The geographical circumscription of Cuba preoccupies this gallery, specifically in regard to the exodus of the 1990s (earlier-generation exiles are absent, and in places missed).
|
|
Mr. Daniels introduced Ms. Sidibe as triumphantly free from the movies' traditional racial circumscription: the idea that fat black women are there to serve all white people.
|
|
RimWorld's sexual politics are a particularly brazen example of this, but, in truth, this circumscription is at the heart of any game that tries to simulate reality's messy complexity.
|
|
Emerging, in full "Tom and Jerry" style, from the floorboards, "Saw" is a clever, screwball nod to postminimal sculptors of the 1960s and 1970s monomaniacally intent on the circumscription of space.
|
|
From Austin's work came the beginnings of ''speech act theory,'' which the gender theorist Judith Butler would later riff on, arguing that language forces expectations about gender onto our bodies in ''a pre-emptive and violent circumscription of reality.
|
|
Whether this limitation is apparent (as in Mordor) or concealed (as in RimWorld), these constraints are always present—the games that seem to have lifted them have only naturalized them, rendering them invisible through a "preemptive and violent circumscription of reality" (as Judith Butler writes in Gender Trouble).
|
|
Pointwise circumscription is a variant of first- order circumscription that has been introduced by Vladimir Lifschitz.Lifschitz, V. (1986). "Pointwise circumscription". Proceedings AAAI-86 Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, August 11-15, 1986, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 406–410. .
|
|
An earlier formulation of circumscription by McCarthy is based on minimizing the domain of first-order models, rather than the extension of predicates. Namely, a model is considered less than another if it has a smaller domain and the two models coincide on the evaluation of the common tuples of values. This version of circumscription can be reduced to predicate circumscription. Formula circumscription was a later formalism introduced by McCarthy.
|
|
Therefore, minimization is done on predicates in the first-order logic version of circumscription: the circumscription of a formula is obtained forcing predicates to be false whenever possible.Lifschitz, V. (1994). "Circumscription". In Gabbay, D.M.; Hogger, C.J.; Robinson, J.A. Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Uncertain Reasoning. Handbooks of Logic in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming. 3.
|
|
With the restricted circumscription, species are native to tropical America.
|
|
It then belonged to the Oberamt of Kreuznach. In a 15th-century court seal with the circumscription “GERICHT ROXHEIM” (“Roxheim Court”), Saint Sebastian is depicted. Another court seal from 1633 bears the circumscription “ROXHEIMER GERICHTSSIEGEL AO. 1633”.
|
|
The broad circumscription of Echinopsis remains controversial; the genus is accepted not to be monophyletic.
|
|
Bentham's circumscription is widely polyphyletic, and both George's and Thiele and Ladiges' circumscription bring together species that occur in three widely separate clades in Mast's cladogram. Thiele's B. subser. Banksia is monophyletic but is most closely related to B. ser. Ochraceae and B. ser.
|
|
Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 genera and 900 known species. The type genus is Asphodelus.
|
|
The genus then has about 250 species. Species placed in Blechnum by Plants of the World Online, which uses the broad circumscription, but transferred to other genera by the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World, which uses the narrow circumscription, are listed below together with their alternative placement.
|
|
In 1996, Alex George demoted D. sect. Aphragma to a series within D. subg. Dryandra. He did not accept the previous definitions of the series, but nonetheless accepted the basic circumscription as sound; he instead used a range of flower, seed and leaf characters. The placement and circumscription of D. ser.
|
|
"Circumscription – A form of non-monotonic reasoning". Artificial Intelligence. 13: 27–39. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90011-9.
|
|
The circumscription used in this article is that of the APG IV classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales.
|
|
The fourth species - formerly named Macrostelia grandifolia P.A. Fryxell - is now considered to be under the circumscription of Hibiscus.
|
|
Circumscription is a non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy to formalize the common sense assumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified.McCarthy, J. (February 1986). "Applications of circumscription to formalizing common-sense knowledge". Artificial Intelligence. 28 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90032-9.McCarthy, J. (April 1980).
|
|
The American entomologist Neal Evenhuis created the genus in a 1981 paper in Pacific Insects. His initial circumscription included eleven species. Four species had first been described in the genus Anthrax; Evenhuis described the other seven species in his initial circumscription. Evenhuis and Junichi Yukawa described an additional new species in 1986.
|
|
A recent analysis places the genera Daiswa and Kinugasa in Paris, though the actual circumscription of the genus is debated.
|
|
On the other hand, , Plants of the World Online used a broad circumscription of Trichomanes, so retaining Brown's original name.
|
|
The current circumscription of Sapindaceae encompasses the traditional Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae as tribes in subfamily Hippocastanoideae. Although the classification at subfamilial level is fairly well-established, the circumscription at tribal and generic level remains only partially resolved, especially in the larger subfamily Sapindoideae, which has led the most recent revision to treat the majority of these genera without placing them in a tribe. Another recent study hints at even more incongruity between traditional circumscription and molecular evidence. Recent changes have included the synonymization of Distichostemon with Dodonaea, and Neotina and Tinopsis with Tina.
|
|
For a graphical history of its circumscription, see Manning et al. 2009 Table 1. and Martinez-Azorin et al. Table 2.
|
|
In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Lycopodiella is placed in the subfamily Lycopodielloideae, along with three other genera. In this circumscription, the genus has about 15 species. Other sources use a wider circumscription, in which the genus is equivalent to the subfamily of PPG I, in which case about 40 species and hybrids are accepted.
|
|
The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%). It is important to point out the relationships between these subfamilies are still either poorly supported or almost completely obscure. There are continuing disagreements over the correct circumscription of these subfamilies, including the preservation of the family, Bombacaceae. The circumscription of the family may change dramatically as new studies are published.
|
|
Other solutions to the frame problem that correctly formalize the Yale shooting problem exist; some use circumscription but in a different way.
|
|
However this circumscription was polyphyletic, so in 2004 the genus was split in four, being Centaurium sensu stricto, Zeltnera, Gyrandra and Schenkia.
|
|
The circumscription of Nepisiguit is represented at the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick by Cheryl Lavoie, a member of New Brunswick Liberal Association.
|
|
In 25 April 2018 from the territory of the diocese was spring off the new circumscription, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiang Rai.
|
|
Isostylis (1 species, 1 variety) Bentham's circumscription of Cyrtostylis remained current for over 100 years, only being superseded in 1981 by George's revision.
|
|
The circumscription of the genus has varied greatly. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the widely used broad circumscription as a pantropical genus is polyphyletic, but it remains to be seen how this will affect the classification of the genus. Five polyphyletic clades of Schefflera exist, all of which are geographically isolated from one another. This implies parallel evolution of traits within the genus.
|
|
Its placement and circumscription may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (three species) ::B. elegans (incertae sedis) ::B. subg. Banksia :::B. ser.
|
|
Molluginaceae is still assigned to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, although the generic circumscription is difficult because Mollugo is not monophyletic.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of A. sect. Eurylaema in Nelson's arrangement of Adenanthos may be summarised as follows: :Adenanthos ::A. sect. Eurylaema :::A. detmoldii :::A.
|
|
George's 1999 placement and circumscription of B. ser. Cyrtostylis may be summarised as follows: B. epica :Banksia ::B. subg. Banksia :::B. sect. Banksia ::::B. ser.
|
|
In 1856, Carl Meissner published a revision of Dryandra. He retained all three of Brown's sections, and the circumscription given to D. sect. Aphragma was much the same, the only differences being the demotion of D. blechnifolia to a variety of D. pteridifolia, and the inclusion of D. drummondii (now B. drummondii), which had been published in 1848. The placement and circumscription of D. sect.
|
|
Senecio Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 is a genus of the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels. The scientific Latin genus name, Senecio, means "old man." Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus Senecio is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. The traditional circumscription of Senecio is artificial, being polyphyletic, even in its new circumscription which is based on genetic data.
|
|
The ICZN regulates names of taxa up to family group rank (i. e. superfamily). There are no generally accepted rules of naming higher taxa (orders, classes, phyla, etc.). Under the approach of circumscription-based (circumscriptional) nomenclatures, a circumscriptional name is associated with a certain circumscription of a taxon without regard of its rank or position. Some authors advocate introducing a mandatory standardized typified nomenclature of higher taxa.
|
|
Swamp rose mallow mallow (Malva sylvestris) The circumscription of the Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae sensu stricto comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae sensu lato, has been more recently defined on the basis that molecular techniques have shown the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae s.s., are not monophyletic groups.
|
|
Lovo et al. (2018) consider these characteristics to be among those distinguishing their circumscription of Neomarica from the other genera into which they divide the tribe.
|
|
For a history of the circumscription of Galantheae, see Meerow et al. 2006. A narrower sense of the tribe is now favoured, with only three genera.
|
|
Little, D. P. (2006). C guadalupensis is genetically most similar to C. stephensonii. Evolution and circumscription of the true Cypresses. Syst. Bot. 31 (3): 461-480.
|
|
In the general election of 2 July 2006, she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the PAN, representing the Third Circumscription via proportional representation.
|
|
Its placement and circumscription may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now B. ser. Dryandra) ::Dryandra verae :::D. floribunda (now B. sessilis) :::D. cuneata (now B. obovata) :::D.
|
|
The city has a current population of approximately 49,000. Within the electoral divisions of Chile, it belongs to the 48th electoral district and the 14th senatorial circumscription.
|
|
Repetobasidiaceae is a phylogenetically defined family encompassing resupinate, poroid, stereoid, clavarioid, and agaricoid fungi, among other forms. Currently no description of the emended family circumscription is available.
|
|
Hyptis was demonstrated to be polyphyletic on the basis of evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA. The new circumscription excluded Hyptis emoryi, which was transferred to Condea.
|
|
The specific name, nubicola, Latin for "sky-dwelling", refers to its habitat being a cloud forest. It was transferred to Megastomatohyla upon that genus's circumscription in 2005.
|
|
That year saw the publication of Banksia collina (now B. spinulosa var. collina), and from then until 1981, the circumscription of B. spinulosa was roughly equivalent to the present-day circumscription of B. spinulosa var. spinulosa. In the first infrageneric arrangement of Banksia, that of Brown in 1830, B. spinulosa was placed in subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike.
|
|
Thus their analysis yielded no information about the circumscription and placement of Isostylis, and their arrangement maintained Isostylis as a subgenus. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in his 1999 arrangement. The placement and circumscription of B. subg. Isostylis was unaffected and can be summarised as follows: B. cuneata grows as a large shrub, up to three metres in height.
|
|
The series was given a rather stricter circumscription to that of Bentham: it was defined as containing only those species with a hairy pistil that is prominently curved before anthesis. The result was a series of just eight species, all of which had been included in Bentham's B. sect. Orthostylis. The other eleven members of Bentham's Orthostylis were moved into other sections and series. The placement and circumscription of B. ser.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Abietinae in George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Banksia :::B. sect. Banksia ::::B. ser.
|
|
Thus the Aspleniaceae of PPG I became the subfamily Asplenioideae. , the broader circumscription of the Aspleniaceae is used by Plants of the World Online, which lists 24 genera.
|
|
Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. . Successive revisions of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification have changed the circumscription of the family.
|
|
The following lists are originally based on a Glossary on Heraldica.org by Alexander Krischnig. The male form is followed by the female, and when available, by the territorial circumscription.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of B. sect. Orthostylis in Bentham's arrangement can be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. sect. Oncostylis (13 species) ::B. sect. Cyrtostylis (10 species) ::B. sect.
|
|
Spicigerae in their arrangement. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Quercinae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B.
|
|
George's placement and circumscription of D. ser. Armatae, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::D. subg. Dryandra :::D. ser.
|
|
It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.
|
|
Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in an attempt to solve the frame problem. To implement circumscription in its initial formulation, McCarthy augmented first-order logic to allow the minimization of the extension of some predicates, where the extension of a predicate is the set of tuples of values the predicate is true on. This minimization is similar to the closed-world assumption that what is not known to be true is false.
|
|
There are approximately 97 to 107 species in the genus depending on the circumscription of the species.Earle, Chris J.: Podocarpus. The Gymnosperm Database. 2013.Barker, N. P., et al. (2004).
|
|
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Abietinae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B. elegans (incertae sedis) ::B. subg.
|
|
Argyrophorus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae. It is distributed between Chile, Argentina and Perú. The systematic and circumscription of the genus is disputed.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Dryandroideae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B. elegans (incertae sedis) ::B. subg.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of B. subser. Leptophyllae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B. elegans (incertae sedis) ::B. subg.
|
|
In this circumscription of Malvaceae, the family is divided into 9 subfamilies and Durioneae is placed into the subfamily Helicteroideae, along with some of the members of the traditional Helictereae.
|
|
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24, 319–323. Due to varying views on the circumscription of species, the species is sometimes subsumed with others under the catch-all name Minthostachys mollis.
|
|
Eiter, T.; Gottlob, G. (June 1993). "Propositional circumscription and extended closed world reasoning are \Pi^p_2-complete". Theoretical Computer Science. 114 (2): 231–245. doi:10.1016/0304-3975(93)90073-3.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of D. § Ilicinae in Meissner's arrangement thus looks like this: :Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::D. sect. Eudryandra (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties) :::D. § Ilicinae'' ::::D.
|
|
Thus, the Malvaceae can be expanded to include all of these families so as to compose a monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, the Malvaceae incorporate a much larger number of genera.
|
|
Botanical authors do not necessarily agree on the circumscription of this species.Baker, M. A. (2007). Further elucidation of the taxonomic relationships and geographic distribution of Escobaria sneedii var. sneedii, E. sneedii var.
|
|
Kim, H. G., et al. (2003). A phylogeny of the Munnoziinae (Asteraceae, Liabeae): circumscription of Munnozia and a new placement of M. perfoliata. Plant Systematics and Evolution 239(3-4), 171-85.
|
|
Ribes is the single genus in the Saxifragales family Grossulariaceae. Although once included in the broader circumscription of Saxifragaceae sensu lato, it is now positioned as a sister group to Saxifragaceae sensu stricto.
|
|
His work is very influential, though it has also elicited criticisms.Zinkina J. et al. Circumscription Theory of the Origins of the State: A Cross-Cultural Re-Analysis. Cliodynamics 7/2 (2016): 187–203.
|
|
This article is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. The Malvaceae s.l. (hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative cladogram of the family is shown below.
|
|
In the general elections of 2008, he ran as head of his party for Vizcaya, which won in his circumscription. In April 2009 he was appointed Secretary General of the Socialist Parliamentary Group.
|
|
San Agustin Church is currently administered by the Augustinian friars from the Augustinian Vicariate of the Orient, a circumscription of the Spanish Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines.
|
|
Estimates of the number of valid species in this large genus depend on the circumscription used, and they recently vary from "over 300" to 400Potentilla. The Jepson eFlora 2013. to 500Potentilla. Flora of China.
|
|
Vittaria isoetifolia is native to tropical Africa and islands of the southwestern Indian Ocean.Edmund H. Crane. 1997. "A Revised Circumscription of the Genera of the Fern Family Vittariaceae". Systematic Botany 22(3):509-517.
|
|
Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24(5), 642-676.Warren, Andrew D. The higher classification of the Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Oregon State University, 2006.
|
|
DNA evidence has raised doubt as to the taxonomic circumscription of C. baileyi. It was found that there are no consistent differences genetically between Carex lurida and Carex baileyi, however, further research is needed.
|
|
He reverted to the circumscription of Brown, Endlicher and Meissner, but by this time the rules of botanical nomenclature had been formalised in such a way that Brown's Banksia verae had to be given the autonym B. subg. Banksia; thus Endlicher's unranked Eubanksia and Meissner's section Eubanksia are now considered nomenclatural synonyms of B. subg. Banksia sensu George. This circumscription was retained in Thiele and Ladiges' 1996 arrangement, and in George's 1999 arrangement, but was finally abandoned in 2007 with the publication of B. subg.
|
|
In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic.Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae, but also several new families.
|
|
Despite a common aim - the independence of Catalonia - and a similar ideological background, the negotiations failed due to divergences in mid-term strategy and disagreements over the compilation of electoral lists. In the 2010 parliamentary election in Catalonia, Reagrupament gained 1.28% of the vote and no seats in parliament. It had the best results in the Circumscription of Girona with 3.28%, and the worst in the Circumscription of Tarragona with 0.93%. Reagrupament is led by Joan Carretero and Rut Carandell and its slogan is Independence and Democracy.
|
|
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the definition of a taxon, that is, a group of organisms. One goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. Achieving stability is not yet a certainty in most taxa, and many that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics. In essence, new discoveries may invalidate the application of irrelevant attributes used in established or obsolete circumscriptions, or present new attributes useful in cladistic taxonomy.
|
|
The species was first described by Robert Brown in 1810, as Trichomanes venosum. The precise circumscription of the genus Trichomanes varies considerably between sources. , the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World followed the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) in using a narrow circumscription of Trichomanes, and placed this species in Polyphlebium as P. venosum. It has also been placed in the genus Crepidomanes (another of the eight genera into which Trichomanes is divided in PPG I) as Crepidomanes venosum.
|
|
Phylogeny of Pertusariales (Ascomycotina): Resurrection of Ochrolechiaceae and new circumscription of Megasporaceae. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 100:753-64. The genus Aspicilia was moved here from the Hymeneliaceae.Lumbsch TH, Feige GB, Schmitz KE. (1994).
|
|
To distinguish between them, the Latin terms sensu lato and sensu stricto are frequently used (together with their abbreviations, s.l. and s.s.) to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively, e.g. Liliaceae s.s..
|
|
Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for example Equisetaceae, Magnoliaceae) while for other names a careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for example Fabaceae, Amygdaloideae, Taraxacum officinale).
|
|
B. benthamiana (Bentham's Banksia) was designated the type species. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Ochraceae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows: B. laevigata subsp. laevigata B. laevigata subsp.
|
|
Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae.
|
|
As they were defined on leaf characters alone, all of Meissner's series were highly heterogeneous. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Salicinae in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. sect. Eubanksia :::B. ser.
|
|
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below). and about 350,000 that are. While such a clade with a similar circumscription exists in the APG III system, it was not given a name.
|
|
As they were defined on leaf characters alone, all of Meissner's series were highly heterogeneous. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Dryandroideae in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. sect. Eubanksia :::B. ser.
|
|
Thus three species with elongate cylindrical inflorescences were moved into separate series. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Abietinae in George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Banksia :::B. sect.
|
|
The broader circumscription is used by Plants of the World Online, ; for example, the Dryopteridaceae, shown above as a separate family, is included in its Polypodiaceae. The broadly defined Polypodiaceae has been described as an "unwieldy megafamily".
|
|
In 2016, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group divided order Polypodiales into six suborders. Pteridaceae is the sole family in suborder Pteridiineae, with 52 genera. The suborder has the same circumscription as Smith et al. used for the family.
|
|
The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Cyrtostylis in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows: B. praemorsa (Cut-leaf Banksia) :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B. elegans (incertae sedis) ::B. subg.
|
|
As they were defined on leaf characters alone, all of Meissner's series were highly heterogeneous. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Quercinae in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. sect. Eubanksia :::B. ser.
|
|
Arecidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Arecaceae.
|
|
Zingiberidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Zingiberaceae.
|
|
Hemiclidia (R.Br.) A.S.George. Its placement and circumscription in George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows: :Genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::Subgenus Dryandra (24 series, 91 species, 39 subspecies, 23 varieties) ::Subgenus Hemiclidia :::D.
|
|
In pointwise circumscription, each tuple of values is considered separately. For example, in the formula P(a) \equiv P(b) one would consider the value of P(a) separately from P(b). A model is minimal only if it is not possible to turn any such value from true to false while still satisfying the formula. As a result, the model in which P(a)=P(b)=true is selected by pointwise circumscription because turning only P(a) into false does not satisfy the formula, and the same happens for P(b).
|
|
However, these regions were not static, and many of the 'regional' types were, to the untrained eye, comparatively similar. The predominant type bore the king's name in circumscription on the obverse (normally around a small cross), and the moneyer's name in two lines with various ornaments on the reverse. At various times a circumscription reverse was also used, which gave scope for a longer legend; or a portrait obverse. For reasons unknown, East Anglia in particular favoured royal portraits between the 930s and 970s, though it was also used sporadically elsewhere.
|
|
German entomologist Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer created the genus Trogus in 1806. He included one species in his circumscription: Trogus coeruleator, first named in 1804 by Johan Christian Fabricius as Ichneumon coeruleator. In 1829, Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst included eight species in his taxonomy of Trogus. Some subsequent researchers, for instance Arnold Förster and William Harris Ashmead, have referred to a Trogus whose authority is Gravenhorst, but Panzer's sole species in his circumscription of Trogus is included in Gravenhorst's treatment of Trogus and the two of them had the same concept for the genus.
|
|
Centina was an Augustinian friar under the Spanish circumscription of the Madrid-based Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines. In 2020, he became a charter member of the Augustinian Province of St. John of Sahagún of Spain which was formed when the Philippine province and three other provinces in Spain and Portugal united into a single circumscription. For his efforts to preserve the Spanish language in the Philippines through his essays and poetry, he was praised as a "defender of the Spanish language" in that country.
|
|
One of these, now a junior synonym, is Eudamus, the type genus of the Eudaminae. But in the wide circumscription listed here, Urbanus is apparently not monophyletic, and thus some of the formerly independent genera are likely valid.
|
|
Banksia sensu Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele. On the other hand, Bentham's circumscription of B. sect. Eubanksia has no modern equivalent. The three species placed in that section by Bentham were all placed by George in B. ser.
|
|
Little et al.,Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881.
|
|
The name is a Latinization of a Malayalam name meaning "small teak". The Indian (Malayalam) name has had widely variant spellings. In 1895, John Isaac Briquet included Rotheca in his rather broad circumscription of Clerodendrum.John Isaac Briquet. 1895.
|
|
The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia, Paravitex, and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex. Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria. Kalaharia, Volkameria, Ovieda, and Tetraclea have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum.
|
|
Under their circumscription Ammocharis is placed within subtribe Crininae, which has three genera. But, depending on the status of Cybistetes two to three genera may be considered. If Cybistetes is considered separately as Cybistetes longifolia (L.) Milne- Redh. & Schweick.
|
|
Prince, L. M. (2002). Circumscription and biogeographic patterns in the Eastern North American-East Asian genus Stewartia (Theaceae: Stewartieae): insight from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. Castanea 67: 290-301. as well as in numerous influential horticultural publications.
|
|
George defined Cyrtostylis as those members of B. sect. Banksia with slender flowers, a small pollen- presenter, and beaked follicles. Its type species was given as B. media (Southern Plains Banksia). George's 1981 placement and circumscription of B. ser.
|
|
Supplementary material . With the advent of using molecular phylogenies to resolve relationships of many eukaryotes the original circumscription of bicosoecids has been greatly expanded upon to include other orders and the rank has changed from an order to a class.
|
|
In Bentham's 1842 circumscription of the subfamily Mimosoideae, Acacieae was one of its three constituent tribes, the others being Ingeae Benth. & Hook.f. and Mimoseae Bornn. His Acacieae tribe of 1842 included many genera that were subsequently assigned to tribe Ingeae Benth.
|
|
Voter registration in the Dominican Republic is automatic and based on a database of the Civil Registry in charge of the JCE; resident foreigners possess a (Cédula de Identidad y Electoral) "Identity and Electoral Document" (The Dominican Republic ID National Card) which is unique for each individual and never re-used after a person's death. All Dominicans and eligible foreigners are added automatically to the electoral roll of the first election year they are able to vote and placed on the "electoral circumscription" based on their last reported address with the correspondent Circumscription Office of Civil State.
|
|
Flora of China is an English-language revision of Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae (FRPS), with taxonomy reflecting the current understanding of each group. The sequence of families is a modified Englerian system, similar to that used in FRPS; however, the circumscription of some families reflects the present understanding of the groups. It is intended that all the vascular plants of China will be covered, including descriptions, identification keys, essential synonymy, phenology, provincial distribution in China, brief statements on extra-Chinese distribution, and remarks regarding the circumscription of problematic taxa. Flora of China Illustrations series, a companion set of volumes, illustrated ca.
|
|
On the 8th October, Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu and Victor Ponta announced in a press conference that their parties will run in the elections on a shared list, fusing under a single party name: Social- Liberal PRO Romania (). Marcel Ciolacu, the president of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) announced on the 15th of October that, the World Health Organization representative of Romania, Alexandru Rafila had joined the party's team of candidates for the parliamentary elections. He will open the list of deputies for the Bucharest circumscription, while Gabriela Firea will open the list of senators for the same circumscription.
|
|
The family then includes over half a dozen genera, with only a few dozen species, occurring in Africa, in western South America and western North America. This circumscription includes the genus Cyanastrum, which sometimes has been treated as a separate family Cyanastraceae.
|
|
Two species were included in the genus's initial circumscription: B. floridana, described in the same work, and B. tenuicornis. Bassett had described the latter species in 1881, placing it in the genus Cynips. Ashmead later designated B. floridana as the genus's type species.
|
|
"Relationships within Cornales and circumscription of Cornaceae - matK and rbcL sequence data and effects of outgroups and long branches". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24(1):35-57. This was not followed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in the APG III system of 2009.
|
|
B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia), one of the three species in George Bentham's circumscription of B. sect. Banksia Banksia sect. Eubanksia is an obsolete section of Banksia. There have been two circumscriptions, one of which is synonymous with the recently abandoned B. subg.
|
|
D. virgata is sometimes considered to be a species complex that includes Desmanthus acuminatus, D. paspalaceus, and D. tatuhyensis. Until recently, many authors grouped several other Desmanthus under the circumscription of D. virgata, including D. pubescens, D. pernambucanus, D. glandulosus and D. leptophyllus.
|
|
Gordon Rowley, who first separated off Haworthiopsis from Haworthia in 2013, suggested a much broader circumscription of Tulista – essentially as the clade marked "TR" in the above cladogram. This was rejected by Manning et al., but has since been defended by Rowley.
