is connected.
Additionally, it carries two pinnaces for extra vehicular activity. The Pride of Orion is not especially large when fully integrated, but due to its compartmental nature it has scores of chambers which may be used for privacy or meetings. The central data bank monitors occupancy of all chambers at all times. Besides its internal sensors, the Pride of Orion has an external sensor package which included synthetic aperture radar, bolometers, mass detectors and visual sensors.
Recently, agent-based models (ABMs) have been used in exchange for simpler compartmental models, e.g.,. For example, epidemiological ABMs have been used to inform public health (nonpharmaceutical) interventions against the spread of SARS- CoV-2. Epidemiological ABMs, in spite of their complexity and requiring high computational power, have been criticized for simplifying and unrealistic assumptions. Still, they can be useful in informing decisions regarding mitigation and suppression measures in cases when ABMs are accurately calibrated.
The time course of drug plasma concentrations over 96 hours following oral administrations every 24 hours. Note that in steady state and in linear pharmacokinetics AUCτ=AUC∞.Pharmacokinetics Online Resource University of Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM) Steady state is reached after about 5 × 12 = 60 hours. The graph depicts a typical time course of drug plasma concentration and illustrates main pharmacokinetic metrics Pharmacokinetic modelling is performed by noncompartmental or compartmental methods.
Calcium transients in spines are a key trigger for synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptors, which have a high permeability for calcium, only conduct ions if the membrane potential is suffiently depolarized. The amount of calcium entering a spine during synaptic activity therefore depends on the depolarization of the spine head. Evidence from calcium imaging experiments (two-photon microscopy) and from compartmental modelling indicates that spines with high resistance necks experience larger calcium transients during synaptic activity.
A compartment pressure greater than 30 mmHg less than the diastolic pressure in a conscious or unconscious person is associated with compartment syndrome. Fasciotomy is indicated in that case. For those patients with low blood pressure (hypotension), a pressure of 20 mmHg higher than the intracompartmental pressure is associated with compartmental syndrome. Noninvasive methods of diagnosis such as near-infraredspectroscopy (NIRS) which uses sensors on the skin, shows promise in controlled settings.
A detailed annotation and analysis of the genome appeared in 2001. The sequenced strain was ATCC BAA-816. Deinococcus radiodurans has a unique quality in which it can repair both single- and double-stranded DNA. When damage is apparent to the cell, it brings the damaged DNA into a compartmental ring-like structure where the DNA is repaired, and then is able to fuse the nucleoids from the outside of the compartment with the damaged DNA.
In the early 20th century, William Hamer and Ronald Ross applied the law of mass action to explain epidemic behaviour. The 1920s saw the emergence of compartmental models. The Kermack–McKendrick epidemic model (1927) and the Reed–Frost epidemic model (1928) both describe the relationship between susceptible, infected and immune individuals in a population. The Kermack–McKendrick epidemic model was successful in predicting the behavior of outbreaks very similar to that observed in many recorded epidemics.
For many infections, including measles, babies are not born into the susceptible compartment but are immune to the disease for the first few months of life due to protection from maternal antibodies (passed across the placenta and additionally through colostrum). This is called passive immunity. This added detail can be shown by including an M class (for maternally derived immunity) at the beginning of the model. MSIR compartmental modelTo indicate this mathematically, an additional compartment is added, M(t).
High tibial osteotomy is an orthopaedic surgical procedure which aims to correct a varus deformation with compartmental osteoarthritis. It is usually reserved for younger patients who are generally more active. Angular deformities were first described by Mikulicz-Radecki in 1880. He observed that the axis of the lower extremity passes through the three joints of the hip, knee and ankle in normal individuals and the knee center deviates from this line in angular deformities of the knee.
Cable theory's simplified view of a neuronal fiber. The connected RC circuits correspond to adjacent segments of a passive neurite. The extracellular resistances re (the counterparts of the intracellular resistances ri) are not shown, since they are usually negligibly small; the extracellular medium may be assumed to have the same voltage everywhere. The flow of currents within an axon can be described quantitatively by cable theoryRall, W in and its elaborations, such as the compartmental model.