|
|
The tribe Polypodieae corresponded to the subfamily Polypodioideae in Christenhusz et al. The most recent circumscription of the subfamily, the PPG I classification, largely returns to that of Christenhusz et al., but excludes the grammitids as subfamily Grammitidoideae, rendering the Polypodioideae potentially paraphyletic.
|
|
The genus Lindernia is a group of plants in the family Linderniaceae. They are native to warm regions in both the Eastern and Western Hemisphere.Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States Lindernia consists of 30 species in its most recent circumscription.
|
|
The last revision of Oleaceae was published in 2004 in a series entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Since that time, molecular phylogenetic work has shown that the next revision of Oleaceae must include substantial changes to the circumscription of genera.
|
|
In 1978, Nelson published a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Adenanthos. He retained A. sect. Adenanthos, making no change to its circumscription, except that there were by this time 29 species assignable to it. He further divided the section into two subsections, A. subsect.
|
|
They then further divided it into four subseries, in accordance with the resolution of clades in their analysis. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Abietinae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B.
|
|
The circumscription of Meineckia has undergone several changes since Henri Ernest Baillon erected the genus in 1858.Maria S. Vorontsova, Petra Hoffmann, Olivier Maurin, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Phylogenetics of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae)." American Journal of Botany 94(12):2026-2040.
|
|
In 2016, two Canthium species endemic to the Philippines were transferred to a genus of their own, Kanapia. The final circumscription of Canthium will remain in doubt until phylogenetic studies achieve greater resolution for the clade containing Canthium coromandelicum and its closest relatives.
|
|
Despite George describing B. ser. Cyrtostylis as "a rather heterogeneous series", his 1981 circumscription was restored with minimal changes, the most significant being the relocation of B. lindleyana to the end of the series, in recognition of the species' relationship with B. ser.
|
|
Lycopodioideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus Lycopodium in other classifications. Like all lycophytes, members of the Lycopodioideae reproduce by spores.
|
|
Boletaceae were first described by the French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826, as a family distinct from Agaricaceae. Five genera were initially included in Chevallier's circumscription: Boletus (which is the type genus of the family), Cladoporus (now synonymous with LaetiporusKirk et al.
|
|
Andorra has a multi-party system. The party system in Andorra has changed dramatically since the adoption of the new Constitution in 1993. Prior to that, there was no national circumscription in the elections and political parties were essentially limited to parochial outfits.
|
|
No formal definition of B. subser. Banksia was given, but as an autonym its type species is necessarily that of the genus, B. serrata. Its three species are all native to the east coast of Australia. The placement and circumscription of B. subser.
|
|
Parevander xanthomelas is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844, and has been classified in the genus Parevander since the circumscription of that genus by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1912.
|
|
Danziella is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around ). Fossils found in the Artois region of northern France were first described as Zosterophyllum artesianum, but a later review by Edwards showed that they did not fit the circumscription of that genus.
|
|
Brown's circumscription of Banksia verae was retained for Eubanksia by Endlicher, and again by Carl Meissner, who gave Eubanksia sectional rank in his 1856 arrangement. Meissner divided B. sect. Eubanksia into four series, on the basis of leaf characters: B. ser. Abietinae, B. ser.
|
|
Ameletus was circumscribed by Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1885. His initial circumscription included three species, all of which were described in the same paper: the type species A. dissitus, A. subnotatus, and A. exquisitus. R. P. Longinus Navás circumscribed the genus Chimura in 1915.
|
|
Longistyles was the clade corresponding to B. subser. Nutantes, the subseries was placed after all the other subseries in Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement. The placement and circumscription of B. subser. Longistyles may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B.
|
|
Anaclastos and A. subsect. Adenanthos, but subsequently discarded them in his 1995 treatment of Adenanthos for the Flora of Australia series of monographs. The placement and circumscription of A. sect. Adenanthos in Nelson's arrangement of Adenanthos may be summarised as follows: :Adenanthos ::A. sect.
|
|
Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts only one genus in the family, Davallia, sinking the other genera into synonymy. The study on which the PPG I circumscription is based divides the genus into seven sections.
|
|
Logic-based approaches keep track of all logically consistent explanations of the observed actions. Thus, all possible and consistent plans or goals must be considered. Kautz provided a formal theory of plan recognition. He described plan recognition as a logical inference process of circumscription.
|
|
The Apostolic Vicariate (Vicariate Apostolic) of Puyo () is an Apostolic Vicariate (missionary pre-diocesan circumscription) of the Roman Catholic Church. It has a cathedral see, the Catedral Nuestra Señora del Rosario, located in the city of Puyo, capital of Pastaza Province in Ecuador's Amazon rainforest.
|
|
Quercinae and B. ser. Dryandroideae. These series were defined in terms of leaf shape alone, and were hence all highly heterogeneous, with the exception of B. ser. Abietinæ, which contained only (but not all) species with hooked styles. Meissner's 1856 circumscription of B. sect.
|
|
The eparchy was erected on July 3, 1957 with the bull Almost pastor[Bolla Quasi pastor, AAS 50 (1958), p. 249] of Pope Pius XII, with which the pontiff suppressed the Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Gazireh of the Chaldeans and established the new ecclesiastical circumscription.
|
|
Genera Euphorbiacearum. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England. These authors considered Poranthereae to be part of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato, a taxon that is now known to be paraphyletic. Their circumscription of the tribe was different from that which is now generally accepted.
|
|
New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 146, 453–467 confirm the relatively isolated systematic position. Barthlottia seems to have no closer relatives in Madagascar and resembles distantly the Namibian Manuelopsis dinteri.
|
|
Christidis, L.; Irestedt, M.; Rowe, D.; Boles, W. E.; Norman, J. A.: Circumscription, diagnosis and description of two subfamilies and one genus of Australo-Papuan robins (Aves: Passeriformes: Petroicidae). Zootaxa 3560: 87–88 He was awarded with the W. Roy Wheeler Medallion in 2005.
|
|
In taxonomy, synonyms are not equals, but have a different status. For any taxon with a particular circumscription, position, and rank, only one scientific name is considered to be the correct one at any given time (this correct name is to be determined by applying the relevant code of nomenclature). A synonym cannot exist in isolation: it is always an alternative to a different scientific name. Given that the correct name of a taxon depends on the taxonomic viewpoint used (resulting in a particular circumscription, position and rank) a name that is one taxonomist's synonym may be another taxonomist's correct name (and vice versa).
|
|
The largest clade within this redefined Liliales, christened the "core Liliales" representing a now much reduced Liliaceae, had all previously been included in the Liliales, and included three taxonomic groups: (i) Liliaceae sensu Dahlgren, but also both the (ii) Calochortaceae as defined by Minoro Tamura (sensu Tamura) and (iii) Clintonia-Medeola which had been included in Liliaceae sensu Tamura (see Table 3). This newly, more narrowly (sensu stricto, s.s.) circumscribed Liliaceae, corresponded to the emerging circumscription of the family in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system (1998). While this also corresponded most closely with Dahlgren's circumscription relative to the older much broader (sensu lato, s.
|
|
The Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, also known as Conewago Chapel, is a Roman Catholic minor basilica dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus located in Conewago Township (Adams County), Pennsylvania. The church is under the circumscription of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg.
|
|
The Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Basilique Notre-Dame d’Afrique) is a Roman Catholic minor basilica dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary located in Lodonga, Uganda. The basilica is under the circumscription of the Diocese of Arua. The basilica was dedicated on May 26, 1961.
|
|
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the type species of Monogramma is embedded in Haplopteris. Since the name Monogramma has taxonomic priority over Haplopteris, a proposal to reject Monogramma in favor of Haplopteris has been put forth to conserve the name and comparatively stable circumscription of Haplopteris.
|
|
Ganoderma sessile is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. This wood decay fungus is found commonly in Eastern North America, and is associated with declining or dead hardwoods. There is taxonomic uncertainty with this fungus since its circumscription in 1902.Murrill, W. A. 1902.
|
|
George further divided it into 24 series, reviving most of Meissner's and Bentham's names in the process. The placement and circumscription of D. subg. Dryandra in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::D. subg.
|
|
Aphragma was defined as containing four species which Brown thought lacked seed separators. The epithet Aphragma is from the Greek a- ("without") and phragma ("barrier"). The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now B. ser.
|
|
Another study by Ulrika Manns and Arne A. Anderberg (2005), based on molecular phylogeny, states that Anagallis in its present circumscription is paraphyletic and should also include in its clade the small genera Asterolinon and Pelletiera, as well as two Lysimachia species (Lysimachia nemorum and Lysimachia serpyllifolia).
|
|
This became the type species of the genus. The traditional circumscription of Acacia eventually contained approximately 1,300 species. However, evidence began to accumulate that the genus as described was not monophyletic. Queensland botanist Les Pedley proposed the subgenus Phyllodineae be renamed Racosperma and published the binomial names.
|
|
The precise relationship between taxonomy and systematics, however, has changed along with the goals and methods employed. Plant taxonomy is well known for being turbulent, and traditionally not having any close agreement on circumscription and placement of taxa. See the list of systems of plant taxonomy.
|
|
Sabah Parks Nature Journal 7: 53–66. This revised circumscription means that N. pilosa is endemic to Kalimantan, while N. chaniana is native to Sabah and Sarawak. As such, virtually all plants in cultivation up to that time under the name N. pilosa actually represented N. chaniana.
|
|
The genus Cousinia of the tribe Cardueae (= Cynareae) is in its current circumscription one of the larger genera in the Asteraceae, with approximately 600-700 species distributed in central and western Asia. Many of the species in this genus were once classified in genus Arctium (Burdock).
|
|
Crocinae, transferring its four taxa into B. ser. Banksia. They then divided the series into two subseries, placing B. ornata (Desert Banksia), B. serrata and B. aemula in B. subser. Banksia, and all other species in B. subser. Cratistylis. The placement and circumscription of B. ser.
|
|
Bentham's definition of D. ser. Floribundae encompassed the species with inflorescences that were very much exposed, because their floral leaves were either very short or "few and spreading". The placement and circumscription of the series may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) ::D. sect.
|
|
"An updated classification of Orchidaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 177(2):151-174. (See External links below). This circumscription of Disinae, however, was done provisionally, to avoid creating new subtribes before further studies could determine, with increased certainty, the true affinities of these three genera.
|
|
Lycopodielloideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus Lycopodiella in other classifications. Like all lycophytes, members of the Lycopodielloideae are vascular plants that reproduce by spores.
|
|
Trichomanes is a genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae, termed bristle ferns. The circumscription of the genus is disputed. All ferns in the genus are filmy ferns, with leaf tissue typically 2 cells thick. This thinness generally necessitates a permanently humid habitat, and makes the fronds somewhat translucent.
|
|
Dominique Orliac Dominique Orliac (born March 15, 1952 in Palaiseau, Essonne) was a member of the National Assembly of France. She represented the 1st circumscription of the Lot Département, and is a member of the Radical Party of the Left; she lost her seat in the 2017 Parliamentary Elections.
|
|
Goloboff's Crassitarsae was regarded as a viable taxonomic hypothesis in a 2006 molecular phylogenetic analysis, although not explicitly supported, and was recovered (again with a different circumscription) in a 2012 study of Mygalomorphae. The preferred hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships of the Mygalomorphae in a 2020 study includes Crassitarsae.
|
|
The city has a ring road, extension of BR-030 Highway, which allows the diversion of heavy vehicles. It also has the sub-headquarters of the Regional Traffic Circumscription (Ciretran) and State Department of Traffic (Detran), Besides the Department of Transit and Urban Transport of the municipality (DTTU).
|
|
Salsola vermiculata was first published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Phylogenetic research led to the re- circumscription of the genus Salsola, and in 2007, the species was transferred to Caroxylon vermiculatum (L.) Akhani & Roalson.Akhani, H., et al. (2007). Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s.l.
|
|
Echinopsis mamillosa was first described in 1907 by the German botanist Max Gürke. E. silvatica F.Ritter was included in E. mamillosa as the subspecies silvatica by Pierre Braun and E. Esteves Pereira in 1995. The circumscription of Echinopsis remains controversial; the genus is accepted not to be monophyletic.
|
|
The circumscription of Dioscoreaceae has expanded over the years. For instance when Stenomeridaceae, as Stenomeris was also included in Dioscoreaceae as subfamily Stenomeridoideae together with Avetra, the remaining four genera were grouped in subfamily Dioscoreoideae, the two being distinguished by the presence of bisexual and unisexual flowers respectively.
|
|
Mentha is a member of the tribe Mentheae in the subfamily Nepetoideae. The tribe contains about 65 genera, and relationships within it remain obscure. Authors have disagreed on the circumscription of Mentha. For example, M. cervina has been placed in Pulegium and Preslia, and M. cunninghamii has been placed in Micromeria.
|
|
This is a generalization of circumscription in which the extension of a formula is minimized, rather than the extension of a predicate. In other words, a formula can be specified so that the set of tuples of values of the domain that satisfy the formula is made as small as possible.
|
|
It was established on 11 July 2019 by Pope Francis for the 145 Ukrainian Greek Catholic parishes. The circumscription encompasses the entire Italian territory. The Church of Santi Sergio e Bacco, that is located on Piazza Madonna dei Monti in the rione of Monti in Rome, become as the Cathedral.
|
|
Some species only occasionally emerge above ground and gain most of their nourishment from an association with mycorrhizal fungi. The circumscription of Botrychium is disputed between different authors; some botanists include the genera Botrypus and Sceptridium within Botrychium, while others treat them as distinct. The latter treatment is provisionally followed here.
|
|
Dryandroideae as a monotypic series containing B. dryandroideae alone, placing it in Bentham's B. sect. Oncostylis, which was defined as containing the species with hooked styles. Since Meissner had not designated a type species for the series, George also declared B. dryandroides to lectotype. The placement and circumscription of B. ser.
|
|
In hindsight, it was the most homogeneous of the four series, as it contained only (but not all) species with hooked styles. The other three series were highly heterogeneous in comparison. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Abietinae in Meissner's arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. sect.
|
|
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Striga) were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family.
|
|
Symphyotrichum boreale was formerly included in the large genus Aster as Aster borealis. However, this broad circumscription of Aster is polyphyletic and the North American asters are now mostly classified in Symphyotrichum and several other genera. Hybrids between this species and Symphyotrichum puniceum have been recorded, and are called Symphyotrichum ×longulum.
|
|
In 2019, Paton et al. published a summary cladogram for the subtribe Plectranthinae, based on an earlier 2018 study. The new genus Equilabium was established and Coleus revived. In the version below, the three genera accepted in these studies that were formerly included in a broad circumscription of Plectranthus are highlighted.
|
|
In: "Verbenaceae" pages 132-182. In: Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien volume IV, part 3a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany. This was considered questionable by many, but for the next 100 years, Briquet's circumscription was usually followed, mostly because of confusion and uncertainty regarding this group of at least 200 species.
|
|
The most recent adoption of the name Aspidella was based on a molecularly and ecologically defined genus similar to the current circumscription. Currently there are two competing contemporary classifications, one that recognizes the two genera, Amanita and Saproamanita, and the other that maintains both genera under the older name Amanita.
|
|
It was established on 1 June 2019 by Pope Francis for all the Byzantine Rite (mainly Ukrainian Greek Catholic) parishes. The circumscription encompasses Kazakhstan and others four Central Asia states. The Holy Protection of the Mother of God church, that is located in Karaganda, in Kazakhstan, become as the Cathedral.
|
|
The remaining species, B. ilicifolia (Holly-leaved Banksia), has a dome-shaped head and so was placed alone in Isostylis. Brown published a further eleven species in 1830, placing all of them in Banksia verae. The 1830 circumscription of Banksia verae was as follows: :Banksia ::Banksia verae :::B. pulchella :::B.
|
|
Most species are tropical in distribution, but in total this subfamily occurs almost worldwide, being absent only from Arctic regions, central Asia and the Near East. This subfamily was formerly given family rank as Lobeliaceae, under a somewhat different circumscription. The leaves are simple and alternate. The plants have milky sap.
|
|
Plants in that state previously classified as D. punctatum are currently referred to D. roseum, which was described in 1991. In South Australia, D. punctatum is listed as endangered. Populations currently included within D. roseum and D. campanulatum were originally part of a wider circumscription of D. punctatum in South Australia.
|
|
The following phylogenetic tree is based on a DNA paper that was published in 2011,Hiroshi Azuma and Hiroshi Tobe. 2011. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): family circumscription and intergeneric relationships". Journal of Plant Research 124(3):349-357. modified to accommodate the transfer of the species in Isidrogalvia to Harperocallis.
|
|
It was formerly included in the large genus Aster as Aster lateriflorus. However, this broad circumscription of Aster is polyphyletic, and the North American asters are now mostly classified in Symphyotrichum and several other genera. It is one of sixteen "bushy asters and relatives" within Symphyotrichum subsect. Dumosi as described by J.C. Semple.
|
|
Dryandra ser. Niveae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra). It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.
|
|
Many modern authors prefer to consider it a subgenus instead. It is, moreover, not entirely clear what species to place in Luciobarbus if it is deemed valid. The IUCN argues for a rather inclusive circumscription. Nonwithstanding the taxonomy and systematics of this ill-defined assemblage, their closest living relative is probably Aulopyge huegelii.
|
|
Krishna Kandarpa, and John Aruny. Lippincott 2002. Lymphangioma circumscription can be healed when treated with a flashlamp pulsed dye laser, although this can cause port-wine stains and other vascular lesions. Orbital lymphangiomas, which carry significant risks from surgical removal, can also be treated with sclerosing agents, systemic medication, or through observation.
|
|
Dryandra verae was renamed Eudryandra by Stephan Endlicher in 1847, and this name was used in the 1856 arrangement of Carl Meissner. Meissner retained all three of Brown's sections, and further divided D. sect. Eudryandra in 8 subgroups of unstated rank designated by the section sign ("§").The placement and circumscription of D. sect.
|
|
The genus was circumscribed by the American malacologist Alan Solem in a 1983 monograph. He placed it in the subfamily Charopinae. Solem included six species in his original circumscription: V. eniwetokensis, V. kondoi, V. nayauana, V. niueana, V. tongensis, and V. vaitupuensis. Solem designated V. tongensis to be the genus's type species.
|
|
Palaemon is a genus of caridean shrimp of the family Palaemonidae. The conventional circumscription of the genus Palaemon is probably paraphyletic. Molecular data suggest that Palaemonetes, as well as the genera Exopalaemon and Couteriella, are nested within Palaemon. Phylogenetic affinities in these groups correspond better with geographical origin than conventional genus assignments.
|
|
The Aspleniaceae (spleenworts) are a family of ferns, included in the order Polypodiales. The composition and classification of the family have been subject to considerable changes. In particular, there is a narrow circumscription, Aspleniaceae s.s. (adopted here), in which the family contains only two genera, and a very broad one, Aspleniaceae s.l.
|
|
Mita Teriipaia is the French Polynesian minister for culture and the arts. He was appointed to his post in the government by President Gaston Tong Sang in November 2009. Teriipaia is affiliated with the To Tatou Ai’a ("Our Home") group of anti-independence Polynesian political parties, and represents the Windward Islands electoral circumscription.
|
|
An example of a taxonomic group with unstable circumscription is Anacardiaceae, a family of flowering plants. Some experts favor a circumscriptionAnacardiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants. in which this family includes the Blepharocaryaceae, Julianaceae, and Podoaceae, which are sometimes considered to be separate families.
|
|
Older works have usually placed Astianthus in the tribe Tecomeae, but the circumscription of that tribe was greatly revised in 2009.Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". American Journal of Botany 96(9):1731-1743.
|
|
In its traditional circumscription, Chenopodium comprised about 170 species. Phylogenetic research revealed, that the genus was highly polyphyletic and did not reflect how species were naturally related. Therefore, a new classification was necessary. Mosyakin & Clemants (2002, 2008) separated the glandular species as genus Dysphania (which includes epazote) and Teloxys in tribe Dysphanieae.
|
|
The Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Bocas del Toro () is a Latin ecclesiastical circumscription suffragan to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Panamá. Its cathedral episcopal see is Catedral Nuestra Señora del Carmen (dedicated to Our Lady of Mount Carmel), in Bocas del Toro, on Isla Colón, in Panama's western, Atlantic Bocas del Toro province.
|
|
In the De Thematibus, Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959) describes the theme as a small circumscription, encompassing, aside from Koloneia, Neocaesarea in the east, Arabraca, Mount Phalakros (probably modern Karaçam Dağı), Nicopolis and Tephrike. It also comprised sixteen unnamed fortresses. Porphyrogennetos also records that his father, Leo VI the Wise (r.
|
|
Other genera have later been moved to Metteniusaceae (Metteniusales),Stull, G. W., R. Duno de Stefano, D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis (2015). Resolving Basal Lamiid Phylogeny and the Circumscription of Icacinaceae with a Plastome-Scale Data Set. American Journal of Botany 102, no. 11: 1794–1813. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500298.
|
|
Vertigo arthuri is a species of land snail in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. It is known by the common name callused vertigo. It is native to North America. A 2009 phylogenetic analysis of genus Vertigo revealed that many of its species should be included in the circumscription of V. arthuri.
|
|
Mihály Luttár () was a Slovene petty nobleman in the 17th century. He was born in the Slovene Circumscription (Slovenska okroglina, today Prekmurje), but lived in the Croatian town of Međimurje, Kutnjak, near Legrad. In 1650 or 1651, he let out the blotters of István Bánffy and wrote notes about the Luttár family.
|
|
Sparrmanniaceae is a segregate, probably obsolete, plant family, containing plants which have more commonly been classified in Malvaceae or Tiliaceae. In the most recent proposed circumscription, that of Cheek ex Heywood et al.,Heywood et al., Flowering Plant Families of the World (2007) it corresponds to subfamily Grewioideae of the APG family Malvaceae.
|
|
On 9 December 2012, the elections produced a new parliamentary configuration, with an overwhelming USL majority dominating the other parties by a 70% margin. The "presidential party", PDL, only attained 16% of the total votes, failing to win all but one electoral circumscription while former presidential adviser Eugen Tomac won the second external circumscription, including the Republic of Moldova. The landslide victory of the former opposition coalition marginalized Băsescu and drastically reduced his possibilities to negotiate a new PDL-based coalition, thus being left with no other viable alternative than to nominate PSD president Victor Ponta to form the new government. Băsescu and Ponta signed a framework treaty, intended to smoothen the future institutional collaboration between the Presidency and the Government.
|
|
At the same time they pointed out the historical importance of Galtonia and its distinct floral characteristics and horticultural importance. In considering the circumscription of Galtonia, they pointed out that the genus was paraphyletic unless it included Ornithogalum saundersiae, but to include it created problems of morphological circumscription. This sensu lato reduction of Speta's fourteen genera into one was not widely accepted, even though they were polyphyletic, and had a number of problems. (This also had the effect of eliminating Galtonia as a genus, under which a number of Ornithogalum species are still sold.) Further analysis with wider sampling (70 compared to 40 taxa) and an additional plastid region (matK) revealed the presence of three clades (A, B and C) within Ornithogaleae/Ornithogalum.
|
|
Ranoidea is a genus of frogs in the subfamily Pelodryadinae. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and two nearby groups of islands: Maluku Islands (=Moluccas) and Louisiade Archipelago. The circumscription of this taxon is still controversial. Ranoidea novaehollandiae is the type species of the genus Cyclorana which—pending further studies—may become recognized again.
|
|
"The Identity of Arthrophyllum and Eremopanax (Araliaceae)". Adansonia (series 2) 17(3):329-333. For Arthrophyllum in New Caledonia, the taxonomic history is complex, because the species are not clearly distinct, and their circumscription has varied greatly from one author to another. According to Index Nominum Genericorum, no type species was ever designated for Arthrophyllum.
|
|
The order Polypodiales was first described by Link in 1833. The circumscription of the order has changed over time as ferns have been classified in many different ways (see the review by Christenhusz and Chase, 2014). Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era.
|
|
Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore. This last species had previously been confused with the ultrahighland N. lamii; its recognition as a distinct species necessitated the publication of a revised circumscription for N. lamii. The work also includes an emended description of N. thorelii, which was rediscovered in 2011 after more than 100 years.Mey, F.S. 2012.
|
|
Close-up of a C. quadriculare flower The following description is based on the one by Yuan et alii (2010) and applies to only the monophyletic circumscription of Clerodendrum. Clerodendrum is a genus of small trees, shrubs, lianas, and subherbaceous perennials. Leaves decussate or whorled, never spiny as in some close relatives. Inflorescence usually terminal.
|
|
The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families. Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period.
|
|
The wide phyletic separation of B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla (Ironcap Banksia) from the other varieties of B. sphaerocarpa prompted Thiele to promote it to species rank as B. dolichostyla. The placement and circumscription of B. subser. Leptophyllae in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Isostylis (3 species) ::B.
|
|
These molecular signatures provide novel means for the circumscription of these taxonomic groups and for identification/assignment of new species into these groups. Phylogenetic analyses and conserved indels in large numbers of other proteins provide evidence that Alphaproteobacteria have branched off later than most other phyla and Classes of Bacteria except Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria.
|
|
Most authors throughout the 19th and 20th century disagreed with Fitzinger's assessment. The green frogs were included again with the brown frogs, in line with the tendency to place any frog similar in habitus to the common frog (R. temporaria) in Rana. That genus, in the loose circumscription, eventually became a sort of "wastebin taxon".
|
|
Mimulus and its relatives were usually placed in some version of Scrophulariaceae that was much larger than the currently accepted circumscription of that family.David C. Tank, Paul M. Beardsley, Scot A. Kelchner, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2006. "Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition". Australian Systematic Botany 19(6):289-307.
|
|
Teratophyllum was attributed to Georg Heinrich Mettenius when it was first published by Friedrich Kuhn in 1869. The genus is recognized in the PPG I classification, and by the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. , Plants of the World Online also recognized the genus, but with a wider circumscription that included Arthrobotrya.
|
|
Boechera holboellii, or Holbøll's rockcress, is a species of plant in the family Brassicaceae. Its cytology has been much studied by the Danish botanist Tyge W. Böcher. Circumscription of this species has varied, with earlier works treating it as a widespread, polymorphic species with several varieties,Rollins, R.C., 1993. The Cruciferae of Continental North America.
|
|
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in his 1999 arrangement. B. ser. Abietinae was restored to George's 1981 circumscription, and all of Thiele and Ladiges' subseries were abandoned. The placement of B. nutans in George's 1999 arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg.
|
|
Cheyniana microphylla (common name bush pomegranate) is a plant in the family Myrtaceae which is endemic to Western Australia. It was first described in 1928 by Charles Gardner as Balaustion microphyllum, but was redescribed in 2009 by Barbara Rye as Cheyniana microphylla, when she narrowed the circumscription of Balaustion and described the new genus, Cheyniana.
|
|
They did find, however, that the subgenus was not monophyletic unless B. elegans (Elegant Banksia) was excluded. They ended up listing B. elegans and five other species as incertae sedis, but otherwise maintained George's circumscription of the subgenus. In Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, B. subg. Banksia is divided into twelve series.
|
|
Taxonomic concepts. The database is organized primarily around a table of unique taxonomic concepts. Each concept represents a unique biological circumscription and has been assigned a unique alphanumeric ID called Avibase ID. Avibase IDs allow the tracking of congruent taxonomic concepts among publication sources. There are approximately 58,000 unique taxonomic concepts described in Avibase.
|
|
Examples of proof-theoretic formalizations of non-monotonic reasoning, which revealed some undesirable or paradoxical properties or did not capture the desired intuitive comprehensions, that have been successfully (consistent with respective intuitive comprehensions and with no paradoxical properties, that is) formalized by model-theoretic means include first-order circumscription, closed-world assumption, and autoepistemic logic.
|
|
The taxonomic circumscription of the genus Aralia has varied greatly. Species formerly included in wider views of the genus are now included in such separate genera as Fatsia, Macropanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Polyscias, Pseudopanax, Schefflera, and Tetrapanax. The genus Dimorphanthus, formerly considered distinct by some, is now included within Aralia as a section within that genus.
|
|
The first major church began construction in 1535. Pope Paul III turned it into an episcopal seat in 1541. In 1547, Lima was elevated to an archdiocese, which turned it by a short period, in the more extensive ecclesiastical circumscription of the world. The patron of the episcopal seat is Saint Rosa of Lima.
|
|
The Theme of the Aegean Sea (, thema tou Aigaiou Pelagous) was a Byzantine province in the northern Aegean Sea, established in the mid-9th century. As one of the Byzantine Empire's three dedicated naval themes (Greek: ), it served chiefly to provide ships and troops for the Byzantine navy, but also served as a civil administrative circumscription.
|
|
This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae has been recognized in the most recent version of the Thorne system, by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, and in the most recent comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the Kubitzki system.Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki. 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225–311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol.
|
|
Specimens were first attributed to Zosterophyllum cf. myretonianum by Corsin in 1933. In 1956 Danzé-Corsin constructed a new species, Z. artesianum to accommodate this plant, arguing that it resembled Z. llanoveranum but had its sporangia arranged in a much laxer spike. Edwards notes that since then, reviews of the genus Zosterophyllum have clarified its circumscription.
|
|
Circumscription of the family has remained relatively stable, with the exception of the placement of the genus Penthorum, which has at times been placed either in its own monogeneric family, Penthoraceae, or in the Saxifragaceae. When Penthorum was separated from Crassulaceae, the latter became a natural monophyletic group. Some later authors, such as Cronquist, included only 900 species.
|
|
The Basilica of St Augustine () is a Catholic basilica and pro-cathedral located in Annaba, Algeria. It is dedicated to Saint Augustine of Hippo. The basilica is under the circumscription of the Diocese of Constantine. Construction of the basilica began in 1881 and finished on March 29, 1900, though the church was not dedicated until April 24, 1914.
|
|
Here is a full taxonomy of the family Phyllanthaceae. Its circumscription is nearly coincident to that of ex-subfamily Phyllanthoideae of the Euphorbiaceae, where this family was split from. The exceptions are that the ex-tribe Drypeteae has become family Putranjivaceae, and the genus Centroplacus, which previously constituted tribe Centroplaceae, is now part of the Pandaceae.
|
|
Botrychium lunaria Botrychiaceae (moonwort family) was recognized as a segregate family of ferns. The family included the genera Botrychium (the moonworts), Botrypus (the rattlesnake fern), and Sceptridium (the grape- ferns). Older fern classifications took a broad circumscription of Botrychium and included the genus in family Ophioglossaceae. The family is not recognized in the classification of Smith et al.
|
|
Phytolaccaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been almost universally recognized by taxonomists, although its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots.
|
|
Depending on the classification system and the characters considered, Canellaceae has been placed close to Annonaceae, Myristicaceae or Winteraceae. In his last book, Armen Takhtajan defined the order Canellales as consisting of Canellaceae and Winteraceae. This circumscription is followed in the APG IV system, in which the order Canellales is sister to another small order, the Piperales.
|
|
A phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data (2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of Tibouchina is paraphyletic. Four major clades were resolved within the genus which are supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence. The type species, Tibouchina aspera Aubl., was first described in 1775 based on a specimen from French Guiana.
|
|
As Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to propose an infrageneric classification for their new circumscription of Banksia, they transferred Dryandra into Banksia at series rank, so as to cause minimal disruption to the current arrangement of Banksia. Thus the rich infrageneric classification of Dryandra, including all of Brown's taxa, has been set aside, at least temporarily.
|
|
He was the grandfather of Flavius Magnus, consul in 460. He was also a relative, perhaps even the father, of the Emperor Avitus (r. 455–456). He served twice as praetorian prefect. His first tenure was sometime before 418, but the exact circumscription is unknown; it was most probably in the Western half of the Empire however.
|
|
Banksia sessilis (syn. Dryandra sessilis, Dryandra floribunda) Dryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra). It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.
|
|
Banksia armata, formerly Dryandra armata Dryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra). It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.
|
|
Bentham's arrangement stood until 1996, when Alex George published his revision of Dryandra. George gave D. ser. Armatae a different and somewhat broader circumscription, encompassing 20 species, including just four of the seven included there by Bentham. The species included are mostly erect shrubs with large conspicuous yellow flowers heads, easily detached follicles and a notched seed wing.
|
|
He served as Council Member until 2000, when he decided not to seek re- election in order to run for Congress. During the 2002 parliamentary elections, Benedetti ran for a seat in the Chamber of Representatives for the circumscription of the Capital District as a Liberal candidate and head of his electoral list. He won with 31,855 votes.
|
|
2007 (also known as LAPG II) as "Post-APG II family". Plantaginaceae sensu lato (in the broad sense) are a diverse, cosmopolitan family, occurring mostly in temperate zones. The group consists of herbs, shrubs and also a few aquatic plants with roots (such as the genus Callitriche). As the family is so diverse, its circumscription is difficult to establish.
|
|
The tribe consists of herbs, shrubs, and small to medium trees. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all continents, except Antarctica. The circumscription and classification of Poranthereae were substantially revised following phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from members of the family Phyllanthaceae. Within Poranthereae, groups of related genera are strongly correlated with habitat and geographical distribution.
|
|
Afropolonia is in the subfamily Apoloniinae. Goff placed Afropolonia in the tribe Apoloniini due to the sensillae having an "unexpanded" shape. Goff also included the genera Apolonia, Straelensia, Vargatula, and Womersia in Apoloniini, following P. H. Vercammen-Grandjean and M. Kolebinova's 1968 circumscription of the tribe. A fifth genus, Liuella was later added to this tribe.
|
|
This circumscription, called Clinopodium sensu lato, was shown to be polyphyletic in 2004.Jennifer L. Trusty, Richard G. Olmstead, David J. Bogler, Arnoldo Santos-Guerra, and Javier Francisco-Ortega. 2004. "Using Molecular Data to Test a Biogeographic Connection of the Macaronesian Genus Bystropogon (Lamiaceae) to the New World: A Case of Conflicting Phylogenies". Systematic Botany 29(3):702-715.
|
|
Raukaua is known to be polyphyletic and will eventually be revised, but in its current circumscription, it comprises six species. R. gunnii is endemic to Tasmania. R. laetevirens and R. valdiviensis are from southern Chile and Argentina, the latter being restricted to the Valdivian temperate rain forest. R. anomalus, R. edgerleyi, and R. simplex are from New Zealand.
|
|
Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Bentham's infrageneric taxa are in current use.
|
|
Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Meissner's infrageneric taxa are in current use.
|
|
Later, Ellis from the Botanical Survey of India in 1990 collected one specimen from the Saddle Peak. The specimens were remained unidentified at herbaria (K and CAL) until its circumscription as new taxon by Barrow in 1998. Barrow had only secondary information about this species based on above specimens and old citations. Therefore, she annotated in her monograph on the Phoenix as “……….
|
|
Lowry and Plunkett (2010) split Arthrophyllum balansae, transferring four of these names to Polyscias as part of Polyscias vieillardii. The fifth name, Arthrophyllum grandifolium, was transferred to Polyscias as Polyscias mackeei. The only other change of species circumscription by Lowry and Plunkett (2010) was the splitting of Polyscias australiana. They raised one of its subspecies to the rank of species as Polyscias disperma.
|
|
The original definition of circumscription proposed by McCarthy is about first-order logic. The role of variables in propositional logic (something that can be true or false) is played in first-order logic by predicates. Namely, a propositional formula can be expressed in first-order logic by replacing each propositional variable with a predicate of zero arity (i.e., a predicate with no arguments).
|
|
Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany. He recognized about 90 species, defining the genus broadly to include species that others had placed in Rotheca, Volkameria, and Ovieda. His circumscription was followed by most authors for the next 100 years, even though it was widely believed to be problematic. In 1997, phylogenetic analysis of DNA data showed that Clerodendrum, as then understood, was polyphyletic.
|
|
The taxonomy of this genus is complex and not yet fully resolved at present. In particular the exact circumscription of the genus, especially the inclusion of the New World species (Saerorhinum), is contentious. The situation is further complicated by the variety of terms in use for infrageneric ranks, especially of the Old World species, that is Antirrhinum, sensu stricto (e.g. Streptosepalum, Kicksiella, Meonantha).
|
|
The Salicaceae are a family, the willow family, of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae sensu stricto) included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Recent genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the Scyphostegiaceae and many of the former Flacourtiaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards).
|
|
The Basilica of St Therese of the Child Jesus is a Roman Catholic minor basilica in Cairo, Egypt, dedicated to Thérèse of Lisieux. The foundation stone of the church was laid in 1931 and the construction was finished in 1932. The church is under the circumscription of the Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria of Egypt. It was decreed basilica on July 8, 1972.
|
|
The current classification of Trochodendraceae is the APG IV system published in 2016, which maintains the circumscription of Trochodendraceae used in the APG III system published in October 2009. Unlike the APG and APG II systems, the later systems place the family as the only family in the order Trochodendrales. They also includes Tetracentron, synonymizing Tetracentraceae fully with Trochodenraceae.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
|
|
Rubroboletus mushrooms have an olive-brown spore print, and produce smooth spores. Eight species were included in the original circumscription (seven new combinations and one new species); five were added in 2015, and another in 2017. Although R. sinicus is sold in markets in Yunnan, China, it is suspected of being poisonous; R. satanas and R. rhodoxanthus are also deemed poisonous.
|
|
The event calculus was originally formulated as a set of Horn clauses augmented with negation as failure and could be run as a Prolog program. In fact, circumscription is one of the several semantics that can be given to negation as failure, and is closely related to the completion semantics (in which "if" is interpreted as "if and only if" -- see logic programming).
|
|
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed that the Auriculariaceae belong within the order Auriculariales, but has also indicated that the family is not distinguishable from the Exidiaceae. The precise circumscription of families within the order has not yet been examined, but a clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species (plus their allies) equates to the Auriculariaceae.
|
|
His work on family circumscription in the Monocotyledons, published with Harold Trevor Clifford and Peter Frederick Yeo, has had profound influence well into the molecular age. A Rolf Dahlgren Memorial Symposium was held in Berlin, Germany later in 1987. The couple had three children, Susanna, Helena and Fredrik. In 1986, he was elected member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
|
|
Symphyotrichum praealtum was formerly included in the large genus Aster as Aster praealtus. However, this broad circumscription of Aster is polyphyletic and the North American asters are now mostly classified in Symphyotrichum and several other genera. Several varieties of Symphyotrichum praealtum have been recognised, but these are not consistently recognised. Hybridisation with Symphyotrichum lanceolatum and Symphyotrichum firmum has been reported.
|
|
However, the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a phylogenetic perspective. The tribe of the Pyrgini sensu lato most closely related to the Pyrgini sensu stricto are the strikingly different Achlyodidini. As many consider it desirable to treat this lineage as a distinct tribe, the Carcharodini naturally need to be considered distinct too.
|
|
However, the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a phylogenetic perspective. The tribe of the Pyrgini sensu lato most closely related to the Pyrgini sensu stricto are the strikingly different Achlyodidini. As many consider it desirable to treat this lineage as a distinct tribe, the Erynnini naturally need to be considered distinct too.
|
|
A cladistic study revealed that the genus Leptolebias in the old circumscription was paraphyletic: some species often placed here are actually less closely related to the type species L. marmoratus; the marbled pearlfish; than the related genera Campellolebias and Cynopoecilus are. These species have subsequently been separated in Notholebias. There are proposals to move other species to Leptopanchax, Mucurilebias and Notholebias.
|
|
The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. In the past it has also been assigned to the families Liliaceae and Aloeaceae, as well as the family Asphodelaceae sensu stricto, before this was merged into the Asphodelaceae sensu lato. The circumscription of the genus has varied widely. Many genera, such as Lomatophyllum, have been brought into synonymy.
|
|
Electoral districts for municipal or other local bodies are called "wards". In Canada, districts are colloquially called ridings (stemming from an earlier British geographical subdivision); in French, circumscription or (colloquially) comté, "county". Local electoral districts are sometimes called wards, a term which also designates administrative subdivisions of a municipality. In local government in the Republic of Ireland voting districts are called "electoral areas".
|
|
Under the 2003 APG II system, the circumscription of the order was much the same but the system allowed either a broadly circumscribed Caprifoliaceae including the families Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae, and Valerianaceae, or these families being kept separate. The APG III system only uses the broadly circumscribed Caprifoliceae. The Dipsacales appear to be most closely related to the Paracryphiales.
|
|
"Magnoliidae" is the botanical name of a subclass, and "magnoliids" is an informal name that does not conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The circumscription of a subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used. The only requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae.International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Art.
|
|
The genus was first described by Barbara Parris in 2013 to receive some of the species of the genus Grammitis, which as then circumscribed was artificial and contained a number of disparate lineages. The name "Archigrammitis" means "chief Grammitis", referring to the size of the fronds, A. friderici-et-pauli being the largest member of Grammitis under the former circumscription.
|
|
The species was described by Hendrik Freitag of the Senckenberg Museum of Zoology in Dresden, Germany, having previously been included in a wider circumscription of I. unicorn. The species is endemic to the island of Palawan, where it has a wide distribution. The striking iridescent purple coloration may help the crabs to recognise others of its species, or may serve no purpose.
|
|
The Oxyurini are a tribe of the duck subfamily of birds, the Anatinae. It has been subject of considerable debate about its validity and circumscription. Some taxonomic authorities place the group in its own subfamily, the Oxyurinae. Most of its members have long, stiff tail feathers which are erected when the bird is at rest, and relatively large, swollen bills.
|
|
No subtribes were recognized. In 2014, a second reclassification of Ochnoideae was published, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences. In that paper, Schneider et alii divided Ochnoideae into four tribes: Testuleeae, Luxemburgieae, Sauvagesieae, and Ochneae. Their circumscription of the tribes was the same as that of Amaral and Bittrich (2014), except that Testulea was removed from Sauvagesieae into its own tribe, Testuleeae.
|
|
Initially, the series contained three species, but in 1988 George moved B. baueri (Woolly Orange Banksia) into its own series, B. ser. Bauerinae, leaving just B. quercifolia (Oak-leaved Banksia) and B. oreophila (Western Mountain Banksia) in B. ser. Quercinae. The placement and circumscription of B. ser. Quercinae in George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg.
|
|
Many of the differences in circumscription concern the relationship between Araneoidea and Palpimanoidea. In 1984, Raymond R. Forster and Norman I. Platnick proposed that some groups previously considered araneoid actually belonged in the distantly related Palpimanoidea, including the families Holarchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae, Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae. Subsequent phylogenetic studies have rejected this proposal, firmly placing these four families in Araneoidea (some included in other families).
|
|
The UER initially supported the People's Party of Alexandru Averescu (despite signs that the group was sympathetic of antisemitic causes).Mendelsohn, p.195 Standing in for the deceased Hecht, Straucher and Ebner became the Jewish Council bids for the 1920 election, with additional support from the German Council; Straucher ran in the "Cernăuți-city" circumscription, for both Chamber and Senate.Mihai, p.
|
|
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Carneiro was an influential cultural evolutionist. He was especially known for his theory of the state formation ("Carneiro's Circumscription Theory") that explains how the constraints of the environment interact with population pressures and warfare to form states. Carneiro was more broadly interested in evolutionism and the development of a very general, scientific theory of culture.
|
|
Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Alismataceae. It is a relatively new name: earlier systems, such as the Engler and Wettstein systems, used the name Helobiae for a comparable unit.
|
|
When Alex George published his revision of Dryandra in 1996, he recycled number of previously published infrageneral names, including Meissner's Ilicinae. George gave it series rank and placed it within D. subg. Dryandra. It was circumscribed as containing three species: D. praemorsa (now B. undata), D. quercifolia (now B. heliantha) and D. anatona (now B. anatona). George's placement and circumscription of D. ser.
|
|
Nepenthes kerrii was formally described by Marcello Catalano and Trongtham Kruetreepradit in Catalano's 2010 book, Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. The description was reviewed by Alastair Robinson, while Andreas Fleischmann provided the Latin translation. Kerr 14127 was designated as the holotype. Contrary to McPherson's interpretation, Catalano and Kruetreepradit excluded the Langkawi taxon from their circumscription of N. kerrii and identified N. kongkandana as its closest relative.
|
|
In 1877, Pessoa returned to Portugal and became archbishop of Braga. He disliked the diocese circumscription in 1882, which reduced the area of the diocese of Braga when parts were joined with Porto. He resigned in June 1883 and he retired to São João Baptista de Cabanas in the parish (now subdivision) of Dume in Braga. His tomb is at Misericórdia church in Cantahede.
|
|
Originally described by Dumortier in 1829, Campynemaceae consisted of a single genus, Campynema, described by Labillardière in Tasmania in 1804. In 1893 Baillon identified a closely related genus, Campynemanthe in New Caledonia. Together the two genera make up the family Campynemataceae sensu Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), within the Liliales order. While historically, the two genera have generally been treated together, their circumscription has varied considerably.
|
|
Centaurium (centaury) is a genus of 20 species in the gentian family (Gentianaceae), tribe Chironieae, subtribe Chironiinae. The genus was named after the centaur Chiron, famed in Greek mythology for his skill in medicinal herbs. It is distributed across Europe and into Asia. Until 2004, Centaurium was given a much wider circumscription, comprising about 50 species ranging across Europe, Asia, the Americas, Australasia and the Pacific.
|
|
Aberlemnia is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around ), which consisted of leafless stems with terminal spore-forming organs (sporangia). Fossils found in Scotland were initially described as Cooksonia caledonica. A later review, which included new and more complete fossils from Brazil, showed that the specimens did not fit the circumscription of the genus Cooksonia; accordingly a new genus Aberlemnia was proposed.
|
|
"A phylogeny and revised circumscription for Kairoa (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". Harvard Papers in Botany 14(1):71-81. The Monimiaceae include 24 genera with a total of about 217 known species. The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is: Tambourissa (50), Mollinedia (20-90), Kibara (43), Steganthera (17), Palmeria (14), and Hedycarya (11).
|
|
This approach would require only 15 name changes whereas maintaining the five small genera and renaming various Salvia taxa would require over 700 name changes. The circumscription of individual species within Salvia has undergone constant revision. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. There have been as many as 2,000 named species and subspecies.
|
|
Grenadier Agrionoptera insignis insignis Sabah, Borneo Agrionoptera insignis is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is native to much of eastern Asia and Oceania, occurring as far north as Japan and as far south as Australia. It is common in most of its range. The circumscription of the species is not entirely clear, so if the species is rediscribed, its status may change.
|
|
Burr included only C. mantispoides in his circumscription of China. Burr initially placed China in a new group, Chinae; in 1903, he changed this group to the subfamily Chininae. Subsequent orthopterists like Cándido Bolívar Pieltain in 1930, in 1948, and Marius Descamps in 1974 have followed in placing China in this subfamily. However, Grigory Bey-Bienko's 1951 taxonomy placed China in the subfamily Eumastacinae.
|
|
Toona, commonly known as redcedar, toon (also spelled tun) or toona, is a genus in the mahogany family, Meliaceae, native from Afghanistan south to India, and east to North Korea, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. In older texts, the genus was often incorporated within a wider circumscription of the related genus Cedrela, but that genus is now restricted to species from the Americas.
|
|
A clade consisting of the deep-branching species Petrotoga mobilis, Kosmotoga olearia, and Thermotogales bacterium mesG1 was also supported by seven CSIs. Additionally, some CSIs that provided evidence of LGT among the Thermotogae and other prokaryotic groups were also reported. The newly discovered molecular markers provide novel means for identification and circumscription of species from the phylum in molecular terms and for future revisions to its taxonomy.
|
|
William Ralph Maxon originally suggested that the type specimen might be a distinct species. However, his suggestion was not taken up until 2004, when John Mickel first described it as Cheilanthes maxoniana, naming it in honor of Maxon. The species is only known from the type specimen, Viereck 76. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic.
|
|
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Equisetales, in its present circumscription, was held to be the sole member of class Equisetopsida. The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009) which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida, made it the sole member of subclass Equisetidae, equivalent to Smith's Equisetopsida.
|
|
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has substantially supported Bandoni's revised circumscription of the Auriculariales, but has moved the Sebacinaceae to their own separate order, the Sebacinales. The status of the constituent families has not yet been examined, but a clade containing Auricularia and Exidia species equates to the Auriculariaceae, whilst another containing Hyaloria and Myxarium species equates to the Hyaloriaceae.
|
|
Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.
|
|
Dipodium roseum was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones and Mark Clements and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The type specimen was collected in Montrose in Victoria's Dandenong Ranges. The specific epithet (roseum) is a Latin word meaning "rose-coloured", referring to the colour of the flowers of this orchid. The species was previously included in a wider circumscription of Dipodium punctatum.
|
|
The achlorophyllous (non-photosynthesising) Corsiaceae were added to Liliales by APG III in 2009. Sequencing of the rbcL and matK chloroplast genes of Lilium and related genera confirmed the circumscription of the family in the sensu stricto usage of Tamura (1998). Chloroplast ndhF gene sequencing also supported Liliaceae monophyly, reuniting the Liliaceae sensu Tamura and Calochortaceae sensu Tamura (see Table 2 & Table 3 below).
|
|
Canadian coins are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint and struck at their facilities in Winnipeg. All special wording on commemorative coins appears in both of Canada's languages, English and French. All of the standard wording on the reverse sides of non-commemorative coins is identical in both languages. On the obverse sides, the name and title of the Canadian Monarch appear in an abbreviated-Latin circumscription.
|
|
This taxonomy undergoes constant change, mainly through evidence from DNA study. Orchids were traditionally defined by morphological similarity (structure of their flowers and other parts). However, recent changes to nomenclature have been driven primarily by DNA studies and also by re-examination of herbarium specimens. This has led to a reduction of genera and species as well as re- circumscription of sub-families, tribes and sub-tribes.
|
|
The Diocese of Guiratinga (Dioecesis Guiratingensis) is an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in Brazil, belonging to the Ecclesiastical Province of Cuiabá and the West II Regional Bishops' Council of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, being a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cuiabá. The episcopal see is the Cathedral St. John the Baptist in the city of Guiratinga in the state of Mato Grosso.
|
|
The flower heads are normally rayed with the heads borne in branched clusters, and usually completely yellow, but green, purple, white and blue flowers are known as well. In its current circumscription, the genus contains species that are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, small trees, aquatics or climbers. The only species which are trees are the species formerly belonging to Robinsonia occurring on the Juan Fernández Islands.
|
|
Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, Leiden, 1735 This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants). There are two main criteria for this list.
|
|
This broad circumscription of Drimia is accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Other sources prefer to maintain a larger number of segregate genera. Regardless of whether a broad or strict view is taken of Drimia, it is placed in the tribe Urgineeae of the subfamily Scilloideae (or the subfamily Urgineoideae of the family Hyacinthaceae if this family is separated from Asparagaceae).
|
|
These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, though, seems quite in error.
|
|
When Carl Meissner published his arrangement of Banksia in 1856, he demoted both of Brown's subgenera to sectional rank, maintaining B. sect. Isostylis (R.Br.) Meisn. as a monospecific taxon containing only B. ilicifolia. Meissner's rank and circumscription of Isostylis was retained by George Bentham in his 1870 arrangement for Flora Australiensis, but Bentham also published a putative variety of B. ilicifolia, B. i. var.
|
|
Bentham published B. sect. Cyrtostylis in Flora Australiensis, as part of his taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, defining it as those taxa with This definition essentially defined Cyrtostylis as a section for those species that did not possess the characters of the other sections; thus it was highly heterogeneous. George Bentham's placement and circumscription of B. sect. Cyrtostylis may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. sect.
|
|
With this circumscription, the order consists of 14 families (Dahlgren had 31) with approximately 1120 genera and 26000 species. Thus although most species in the order are herbaceous, some no more than 15 cm high, there are a number of climbers (e.g., some species of Asparagus), as well as several genera forming trees (e.g. Agave, Cordyline, Yucca, Dracaena), some of which can exceed 10 m in height.