The central room to the first floor has a late 15th-century and early 16th-century compartmental ceiling with deeply moulded beams, and 17th-century dormers are cut through large trenched purlins. The current stairway is relatively new, replaced some time after 1950. A corridor connects the main building to the coaching house, which has six rooms on the ground floor, and several of the rooms are adjoining. Beneath the lounge to the inn is a vaulted cellar which has been reported to contain eight stone coffins.
Other methods for elucidating the cellular location of proteins requires the use of known compartmental markers for regions such as the ER, the Golgi, lysosomes or vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plasma membrane, etc. With the use of fluorescently tagged versions of these markers or of antibodies to known markers, it becomes much simpler to identify the localization of a protein of interest. For example, indirect immunofluorescence will allow for fluorescence colocalization and demonstration of location. Fluorescent dyes are used to label cellular compartments for a similar purpose.
Also Permanent Register Number was given to all Direct Private candidates (HP Type) who appear for the examination for the first time. This Permanent Register Number will be useful to the candidates for writing the examinations under compartmental system in future. 2016 System of issuing of Consolidated Mark Certificate for candidates who have first appeared and failed to pass in all the subjects was introduced from March / April 2016 Higher Secondary / SSLC Examination 2016 onwards. 2017 Cancellation of ranking system for SSLC and Hsc.
VCell models have a hierarchical tree structure. The trunk level is the "Physiology" consisting of compartments, species and chemical reactions, and reaction rates that are functions of concentrations. Given initial concentrations of species, VCell can calculate how these concentrations change over time. How these numerical simulations are performed, is determined through a number of "Applications", which specify whether simulations will be deterministic or stochastic, and spatial or compartmental; multiple "Applications" can also specify initial concentrations, diffusion coefficients, flow rates and a variety of modeling assumptions.
Many drugs follow a biphasic elimination curve — first a steep slope then a shallow slope: :STEEP (initial) part of curve —> initial distribution of the drug in the body. :SHALLOW part of curve —> ultimate excretion of drug, which is dependent on the release of the drug from tissue compartments into the blood. The longer half-life is called the terminal half-life and the half-life of the largest component is called the dominant half-life. For a more detailed description see Pharmacokinetics § Multi-compartmental models.
Clearance has been shown from population pharmacokinetic studies to decrease significantly with age, increased alpha1 acid glycoprotein and albumin concentrations and decreased body surface area. Renal impairment is unlikely to affect metabolism or excretion of docetaxel as renal excretion contributes less than 5% of elimination. Limited data is available for docetaxel use in children with dosage between 55 and 75 mg/m2. Two paediatric studies have taken place that show a mean clearance of 33 L/h/m2 and concentration-time profiles best fitted by a two-compartmental model of distribution and elimination.
When dealing with large populations, as in the case of tuberculosis, deterministic or compartmental mathematical models are often used. In a deterministic model, individuals in the population are assigned to different subgroups or compartments, each representing a specific stage of the epidemic. The transition rates from one class to another are mathematically expressed as derivatives, hence the model is formulated using differential equations. While building such models, it must be assumed that the population size in a compartment is differentiable with respect to time and that the epidemic process is deterministic.
The ICNC groups work together, using experimental and theoretical approaches ranging from molecular techniques, in vitro intracellular using DIC video microscopy and imaging methods with voltage-dependent dyes; in vivo multi-unit recordings in behaving animals and imaging techniques using fMRI. Theoretical approaches include cable and compartmental modeling, information and learning theory, statistical mechanics and techniques from signal processing theory. A number of research centers in Europe, USA and Japan are now following the model established by the ICNC, including the Institute for Neuroinformatics (ETH/Univ. Zürich), Laboratories de Neurophysique (Univ.