|
|
Toramus pulchellus Ischyrus quadripunctatus Acropteroxys gracilis (tribe Languriini) Erotylidae, or the pleasing fungus beetles, is a family of beetles containing over 100 genera. In the present circumscription, it includes the subfamilies Dacninae, Encaustinae, Erotylinae, Megalodacninae, and Tritominae. In other words, the narrowly circumscribed Erotylidae correspond to the subfamily Erotylinae in the definition sensu lato. They feed on plant and fungal matter; some are important pollinators (e.g.
|
|
Glebionis segetum was formerly treated in the genus Chrysanthemum, but under a 1999 decision of the International Botanical Congress, that genus has been redefined with a different circumscription to include the economically important florist's chrysanthemum (now Chrysanthemum indicum). The epithet segetum is a plural noun in the genitive case, meaning "of the corn[fields]", so does not change its ending to agree with the feminine genus name.
|
|
Whatever their circumscription, Paulowniaceae are now known to be close to Phrymaceae and Orobanchaceae, rather than to Bignoniaceae. The family Schlegeliaceae has been included in Bignoniaceae, as tribe Schlegelieae, as recently as 1980. It is now accepted as a distinct family, but its relationships with several other families remain unresolved. In molecular phylogenetic analyses, Bignoniaceae has surprisingly weak bootstrap support, given its morphological coherence.
|
|
She was Vice-president of the Diputación Provincial de Alicante and deputy spokesperson since July 2007. Alson served as deputy for Alicante during the VI legislature of the Corts Valencianes and by the same circumscription, in the IX legislature of the Cortes Generales. In 2011, Alonso became the first woman mayor of Elche, ending 32 years in a row of a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party government.
|
|
That the bridge does not exist is a consequence of the implicit assumption that the statement of the problem contains everything that is relevant to its solution. Explicitly stating that a bridge does not exist is not a solution to this problem, as there are many other exceptional conditions that should be excluded (such as the presence of a rope for fastening the cannibals, the presence of a larger boat nearby, etc.) Circumscription was later used by McCarthy to formalize the implicit assumption of inertia: things do not change unless otherwise specified. Circumscription seemed to be useful to avoid specifying that conditions are not changed by all actions except those explicitly known to change them; this is known as the frame problem. However, the solution proposed by McCarthy was later shown leading to wrong results in some cases, like in the Yale shooting problem scenario.
|
|
5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales. The dominant family in the APG II-system is the extended Malvaceae (Malvaceae sensu lato) with over 4000 species, followed by Thymelaeaceae with 750 species. This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae is taken to include the families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Under the older Cronquist system the order contained these four "core Malvales" families plus the Elaeocarpaceae and was placed among the Dilleniidae.
|
|
The Anacampserotaceae are a family of plants proposed in the February 2010 issue of the journal Taxon. The family was described by Urs Eggli and Reto Nyffeler in their analysis of the polyphyly in the suborder Portulacineae (order Caryophyllales). The new family and its circumscription was based on molecular and morphological data. The three recognized genera - Anacampseros, Grahamia, and Talinopsis - were formerly placed in the PortulacaceaeNyffeler, R., and U. Eggli. 2010.
|
|
Schenkia spicata is a species of annual herb in the family Gentianaceae. It has a very wide old world distribution, ranging from north Africa, through Europe and into Asia. It was first published as Gentiana spicata by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species plantarum. It was later transferred into Erythraea and then Centaurium, under a broad circumscription of the latter genus that was subsequently found to be polyphyletic.
|
|
In 2012, Prószyński and Christa Deeleman-Reinhold split off some Laufeia species into the genera Orcevia and Junxattus, noting the diversity of genital structures. A molecular and morphological study in 2015 showed that the original circumscription of Laufeia constituted a strongly supported clade, and Junxia Zhang and Wayne Maddison restored all the species to Laufeia, arguing that strong sexual selection could produce genital diversity even in closely related species.
|
|
Blazon: In blue, above a golden globe, a golden Eye of God, surrounded by golden beams. This surprising emblem bears on the gradual redesign and reinterpretation of the image on the town's old official seal, and town symbol. The oldest known seal of Bad Krozingen has been passed down on a document from 1686. It shows a geometric structure, surrounded by a circumscription of the words "Gemeinde Crotzingen".
|
|
Hemionitis is a genus of ferns in the subfamily Cheilanthoideae of the family Pteridaceae. Its circumscription varies greatly in different systems of fern classification. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it was one of more than 20 genera in the subfamily Cheilanthoideae, and was said to have five species. Other sources treat it as the only genus in the subfamily, and so accept about 450 species.
|
|
The family Aspleniaceae was first described by Edward Newman in 1840. Newman included three genera: Athyrium, Asplenium and Scolopendrium. Athyrium is now placed in a different family, Athyriaceae, not considered very strongly related to the Aspleniaceae, and Scolopendrium is regarded as synonym of Asplenium. The narrow circumscription of the family adopted by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognizes only two genera, Asplenium and Hymenasplenium.
|
|
Theaceae (), the tea family, is a family of flowering plants comprising shrubs and trees, including the economically important tea plant, and the ornamental camellias. It can be described as having from seven to 40 genera, depending on the source and the method of circumscription used. The family Ternstroemiaceae has been included within Theaceae;Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Vascular Plant Families and Genera: Theaceae Watson, L., & Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards).
|
|
Underwing pattern of unidentified Arhopala species, Selangor on Peninsular Malaysia Arhopala is a very large genus of gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Arhopalini. In the relatively wide circumscription used here, it contains over 200 species collectively known as oakblues. They occur from Japan throughout temperate to tropical Asia south and east of the Himalayas to Australia and the Solomon Islands of Melanesia.
|
|
The Tolman cone angle method assumes empirical bond data and defines the perimeter as the maximum possible circumscription of an idealized free-spinning substituent. The metal-ligand bond length in the Tolman model was determined empirically from crystal structures of tetrahedral nickel complexes. In contrast, the solid-angle concept derives both bond length and the perimeter from empirical solid state crystal structures. There are advantages to each system.
|
|
The earliest classification of the mygalomorph spiders to include sufficient genera to be reasonably comprehensive was that of Eugène Simon in 1892. He recognized only two mygalomorph families; his Avicularidae taxon includes at least 12 modern families. The earliest equivalent to the modern subfamily Aviculariinae is considered to be Simon's 1889 tribe Aviculariae, which included three genera: Avicularia, Tapinauchenius and Scodra (now Stromatopelma). The circumscription of the subfamily has varied considerably.
|
|
He also described the closely related Gilliesieae (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in circumscription with many subdivisions, and were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created a suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae.
|
|
Sutera cordata was named Manulea cordata in 1800 by Thunberg. Bentham renamed it Chaenostoma in 1836, Kuntze changed it to Sutera in 1891 on the grounds of synonymy. In 1994 Hilliard considered the two names subgenera of Sutera, but in 2005 Kornhall and Bremer separated the two again, placing S. cordata in Chaenostoma.Kornhall and Bremer: New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae.
|
|
The circumscription of Rondeletia has varied greatly from one author to another. Rogiera, Arachnothryx, and a few others have been included in Rondeletia by some authors, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that they are closer to Guettarda than to Rondeletia, and they are now recognized as separate genera.Ulrika Manns and Birgitta Bremer. 2010. "Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae s.s. (Rubiaceae)".
|
|
Field maple Acer campestre, in Ebsdorfergrund-Frauenberg, Hesse, Germany Aceraceae were recognized as a family of flowering plants also called the maple family. They contain two to four genera, depending upon the circumscription, of some 120 species of trees and shrubs. A common characteristic is that the leaves are opposite, and the fruit a schizocarp.Aceraceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), The families of flowering plants.
|
|
The rose subfamily Rosoideae consists of more than 850 species, including many shrubs, perennial herbs, and fruit plants such as strawberries and brambles. Only a few are annual herbs. The circumscription of the Rosoideae is still not wholly certain; recent genetic research has resulted in several changes at the genus level and the removal from Rosoideae of some genera (notably Cercocarpus, Cowania, Dryas and Purshia) previously included in the subfamily.
|
|
The genus was circumscribed in 2017 to accommodate a clade of Southern Hemisphere species formerly placed in genus Melanelixia. Although they were not included in the original circumscription of Melanelixia, they were later added by virtue of their sister-group relationship to other Melanelixia species. Austromelanelixia appears to have been accepted as a valid genus by later lichenologists and has been included in recent updates of fungal classification.
|
|
This left only D. floribundae (which was then named D. sessilis) in D. ser. Floribundae. The series was defined in terms of the distinguishing characteristics of D. sessilis; for example it was noted that "the apparent absence of floral bracts is unique in the genus." George's placement and circumscription of D. ser. Floribundae, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows: :Dryandra (now Banksia ser.
|
|
Phalaenopsis orchid Orchidales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. In taxonomical systems, this is a relatively recent name as early systems used descriptive botanical names for the order containing the orchids. The Bentham & Hooker and the Engler systems had the orchids in order Microspermae while the Wettstein system treats them as order Gynandrae. Circumscription of the order will vary with the taxonomic system being used.
|
|
In March 2008 the youth of the parish performed a drama at the school to celebrate International Women's Day. Father Anjum Nazir was parish priest of Holy Rosary Church in 2008. On 29 April 2010 Pope Benedict XVI elevated the apostolic prefecture of Quetta to the rank of apostolic vicariate. He appointed Fr. Victor Gnanapragasam OMI as apostolic vicar of the new ecclesiastical circumscription and the titular bishop of Timida.
|
|
Controversy has long existed over the classification and circumscription of Zamia in the southeastern United States and West Indies. At one extreme, Eckenwalder (1980) included all these plants in a single broadly defined species, Z. pumila. Most other botanists have recognized several more narrowly defined species. The Flora of North America treats the American plants as Z. integrifolia, although some older references continue to refer to these populations as Z. pumila.
|
|
Melanohalea was circumscribed in 2004 by lichenologists Oscar Blanco, Ana Crespo, Pradeep K. Divakar, Theodore Esslinger, David L. Hawksworth and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. It is a segregate of Melanelia, a genus created in 1978 to contain the brown Parmelia species. The circumscription of this genus was questioned later, especially after early molecular phylogenetics studies demonstrated that it was not monophyletic. Subsequently, two genera, Melanelixia and Melanohalea, were created.
|
|
Further changes in the circumscription of the genus may occur as research continues. They are epiphytic, epipetric (growing on rocks), or rarely terrestrial ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizome bearing fronds at intervals along its length. The fronds are evergreen, persisting for 1–2 years, and are entire or deeply pinnatifid. The sori or groups of spore-cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the frond.
|
|
Consequently the circumscription has been considerably reduced, with many of the subfamilies being either elevated to separate families, or placed as components of other families, often quite distant. For instance subfamily Parnassioideae was raised to the level of family Parnassiaceae, and eventually a subfamily of Celastraceae (order Celastrales). Similarly the Hydrangoideae is now the family Hydrangeaceae (order Cornales). The reduced Saxifragaceae is distinguished by being referred to as Saxifragaceae sensu stricto (s.
|
|
The circumscription of genera in Thymelaeaceae has always been especially difficult, and is to some degree artificial. For example, the difficulty of distinguishing Daphne from Wikstroemia has been commented upon by Rautenbach and Herber. Several small genera are probably embedded in Daphne or Wikstroemia, or if Daphne and Wikstroemia are intermingled, these small genera might be embedded in both simultaneously. Stellera, for example, is nested within Wikstroemia, at least (see the phylogenetic tree below).
|
|
93: 138. 1991. Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, Duhl, Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians, Lone Pine Publishing, (2005) p 398, ,Global Carex Group 2015 Making Carex monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): a new broader circumscription Carex fraseriana is native to the Great Smoky Mountains and southern Appalachian region of the southeastern United States.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families It is endangered in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Maryland and Georgia.Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007).
|
|
Dryas is not as closely related as long believed. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence data has yielded valuable information on cinquefoil relationships, supporting previous hypotheses about their relationships, but also resulting in a number of changes to the circumscription of Potentilla.Eriksson, T., et al. (2003). The phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the TRNL/F region of chloroplast DNA.
|
|
Botanical Review 54, 233-351.) Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera, and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely,Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 90, 1357-1372. but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear.
|
|
George placed B. cuneata in subgenus Isostylis because of its dome-shaped flower heads. A 1996 cladistic analysis of the genus by botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges yielded no information about the circumscription of B. subg. Isostylis, nor of the relationships within it, so George's placement of this species was retained in their arrangement. That arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in his 1999 arrangement.
|
|
The Basilique Saint Augustin (Basilica of St Augustine) is a Roman Catholic basilica and Pro-cathedral dedicated to Saint Augustine of Hippo located in Annaba, Algeria. The basilica is under the circumscription of the Diocese of Constantine. Construction of the basilica began in 1881 and finished on March 29, 1900, though the church was not dedicated until April 24, 1914. The statue of St. Augustine in the basilica contains one of his arm bones.
|
|
C. binervis; 2. C. punctata The genus Carex, the sedges, is one of the largest genera of flowering plants, containing around 1800 species, according to a 2004 estimate. All the species (including hybrid species) accepted by The Plant List are given below: In May 2015, the Global Carex Group argued for a broader circumscription of Carex, proposing the addition of all species currently classified in Cymophyllus (1 species), Kobresia (c. 60 species), Schoenoxiphium (c.
|
|
Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of the Boraginaceae is unclear, but phylogenetic work shows this family does not belong in Lamiales. Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively monophyletic families.
|
|
It was built in 1926 in the village of El Cobre about 12 miles west of Santiago de Cuba. It is a 3 aisled church on the hill "Cerro de la Cantera" and is linked to the village by a flight of 254 steps. It has a central bell tower and two side towers crowned by red-brick domes. The basilica is under the circumscription of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Cuba.
|
|
Thiele and Ladiges found B. dryandroides to be sister (that is, the next closest relative) to a clade containing B. ser. Abietinae and B. tricuspis (Lesueur Banksia). Since this placement was consistent with the placement of B. dryandroides alone in a series, and on the stated principle that "[n]omenclatural changes from the currently accepted classification are minimised", Thiele and Ladiges retained George's circumscription of B. ser. Dryandroideae as containing only B. dryandroides.
|
|
In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Some taxonomists place it in the family Haloragaceae sensu lato, expanding that family from its traditional circumscription to include Penthorum and Tetracarpaea, and sometimes Aphanopetalum as well.Shuguang Jian, Pamela S. Soltis, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Michael J. Moore, Ruiqi Li, Tory A. Hendry, Yin-Long Qiu, Amit Dhingra, Charles D. Bell, and Douglas E. Soltis. 2008.
|
|
For this hegemony stands the six-spoked silver wheel – the Wheel of Mainz – on the red field. The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) were Mainz’s colours. The three morningstars below the partition are taken from a seal of the Amt of Schöllkrippen, whose circumscription read “SIG. AMPT SCHÖLLKRIPPEN”. Although this does indeed mention the name Schöllkrippen, it was surely no municipal seal, but rather more likely a local official’s personal coat of arms.
|
|
Crassitarsae was first proposed as a taxon by Robert J. Raven in 1985, based on a morphological cladistic analysis of Mygalomorphae. In Raven's analysis one shared character is the presence of some scopulae on the tarsi. (The Latin adjective means 'thick', 'fat'.) The third claw is usually reduced in size, and the anterior lateral spinnerets are absent. Another morphological cladistic analysis, by Pablo Goloboff in 1993, supported the Crassitarsae, although with a slightly different circumscription.
|
|
Symphyotrichum urophyllum was formerly included in the large genus Aster as Aster urophyllus. However, this broad circumscription of Aster is polyphyletic and the North American asters are now mostly classified in Symphyotrichum and several other genera. The taxonomic status of this species has been unstable, and it has been treated as Symphyotrichum sagittifolium, a name now considered to be synonymous with Symphyotrichum cordifolium. Most sources now use S. urophyllum to refer to this species.
|
|
Chesters & Bell (1970) adapted ascospore features including color and longitudinal or transverse septation for generic circumscription. However, Holm & Holm (1988) considered ascospore septation as an unimportant characteristic at the generic level, but useful at the species level, and therefore used broad generic concepts for Lophiostomataceae. These broad generic concepts of Lophiostoma have been used by several authors (Barr 1987, 1992, Yuan & Zhao 1994, Checa 1997, Kirk et al. 2008, Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009).
|
|
Viscum is a genus of about 70–100 species of mistletoes, native to temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. They are woody, obligate hemiparasitic shrubs with branches long. Their hosts are woody shrubs and trees.
|
|
Other classifications have continued to recognize the Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including Cleome and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family Cleomaceae. The APG III system has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. Current insights in the relationships of the Brassicaceae, based on a 2012 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.
|
|
University of Georgia. 2008. Phoradendron is the largest genus of mistletoe in the Americas, and possibly the largest genus of mistletoes in the world. Traditionally, the genus has been placed in the family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research acknowledged by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. They are woody hemi- parasitic shrubs with branches long, which grow on other trees.
|
|
S. × amethystinum, center, is a hybrid between S. novae-angliae, right, and S. ericoides, left. Symphyotrichum novae-angliae was formerly included in the large genus Aster as Aster novae-angliae. However, this broad circumscription of Aster is polyphyletic and the North American asters are now mostly classified in Symphyotrichum and several other genera. Several forms of this species have been recognized, differing in flower color, but these are not recognized in most sources.
|
|
This clade became the basis for a new subseries Leptophyllae, which Thiele defined as containing species with "indurated and spinescent common bracts on the infructescence axes", and seedling stems which were densely arachnose (covered in fine hair). Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in his 1999 arrangement. B. ser. Abietinae was restored to George's 1981 circumscription, and all of Thiele and Ladiges' subseries were abandoned.
|
|
Episcia cupreata Episcia lilacina The genus name is derived from the Greek επισκισς (episkios), meaning "shaded". This refers to the understory habitat of these plants. For much of the twentieth century Episcia had a broad circumscription but since 1978 has been restricted to a much narrower one, with the genera Paradrymonia, Chrysothemis, Nautilocalyx, and Alsobia separated from it. The segregation of these genera from Episcia has been supported in recent molecular phylogenies.
|
|
Araneoidea is a taxon of araneomorph spiders, termed "araneoids", treated as a superfamily. As with many such groups, its circumscription has varied; in particular some families at one time moved to the Palpimanoidea have more recently been restored to Araneoidea. A 2014 treatment includes 18 families, with the araneoids making up about 26% of the total number of known spider species; a 2016 treatment includes essentially the same taxa, but now divided into 17 families.
|
|
Under the town gate stands the Bishop of Paderborn with a staff. The circumscription reads: "Sigillium burgensium in wartborch". The Great Letter is written in Middle Low German, the Hanseatic League's language, and stands as a substantial legal document. Town Hall Between the Towns in Warburg, built in 1568 Hitherto, the Old Town's and the New Town's council meetings had each been taking place in their respective town halls, each on their respective marketplaces.
|
|
Female P. bicolor, illustrated by Eugen von Keyserling in 1886 Jonathan A. Coddington, a biologist at the National Museum of Natural History, circumscribed the genus Plato in a 1986 revision of the family Theridiosomatidae. He designated P. troglodita, which he described in the same work, to be the type species of the genus. The other species he included in his initial circumscription had been initially described in the genera Maymena (P. bruneti) and Wendilgarda (P.
|
|
He was hastily buried in the Santo Stefano Rotondo on the next day, on 18 August 1523. The executor of his last will and testament was the Humanist writer Stephanus Brodericus. Lászai's grave still can be found today with the circumscription: "Io(hannes) Lazo archidi(aconus) Transil(vaniensis) panno(nius) penit(entiarius) ap(ostolicus) dum ann(um) ageret LXXV obiit XVII aug(usti) M.D.XXIII". His own epitaph was also engraved on his tomb (see below).
|
|
Olacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales with 90 genera and 180 species. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world. The 1998 APG system and the 2003 APG II system assign it to the order Santalales in the clade core eudicots. Prior to the advent of molecular data, the circumscription of the family Olacaceae varied widely between different authorities.Valéry Malécot and Daniel L. Nickrent. 2008.
|
|
Sevanagala is a rural area which is situated in western circumscription of Monaragala district. Sevanagala is a divisional secretariat and it consists of 14 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GND), which are further divided into 77 villages. Majority of Monaragala district population is represented from this region and the single majority of the ethnic group is Sinhalese while majority are Buddhists in religion. Embilipitiya is the closest city and it is situated 12 km away from here.
|
|
This construction is referred to as Saxifragaceae sensu lato (s.l.). Within those subfamilies, the large majority of genera (30) were located within subfamily Saxifragoideae, the core group, with all but two of the remainder only having 1-3 genera. The circumscription of the family has changed considerably in recent years, in large part due to molecular phylogenetic work showing the family s.l. to be polyphyletic, and probably represents the most extreme example, with at least 10 evolutionary lines.
|
|
In the broadest circumscription of the lycophytes, the group includes the extinct zosterophylls as well as the extant (living) lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives. The names and ranks used for this group vary considerably. Some sources use the names "Lycopodiophyta" or the shorter "Lycophyta" to include zosterophylls as well as extant lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives, while others use these names to exclude zosterophylls. The name "Lycopodiophytina" has also been used in the inclusive sense.
|
|
The Lamiales previously had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by Arthur Cronquist) that included the major families Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Verbenaceae, and Boraginaceae, plus a few smaller families. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Lamiales were in the superorder Lamiiflorae (also called Lamianae). Recent phylogenetic work has shown the Lamiales are polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales.
|
|
Centrospermae is a descriptive botanical name, published in 1878 by Eichler, meaning "with the seed in the center", referring to the free (central) placentation. It was used in the Engler system and the Wettstein system) for an order of flowering plants. In its circumscription, Centrospermae corresponds fairly closely to the order Caryophyllales in the system of Cronquist. In the APG III system, and in later versions of the Kubitzki system, Caryophyllales is defined to include much more than Centrospermae.
|
|
The genus Haworthiopsis was erected by Gordon Rowley in 2013, with the type species Haworthiopsis coarctata. The ending -opsis derives from the Greek (opsis), meaning 'appearance', hence Haworthiopsis means "like Haworthia". The taxonomic history of the genus is complex. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus followed authors before him in using the genus Aloe for a wide range of plants now placed in the tribe Aloeae by those using the broad circumscription of the family Asphodelaceae (sensu APG III onwards).
|
|
Visitado em 20.11.2011., vatican.va of November 29, 1971, became then an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Maronite Church, one of the sui juris Churches of the Catholic Church, separating itself from the Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Brazil, erected on November 14, 1951. Under these conditions the bishop or eparch is the ordinary of the diocese. Bishop João Chedid resigned in 1990 by reason of advanced age and poor health and died in Lebanon on 30 July 1991.
|
|
Molecular analysis revealed that the type species of Maronina, M. australiensis, is sister to a clade containing Protoparmelia and Maronina, demonstrating the circumscription of Maronina to be polyphyletic. To resolve this, Singh and colleagues proposed restricting Maronina to two Australian species (M. australiensis and M. hesperia), and created Neoprotoparmelia to contain the former Maronina species. These species had been previously recognized as an independent lineage, and termed the "tropical Protoparmelia clade" in a prior phylogenetic analysis.
|
|
Cereus is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) including around 33 species of large columnar cacti from South America. The name is derived from Greek (κηρός) and Latin words meaning "wax", "torch" or "candle". The genus Cereus was one of the first cactus genera to be described; the circumscription varies depending on the authority. The term "cereus" is also sometimes used for a ceroid cactus, any cactus with a very elongated body, including columnar growth cacti and epiphytic cacti.
|
|
Additionally, not all authors agree about the broad circumscription that ensues from placing Xanthoceras as the sister group to the three traditional families as the resulting Sapindaceae sensu lato, unlike the traditional families, is difficult to characterize. As a result, the elevation of Xanthoceroideae to family level was recently proposed, which would remove from Sapindaceae those six genera currently placed in that subfamily and Hippocastanoideae. This list follows Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. as modified by more recent research.
|
|
In 1975, Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs erected the genus Acidonia, transferring a great many Persoonia species into it. Later, the circumscription of Acidonia was changed to include only A. microcarpa. However, phylogenetic studies indicate that Acidonia is nested in the larger genus Persoonia,Holmes, G. D., Weston, P. H., Murphy, D. J., Connelly, C., & Cantrill, D. J. (2018). The genealogy of geebungs: phylogenetic analysis of Persoonia (Proteaceae) and related genera in subfamily Persoonioideae.
|
|
In a classification with both families present, a placement of Episphaeria within Crepidotaceae is more appropriate. The online taxonomical database MycoBank lists it as part of the Strophariaceae, while Index Fungorum classifies it in the Inocybaceae. A 2010 publication designed to clarify circumscription and delimitation of the Crepidotaceae and related Agaricales families includes the genus in the Crepidotaceae, but without molecular support, as they were unable to obtain any sequence data from their material of E. fraxinicola.
|
|
The order Tremellales was created by Carleton Rea in 1922 for species in which the basidia were "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid with vertical or diagonal septa). Rea placed within it one family, the Tremellaceae, having the same characteristics as the order. This circumscription was generally accepted until the 1980s. In 1945, however, G.W. Martin proposed a substantial extension of the order to include all the species within the (now obsolete) class Heterobasidiomycetes except for the rusts and the smuts.
|
|
In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene showed that Agapanthus was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family rank as Themidaceae. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, Allium and Milula, and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto.
|
|
Some species are important in ethnomedicine; a number (usually island endemics) are threatened species, with one species and one variety being completely extinct already. Some botanists have not recognized Oldenlandia, but have placed some or all of its species in a broadly defined Hedyotis. More recently, the circumscription of Hedyotis has been narrowed to a monophyletic group of about 115 species and no longer includes Oldenlandia.Jesper Kårehed, Inge Groeninckx, Steven Dessein, Timothy J. Motley, and Birgitta Bremer. 2008.
|
|
Primarily due to the existence of numerous color forms across their ranges, the taxonomy and classification of red palm weevils has undergone a number of changes in understanding and circumscription. As such, the information in the literature should be viewed as a compilation of data which may apply to both species, depending primarily upon the biogeography. The most recent genus-level revision in 1966Wattanapongsiri, A. 1966. A revision of the genera Rhynchophorus and Dynamis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
|
|
The obverse shows a middle-aged Elizabeth II enthroned and robed, holding in her right hand a sceptre and in her left the orb. The circumscription is the abbreviated Latin form of the royal title.In full: . This is the official Latin form of the royal title: Elizabeth II by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
|
|
The fruit is an achene with a pappus of varying lengths, but generally shorter than those of other Liatris. A 2005 study expanded the species description of Liatris helleri to include plants with certain similarities. Populations of plants growing in West Virginia and Virginia previously included in another species (Liatris turgida) might now be included within the circumscription of L. helleri. In that case it would be less rare and no longer a true North Carolina endemic.
|
|
" For many years following Bentham's arrangement, the circumscription of B. sphaerocarpa was widely recognised as unacceptably broad. William Blackall informally published two varieties, var. pinifolia and var. violacea (properly Banksia violacea) in his 1954 How to Know Western Australian Wildflowers; and in 1966 the nurseryman Fred Lullfitz predicted that there were as many as eight taxa within the species. Several of these were recognised in George's revision of the genus for 1981 "The genus Banksia L.f.
|
|
Abietinae was restored to George's 1981 circumscription, and all of Thiele and Ladiges' subseries were abandoned. B. telmatiaea was moved in the phyletic order to between B. grossa (Coarse Banksia) and B. leptophylla, thus better according with the affinity with B. leptophylla claimed by George in 1981. The placement of B. telmatiaea in George's 1999 arrangement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Banksia :::B. sect. Banksia (9 series, 50 species, 9 subspecies, 3 varieties) :::B. sect.
|
|
The tribe Swartzieae is an early-branching monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae or Papilionaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. It was recently revised and most of its genera were redistributed to other tribes (Amburaneae, Baphieae, and Exostyleae). Under its new circumscription, this clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies.
|
|
Westview Press. p. 561. With the introduction of the secular court system in the 19th century, Ottoman councils began to enforce criminal legislation, in order to emphasize their position as part of the new executive. This creation of the hierarchical secular judiciary did not displace the original Sharia courts. Sharia justice developed along lines comparable to what happened to the organization of secular justice: greater bureaucratization, more precise legal circumscription of jurisdiction, and the creation of a hierarchy.
|
|
Based on Figure 11.10 in The Cornales order is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse asterid clade. The Cornales are highly geographically disjunct and morphologically diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.Xiang, Q. Y., Soltis, D. E., Morgan, D. R., and Soltis, P. S. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of Cornus L sensu lato and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data.
|
|
The ferns in this group were originally treated as a family and later as the separate order Ophioglossales. In some classifications, they were placed in a separate division, Ophioglossophyta, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the Ophioglossales to be closely related to the Psilotales, and both are placed in the class Ophioglossidae. In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Ophioglossales, in its present circumscription, was placed in the class Psilotopsida, along with the order Psilotales.
|
|
Statistical support for this group remains weak, indicating insufficient data have been applied, or the group is an artifact of some phylogenetic method. The composition of Bignoniaceae has been relatively stable and has not varied at all in the 21st century. In the 20th century, the only issues of circumscription were whether Paulowniaceae and Schlegeliaceae should be merged into Bignoniaceae, or accepted as separate families. The Paulowniaceae consist of one to four genera: Paulownia, Shiuyinghua, Wightia, and Brandisia.
|
|
Further Information The people of Awgu geographical circumscription were a deeply religious people; who before the advent of Christianity in Igboland had a common religious heritage of a belief in One, Unseen, Omnipotent God. This Almighty God was referred to as Ali Awgu (the Awgu earth goddess). No wonder such popular expressions as "Ali Awgu Chewe Nwawu" (Ali Awgu protect your child) is common among Awgu people. This belief and sense of Sacred in this Ali Awgu is peculiar to Awgu people.
|
|
Map of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four Tetrarchs' zones of control. The office of the praetorian prefect had a long history dating back to the origins of the Roman Empire: initially, its two holders were the commanders of the Praetorian Guard, but gradually, they became the emperor's chief aides, and amassed considerable administrative and judicial responsibilities. The exact process of transformation to the chief civilian administrator of a specific territorial circumscription is still unclear.Kelly (2006), p.
|
|
Eubanksia for a section containing only B. marginata (Silver Banksia), B. dentata (Tropical Banksia) and B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia), claiming that "the three species here included… are so closely allied and so frequently connected by intermediates, that they might almost be considered as varieties of a single one." Thus Bentham's circumscription was completely unrelated to that of Brown, Endlicher and Meissner. B. sect. Eubanksia fell into disuse in 1981, when Alex George published his arrangement in The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae).
|
|
The family includes approximately 1,400 species and 34–35 genera, depending on the circumscription of the genus Sedum, and distributed over three subfamilies. Members of the Crassulaceae are found worldwide, but mostly in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce, although a few are aquatic. Crassulaceae are mainly perennial and have economic importance as garden plants. Many members have a bizarre, intriguing appearance, and are quite hardy, typically needing only minimal care.
|
|
Systematic Botany 33(1):37-43, A later molecular phylogeny, published in 2016, established the genus Antrophyopsis (formerly a subgenus of Antrophyum) for three species placed in Scoliosorus but more distant from the type of that genus than Antrophyum. This treatment also sank Anetium into Polytaenium and Monogramma into Haplopteris. Since the name Monogramma has taxonomic priority over Haplopteris, a proposal to reject Monogramma in favor of Haplopteris has been put forth to conserve the name and comparatively stable circumscription of Haplopteris.
|
|
On 10 January 2000, Pope John Paul II proclaimed Fr. Andrew Francis from the Archdiocese of Lahore as the new bishop. On 29 October 2001 four gunmen entered St. Dominic's Church, Bahawalpur in the Diocese and shot and killed 15 worshippers and a police guard. On 29 April 2010 Pope Benedict XVI elevated the Apostolic Prefecture of Quetta to the rank of apostolic vicariate. He appointed Fr. Victor Gnanapragasam as apostolic vicar of the new ecclesiastical circumscription and the titular bishop of Timida.
|
|
He appointed Fr. Victor Gnanapragasam OMI as apostolic vicar of the new ecclesiastical circumscription and the titular bishop of Timida.EWTN TV Fr. Victor was parish priest in Toba Tek Singh in this Diocese from 1978 to 1980, 1982- to 1986 and 1992 to 1993. In 2014 Faisalabad diocese had 46 priests working in 23 parishes.Aid to the Church in Need 2 December 2014 Pope Francis on 3 July 2013 appointed Fr. Joseph Arshad as the bishop of the Faisalabad Diocese.
|
|
The Imperial Catechism taught that love, respect, and obedience to the Emperor were religious obligations. Title IV – “Of the circumscription of the archbishoprics, bishoprics and parishes, of the buildings intended for worship and of the salaries for the ministers” specified boundaries for the jurisdictions of bishops and the amounts of their salaries. The Articles allowed the use of church bells, but put this under the joint jurisdiction of the bishop and the prefect. The government exercised control over religious holidays.
|
|
Asplenium has previously been split into a dozen or so genera, including Diella, found only in Hawaii. The consensus of molecular phylogenetic studies is that all are nested within Asplenium. PPG I places Aspleniaceae in the suborder Aspleniineae of the order Polypodiales. Earlier, Christenhusz and Chase had proposed a much broader circumscription of Aspleniaceae, in which it consisted of all the separate families that PPG I places in the suborder Aspleniineae (eight at the time), with the families reduced to subfamilies.
|
|
He was appointed to the post of Apostolic Prefect Of Quetta in December 2001. Fr. Victor was also at the Vatican for the Ad limina Apostolorum visit of the Pakistani Bishops in June 2008. On 29 April 2010 Pope Benedict XVI elevated the apostolic prefecture of Quetta, to the rank of Apostolic vicariate, with the same name and territorial configuration as before. He appointed Fr. Victor as apostolic vicar of the new ecclesiastical circumscription and the titular bishop of Timida.
|
|
Aster is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Its circumscription has been narrowed, and it now encompasses around 180 species, all but one of which are restricted to Eurasia; many species formerly in Aster are now in other genera of the tribe Astereae. Aster amellus is the type species of the genus and the family Asteraceae. The name Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word (astḗr), meaning "star", referring to the shape of the flower head.
|
|
The circumscription of rights in this manner "does not really concern the application of the rights, but may raise difficult issues of interpretation."Currie and De Waal Handbook 35. The courts will have to interpret the Bill of Rights to determine who is, for example, a "detained person," or "a worker," or a "person belonging to a cultural religious or linguistic community." The activities of persons who are excluded from the scope of a right will not be protected by the right.
|
|
Lagarostrobos franklinii is a species of conifer native to the wet southwestern corner of Tasmania, Australia. It is often known as the Huon pine or Macquarie pine, although it is actually a podocarp (Podocarpaceae), not a true pine (Pinaceae). It is the sole species in the genus Lagarostrobos; one other species L. colensoi (endemic to New Zealand) formerly included has been transferred to a new genus Manoao. The genus was also formerly included in a broader circumscription of the genus Dacrydium.
|
|
Two distinct circumscriptions of the family are in use. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) uses a circumscription of Polypodiaceae in which the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), along with eight other families. The relationship between the families is shown in the consensus cladogram below. An alternative approach treats the suborder Polypodiineae as the family Polypodiaceae sensu lato, and reduces the families to subfamilies, so that the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto becomes the subfamily Polypodioideae.
|
|
Austroblechnum divergens, synonyms including Blechnum divergens, Blechnum rimbachii and Blechnum floresii, is a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae. Austroblechnum divergens in its broader circumscription is native from Mexico to southern Brazil. Some sources treat the taxon known by the synonym Blechnum rimbachii as a distinct species; if so, it is endemic to Azuay Province, Ecuador (found 2,000 m above sea level), and is only known from an early 20th century collection. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
|
|
Some 600 species were placed here as of 1999 (but see the caveats about the group's circumscription above). New taxa of Depressariinae are still being discovered and described on a regular basis. The group is found worldwide except on some oceanic islands and frozen wasteland, but the diversity is highest in temperate regions and the group is presumably Holarctic in origin - possibly Palaearctic, as gelechoid diversity in the Neotropics is poor but e.g. in Australia almost 20 species are found.
|
|
The District of Albona () was one of many Districts which were named in the peninsula of Istria, Croatia. A District is one of the lowest Administrative Division that, in some countries and at various historic times, was managed by the local government, and such was Albona. District in Italian "Distretto" is also called by other names; Quartiere (Neighborhood), Circondario (District), Provincia (Province), Circonscrizione (Circumscription, Circuit, Precinct, County), Regione (Region), Rione (District), Dipartimento (Department), it is a division of something greater.
|
|
In 1920, Georg Hieronymus transferred the species to Pellaea. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus Myriopteris in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in Cheilanthes.
|
|
Körmendi claimed this based on Nicholas' fragmentally preserved seal from 1255, which circumscription can be solved as "[- - - MA]GISTRI DE GENERE BVDMER", in addition to a 1285 charter by the cathedral chapter of Pécs, which referred to a certain Michael as a son of ispán Nicholas from the kindred Budmér. Nicholas' seal depicts two birds (pigeons or thrushes). Nicholas had two sons and two daughters. The eldest son Michael (or Nicholas III) was a courtier of Queen Maria Laskarina in 1267.
|
|
The borders of Biscayan match those of the pre-Roman tribe of the Caristii, which is probably not a coincidence. Biscay was formerly included, along with Alava and the Valley of Amezcoa, within the ecclesiastical circumscription of Calahorra, which explains the wide influence of Biscayan (or Western Dialect) in the language of these regions. This does not mean Alavan dialect (nowadays extinct) would have had the same features as the Biscayan, but rather some common characteristics with a personality of its own.
|
|
He was born in Sante Marie (Province of L'Aquila) on 16 April 1944. He has been elected deputy for The People of Freedom in the IV circumscription (Lombardy 2) in 2008. During his political career, Angelucci was member of several parliamentary boards: the VI board (Finance) and the X board (Productive activities, trade and tourism).Italian chamber of Deputies' official website As of 2016, he has been absent from parliament 99.59% of the time, most likely the most in any western democracies.
|
|
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when it was overturned by George. George's 1999 arrangement was largely a reversion to his 1981 arrangement. Despite George describing B. ser. Cyrtostylis as "a rather heterogeneous series", its 1981 circumscription was maintained, the only changes being the inclusion of B. epica, the relocation of B. lindleyana to the end of the series, and the relocation of B. laevigata to sit between B. elderiana (Swordfish Banksia) and B. elegans (Elegant Banksia).
|
|
Instead, a transom of tracery is placed above the pier arches. This type was followed by other major churches in Antwerp, St. Martin Church in Aalst, and St. Michael's Church in Ghent. Demer Gothic in the Hageland and Campine Gothic are regional variants of Brabantine Gothic in the south-eastern part of the former duchy.The Duchy of Brabant included the area around the city of Halen, a western tip of the present-day circumscription of the Province of Limburg of the Flemish Region.
|
|
The genus Homalosorus was erected by Rudolfo Pichi-Sermolli in 1977. Homalosorus pycnocarpos in its present circumscription was first described by André Michaux in 1803 as Asplenium angustifolium. However, this name was illegitimate, since it had already been used by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1786 for a different species of fern. (The description "narrow- leaved" in the English name is a reflection of the original specific epithet: .) In 1804, Kurt Sprengler published a description of a species he named Asplenium pycnocarpon.
|
|
Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of Dioscorea). The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both place it in the order Dioscoreales, in the clade monocots. However, the circumscription changed in the APG II system, with the 2003 system expanded to include the plants that in the 1998 system were treated in the families Taccaceae and Trichopodaceae.
|
|
However, most authors until the 21st century preferred to include the genus in Cheilanthes. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional broad circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Many of the morphological characters that have traditionally been used to separate the cheilanthoid ferns into genera, including Cheilanthes, are homoplasious; that is, they have appeared independently in unrelated groups, probably as a result of convergent evolution in arid environments. A molecular phylogeny of 157 cheilanthoid species by Michael D. Windham et al.
|
|
The Francoaceae are a small family of plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera Francoa, commonly known as bridal wreaths, and Tetilla. The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes but under the APG III system the Francoaceae are included within the Melianthaceae. In the APG IV system the Francoaceae are again recognized as a family, with Melianthaceae included in the circumscription of Francoaceae. The Francoaceae are perennial herbs characterized by a basal aggregation of alternate petiolated leaves.
|
|
Phylogenetic studies have shown that, in its current circumscription, the genus Hydnellum is polyphyletic and only distantly related to the white-spored genera Bankera and Phellodon, currently grouped together in the family Bankeraceae. Analyses of the ITS region by Parfitt and colleagues and Ainsworth and colleagues, have further revealed multiple cryptic lineages within the genus. Most of the cryptic species belong to the H. concrescens/H. scrobiculatum species complex, resulting in frequent misinterpretations of these old and widely applied names.
|
|
He retained A. sect. Eurylaema, making no change to its circumscription, but discarded many of Bentham's diagnostic characters, retaining only the sterile anther and the shape of the style-end. The following year, Nelson formally described and named A. × pamela, a naturally occurring hybrid of A. detmoldii and A. obovatus. Despite both parents belonging to this section, initially he did not assign the hybrid to it; he did so, however, in his 1995 treatment of Adenanthos for the Flora of Australia series of monographs.
|
|
In botany, the correct name according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the one and only botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon, when that taxon has a particular circumscription, position and rank., Glossary Determining whether a name is correct is a complex procedure. The name must be validly published, a process which is defined in no less than 16 Articles of the ICN., Article 6.2 It must also be "legitimate", which imposes some further requirements.
|
|
The first genus from continental Africa was Cuviera, with the species Cuviera acutiflora from Sierra Leone. Dumortier first mentioned a tribe Vanguerieae (as “Vaugnerieae”) attributed to Achille Richard and put the genera Hamelia, Evosmia, Mitchella, “Vaugneria” (Vangueria), and Nonatelia in it. However, this circumscription of the tribe was far from correct, as Canthium and Cuviera were put in different tribes and Psydrax and Pyrostria were not even mentioned. Also, the only genus that actually belongs in the tribe is Vangueria; the other genera belong elsewhere.
|
|
Spelling can be checked at International Plant Names Index, Index Nominum Genericorum, or Tropicos (See External links below). Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum consists of 30 species from the former genus Arthrophyllum, combined with the four species that were in Kissodendron (Polyscias bellendenkerensis, P. bipinnata, P. australiana, and P. disperma), and four species that Frodin and Govaerts had placed in Polyscias (Polyscias royenii, P. schultzei, P. willmottii, and P. zippeliana). Thus Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum comprises 38 species. The circumscription of Kissodendron and its division into species has varied considerably.
|
|
Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with conspicuous tepals and lacking starch in the endosperm are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Asparagales, using predominantly molecular phylogenetics. The newly delimited Liliales is monophyletic, with ten families. Well known plants from the order include Lilium (lily), tulip, the North American wildflower Trillium, and greenbrier.
|
|
George placed B. oligantha in subgenus Isostylis because of its dome-shaped flower heads. A 1996 cladistic analysis of the genus by botanists Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges based on morphology yielded no information about the circumscription of B. subg. Isostylis or the relationships within it, so George's placement of this species was retained. George largely discarded Thiele and Ladiges' changes in his 1999 arrangement, but again B. oliganthas placement was unaffected, and the placement of B. oligantha there can be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg.
|
|
The party first contested national elections in 1997, when it took part in parliamentary elections. The party did not participate in the national-level vote, but put forward candidates in the parish-level elections in alliance with the Liberal Union.Nohlen D & Stöver P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p162 The party won both seats in the Ordino provincial circumscription, with Simón Duró Coma and Josep Àngel Mortés Pons being elected to the General Council. The party has not contested any elections since 1997.
|
|
Bombax ceiba flower Bombacaceae were long recognised as a family of flowering plants or Angiospermae. The family name was based on the type genus Bombax. As is true for many botanical names, circumscription and status of the taxon has varied with taxonomic point of view, and currently the preference is to transfer most of the erstwhile family Bombacaceae to the subfamily Bombacoideae within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The rest of the family were transferred to other taxa, notably the new family Durionaceae.
|
|
The use of organ- and fossil-genera was abandoned with the St Louis Code (), replaced by "morphotaxa". The situation in the Vienna Code of 2005 was that any plant taxon whose type is a fossil, except Diatoms, can be described as a morphotaxon, a particular part of a plant preserved in a particular way. Although the name is always fixed to the type specimen, the circumscription (i.e. range of specimens that may be included within the taxon) is defined by the taxonomist who uses the name.
|
|
Oliver Atkins Farwell, on similar grounds, argued for the priority of Allosorus over Cheilanthes and accidentally duplicated Kuntze's combination in 1920. These combinations were rendered unnecessary when Pellaea and Cheilanthes were conserved over Allosorus in the Paris Code published in 1956. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized.
|
|
Later, in 1883, G. Bentham and J.D. Hooker assigned A. ligustrina to Loranthus, but since Loranthus ligustrina (now Helixanthera ligustrina) had already been used by Nathaniel Wallich in 1824 for another species from India, a new combination, Loranthus atkinsonae, was created. Adolf Engler first included this species in Gaiadendron in 1894, to subsequently distinguish the subgenera Atkinsonia and Eugaiadendron in 1897 based on the morphology of the inflorescences, and eventually in cooperation with Ernst Hans Ludwig Krause restoring both genera to their original circumscription in 1939.
|
|
The Liliaceae probably arose as shade plants, with subsequent evolution to open areas including deciduous forest in the more open autumnal period. This was accompanied by a shift from rhizomes to bulbs, to more showy flowers, the production of capsular fruit and narrower parallel-veined leaves. While the suprageneric (above genus level) structure of the family has varied greatly with its ever-changing circumscription, as currently constituted the family consists of three subfamilies, Lilioideae, Calochortoideae and Streptopoideae. Lilioideae is further divided into two tribes, Medeoleae and Lilieae.
|
|
George published the series in his 1996 "New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in Dryandra R.Br.", naming it from the Latin capitulum ("head") and -ella (the feminine diminutive), in reference to the small flower heads. It was defined as containing two species, D. serratuloides (now Banksia serratuloides) and D. meganotia (now Banksia meganotia), the former being designated the type species of the series. Both species small lignotuberous shrubs with small flower heads, short leaves, and very small elliptical follicles. George's placement and circumscription of D. ser.
|
|
Here, the genus is treated in the wide circumscription (sensu lato) adopted by many authors today, and representing the presumed core group of the Erechthiinae. Delimited thus, Erechthias includes several other genera, some of which have occasionally been treated as independent even by fairly recent authors. They are still rather similar and contain moths that are (at least overwhelmingly) very closely related. Still, they differ in details such as the wing venation - with Erechthias sensu stricto having all veins separate (as opposed to e.g.
|
|
Thorne grouped most of his Magnolianae into two large orders, Magnoliales and Berberidales, although his Magnoliales was divided into suborders along lines similar to the ordinal groupings used by both Cronquist and Dahlgren. Thorne revised his system in 2000, restricting the name Magnoliidae to include only the Magnolianae, Nymphaeanae, and Rafflesianae, and removing the Berberidales and other previously included groups to his subclass Ranunculidae. This revised system diverges from the Cronquist system, but agrees more closely with the circumscription later published under APG II.
|
|
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published the results of a cladistic analysis of Banksia. They found George's arrangement to accord fairly closely with their inferred cladogram, so sought to publish a taxonomic arrangement that reflected their phylogeny whilst being minimally disruptive to the then-current arrangement. They accepted both of George's subgenera prior to the analysis, using each as an outgroup in the analysis of the other. Thus their analysis yielded little information about the circumscription and placement of B. subg. Banksia.
|
|
Prostratae; B. baxteri (Baxter's Banksia) and B. speciosa (Showy Banksia) form a clade alongside B. coccinea (Scarlet Banksia); and the remaining species in Thiele and Ladiges' circumscription form a third clade with B. ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia) and B. lindleyana (Porcupine Banksia). Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. All members of B. ser.
|
|
Some have drawn parallelism s between the rhetorical style and language of Álvarez —which has come to be described as "incendiary", "cult", passionate or "Baroque"— with those of Alejandro Lerroux. Basilio Álvarez was a "charismatic orator". In the early 1930s he joined the Radical Republican Party, with which it secured the 1931 deputy act for the circumscription of Ourense. He however left the group in 1935, for to be a member of a party the ephemeral Manuel Portela Valladares' Party of Democratic Center in 1936.
|
|
The Icacinaceae are a family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see External links below). consisting of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was traditionally circumscribed quite broadly, with around 55 genera totalling over 400 species. In 2001, though, this circumscription was found to be polyphyletic, and the family was split into four families in three different orders: Icacinaceae sensu stricto (then unplaced at order rank), Pennantiaceae (Apiales), Stemonuraceae (Aquifoliales) and Cardiopteridaceae (also Aquifoliales).
|
|
The Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal is issued as a bronze medal, 1-1/4 inches in diameter. The obverse side of the medal consists of an eagle, with wings addorsed and inverted (representing the strength of the United States Armed Forces), standing on a sword loosened in its scabbard, and super- imposed on a radiant compass rose of eight points, (representing the readiness to serve wherever needed) all within the circumscription "ARMED FORCES" above and "EXPEDITIONARY SERVICE" below with a sprig of laurel on each side. On the reverse side of the medal is the shield from the United States Coat of Arms above two laurel branches separated by a bullet, all within the circumscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA". The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the following stripes: 3/32 inch Green; 3/32 inch Golden Yellow ; 3/32 inch Spicebrown ; 3/32 inch Black ; 7/32 inch Bluebird ; 1/16 inch Ultramarine Blue ; 1/16 inch White ; 1/16 inch Scarlet; 7/32 inch Bluebird; 3/32 inch Black; 3/32 inch Spicebrown; 3/32 inch Golden Yellow; and 3/32 inch Green.
|
|
The taxonomy of Rhus has a long history, with de Candolle proposing a subgeneric classification with 5 sections in 1825. At its largest circumscription, Rhus, with over 250 species, has been the largest genus in the family Anacardiaceae. Other authors used subgenera and placed some species in separate genera, hence the use of Rhus sensu lato and Rhus sensu stricto (s.s.). One classification uses two subgenera, Rhus (about 10 spp.) and Lobadium (about 25 spp.), while at the same time Cotinus, Duckera, Malosma, Metopium, Searsia and Toxicodendron segregated to create Rhus s.
|
|
Sladeniaceae is a family of flowering plants containing tree species found in subtropical to tropical environments in East Africa (Ficalhoa), Burma, Yunnan, and Thailand (Sladenia). The family consists of trees with alternate, simple leaves without stipules, and flowers arranged in cymose inflorescences. The circumscription of the family is variable, with some systems describing the family as consisting solely of the genus Sladenia, which has been variously considered a member of the Theaceae, the Actinidiaceae, the Dilleniaceae, or the Ternstroemiaceae. Other systems include the genus Ficalhoa and possibly the genus Pentaphylax in a family with Sladenia.
|
|
Following the dissolution of the Byzantine state after the Fourth Crusade, its Byzantine Greek successor states maintained many of its features and structure. The themes survived in the Empire of Nicaea and the post-1261 restored Byzantine Empire as a generic term for a territorial and fiscal circumscription. These were divided into katepanikia, which usually were little more than a town, where the governor or kephale ("head") resided, with its surrounding countryside. Minor kephalai were sometimes grouped into larger jurisdictions which were then placed under a "universal head" (katholike kephale).
|
|
The genus Scutula was circumscribed by French botanist Louis René Étienne Tulasne in 1862. The limits of the generic circumscription as well as the limits of certain species in Scutula was confused for a long time. In 1997, Triebel and colleagues applied the name Scutula specifically to a group of species growing on hosts of the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae, a monophyletic grouping of cyanobacteria-associated lichens. Before this, Scutula was applied to a diverse set of unrelated lichenicolous fungi featuring hyaline spores with a single septum and sessile apothecia.