Through incorporating this mapping of viral genotype into viral phenotype (or antigenic cluster) into their model, the authors were able to reproduce the ladder-like phylogeny of influenza's HA protein without generalized strain- transcending immunity. The reproduction of the ladder-like phylogeny resulted from the viral population passing through repeated selective sweeps. These sweeps were driven by herd immunity and acted to constrain viral genetic diversity. Instead of modeling the genotypes of viral strains, a compartmental simulation model by Gökaydin and colleagues considered influenza evolution at the scale of antigenic clusters (or phenotypes).
Although neurons are often described of as "fundamental units" of the brain, they perform internal computations. Neurons integrate input within dendrites, and this complexity is lost in models that assume neurons to be a fundamental unit. Dendritic branches can be modeled as spatial compartments, whose activity is related due to passive membrane properties, but may also be different depending on input from synapses. Compartmental modelling of dendrites is especially helpful for understanding the behavior of neurons that are too small to record with electrodes, as is the case for Drosophila melanogaster.
The oral bioavailability of seletracetam is >90% and its half-life is approximately 8 hours. 25% of ingested seletracetam is metabolized and excreted unchanged and about 53% is excreted in the form of an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite. The main metabolic mechanism is the hydrolysis of an acetamide to a carboxylic acid. Seletracetam exhibits first-order mono-compartmental pharmacokinetics, in which there is a simple linear relationship between the amount of drug that was administered, the time that has passed, and the amount of drug subsequently remaining in the body.
Wilfrid Rall (August 29, 1922 - April 1, 2018) was a neuroscientist who spent most of his career at the National Institutes of Health. He is considered one of the founders of computational neuroscience, and was a pioneer in establishing the integrative functions of neuronal dendrites. Rall developed the use of cable theory in neuroscience, as well as passive and active compartmental modeling of the neuron. Rall studied physics at Yale University, from which he graduated with highest honors in 1943, and where he was Chairman of the Yale Political Union's Labor Party.
For peripheral operations, eight Compartmental Directions were created. A capable and respected organizer, he had received a grievous heritage from the previous organizational chaos. The worst problem was the rolling stock: FFSS had 2,664 steam locomotives, 738 with more than 30 years of service; passenger cars were 6,985, mostly older than 30 years; freight cars were 52,778, with one fifth older than 40 years. The first urgent measure was construction in 1905–06 of 567 new locomotives, 1,244 passenger cars (including the first provided with bogies) and 20,263 freight cars.
"Blitz" is the German word for his surname "Yıldırım" in Turkish. Sergeant James Hall III, among about 1,300 service personnel stationed at Teufelsberg, was granted the highest security clearance for access to sensitive compartmental information. The U.S. Field Station Teufelsberg (literally: Devil's Mountain) was a highly-sensitive installation atop a high hill, which was formed from rubble of buildings in the city destroyed during World War II by Allied airstrikes and Soviet artillery. Thanks to its elevation, the location in an otherwise flat landscape was ideal for monitoring military and civilian communications originating from East Germany and other Iron Curtain countries.
Multi compartment micro fluidic-based devices, particularly those that are physical representations of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that represent the mass transfer of compounds in compartmental models of the mammalian body, may contribute to improving the drug development process. Mathematical pharmacokinetic (PK) models aim to estimate concentration-time profiles within each organ on the basis of the initial drug dose. Such mathematical models can be relatively simple, treating the body as a single compartment in which the drug distribution reaches a rapid equilibrium after administration. Mathematical models can be highly accurate when all parameters involved are known.
The accommodation index is a metric used in the neurosciences for describing spike train data. Many methods of experimental neuroscience, such as voltage clamp recordings, give their output in the form of measured voltages of individual neurons. Generally, the only important element of these voltage traces is the occurrence of spikes in the voltage, representing action potentials. It is often useful to be able to describe the data in terms of the spike timings, for instance we wish to optimize a compartmental model towards observed behaviour, then metrics such as this would be used as error functions.
Arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgery where the articular surface of a musculoskeletal joint is replaced, remodeled, or realigned by osteotomy or some other procedure. It is an elective procedure that is done to relieve pain and restore function to the joint after damage by arthritis (rheumasurgery) or some other type of trauma. As well as the standard total knee replacement surgery, the uni-compartmental knee replacement, in which only one weight- bearing surface of an arthritic knee is replaced, is a popular alternative. Joint replacements are available for other joints on a variable basis, most notably the hip, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, spine, and finger joints.
Schematic illustration of the structure of zones and microzones in the cerebellar cortex From the viewpoint of gross anatomy, the cerebellar cortex appears to be a homogeneous sheet of tissue, and, from the viewpoint of microanatomy, all parts of this sheet appear to have the same internal structure. There are, however, a number of respects in which the structure of the cerebellum is compartmentalized. There are large compartments that are generally known as zones; these can be divided into smaller compartments known as microzones. The first indications of compartmental structure came from studies of the receptive fields of cells in various parts of the cerebellar cortex.
Gamma camera Diagrammatic cross section of a gamma camera detector Details of the cross section of a gamma camera A gamma camera consists of one or more flat crystal planes (or detectors) optically coupled to an array of photomultiplier tubes in an assembly known as a "head", mounted on a gantry. The gantry is connected to a computer system that both controls the operation of the camera and acquires and stores images. The construction of a gamma camera is sometimes known as a compartmental radiation construction. The system accumulates events, or counts, of gamma photons that are absorbed by the crystal in the camera.
Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations do not create an action potential; however, neurons do experience bursting when they group together and create a synchronized potential by firing all at once, which is usually the result of these subthreshold potentials. Several studies have used various techniques to study the frequency of subthreshold oscillations at a different membrane potential. For example, a study examined the frequencies of SMPO in different anatomical positions on the dorsoventral axis of a rat medial entorhinal cortex. They used whole-cell patch recording in vivo and biophysical modeling in compartmental simulations of entorhinal stellate cells to examine the properties (SMPO), at different membrane potentials of the entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells.
This demonstrates that Hh signaling, rather than the absence of en, is what gives cells their compartmental identity. Nonetheless, this signaling-affinity model is incomplete: smo mutant clones of anterior origin that migrate into the posterior compartment, do not completely associate with these cells, but rather form a smooth boundary with these posterior cells. If signaling-affinity were the only factor determining compartment identity, then these clones, which are no longer receiving Hh signaling, would have the same affinity as the other posterior cells in that compartment and be able to intermix with them. These experiments indicate that although Hh signaling could be having an effect in adhesive properties, this effect is limited to the border cells rather than throughout both compartments.
As discussed above, it is possible to directly infer parameters of simple compartmental epidemiological models, such as SIR models, from sequence data by looking at genealogical patterns. Additionally, general patterns of geographic movement can be inferred from sequence data, but these inferences do not involve an explicit model of transmission dynamics between infected individuals. For more complicated epidemiological models, such as those involving cross-immunity, age structure of host contact rates, seasonality, or multiple host populations with different life history traits, it is often impossible to analytically predict genealogical patterns from epidemiological parameters. As such, the traditional statistical inference machinery will not work with these more complicated models, and in this case, it is common to instead use a forward simulation-based approach.
A new testing platforms based on multi- compartmental perfused systems have gained a remarkable interest in pharmacology and toxicology. It aims to provide a cell culture environment close to the in vivo situation to reproduce more reliably in vivo mechanisms or ADME processes that involve its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Perfused in vitro systems combined with kinetic modelling are promising tools for studying in vitro the different processes involved in the toxicokinetics of xenobiotics. Efforts made toward the development of micro fabricated cell culture systems that aim to create models that replicate aspects of the human body as closely as possible and give examples that demonstrate their potential use in drug development, such as identifying synergistic drug interactions as well as simulating multi-organ metabolic interactions.
Kermack–McKendrick theory is a hypothesis that predicts the number and distribution of cases of an infectious disease as it is transmitted through a population over time. Building on the research of Ronald Ross and Hilda Hudson, A. G. McKendrick and W. O. Kermack published their theory in a set of three articles from 1927, 1932, and 1933. While Kermack–McKendrick theory was indeed the source of SIR models and their relatives, Kermack and McKendrick were thinking of a more subtle and empirically useful problem than the simple compartmental models discussed here. The text is somewhat difficult to read, compared to modern papers, but the important feature is it was a model where the age-of-infection affected the transmission and removal rates.