|
|
Malpighiales is monophyletic and in molecular phylogenetic studies, it receives strong statistical support. Since the APG II system was published in 2003, minor changes to the circumscription of the order have been made. The family Peridiscaceae has been expanded from two genera to three, and then to four, and transferred to Saxifragales. The genera Cyrillopsis (Ixonanthaceae), Centroplacus (Centroplacaceae), Bhesa (Centroplacaceae), Aneulophus (Erythroxylaceae), Ploiarium (Bonnetiaceae), Trichostephanus (Samydaceae), Sapria (Rafflesiaceae), Rhizanthes (Rafflesiaceae), and Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) had been either added or confirmed as members of Malpighiales by the end of 2009.
|
|
Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia Lizzie Borden was acquitted—her lawyers having persuaded the jury that the evidence was circumstantial. She continued to live in Fall River in a fashionable Victorian mansion located on "The Hill" with her sister. However, she continued a life of social circumscription, even more limited than before the murders, since she was understandably shunned by the community. She did travel regularly, however, maintaining a relationship with a young Boston actress named Nance O'Neil, which provoked yet more rumours, and resulting in Emma finding her own place to live.
|
|
Like many other "barbs", it was long included in Barbus. It appears to be a fairly close relative of the typical barbels and relatives - the genus Barbus proper -, but closer still to the large Near Eastern species nowadays separated in Carasobarbus. Barbus has been split to account for the improved phylogenetic knowledge which indicated it was highly paraphyletic in its wide circumscription -, it may be that Carasobarbus and some other closely related "barbs" (e.g. Labeobarbus reinii) are now included in Labeobarbus to avoid a profusion of very small genera.
|
|
The development of molecular phylogenetic methods for determining taxonomic circumscription and phylogeny led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification, and establishment of Liliales as a monophyletic group. It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision. The new classification was formalised with the creation of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (1998–2016), based on monophyletic clades, which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG system (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders.
|
|
Aloeae is a tribe of succulent plants in the subfamily Asphodeloideae of the family Asphodelaceae, consisting of the aloes and their close relatives. The taxon may also be treated as the subfamily Alooideae by those botanists who retain the narrower circumscription of Asphodelaceae adopted prior to the APG III system. Typically, plants have rosettes of more or less succulent leaves, with or without a distinct stem. Their flowers are arranged in racemes and tend to be either small and pale, pollinated by insects, or larger and more brightly coloured, pollinated by birds.
|
|
Mabberley, in 2008, defined this subfamily in a very broad sense, including all of Polypodiaceae except for the Platycerioideae (Platycerium and Pyrrosia) and the grammitid ferns, which he placed in Grammitidaceae. His tribe Polypodieae corresponded to Polypodioideae in the sense of PPG I. Christenhusz et al., in 2011, incorporated phylogenetic evidence to recircumscribe the subfamily, combining the grammitids with Mabberley's Polypodieae (recognizing a number of segregate genera). The classification of Christenhusz and Chase in 2014 vastly expanded the circumscription of Polypodiaceae, redefined Polypodioideae be what had been theretofore recognized as Polypodiaceae, including the grammitids.
|
|
Within the circumscription of Alava, the Valley of Ayala is a land limiting northwards with Biscay and southwards with the Losa Valley, Burgos province. The Valley of Ayala is mentioned as “property of their inhabitants” in the Salmantinian Chronicle (9th century). Time after that valley became a Manor of the Counts of Ayala: “the Manor of Ayala, according with its 1373 Charter, is like the Manor of Biscay, as they are twinned”. In 1463 Ayala merged with the County of Alava but preserved its own authorities and courts.
|
|
Exsudoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 by Alfredo Vizzini and colleagues, following a number of molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for Boletaceae and revealed the genus Boletus in its traditional circumscription to be polyphyletic. However, due to lack of sufficient sequences, Wu and colleagues (2016) were reluctant to accept the newly proposed genus and considered it a synonym of Butyriboletus.Wu G, Li YC, Zhu XT, Zhao K, Han LH, Cui YY, Li F, Xu J, Yang ZL. (2016).
|
|
Objective synonyms refer to taxa with the same type and same rank (more or less the same taxon, although circumscription may vary, even widely). This may be species-group taxa of the same rank with the same type specimen, genus-group taxa of the same rank with the same type species or if their type species are themselves objective synonyms, of family-group taxa with the same type genus, etc.ICZN, Art. 61.3 In the case of subjective synonyms, there is no such shared type, so the synonymy is open to taxonomic judgement,ICZN, Art. 61.3.
|
|
Historically, a patriarch has often been the logical choice to act as ethnarch of the community identified with his religious confession within a state or empire of a different creed (such as Christians within the Ottoman Empire). The term developed an ecclesiastical meaning, within the Christian Church. The office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a Christian patriarch is termed a patriarchate. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are referred to as the three patriarchs of the people of Israel, and the period during which they lived is termed the Patriarchal Age.
|
|
On August 18, 2012, he was consecrated as bishop by Bishop Getúlio Teixeira Guimarães and other prelates of the Roman Catholic Church. He had responsibility as a Vicar Episcopal for the Region of Santana. On May 23, 2018, he was appointed by the Pope Francis as an Apostolic Administrator of the then vacant Eastern Catholic circumscription – Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo. This and his tenure as Auxiliary Bishop ended due to appointment, July 17, 2019 as Bishop of Foz do Iguaçu, Parana.
|
|
In retrospect, he spoke of Averescu as an "imperturbable and incorruptible" figures, chosen by providence to enact a program of "prosperity and order".Scurtu, pp. 57–58 Streitman was nominated for an eligible seat in a Jewish circumscription, in the newly attached region of Transylvania. Goga campaigned in his favor, telling Jewish voters that "a Jewish intellectual of the Old Kingdom" would be best positioned to advance their demands; Streitman failed at convincing them, probably because Transylvanian Jews wished to be considered separate from the Old Kingdom Jews.
|
|
They also restored N. eustachya as a separate species, making N. alata a Philippine endemic once again — a circumscription that has been accepted by subsequent authors. However, in his 2001 book, Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, Charles Clarke disagreed with Kiew's identification of Ridley 16097 as N. gracillima. He noted that the inflorescences of both N. gracillima and the closely related N. ramispina are very short, rarely exceeding 10 and 20 cm, respectively. Both female inflorescences of Ridley 16097 have a long peduncle and rachis, each exceeding 20 cm in length.
|
|
Earth rotating within a relatively small-radius geocentric celestial sphere. Shown here are stars (white), the ecliptic (red, the circumscription of the Sun's apparent annual track), and the lines of right ascension and circles of declination (cyan) of the equatorial coordinate system. In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth. All objects in the sky can be conceived as being projected upon the inner surface of the celestial sphere, which may be centered on Earth or the observer.
|
|
Myriopteris aemula was first described by William Ralph Maxon in 1908, as Cheilanthes aemula, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in 1907 from Ciudad Victoria. He distinguished it from Cheilanthes microphylla, found growing with it, by its greater degree of cutting and the triangular shape of the leaf blade. The specific epithet aemula means "rivalling" or "emulating", and is believed to refer to its "emulation" of the C. microphylla found growing with it. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes, including that used by Maxon, is polyphyletic.
|
|
Myriopteris yatskievychiana was first described by John Mickel in 2004, as Cheilanthes yatskievychiana, based on material collected by Alberto Búrquez in 1996 from San Javier Municipality, Sonora. It was named in honor of pteridologist George Yatskievych, who noticed the unusual characteristics of the specimen. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized.
|
|
He re-entered political life in 1857 as deputy for the 3rd circumscription of the Seine département. His candidacy had been supported by the Siècle, and he joined the constitutional opposition. With Alfred Darimon, Jules Favre, JL Hénon and Ernest Picard he formed a group known as Les Cinq (the Five), which wrung from Napoleon III some concessions in the direction of constitutional government. Although still a republican, Ollivier was a moderate who was prepared to accept the Empire in return for civil liberties even if it was a step-by-step process.
|
|
In the 1998 version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the 2003 version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto was recommended but optional; in the 2009 version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae. Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily Brodiaeoideae (rather than the subfamily Allioideae). The largest genera are Allium (260–690 species), Nothoscordum (25), and Tulbaghia (22). Some of the generic limits are not clear.
|
|
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alexandria–Cornwall () was a Roman Catholic diocese that comprises the easternmost part of the Province of Ontario. The diocese was created by Pope Leo XIII on January 23, 1890. It has also previously operated under the name the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alexandria in Ontario. On May 6, 2020, Pope Francis has ordered the merging of the Archdiocese of Ottawa and the diocese of Alexandria-Cornwall in Canada and has named the current Archbishop of Ottawa, Terrence Prendergast, as Archbishop of the new ecclesiastical circumscription of Ottawa-Cornwall.
|
|
The tribe Sophoreae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. Various morphological and molecular analyses indicated that Sophoreae as traditionally circumscribed was polyphyletic. This led to a re-circumscription of Sophoreae, which resulted in the transfer of many genera to other tribes (Amburaneae, Angylocalyceae, Baphieae, Camoensieae, the Cladrastis clade, Exostyleae, Leptolobieae, Ormosieae, Podalyrieae, and the Vataireoids).
|
|
Since the time of Bentham, the "premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century" considerable efforts have been made to classify and understand the striking morphological diversity in the Senecioneae. The traditional view of the tribe has been that of one huge genus Senecio plus many other genera which exhibit varying degrees of distinctiveness. Circumscription and delimitation of the tribe have experienced expansions and contractions over the decades as genera and groups of genera have been moved in and out, as was the case for Arnica, Liabum, Munnozia, Schistocarpha, etc. which have since then been excluded.
|
|
Although Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) preceded Bentham and Hooker's publication, the latter project was commenced much earlier and George Bentham was initially sceptical of Darwinism. The new phyletic approach changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata, but this did little to further define the circumscription of Dioscoreaceae. The major works in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century employing this approach were in the German literature. Authors such as Eichler, Engler and Wettstein placed this family in the Liliiflorae, a major subdivision of monocotyledons.
|
|
Farwell's name was rendered unnecessary when Cheilanthes was conserved over Allosorus in the Paris Code published in 1956. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus Myriopteris in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in Cheilanthes.
|
|
The family now called Asphodelaceae has had a complex history; its circumscription and placement in an order have varied widely. In the Cronquist system of 1981, members of the Asphodelaceae were placed in the order Liliales. Cronquist had difficulty classifying the less obviously delineated lilioid monocots; consequently, he placed taxa from both the modern orders Asparagales and Liliales into a single family Liliaceae. In some of the older systems of plant taxonomy, such as the Cronquist system, the plants that now form the family Dasypogonaceae were also considered to belong to this family.
|
|
Gantner Verlag, Rugell, Liechtenstein. (a collaboration with Mary Gibby of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh), evolutionary patterns within plant genera on islands, with emphasis on Echium, the phylogenetic history of Drosera and phylogenetic and taxonomic revision on ActaeaCompton JA, Culham A, Jury SL. 1998 Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): phylogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F sequence variation. Taxon 47 (3): 593–634 and Ranunculaceae tribe ActaeaeCompton, J.A. and Culham, A. Phylogeny and circumscription of tribe Actaeeae Ranunculaceae. Systematic Botany, 27 (3) July–September 2002, 502–511.
|
|
The Dionycha are a clade of spiders (Araneomorphae:Entelegynae), characterized by the possession of two tarsal claws with tufts of hairs (setae) beside them, which produce strong adhesion, enabling some species to climb glass. The circumscription of the group has varied widely; a 2014 analysis resulted in about 20 families, including Salticidae (jumping spiders), Thomisidae (crab spiders), and Clubionidae. Spiders in this group have better senses (sight, hearing) than others, some even show courtship dances and songs. The Dionycha are now considered to be a subgroup of the larger RTA clade.
|
|
The "classical" circumscription of Dictynoidea from the 1970s included the families Amauroboididae (now placed in Anyphaenidae), Anyphaenidae, Argyronetidae (now included in Cybaeidae), Dictynidae, Desidae, Hahniidae and Nicodamidae., p. 60 In 1991, Coddington and Levi included "at least" Desidae, Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Argyronetidae (now included in Cybaeidae), Hahniidae and Neolanidae (now Stiphidiidae) in Dictynoidea, which in their cladistic hypothesis for the phylogeny of the araneomorphs was presented as a clade within the RTA clade. However, they said that placing many families in Dictynoidea had more to do with "tradition than explicit justification".
|
|
Madelin was minister of Industry in Prime Minister Jacques Chirac's cabinet from 1986 to 1988, a minister of Business in Prime Minister Édouard Balladur's cabinet from 1993 to 1995, and a minister of Economy and Finances in Prime Minister Alain Juppé's cabinet. He resigned after only three months, citing economic policy differences with Alain Juppé. He was a member of the National Assembly from 1978 to 2007 as representative for Ille-et-Vilaine's fourth circumscription. The district includes the town of Redon, where he was mayor from 1995 until 2000.
|
|
Wolfish, where the Court had previously upheld a federal policy of conducting body-cavity searches of pretrial detainees after every visit with someone outside the facility, Burger reasoned that restricting prisoners' Fourth Amendment protections is not problematic because "it is clear that imprisonment carries with it the circumscription or loss of many significant rights."468 U.S. at 524. The Court also held against Palmer on his due process claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. Palmer argued that Hudson had intentionally destroyed his property, and that this violated his due process rights.
|
|
This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto (s.s.). In the 2003 update (APGII) it was proposed to include Agapanthaceae and Amaryllidaceae under Alliaceae, while recognising an argument for renaming the overarching family from Alliaceae to Amaryllidaceae. This construction of Gilliesioideae, which represented nearly all the Alliaceae genera (i.e. except Allium and Tulbaghia), implicitly recognised that it was composed of two groups or tribes, informally referred to as Ipheieae and Gilliesieae.
|
|
Saxifragaceae has long been considered in a pivotal position in the evolution of angiosperm lineage, located in an ancestral "Saxifragalean stock". Historically the Saxifragaceae have included many very morphologically disparate taxa in systems based on morphology alone, and has been very difficult to classify and characterize phenotypically. Consequently many different classifications have been published, differing considerably in both the relationship of the family to other angiosperms, and its internal structure, for instance the systems of Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren (1983), Engler (1890), Hutchinson (1973), Schulze-Menz (1964), Takhtajan (1980) and Thorne (1992) (for a history, see . In its broadest circumscription, it included 17 subfamilies.
|
|
The USDA Plants Database recognises only two species: A. majus (the garden snapdragon), the only species naturalised in North America, and A. bellidifolium (the lilac snapdragon), now considered to be Anarrhinum bellidifolium (L.) Willd. As of April 2017, The Plant List (Version 1.1) accepts 21 species.The Plant List: Antirrhinum (retrieved 23 April 2017) A widely accepted scheme (Thompson 1988) placed 36 species in the genus in three sections. While many botanists accepted this broad circumscription (sensu lato), whose main departure from other classifications was the inclusion of the New World Saerorhinum, others did not, restricting the genus to the Old World.
|
|
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group later changed the circumscription of the Scrophulariaceae so that the tribe Gratioleae is now within the Plantaginaceae. In 2004, E. Fischer also placed in tribe Gratioleae, but also placed it within the informally recognized subtribe Dopatriinae, which was described as also containing the genera Deinostema, Dopatrium, Hydrotriche, and Limnophila, which consist mostly of aquatic species. In 2007, an extensive study and phylogenetic analysis by Peter Fritsch et al. confirmed that Philcoxia should be placed in the tribe Gratioleae, but it is in fact not as closely related to Gratiola and the Dopatriinae as was previously assumed.
|
|
By the end of the 1990s, it was evident that the traditional circumscription of Monimiaceae was paraphyletic over the monotypic family Gomortegaceae, and possibly polyphyletic, as well, because the major part of it formed a clade with the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae. Among the Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae, and Lauraceae, the question of which two are most closely related has been remarkably difficult to answer. Different studies have yielded different results, but none with strong statistical support. This is surprising, in view of the fact that the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae are much closer to each other morphologically than either of them is to the Monimiaceae.
|
|
Under the new circumscription, all members of the family are trees or shrubs that have simple leaves with alternate arrangement and temperate members are usually deciduous. Most members have serrate or dentate leaf margins, and those that have such toothed margins all exhibit salicoid teeth; a salicoid tooth being one in which a vein enters the tooth, expands, and terminates at or near the apex, near which are spherical and glandular protuberances called setae. Members of the family often have flowers which are reduced and inconspicuous, and all have ovaries that are superior or half-inferior with parietal placentation.
|
|
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1836 recognises Agathaea, Diplopappus, Felicia and Munychia, together 49 species, most of which are assigned to Felicia today. Consecutive authors can roughly be divided in lumpers that brought together many species in Aster, and splitters that proposed narrow taxa, and both groups eventually converged on Felicia in its current circumscription. Jürke Grau revised the genus in 1973 and described seventeen new species (F. alba, F. caespitosa, F. canaliculata, F. clavipilosa, F. comptonii, F. joubertinae, F. merxmuellerii, F. microcephala, F. monocephala, F. nigrescens, F. nordenstamii, F. oleosa, F. stenophylla and F. tsitsikamae), alongside eight new subspecies.
|
|
Various episcopal sees were granted or claim the title of primate (usually of a past or present political entity), which grants such a primas (usually a metropolitan archbishopric, often in a former/present capital) precedence over all other sees in its circumscription, outranking (other) metropolitan sees, but the incumbent primates can be trumped by personal ranks, as they rank below cardinals. More commonly, dioceses are geographically grouped in an ecclesiastical province, where only one holds the rank of metropolitan archbishop, which outranks his colleagues, who are therefore called his suffragans, even if these include (fairly rarely) another archbishop.
|
|
A name change may be caused by changes in the circumscription, position or rank of a taxon, representing a change in taxonomic, scientific insight (as would be the case for the fruit fly, mentioned above). A name change may be due to purely nomenclatural reasons, that is, based on the rules of nomenclature; as for example when an older name is (re)discovered which has priority over the current name. Speaking in general, name changes for nomenclatural reasons have become less frequent over time as the rules of nomenclature allow for names to be conserved, so as to promote stability of scientific names.
|
|
This phrase reflects to a single royal command, which suggests that this institution was originally intended as a temporary one. A fragment of his seal is preserved on the document with the circumscription (".... IT .. ..... FILI COTS GEORGI") and schematic drawing of an elongated shield, cross and other symbols (possibly moon and star). In the spring of 1274, Denis spent months in the village of Mánd, thus it is considerable that he summoned the palatinal assembly there too in the previous year. Peter Csák and his allies removed Joachim Gutkeled and his party from power, only Henry Kőszegi remained as ban, but without influence.
|
|
Stenocarpus sinuatus (firewheel tree) Lomatia silaifolia Telopea oreades, the Gippsland waratah Grevillea banksii Banksia sessilis (parrotbush) The framework for classification of the Proteaceae was laid by L.A.S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. The Grevilleoideae are now considered one of five subfamilies of the Proteaceae. The placement and circumscription of the Grevilleoideae according to Weston and Barker can be summarised as: Family Proteaceae Juss.
|
|
The broad circumscription of Papaveraceae in the APG III system includes three taxa that have previously been separated into different families: the Papaveraceae sensu stricto, the Fumariaceae and the Pteridophyllaceae. Thus the Cronquist system of 1981 recognised the Fumariaceae as a separate family, despite their close phylogenetic relationship to the Papaveraceae sensu stricto. The three former families may be treated as subfamilies. One morphological and molecular study concluded that the former family Pteridophyllaceae has a basal position with a subsequent division into two terminal clades each containing one of the subfamilies Fumarioideae and Papaveroideae, which are clearly monophyletic.
|
|
Primarily due to the existence of numerous color forms across their ranges, the taxonomy and classification of red palm weevils has undergone a number of changes in understanding and circumscription. As such, the information in the literature should be viewed as a compilation of data which may apply to both species, depending primarily upon the biogeography; accordingly, the vast majority of publications presumably do refer to R. ferrugineus rather than vulneratus, as the former is by far the most widely invasive. The most recent genus-level revision in 1966Wattanapongsiri, A. 1966. A revision of the genera Rhynchophorus and Dynamis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
|
|
Their one European MEP, Patrick Breyer, has joined the Greens/EFA group. Together with Marcel Kolaja, Markéta Gregorová and Mikuláš Peksa from the Czech Pirate Party they build up the European Pirate Party team for the European Parliament in Brussels. According to political theorist Oskar Niedermayer, the party sees itself as part of an international movement to shape with their term of "digital revolution" which is a circumscription for the transition into information society. With their focus on freedom in the net and their fight against government regulations of this sphere, they caught the attention especially of the younger generation.
|
|
There is agreement among many researchers that Asphodeloideae can be further divided into a monophyletic group comprising Aloe and its immediate relatives, and a nonmonophyletic group of the remaining genera. The monophyletic group can be treated as the tribe Aloeae within the subfamily Asphodeloideae by those adopting the broad APG IV system circumscription of the Asphodelaceae. (Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Alooideae within a more narrowly circumscribed family Asphodelaceae.) Aloeae are mainly rosulated-leaf succulents, while the other genera are not succulent. The genera in Aloeae are centered in southern Africa, while the other genera have mainly a Eurasian distribution.
|
|
While some forms of N. maxima also produce entirely infundibular aerial traps, these are not usually as abruptly contracted (and therefore wine glass-shaped) as in N. eymae, and may or may not have fringed wings. Where the two species grow side-by-side, introgression may blur these morphological boundaries and make circumscription difficult. Like N. eymae, N. maxima and N. klossii (another closely related species) also commonly have two lid appendages. Nepenthes fusca of Borneo may produce aerial pitchers resembling those of N. eymae, although its lower pitchers are considerably narrower and cylindrical in shape.
|
|
In the rare occurrence of sulfur-free growth conditions, all Allium species completely lose their usual pungency. In the APG III classification system, Allium is placed in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Allioideae (formerly the family Alliaceae). In some of the older classification systems, Allium was placed in Liliaceae.James L. Brewster, "Onions and Other Alliums" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2008)Haim D. Rabinowitch, Leslie Currah, "Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002)Penny Woodward, "Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums" (South Melbourne: Hyland House, 1996) Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown this circumscription of Liliaceae is not monophyletic.
|
|
As a parliamentarian, she was responsible for the educational issues of her group. Between 2008 and 2009 she was the first vice president of the Basque Parliament. From 2009 to 2012 she held the position of Counselor of Education, Universities and Research in the government of Patxi López, She is particularly interested in the improvement of the Basque educational system and technology, and advocates scientific research. She was head of list of the PSE-EE to the Senate by the circumscription of Vizcaya in the general elections of 2015 and 2016 but she was not elected.
|
|
Botanist John Leonard Riddell originally described this species in a publication dated to April 1835 as Aster oolentangiensis after finding it in forests on the Olentangy River near Worthington, Ohio. Riddell originally misspelled the name of the river with two Os. The synonym Aster azureus has also been used, but this was not published until November 1835, so Riddell's epithet has priority. Along with many other species, Symphyotrichum oolentangiense was formerly included in the genus Aster. However, this broad circumscription of Aster is polyphyletic and the North American asters are classified in Symphyotrichum and several other genera.
|
|
Before this, many of its families were assigned to the old order Liliales, a very large order containing almost all monocots with colorful tepals and lacking starch in their endosperm. DNA sequence analysis indicated that many of the taxa previously included in Liliales should actually be redistributed over three orders, Liliales, Asparagales, and Dioscoreales. The boundaries of the Asparagales and of its families have undergone a series of changes in recent years; future research may lead to further changes and ultimately greater stability. In the APG circumscription, Asparagales is the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,000 species.
|
|
They are commonly subdivided into four subtribes (tribes when considered a subfamily). The largest tribe is called Lethina, with Parargina usually treated as a junior synonym. But this is not correct as it seems: according to cladistic analysis of mtDNA COI and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 sequence data, the Parargina – i.e. the group around Pararge, including at least the very similar Lasiommata as well as Tatinga and it is the doubtfully distinct relative Chonala – form a distinct lineage after all, immediately basal to the distinctly apomorphic Mycalesina and the more plesiomorphic Lethina proper; the accurate circumscription of these subtribes remains yet undetermined.
|
|
Similar considerations were discussed with respect to two Asparagales families, Smilacaceae and Petermanniaceae. In Dahlgren's third and final version (1985) that broader circumscription of Dioscoreales was created within the superorder Lilianae, subclass Liliidae (monocotyledons), class Magnoliopsida (angiosperms) and comprised the seven families Dioscoreaceae, Petermanniaceae, Smilacaceae, Stemonaceae, Taccaceae, Trichopodaceae and Trilliaceae. Thismiaceae has either been treated as a separate family closely related to Burmanniaceae or as a tribe (Thismieae) within a more broadly defined Burmanniaceae, forming a separate order, Burmanniales, in the Dahlgren system. The related Nartheciaceae were treated as tribe Narthecieae within the Melanthiaceae in a third order, the Melanthiales, by Dahlgren.
|
|
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts () is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the New England region of the United States comprising the counties of Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Pope Pius IX erected the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts by canon June 14, 1870, in territory taken from the present-day Archdiocese of Boston. The Basilica of St. Stanislaus in Chicopee is under the circumscription of the diocese. On October 14, 2020, William D. Byrne, a priest of the Washington DC Archdiocese, was appointed the new Bishop here.
|
|
Upon his return to Nice in 1919, he briefly practised as a lawyer before entering politics. In 1919, he was elected as a Municipal Councillor, and in 1928, Mayor of Nice. He achieved notoriety when he was allowed to stay as mayor for 34 years. He was elected Councillor General of Sospel (1931), then deputy of the first circumscription of Nice (1932). Politically republican, democratic, independent and moderate, he sat within the left-leaning independents, then moved more to the centre with the local political party he created called “Le Rassemblement des Indépendants” (“The Assembly of Independents”).
|
|
Cyrtostylis occurred singly in locations throughout the cladogram; these were transferred to other series or left incertae sedis. The remaining eight taxa formed a clade, which further resolved into two subclades: Thiele and Ladiges preferred to give series rank to the subclades, rather than the entire clade, so they transferred the taxa of the second clade into B. ser. Ochraceae, retaining only the taxa of the first clade in B. ser. Cyrtostylis. No formal definition was given for the new circumscription, although Thiele and Ladiges attached no fewer than seven synapomorphies to the clade, three of which were reversals, the other four parallelisms.
|
|
Amolops mengyangensis is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is known with certainty only from its type locality, the eponymous Mengyang in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, southern Yunnan province of China. However, if Amolops daorum is its junior synonym, distribution of Amolops mengyangensis would be considerably wider, including the vicinity of Sa Pa in northern Vietnam near the Chinese border, Hong Kong, and Houaphanh Province in eastern Laos, and presumably also including the intervening areas. This more inclusive species circumscription was taken in the latest assessment of this species for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species from 2008.
|
|
Singer's circumscription, with a few later additions, was followed by most authors until the 1990s. Thus the 1995 edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi listed Austroomphaliaster, Bertrandia (=Hygrocybe), Camarophyllopsis, Cuphophyllus, Humidicutis, Hygroaster, Hygrocybe, Hygrophorus, Hygrotrama (= Camarophyllopsis), Neohygrophorus (=Pseudoomphalina), and Pseudohygrocybe (=Hygrocybe) as genera of the Hygrophoraceae. Cornelis Bas (1990), however, did not consider the group distinct, placing the hygrophoroid genera within the Tricholomataceae, a disposition followed by the next (2001) edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi. In contrast, Marcel Bon (1990) believed the Hygrophoraceae were so distinct, he placed the family in its own separate order, the Hygrophorales.
|
|
The red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata), also known as the crested cariama, and crested seriema, is a mostly predatory terrestrial bird in the seriema family (Cariamidae), included in the Gruiformes in the old paraphyletic circumscription, but increasingly placed in a distinct order Cariamiformes (along with three extinct families). The red-legged seriema inhabits grasslands from Brazil south of the Amazon to Uruguay and northern Argentina. It is estimated that its range covers an area of 5.9 million km2, although it is not found everywhere in this region. The species is absent from the Mata Atlântica and planalto uplands along the coast of Brazil.
|
|
The latter subseries was formally defined as containing those species with "stout, usually monotonically curved, smooth styles, and seed bodies usually with spine-like or plate-like processes on their inner faces", and given as type species B. menziesii (Firewood Banksia). The subseries name comes from the Greek kratys ("strong, sturdy") and stylos ("style"), in reference to the stout style and pollen-presenter of the species contained therein. The placement and circumscription of B. subser. Cratistylis in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows: B. baxteri (Baxter's Banksia) B. candolleana (Propellor Banksia) :Banksia ::B. subg.
|
|
They did not recognize Myriopteris as a segregate genus. In the same year, David Allan Poe Watt suggested that Sprengel's and Michaux's plants might be the same, and noted the priority of C. lanosa, while reviewing the nomenclature of North American Cheilanthes; that combination is sometimes attributed to him. In 1896, the Illustrated Flora of Britton and Brown recognized both taxa as synonymous, and adopted the name of C. lanosa for them. The 7th edition of Gray's Manual, published in 1908 followed the same circumscription and name, under which the species was generally known during the 20th Century.
|
|
By a strict application of the principle of priority, Oliver Atkins Farwell transferred it to the genus Allosorus as Allosorus lanosus in 1920, that genus having been published before Cheilanthes. Farwell's name was rendered unnecessary when Cheilanthes was conserved over Allosorus in the Paris Code published in 1956. M. L. Fernald reopened the question of the identity of Michaux's material in 1946, suggesting it had been mislabeled and really represented Cheilanthes tomentosa, but this was refuted by C. V. Morton in 1967. The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic.
|
|
On September 23, 1645 a Letter of Defense was gained from György I Rákóczi against of wandering soldiers, including the recognition and strengthening of their noble privileges too. First time the seal of Földes stamped in wafer appeared in 1652 on a letter to Szabolcs county with a circumscription: The Seal of Földes. It was under Turkish rule that the two noble villages with full legal authority Földes and Sáp, had made each other's courts as an appeal authority and they worked so until 1735. After György II Rákóczi's campaign to Poland, the Turkish launched a revenge offensive in early April 1660.
|
|
Out of these two sources (Eke and Uturu), the church continued to spread in Awgu areas with joyful yet uneasy circumstances, on both sides of the missionaries and mission converts. There were days of thug-of-war between native ancestral religion and Christianity and of oscillation of people from old traditional civilization and the emerging one that is Christian and exotic. Given limited pastors and prevalent pressures from conflicting old and new faiths, it was really martyrdom like and heroic to be a Christian then. But it was out of these rocky roots that today we rejoice to the harvest of a young, buoyant and vibrant Awgu ecclesiastical circumscription.
|
|
Jorge Ledezma Cornejo (born 24 August 1963) is a Bolivian lawyer and politician affiliated with the Movement towards Socialism–Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples. Ledezma served as a Deputy in lower house of the Bolivian National Congress, representing circumscription 28 (Sacaba and Chapare), and as interim prefect of Cochabamba from December 2008 until 30 May 2010. He is currently Bolivia's ambassador to Peru. His career began as vice president of Cochabamba's Departmental Irrigation Users Federation (Federación Departamental de Regantes; Fedecor) in 1997; leader of the Melga (Sacaba) Association of Irrigation Users in 1998; and president of the Vigilance Committee of the Municipality of Sacaba in 1998.
|
|
The Ulmaceae () are a family of flowering plant that includes the elms (genus Ulmus), and the zelkovas (genus Zelkova). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia. The family was formerly sometimes treated to include the hackberries, (Celtis and allies), but analysis by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group members suggests that these genera are better placed in the related family Cannabaceae. The circumscription included in the taxobox is the one suggested by P. Stevens on his Missouri Botanical Garden Angiosperm Phylogeny Website and includes information from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Vascular Plant Families and Genera list.
|
|
The current, narrower circumscription originated with Nelson's 1970 investigation of Adenanthos. Nelson was interested in the problem of why there are so many plant species with disjunct distribution patterns in southern Australia. One such species was A. sericea, the Kangaroo Island form of which occurred about 2500 km (1600 mi) east of the nearest population of the Western Australian variety. This led Nelson to undertake a full taxonomic revision of Adenanthos, in the course of which he concluded that the Kangaroo Island form of A. sericea warranted species rank, primarily because leaves are much smaller and have fewer laciniae than the Western Australian A. sericea.
|
|
The issue of how Prekmurje Slovene came to be a separate tongue has many theories. First, in the 16th century, there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe of pre-Roman Empire era antiquity. The Vandal name was used not only as the "scientific" or ethnological term for Slovenes, but also to acknowledge that the Vandalic people were named the Szlovenci, szlovenszki, szlovenye (Slovenians). In 1627, was issue the Protestant visitation in the country Tótság, or Slovene Circumscription (this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Vendvidék, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina).
|
|
Bentham, Hoffmann, and Cronquist put this genus in the Inuleae tribe in its widest circumscription, while both Hoffmann and Cronquist note Gymnarrhena is similar to Geigeria. In 1973, Peter Leins thought the pollen of Gymnarrhena too different from the Inuleae and proposed a position in the Cynareae tribe. John J. Skvarla, Billie Lee Turner, and their colleagues in 1977 agreed that Gymnarrhena has some traits in common with the Cynareae but a pollen type that cannot be found in the Inuleae tribe. Kåre Bremer in his 1994 book Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification included Gymnarrhena in the Cichorioideae, but without clarifying its position in this tribe.
|
|
Imagines of Conogethes resemble in their wing pattern those of Marwitzia, the Polygrammodes eleuata species complex and Syllepte incomptalis, and to a lesser degree Dichocrocis, Notarcha and Trigonobela. The polyphagous Conogethes punctiferalis is a major pest species in India, Southeast Asia and Australia and has therefore been the focus of extensive research. In several cases, populations of C. punctiferalis associated with different hosts were found, eventually resulting in the recognition of different species, such as C. parvipunctalis, C. pinicolalis and C. sahyadriensis. DNA barcoding data indicates several additional undescribed species, and a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus is required to unravel the validity and circumscription of these new species.
|
|
The Cyatheaceae are a family of tree ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae sensu lato) as the only family in the Cyatheales, with the PPG I family treated as the subfamily Cyatheoideae. The narrower circumscription is used in this article. The family includes the world's tallest tree ferns, which reach heights up to 20 m. They are also very ancient plants, appearing in the fossil record in the late Jurassic, though the modern genera likely appeared in the Cenozoic.
|
|
He offered seven genera as examples (Erythronium, Lilium, Calochortus, Blandfordia, Polianthes, Hemerocallis and Funkia). By 1846, in his final work, he refined and greatly expanded his taxonomy, favouring the term Alliances of Endogens over monocots as a class, of which there were eleven. Of these "alliances", the Liliales consisted of four Orders (families) including Liliaceae, which he referred to as lilyworts in the vernacular, with 133 genera and 1200 species. In this work he unhappily acknowledged the confusing array of different approaches to the classification of the Liliaceae, the lack of a clear definition, and the great diversity in the circumscription of the order, which had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions.
|
|
Tryon noted that the generic delimitation of Notholaena and Cheilanthes, based on the traditional criterion that the latter had leaf edges curled under and modified into distinct false indusia while the former did not, was unsatisfactory, given the existence of many intermediate forms. In 1982, he and his wife Alice published an extended survey of the ferns in which they narrowed the circumscription of Notholaena, treating N. aurea as C. bonariensis. This classification was widely taken up by other workers. Research at the Berlin herbarium subsequently revealed that the specimen in Willdenow's herbarium came from Mexico, and did not match his original description, registering it ineligible as a type.
|
|
About 95% of the over 1,000 described species have been placed in the "wastebin genus" Coleophora. Many proposals have been made to split smaller genera from Coleophora, but few have been accepted, due to the uncertainties about which species are closest to the type species of Coleophora – C. anatipennella – and thus would remain in the genus.Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), AEBR (2008), and see references in Savela (2010) Regarding the family's circumscription versus other Gelechioidea, it is by now far less disputed than usual for this superfamily. The Blastobasidae, Momphidae (mompha moths), Pterolonchidae, and Symmocidae have formerly been included in the Coleophoridae as subfamilies, but are more often considered separate families today.
|
|
Several genera have been removed from Rafflesiaceae, so that it now consists of only three genera: Sapria, Rhizanthes, and Rafflesia. All of these are holoparasites and, as discussed below, finding their relationships by molecular phylogenetics has presented special challenges. Rafflesia and its relatives were the subject of several papers from 2004 to 2009, and as the world's largest flower, Rafflesia has attracted special interest. In 2009, Wurdack and Davis confirmed earlier work in which it was found that Rafflesiaceae is nested within Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto, a circumscription of Euphorbiaceae that excludes Phyllanthaceae, Picrodendraceae, Putranjivaceae, Pandaceae, and a few other very small groups that had been included in it until the 1990s.
|
|
In 1966, McCarthy and his team at Stanford wrote a computer program used to play a series of chess games with counterparts in the Soviet Union; McCarthy's team lost two games and drew two games (see Kotok-McCarthy). From 1978 to 1986, McCarthy developed the circumscription method of non- monotonic reasoning. In 1982, he seems to have originated the idea of the space fountain, a type of tower extending into space and kept vertical by the outward force of a stream of pellets propelled from Earth along a sort of conveyor belt which returns the pellets to Earth. Payloads would ride the conveyor belt upward.
|
|
The Grately code included a provision that there was to be only one coinage across the king's dominion. However, this is in a section that appears to be copied from a code of his father, and the list of towns with mints is confined to the south, including London and Kent, but not northern Wessex or other regions. Early in Æthelstan's reign, different styles of coin were issued in each region, but after he conquered York and received the submission of the other British kings, he issued a new coinage, known as the "circumscription cross" type. This advertised his newly exalted status with the inscription, "Rex Totius Britanniae".
|
|
The family Liliaceae was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. Jussieu defined this grouping as having a calyx of six equal colored parts, six stamens, a superior ovary, single style, and a trilocular (three-chambered) capsule. By 1845, John Lindley, the first English systematist unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"), being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better.
|
|
The following cladogram for the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between Tectariaceae and the other families of the clade. In 2016, a cladistic analysis of Tectariaceae separated two new genera, Draconopteris and Malaifilix, from Tectaria sensu stricto. The analysis arranged the genera as follows:Liang Zhang, Eric Schuettpelz, Carl J. Rothfels, Xin-Mao Zhou, Xin-Fen Gao, and Li-Bing Zhang. 2016. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the fern family Tectariaceae based on plastid and nuclear markers, with the description of two new genera: Draconopteris and Malaifilix (Tectariaceae)".
|
|
Pleurozia is the only genus of liverworts in the family Pleuroziaceae, which is now classified in its own order Pleuroziales, but was previously included in a broader circumscription of the Jungermanniales. The genus includes twelve species, and as a whole is both physically distinctive and widely distributed. The lower leaf lobes of Pleurozia species are fused, forming a closed water sac covered by a movable lid similar in structure to those of the angiosperm genus Utricularia. These sacs were assumed to play a role in water storage, but a 2005 study on Pleurozia purpurea found that the sacs attract and trap ciliates, much in the same way as Utricularia.
|
|
Hilchenbach's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: The shield in azure a wolf statant Or langued gules, the crest a crenellated castle with three crenellated towers argent. The arms were last approved in this form on 13 April 1970. The first version of the coat was approved in 1911 by German emperor Wilhelm II. The wolf charge refers to the charge in preserved examples of the old Hilchenbach jurymen's seal, which had the circumscription "S. der scheffen von helchenbach" ("S" stood for Siegel – seal – and the rest is archaic German for der Schöffen von Hilchenbach – of the Jurymen of Hilchenbach), and which appears on documents from 6 October 1477 and 17 November 1485.
|
|
Speaking at the 2009 seasonal meeting of the New York State Bar Association's International Section in Singapore, Shanmugam explained that stability was one of the essential conditions for Singapore's governance, and that the ISA contributed to the stability of the country by enabling terrorist threats to be dealt with.Shanmugam, paras. 59–66. In response, Michael Galligan, the Chairman of the International Section, wrote that "whatever might be appropriate for times of extraordinary danger should not be assumed to be the measure for ordinary times. Circumscription of liberties that may have some arguable justification in a national defense crisis should not set the norm for more peaceful or more 'ordinary' times in the life of a nation.".
|
|
The theme has its origins in the late antique civil province of the "Islands" (; ), which encompassed the islands of the southeastern and eastern Aegean up to Tenedos. The term "Aigaion Pelagos" appears for the first time as an administrative circumscription in the early 8th century, when seals of several of its kommerkiarioi (customs officials) are attested. One seal, dated to 721/722, even refers to an official in charge of all the Greek islands, possibly implying an extension of the old province over the islands of the northern and western Aegean as well. Militarily, the Aegean islands came under control of the Karabisianoi corps and later of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme during the 7th and 8th centuries.
|
|
Banana plants were originally classified by Linnaeus into two species, which he called Musa paradisiaca for those used as cooking bananas (plantains), and M. sapientum for those used as dessert bananas. It was later discovered that both of his "species" were actually cultivated varieties of the hybrid between two wild species, M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, which is now called M. × paradisiaca L. The circumscription of the modern taxon M. × paradisiaca thus includes both the original M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum, the latter being reduced to a synonym of M. × paradisiaca. In pre-Linnean times this banana was named 'Musa serapionis', for instance by Maria Sybilla Merian in her Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium of 1705. (plate 12).
|
|
At the end of the 70's, she was a soldier in the Dominican left in the Comités Revolucionarios Camilo Torres CORECATO and later in the Socialist Movement of the MST Workers, a militancy that she left to work in the social movement and the feminist movement. In 2015 she joined Minou Tavárez Mirabal in the process of building the Partido Opción Democrática (Democratic Option Party). In the Democratic Option Party, she is part of the Political Directorate and directs the Secretariat for Women. She was presented as a candidate for deputy by Circumscription No. 1 of the National District in the 2016 Minou Coalition, in box No. 23 of the Alliance for Democracy APD but was not elected.
|
|
Such a change in circumscription could result in an expansion of the range of plant parts and/or preservation states that can be incorporated within the taxon. For instance, a fossil-genus originally based on compressions of ovules could be used to include the multi- ovulate cupules within which the ovules were originally borne. A complication can arise if, in this case, there was an already named fossil-genus for these cupules. If palaeobotanists were confident that the type of the ovule fossil- genus and of the cupule fossil-genus could be included in the same genus, then the two names would compete as to being the correct one for the newly emended genus.
|
|
Ironically, local people see relatively little monetary benefit from the rise in tourism, as many vacations are planned by German tour companies (linked with all-inclusive German-owned resorts in the Canary Islands) and are paid for before tourists ever arrive at their vacation destination. Leatherman and Goodman and Daltabuit point to circumscription of land available for traditional milpa horticultural production in communities in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo in the face of growing demands for land for resorts by tourism interests, under the auspices of the Mexican national government. One expropriation scenario with a long history is cash cropping, where crops grown for revenue from exports are prioritized over crops grown for local consumption.
|
|
The specific epithet dillhoffi is a patronym honoring Richard Dillhoff, who found and donated a number of fossils for research, including the type specimen, and for his support of paleoentomology. Miriholcorpa forcipata holotype, a Middle Jurassic scorpionfly The family name Holcorpidae was first used in a 1970 footnote by Russian paleoentomologist Vladimir Zherikhin, who noted the family to be monotypic with only Holcorpa. However, since Zherikhin did not provide a detailed subscription for the family itself, the name was considered nomen nudum. The family received a full technical description 19 years later by the German entomologist Rainer Willmann and the circumscription was emended by Archibald in 2010 to reflect the second species.
|
|
We have news about the church of San Giorgio Martire, since 1500, which it situated in the lower part of the town. It appears, in fact, that it was assigned to the Canon Simone Gentile. In the same year it was, then, entrusted to don Giovannello Pittari, rector of the parish church of S.Giovanni of Gerace, deceased on 9 September 1582 ; 30 August of the following year the church of S. Giorgio, seat of the confraternity (accommodated in the ’Chapel of the Purgatory souls’), then abolished, is entrusted to don Nicola Augurace, rector of the parish church of the circumscription of Martone. In 1783 the church was destroyed by the earthquake, but three years later it was rebuilt.
|
|
Zopheridae used as jewelry Aulonium ruficorne The Zopheridae family of beetles has grown considerably in recent years as the members of two other families have been included within its circumscription; these former families are the Monommatidae and the Colydiidae, which are now both included in the Zopheridae as subfamilies or (in the former case) even as tribe of subfamily Zopherinae. Some authors accept up to six subfamilies here, while others merge all except the Colydiinae into the Zopherinae. Over 100 genera are in the redefined family, and hundreds of species worldwide. No common name is used for the new family, though some of the constituent subfamilies have their own, including the ironclad beetles, and the cylindrical bark beetles.
|
|
The taxonomy of Liliaceae has had a complex history since the first description of this flowering plant family in the mid-eighteenth century. Originally, the Liliaceae or Lily family were defined as having a "calix" (perianth) of six equal-coloured parts, six stamens, a single style, and a superior, three-chambered (trilocular) ovary turning into a capsule fruit at maturity. The taxonomic circumscription of the family Liliaceae progressively expanded until it became the largest plant family and also extremely diverse, being somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary. It eventually came to encompass about 300 genera and 4,500 species, and was thus a "catch-all" and hence paraphyletic taxon.
|
|
Fritillaria ophioglossifolia, R Wettstein Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 1901–1924Although Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) preceded Bentham and Hooker's publication, the latter project was commenced much earlier and George Bentham was initially sceptical of Darwinism. The new phyletic approach changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata, but this did little to further define the circumscription of Liliaceae. The major works in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century employing this approach were in the German literature, the Eichler (1875–1886), Engler and Prantl (1886–1924) and Wettstein (1901–1935) systems. These placed the Liliaceae into one of the major subdivisions of the monocotyledons, the Liliiflorae.
|
|
However, the APG IV (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV) system of classification, a system of revised and updated classification of flowering plants, now recognizes the groups of Memecylaceae within a broader circumscription of Melastomataceae. The most recent phylogenetic analysis of Memecylon included mostly African taxa and was based on two nuclear ribosomal regions, ETS and ITS. Memecylon species discovery in Madagascar increased, and comprehensive taxonomic revisions brought the total number up to 138 species, making Memecylon one of the most species-rich groups in the woody flora of Madagascar. In addition to this high species richness, a high degree of endemism of Memecylon indicated the importance of considering ecogeographic factors when making species identifications in this group.
|
|
Ion Lapedatu already showed his political talent as a student. In 1902, he was elected President of the Academic Society of Petru Maior, the society of the Romanian students in Budapest sustaining the Romanian language and culture through conferences, celebrations, debates, evocations of personalities. It also entertained a choir and a library and issued publications like the review "The Rose with Turns" and the "Society Almanac". Ion Lapedatu participated as representative of the Nocrich circumscription in the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary in Alba Iulia that decided on 1 December 1918 the Union of Transylvania with Romania and was subsequently elected in the "Great National Council of Transylvania" (Marele sfat național din Transilvania).
|
|
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, confirms Bandoni's split between the tremelloid and exidioid fungi and extends the circumscription of the tremelloid group by including several yeast genera whose status was formerly uncertain. Molecular research has also indicated that the genus Filobasidiella (together with its yeast state Cryptococcus) and the genus Syzygospora should be included within the group, even though species in these genera do not have tremelloid basidia. The Trichosporonaceae, a family of yeasts, is sometimes placed in its own separate order (the Trichosporonales), but current consensus places the family within the Tremellales. Several genera — Sigmogloea, Tremellina, and Xenolachne — whose family placement is uncertain are also included in the order.
|
|
This was taken up in New Zealand but generally not followed in Australia, where botanists declared more study was needed. Eventually, consensus emerged that Acacia needed to be split as it was not monophyletic. This led to Australian botanists Bruce Maslin and Tony Orchard pushing for the retypification of the genus with an Australian species instead of the original African type species, an exception to traditional rules of priority that required ratification by the International Botanical Congress. That decision has been controversial, and debate continued, with some taxonomists (and many other biologists) deciding to continue to use the traditional Acacia sensu lato circumscription of the genus, in defiance of decisions by an International Botanical Congress.
|
|
An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, (election) precinct, electoral area, circumscription, or electorate, is a subdivision of a larger state (a country, administrative region, or other polity) created to provide its population with representation in the larger state's legislative body. That body, or the state's constitution or a body established for that purpose, determines each district's boundaries and whether each will be represented by a single member or multiple members. Generally, only voters (constituents) who reside within the district are permitted to vote in an election held there. District representatives may be elected by a first-past- the-post system, a proportional representative system, or another voting method.
|
|
From this comital- palatine time also comes the municipal coat of arms used today. It began as a court seal that bore the same composition today seen in the arms, and also a circumscription that read “Siegel von Laubenheim an der Nahe 1602” (“Seal of Laubenheim on the Nahe 1602”). The vine hung with three bunches of grapes show that winegrowing was already important to the village even then. In the Thirty Years' War, Laubenheim was often set ablaze by Spanish or Swedish troops. In the 17th century, it suffered greatly under French marauders’ atrocities during the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pfälzischer Erbfolgekrieg, or War of the Palatine Succession).
|
|
As an ecclesial government, however, the archdiocese remained (more or less) intact: while she lost the left bank including the episcopal city itself, Cologne, to the new Diocese of Aachen established under Napoleon's auspices, there still remained a substantial amount of territory on the right bank of the Rhine. After the death of the last Elector-Archbishop in 1801, the see was vacant for 23 years, being governed by vicar capitular Johann Herrmann Joseph v. Caspars zu Weiss and, after his death, by Johann Wilhelm Schmitz. In 1821, the archdiocese regained Cologne and the right bank of the Rhine (though with a new circumscription reflecting the Prussian subdivisions) and, in 1824, an archbishop was established there again.
|
|
The tremellaceous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans in infected lung tissue Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, confirms Bandoni's split between the tremelloid and exidioid fungi and extends the circumscription of the tremelloid group by including several yeast genera whose status was formerly uncertain. Molecular research has also indicated that the genus Filobasidiella (and its yeast state Cryptococcus) should be included within the group, even though its basidia are not tremelloid. The research does not, however, support a distinct family Tremellaceae within the order Tremellales, but instead divides the order (and indeed the genus Tremella) into several small clades. As currently circumscribed, the Tremellaceae is therefore an artificial subset of the Tremellales, not clearly distinct from the Sirobasidiaceae.
|
|
"servants' judge") of Baranya County in 1291 and 1295, alongside other local noblemen. This Andrew and his relative Bencentius (son of Mark) appeared as arbiters in 1296 and 1297, in a lawsuit between the Győr (Óvári) and Kán (Siklósi) clans. Tamás Körmendi identified Nicholas the Sinister, who served as Master of the stewards from 1251 to 1256, as a member of the Budmér clan. He claimed this based on Nicholas' fragmentally preserved seal from 1255, which circumscription can be solved as "[- - - MA]GISTRI DE GENERE BVDMER", in addition to a 1285 charter by the cathedral chapter of Pécs, which referred to a certain Michael as a son of ispán Nicholas from the kindred Budmér (i.e.
|
|
In 1808, in the second round of reorganization of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz after the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, the church passed as a chapel of ease to the parish of Badenheim. With the bull of circumscription, Provida solersque, of 16 August 1821, Pope Pius VII ordered the permanent dissolution of the monastery. Indeed, by 1811, a seniors’ home for retired priests had already been set up in what had been the provostry buildings, and this lasted until 1826. In 1832, the monastery, having by now long stood empty, was, with the exception of the church and the north wing, sold to the municipality, which established a school in the east end of the south wing.
|
|
Escobar was born in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua and was a member of the National Action Party (PAN). During his extensive academic, professional and political career, he was Director General of his alma mater for three consecutive years until 1976. He served as ESAHE representative of the Constituent Assembly of the Mexican Association of Agricultural Higher Education, which he directed in 1976. He was Secretary of the Municipality of Juárez, and Federal Delegate of Proportional Representation of the 2nd Circumscription in the 58th Session, where he formed part of the Budget and Public Account, Finance and Public Credit, and Rural Development Commissions, of which he was secretary, and also, for a few months, of the Special Livestock Commission.