Ecolego was co-founded by Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) Swedish Radiation Protection Authority Further AMBER and Ecolego Inter- comparisons SKI Report 2004:05 SSI Report 2004:01 , ‘’AMBER and Ecolego Intercomparisons using Calculations from SR 97 SKI Report 2003:28’’, SSI report 2003:11 , the authority in Sweden responsible for the regulation of radioactive waste management and disposal, and NRPA the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority , the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. The software was initially developed as a complimentary user interface to create compartmental models in Simulink. Simulink had very powerful and fast solvers for ordinary differential equations, but lacked support for running probabilistic simulations and handling of parameter values. Also, Simulink is very detailed – every equation is modeled by graphically operator blocks– making modeling time consuming and prone to mistakes.
The remains of the Quanzhou ship, dated to the Song dynasty and discovered in 1973 Bulkhead partitions are considered to have been a feature of Chinese junks, a type of ship. Song Dynasty author Zhu Yu (fl. 12th century) wrote in his book of 1119 that the hulls of Chinese ships had a bulkhead build. The 5th-century book Garden of Strange Things by Liu Jingshu mentioned that a ship could allow water to enter the bottom without sinking. Archaeological evidence of bulkhead partitions has been found on a 24 m (78 ft) long Song Dynasty ship dredged from the waters off the southern coast of China in 1973, the hull of the ship divided into twelve walled compartmental sections built watertight, dated to about 1277.Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006).
It received an aggregate score of 88.81% on GameRankings and 90/100 on Metacritic. GamePro magazine found the game to be "solidly-built and features stunning visuals, dead-on controls, and a innovative combat system" yet remarked that that game's scenarios seemed too linear at times. On a similar note, GameSpot stated that "While the first Grandia had lengthy dungeons full of puzzles and side routes, Grandia II's dungeons are more compartmental and linear affairs," and ultimately found the game to be "a solid RPG... even if it isn't as deep or difficult as the original." IGN granted the game an Editor's Choice distinction, calling it a "classic" of the Dreamcast and remarking that its battle system was "arguably the most advanced system in play today", yet found the game's story and character development to be cliche and predictable.
However, it is possible (and commonly done) to model explicitly the correlations between parameters (for example, the non-linear relationships between age, body-mass, organ volumes and blood flows). After numerical values are assigned to each PBPK model parameter, specialized or general computer software is typically used to numerically integrate a set of ordinary differential equations like those described above, in order to calculate the numerical value of each compartment at specified values of time (see Software). However, if such equations involve only linear functions of each compartmental value, or under limiting conditions (e.g., when input values remain very small) that guarantee such linearity is closely approximated, such equations may be solved analytically to yield explicit equations (or, under those limiting conditions, very accurate approximations) for the time-weighted average (TWA) value of each compartment as a function of the TWA value of each specified input (see, e.g.,).
Research to find a vaccine against COVID-19, medication for the lung disease or new test methods are concentrated in Belgium amongst others at the KU Leuven (vaccine and new medication, Prof Johan Neyts), at the University of Namur (new test method, Benoït Muylkens) and by private companies in collaboration with universities (new 15-minute test method detecting coronavirus antigens, CORIS BioConcept). Studies conducted by Vrije Universiteit Brussel on patients that were being treated for small procedures and who did not have COVID-19 symptoms, showed that approximately 8% had an infection in the lungs and were infected with the coronavirus, confirming the suspicion that many people are infected with the coronavirus without knowing and as herd immunity would prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Attempts to predict the progress of the coronavirus spread with compartmental models are undertaken at Ghent University (Prof Jan M. Baetens) and Hasselt University (Prof Niel Hens). Professor Barbé at the Free University of Brussels-VUB uses a first order differential equation with two proxy variables.

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