|
|
The Biosophy Program was presented on the Internet by Anna Öhman & Svenolov Lindgren in January 1998. They noted that "the term biosophy was previously used by Zapffe (1941) in a literary context for the analysis of human social life based on philosophy of existence and biological facts. Such a narrow circumscription of biosophy is in our opinion no obstacle to widen the definition to encompass all systematic thinking on biological issues." The Biosophy Program was intended to circumscribe and systemize biological studies in a philosophical framework to support teaching at courses on philosophy and courses on biology. The biosophical thinking is defined by Öhman & Lindgren in five philosophical fields and discriminated from Næss’ ecosophy.
|
|
Roman citizens also enjoyed the important safeguard, against possible malpractice by the governor, of the right to appeal a criminal sentence, especially a death sentence, directly to the emperor himself.Burton (1987) 431 As regards civil law, with the exception of capital crimes, peregrini were subject to the customary laws and courts of their civitas (an administrative circumscription, similar to a county, based on the pre-Roman tribal territories). Cases involving Roman citizens, on the other hand, were adjudicated by the governor's assize court, according to the elaborate rules of Roman civil law.Burton (1987) 433 This gave citizens a substantial advantage in disputes with peregrini, especially over land, as Roman law would always prevail over local customary law if there was a conflict.
|
|
Linnaeus' original species were F. imperialis, F. regia (now Eucomis regia), F. persica, F. pyrenaica and F. meleagris. The family Liliaceae was first described by Michel Adanson in 1763, placing Fritillaria in section Lilia of that family, but also considering Imperialis as a separate genus to Fritillaria, together with five other genera. The formal description of the family is attributed to Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789, who included eight genera, including Imperialis, in his Lilia. Although the circumscription of Liliaceae and its subdivisions have undergone considerable revision over the ensuing centuries, the close relationship between Fritillaria and Lilium the type genus of the family, have ensured that the former has remained part of the core group, which constitutes the modern much-reduced family.
|
|
Myrmelachista species possess between nine and 10 antennal segments. Most nine-segmented Myrmelachista species are found in Central America and the Caribbean (with only two known nine-segmented Myrmelachista species in South America), whereas 10-segmented Myrmelachista species are mostly found in South America (with only three known 10-segmented Myrmelachista species found in Mexico and Central America). The larvae of Myrmelachista ants are elongate and unremarkable, excepting for a few protruding dorsal hairs which might have a biological function in hanging larvae inside their nests. The circumscription of Myrmelachista species is a complex task because the morphological differences between individuals of a single species that originate from different colonies can be sufficient to cause these individuals to be erroneously regarded as members of different species.
|
|
By the convention of 1 September 1884, made between the Curia and the Federal Council, Ticino was canonically separated from its former diocesan connections and was placed provisionally, under an administrator Apostolic, the pope appointing as administrator Bishop Lachat of Basle (see above). After Bishop Lachat's death (1886) the new Bishopric of Ticino was formed by the Bull of circumscription "Ad universam" of Leo XIII (7 September 1888), and united with the Diocese of Basle under the title of the Diocese of Basle-Lugano. The same year the Church of San Lorenzo in Lugano was elevated to a cathedral. The union is merely a nominal one, for, although the Bishop of Basle is called the Bishop of Lugano he exercises no rights of jurisdiction in this diocese.
|
|
The first suprageneric classification based on Vittaria was made by Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836, who erected the tribe Vittariaceae to contain the genera Vittaria and Prosaptia, the latter now included in the grammitid ferns. He invented the new genus Haplopteris to accommodate another group of simple- leaved ferns separated from Pteris, but placed it in tribe Adiantaceae instead, due to the location of its sori just behind the leaf margin. In his 1911 treatment of the tribe, Ralph Benedict adopted a circumscription similar to modern treatments, within which he recognized the genera Ananthacorus, Anetium, Antrophyum, Hecistopteris, Monogramma, Polytaenium, and Vittaria. He described Radiovittaria as a subgenus of Vittaria, subsumed Scoliosorus within Polytaenium as doubtfully worthy of subgeneric rank, while Rheopteris had not yet been discovered.
|
|
The organisation of Brown's Congo, as it became known at the time, follows that of his earlier essay on the flora of Australia, General remarks, geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra Australis. It begins with remarks on the floristic composition of the collection, considering the relative proportions of monocots to dicots, and comparing the floristic richness with that of other equatorial regions. Brown then discusses each family represented in the collection, in the process splitting up Bernard de Jussieu's Terebinthaceae, and publishing for the first time Connaraceae, Oxalidaceae, Chailletiaceae (now included in Dichapetalaceae), Chrysobalanaceae, Homaliaceae (now included in Salicaceae), Hydrophyllaceae (now Hydrophylloideae) and Phytolaccaceae. Melastomataceae is given an accurate circumscription, as is Berberidaceae, despite this family not occurring in central Africa.
|
|
Many submissions welcomed the circumscription of agencies that can access stored communications data under Schedule 2. The LCA, however, argued these amendments allowed the Government to expand the list of agencies that can access retained data without parliamentary scrutiny and that this was an example of another inappropriate delegation of power in the Bill. Further, the LCA, CCLS and APF all submitted that the Bill left open the critical question of what authorities or bodies would be listed as an ‘enforcement agency’, and therefore be able to access data. As the CCLS pointed out, the issue of who will have access to stored telecommunications data is of great significance in determining the proportionality of this intrusion into individuals' privacy rights.
|
|
But as it seems, the apparent contradictions between systematics and biogeography are due to the premature classifications based on insufficient taxon sampling. With studies becoming more and more comprehensive, the apparent anomalies seem to sort themselves out at least for the most part. For example, the confusing distribution pattern of Acraea in the wide circumscription is apparently simply due to the bulk of this morphologically conservative group warranting recognition as genus Telchinia - it stands to note that this group has on occasion been allied with Actinote rather than Acraea, and this indeed appears to be correct. In addition, the genus Pardopsis, often placed in the Acraeini, does almost certainly not belong there; it is now tentatively placed in the Argynnini.
|
|
More recently, with additional data and molecular phylogenetic analyses becoming available, the Symmocidae are reinstated as a family in their own right, pending further study of gelechioid interrelationships.ABRS (2008), ToL (2008), FE (2009), Wikispecies (2006-NOV-07), and see references in Savela (2001) Regardless of their systematic position and taxonomic rank, the group was usually divided into two groups, one centered on Oegoconia and the other encompassing those genera closer to Symmoca. The former is called Oegoconiinae or Oegoconiini and the latter Symmocinae or Symmocini, depending on whether the overall group is treated as family or subfamily. While the overall circumscription and the relationships of the Symmocidae are essentially unresolved, the Oegoconiinae- Symmocinae subdivision seems to be quite well warranted.
|
|
In this situation, CIDAC emerged as an institution of professionals that would produce high-quality studies, with the objective of developing a base of support for reforms and, in its immediate future, for the economic changes that would be required to achieve the nation's recovery. The emphasis on development that was included in the name of the organization had as its purpose the circumscription of all the themes that would be relevant for the process of change of Mexican society. Since then, CIDAC has published more than 70 books, thousands of articles in newspapers, magazines, and specialized publications and its investigation team has been present in the most critical debates over the reform of public policy that pertains to the development of Mexico.
|
|
In 2011, M. Mónica Ponce and Brigitte Zimmer designated Amman's illustration as the lectotype of A. bonariense; as there was some question as to whether the drawing represented C. bonariensis in the conventional sense or Cheilanthes buchtienii, they further designated Willdenow's Mexican specimen as an epitype. Meanwhile, the development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus Myriopteris in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in Cheilanthes.
|
|
Arthroleptis stenodactylus, the common squeaker, dune squeaker, narrow-footed humus frog, savanna squeaking frog, or shovel-footed squeaker, is a species of frog in the family Arthroleptidae. It occurs widely in the Sub-Saharan Africa and is known from coastal Kenya and eastern and southern Tanzania (including Zanzibar), south to Malawi and Mozambique and southwest to Zambia and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo to western Angola, northern Botswana, Zimbabwe, and northeastern South Africa. An isolated population in Uganda likely represent another species, and it is possible that the current species circumscription includes further cryptic species. Arthroleptis stenodactylus inhabits a very wide variety of habitats such as forest, savanna woodland, thickets, and suburban areas at elevations up to above sea level, possibly higher.
|
|
Late 20th-century reclassification within the Hemiptera reduced the old taxon "Homoptera" to two suborders: Sternorrhyncha (aphids, whiteflies, scales, psyllids, etc.) and Auchenorrhyncha (cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, etc.) with the suborder Heteroptera containing a large group of insects known as the true bugs. The infraorder Aphidomorpha within the Sternorrhyncha varies with circumscription with several fossil groups being especially difficult to place but includes the Adelgoidea, the Aphidoidea and the Phylloxeroidea. Some authors use a single superfamily Aphidoidea within which the Phylloxeridae and Adelgidae are also included while others have Aphidoidea with a sister superfamily Phylloxeroidea within which the Adelgidae and Phylloxeridae are placed. Early 21st-century reclassifications substantially rearranged the families within Aphidoidea: some old families were reduced to subfamily rank (e.g.
|
|
913–959) affirms in his work, De administrando imperio, that it was originally a tourma (a division) of the theme of Longobardia in Southern Italy, and that it was raised to a strategis (a "generalship"), but not a full theme, by Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912).. This is, however, clearly an error, for several instances of generals (strategoi) of Cephallenia are known through sources before that date. Thus, the Taktikon Uspensky of 842/843 clearly mentions a strategos of Cephallenia, and the Latin chronicle Annales regni Francorum mentions one already in 809. A number of seals further push the establishment of the circumscription of Cephallenia, at least as a strategis if not as a theme, back to the middle or late 8th century.
|
|
The Cronquist system, of 1981, recognized Illiciales as an order consisting of the families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae and placed it in the subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida (or dicotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (or angiosperms). The Dahlgren system also recognised the order and placed it in superorder Magnolianae, in subclass Magnoliideae (Dahlgren's dicotyledons), in class Magnoliopsida with the same circumscription of families as the Chronquist system. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) does not recognize the order, initially leaving the family Illiciaceae unplaced as to order. In its second higher level taxonomy of angiosperms (APG II), the APG recognized Illicium and Schisandra as closely related taxa in the family Illiciaceae, and created the order Austrobaileyales with the families Illiciaceae, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileyaceae.
|
|
Born in Corella on 13 October 1820, after qualifying in law in Madrid he practised law there and in Pamplona after which he became a judge and public prosecutor in the Courts of Seville, Barcelona and Granada until in 1859 when he moved to the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean. He served as a judge in Havana, Cuba and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and Chief quartermaster in Cuba. With the Revolution of 1868, he returned to Spain and became active in politics, and was chosen deputy in Congress by the circumscription of Navarre Province in the elections of 1871, returning to be chosen in the elections of 1872 for Logroño (province) too . Later, in 1877, he would become a life senator of the Senate.
|
|
Storr's circumscription of Denisonia included several species that were traditionally placed in Suta, and in 1993 Philippe Golay took the logical next step and transferred all of these, including D. atriceps, into Suta. In 2000, a phylogenetic analysis of Australian elapids rejected all previous taxonomic arrangements for this species, instead finding strong support for placement as a sister group to Hoplocephalus, within the "tiger snake lineage" comprising Notechis, Austrelaps, Tropidechis and Hoplocephalus. It would have been taxonomically consistent with this finding to transfer atriceps into Hoplocephalus, but Hoplocephalus was then morphologically well-defined and it would have been difficult to redefine it to encompass the extra species. The option of merging other sister groups into a single large genus was also rejected, leaving the only option the recognition of atriceps as a monotypic genus.
|
|
Chamaecyparis eureka is an extinct species of conifer in the family Cupressaceae. It is known from fossil foliage found in the Buchanan Lake Formation deposits, dated to the middle Eocene Lutetian stage (), from western Axel Heiberg Island, located in the Arctic Ocean in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. C. eureka is the oldest confirmed member of the genus Chamaecyparis, which includes five to six living species, depending on circumscription, which are native to Eastern Asia, Japan, and North America. Description of the new species by M. E. A. Kotyk, James Basinger, and Elisabeth McIver was based on the study of more than 850 twigs and 650 seed cone specimens; the holotype specimen, number "USPC-6357", and the five paratypes are housed in the University of Saskatchewan Paleobotanical Collection, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
|
|
The genus was originally described in 1968, incorporating only the newly described type species, Harperocallis flava, an endemic of the Florida panhandle. On the basis of molecular and morphological evidence, H. flava was shown to be derived from or sister to Isidrogalvia, then treated as a genus of ten species native to the Guianas and the northern Andes, and was transferred into that genus in 2011. However, the original description of Isidrogalvia proved to include a European species previously used (under a different name) to typify Tofieldia, thus inadvertently rendering Isidrogalvia a later synonym of Tofieldia. After the rejection of a proposal to conserve the eleven species of Isidrogalvia with a new type, Harperocallis was instead revived with a broader circumscription to include the eleven New World species previously treated as Isidrogalvia.
|
|
The Diocese of Guiratinga (Dioecesis Guiratingensis) was a former ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in Brazil, belonging to the Ecclesiastical Province of Cuiabá and the West II Regional Bishops' Council of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, being a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cuiabá. The episcopal see is the Cathedral St. John the Baptist in the city of Guiratinga in the state of Mato Grosso. The Prelature Registry Araguaia (Territorialis Praelatura Registrensis or Territorialis Praelatura registration Araguaia) was erected on May 12, 1914 by Pope Pius X, by decree of the Sacred Congregation Concistorial [1], from territory taken from the Archdiocese Cuiabá, and delivered by the Holy See to the care of the Salesians. 1st Bishop Prelate: Don Antonio Malan - SDB - (1914-1924) Apostolic Administrator: Mons.
|
|
Carl Linnaeus, famous for his introduction of the binominal nomenclature, erected the genus Gorteria, in part II of the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1759, with the description of the type species Gorteria personata. Linnaeus' circumscription of the genus was much wider than today, since he included species that now are in several other genera of the Gorteriinae, such as G. squarrosa (= Cullumia squarrosa) in 1760, Gorteria rigens (= Gazania rigens) and G. fruticosa (= Berkheya barbata), both in 1763. Carl Peter Thunberg in 1798 reviewed Gorteria and considered the interlocked margins (or connation) of the involucral bracts diagnostic for the genus, but this is in fact common to the entire subtribe Gorteriinae. He distinguished ten herbaceous species and two woody, seven including G. diffusa and G. integrifolia new to science.
|
|
Around 2000, with molecular phylogenetic studies becoming commonplace, it was discovered that Fitzinger's assessment was correct after all – not only is Pelophylax an independent genus, but it does in fact belong to a lineage of Raninae not particularly close to Rana. But it also turned out that these Eurasian green frogs might not form a monophyletic lineage. The sheer number of species involved in the group of Pelophylax and its closest relatives means that it will probably be some time until the definite circumscription of this genus is resolved. The Pelophylax frogs belong to a group of moderately advanced Raninae – possibly a clade – that also includes such genera as Babina, Glandirana, Hylarana, Pulchrana, Sanguirana, Sylvirana, as well as Hydrophylax which like Pelophylax is suspected of being not monophyletic.
|
|
But the Pyrginae have since been reorganized to make them and their tribes monophyletic, leading most modern authors to treat the Achlyodidini as distinct tribe. However, they are the tribe most closely related to the Pyrgini sensu stricto, and the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a phylogenetic perspective. The other two tribes of the Pyrgini sensu lato - the Carcharodini and Erynnini - are not as strikingly autapomorphic as the Achlyodidini, but they are more distant relatives of the Pyrgini sensu stricto than the present tribe. Thus, they cannot be included in the Pyrgini without also including the Achlyodidini, and consequently the four-way split of the Pyrgini is more informative than to lump half the known evolutionary diversity of Pyrginae into one huge tribe.
|
|
He treated groups of genera with these characteristics as separate families, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae. Amaryllidaceae: Narcisseae – Pancratium maritimum L. John Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom 1846 The circumscription of Asparagales has been a source of difficulty for many botanists from the time of John Lindley (1846), the other important British taxonomist of the early nineteenth century. In his first taxonomic work, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830) he partly followed Jussieu by describing a subclass he called Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants (preserving de Candolle's Endogenæ phanerogamæ) divided into two tribes, the Petaloidea and Glumaceae. He divided the former, often referred to as petaloid monocots, into 32 orders, including the Liliaceae (defined narrowly), but also most of the families considered to make up the Asparagales today, including the Amaryllideae.
|
|
Studying for a career in teaching, he became schoolmaster of a large primary school in the capital, Bangui in 1951. Dacko took part in an experimental educational program promoted by the French colonial administration. Dacko was named principal of Kouanga College in 1955 and became a supporter of independence leader Barthélémy Boganda, who was from the same Ngbaka ethnic group as Dacko. In March 1957 Dacko presented himself as a candidate for legislative elections in Ubangi-Shari for the circumscription of Ombella-M'Poko and won a seat as a member of the "Territorial Assembly of Ubangi-Shari". When the first Council of Government of Ubangi-Shari was established that same year, Boganda named Dacko Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, Water and Forests, in which position he served from 14 May 1957 until 23 August 1958.
|
|
In August 1976, he linked the Spanish Union Federation of Liberals and Democrats Matches of Joaquin Garrigues Walker and the Liberal Party of Enrique Larroque, constituting the Liberal Alliance, of which he was elected president. He had worked with the opposition in the Platform of Democratic Organizations, which formed a platform that was presented to the 1977 election as Senator, eight being chosen as the candidate most voted by the circumscription of Madrid in the electoral coalition Senators for Democracy. In the Senate he joined the Progressive Group and Independent Socialists, along with members of Matches Popular Socialist and Democratic Left, among others. After the dissolution of the Liberal Alliance in December 1977, he founded the Liberal Progressive Party, of which he was named president, but which also dissolved later.
|
|
Desmodium gangeticum The Fabales are an order of flowering plants included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the families Fabaceae or legumes (including the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Faboideae), Quillajaceae, Polygalaceae or milkworts (including the families Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, and Xanthophyllaceae), and Surianaceae. Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Fabales were in the superorder Fabiflorae (also called Fabanae) with three familiese corresponding to the subfamilies of Fabaceae in APG II. The other families treated in the Fabales by the APG II classification were placed in separate orders by Cronquist, the Polygalaceae within its own order, the Polygalales, and the Quillajaceae and Surianaceae within the Rosales.
|
|
Since each argument of a predicate must be a term, and each term evaluates to a value, the models tells whether P(v_1,\ldots,v_n) is true for any possible tuple of values \langle v_1,\ldots,v_n \rangle. The extension of P in a model is the set of tuples of terms such that P(v_1,\ldots,v_n) is true in the model. The circumscription of a predicate P in a formula T is obtained by selecting only the models of T with a minimal extension of P. For example, if a formula has only two models, differing only because P(v_1,\ldots,v_n) is true in one and false in the second, then only the second model is selected. This is because \langle v_1,\ldots,v_n \rangle is in the extension of P in the first model but not in the second.
|
|
The university maintains a Level III accreditation status granted by the PAASCU and is one of the two schools in the region having an autonomous status granted by CHED in early 2000. The university's campus, situated in the very heart of the city on General Luna Street, has a modern gymnasium, an auditorium, various conferences and seminar rooms, science, computer and speech laboratories, a museum, a bookstore, a library, an instructional media center, and tennis and badminton courts. In 1984 the all-Filipino Augustinian Province of Santo Niño of Cebu was formed, separating from the mother Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines based in Madrid, and ownership of the university was handed over to the latest circumscription of the Augustinian Order. A succession of rectors were appointed, including Bernardino Ricafrente, Eusebio Berdon, Mamerto Alfeche, and Rodolfo Arreza.
|
|
Ricardo Fernández Guardia's 1913 Map showing Costa Rica and Nicoya areas. Nicoya became a legal political, administrative and legal entity subject to the Villa de Bruselas township, controlled by the government of Castilla del Oro. In 1527, the Spanish Crown created the Province of Nicaragua, segregating it from Castilla de Oro, and included the territory of the Kingdom of Nicoya, since it was requested to establish whether the territory of the Villa de Bruselas (located at the southern tip of Nicoya) belonged to the Province of Nicaragua (the new circumscription), or if it remained under the authority of Castilla de Oro, and a Royal Decree of April 21, 1529 resolved the conflict in favor of the Province of Nicaragua, when the Villa had ceased to exist. In 1554, the Corregimiento de Nicoya was established, segregating it from the Province of Nicaragua.
|
|
Of the several potential causes for this constant redefinition the greatest is probably that little is known about its intergeneric relationships or a lack of phylogenetic understanding enhanced by the other problems of conflicting clues from morphological characters, the large size of the tribe, the absence of a precise delimitation or circumscription of Senecio and the naturalness of these assemblages combined with the imprecise boundaries of the different species themselves. Many segregate genera have been recognized in recent studies, often with circumscriptions derived from selected representative species. Whether the recognition of numerous segregate genera provides a better taxonomy than treating the variation patterns as infrageneric taxa is yet unclear. A respectable case can be made for maintaining Senecio as a broad concept, at least until revisionary studies at the species level are carried out and the results subjected to critical analyses.
|
|
The botanical name itself is fixed by a type, which is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have a varying circumscription, depending on the taxonomic system, thus, the group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. For example, the traditional view of the family Malvaceae has been expanded in some modern approaches to include what were formerly considered to be several closely related families.
|
|
Prior to the founding congress, in July 2008, 140,000 young militants from all over the country were organized to form 14,000 "youth work teams" in the "socialist battalions" of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. In each work team, a youth representative was chosen in August 2008 for the "socialist circumscription" of the party, to attend as a delegate to the founding congress of the JPSUV, scheduled for the month of September, in accordance as approved by the National Political Direction of the PSUV. The founding congress of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela Youth (JPSUV) was held between September 11 and 13, 2008 in the city of Puerto Ordaz, Bolívar state, with the participation of more than 1,400 delegates elected from all over the country and It was attended by international delegates from Latin America, Europe, Oceania and the United States.
|
|
This represents the direction of Communication and of "Porte-parolat"(DCP) of the Minister of European and Foreign Affairs. Its mission include: #To inform the public and the press about France, its institutions and its foreign policy and to respond to demands and enquiries, #To inform the Minister of Foreign Affairs and through it, French authorities, about the primary political, economic and social events occurring within the jurisdiction, #To organize information for the French and foreign public through the web site of the Consulate General, #To establish and develop privileged contacts with the press within the circumscription, in order to present and explain France's position in regards to foreign policy.(Attention: the Press service is not the "spokesman" of France) #To monitor the image projected of France in the local media and to correct, if needed, informational errors by using the right of reply.
|
|
Near the ancient and the present inhabited village there are the nuraghes of Santu Sciori and Nuraxi Fenu and according to what Vittorio Angius wrote: «Within the circumscription of this territory there are three nuraghi, one called Surbiu, a little less than a mile from the town and mostly undone; the other called Nuraxi-Fenu, almost a mile and a half away, and worthy of being considered and evenovered to 'larger known, which are the next in the territory of Guspini, the Saureci, the Fumìu and the Orco; the third named by the Church of San Lussorio, close to the river, is also worth a visit for its size. It was surrounded by another building and two nuraghetti of this one can still be seen in part. In one of which, at the beginning of the current century, a quadrilong urn of two and a half meters was discovered on the major side, and inside the same of the great bones (!!)».
|
|
The description of the species was published in 2017, the collaborating authors Anna Gillespie, Mike Archer and Suzanne Hand working on the PANGEA research project based at the University of New South Wales. The holotype is a largely complete skull retaining some teeth and alveoli, with other materials such as the lower jaw and a humerus associated with the new species as paratypes. The discovery of more complete evidence of Oligocene species of the marsupial lion lineages prompted the authors to emend the circumscription of Wakaleo to include the type species of another genus, Priscileo pitikantensis, as a sister species to this taxon and contradicting a 2016 study that supported separation of P. pitikantensis from the wakaleo clade. Another early thylacoleonoid species, "Priscileo" roskellyae, was determined to have diverged from this genus during early period of the fossil record, and scant evidence of the species did not allow revising authors to assign a taxonomic placement with any confidence.
|
|
With a resurgence in the application of the phylogenetic species concept, the isolated population in the Western Ghats of India was separated as the flame-throated bulbul. The crested populations in the Eastern Ghats and Himalayas that lack the red throat which were treated as subspecies flaviventris were also elevated into full species as Pycnonotus flaviventris. Pycnonotus melanicterus in this newer and narrower circumscription followed by Pamela Rasmussen in Birds of South Asia (2005) and the Handbook of the Birds of the World (2005) only included the Sri Lankan population which was referred to as the black-capped bulbul. A 2017 study noted that the Western Ghats P. gularis and Sri Lankan P. melanicterus were closely related within a clade (the age of divergence from common ancestor of its sister clades has not however been estimated in the study) that includes P. montis, P. dispar, and P. flaviventris leading to a placement of these species in a new genus Rubigula.
|
|
A recent analysis of Gloxinia and related genera based on molecular and morphological work has determined that Wiehler's circumscription of the genus was unnatural, both phylogenetically and morphologically. The analyses demonstrated that the genera Anodiscus and Koellikeria, each with a single species, were more closely related to Gloxinia perennis than were any of the other species included in Gloxinia by Wiehler, several of which proved to be more closely related to other genera (particularly Diastema, Monopyle, and Phinaea). As a result of this work, most of the species have been transferred to other genera while Koellikeria erinoides and Anodiscus xanthophyllus have been transferred into a much more narrowly defined Gloxinia consisting of only three species, all of them characterized by having a raceme-like flowering stem. The other species have been transferred to the existing genus Monopyle, the resurrected genera Mandirola and Seemannia, and the new genera Gloxinella, Gloxiniopsis, Nomopyle, and Sphaerorrhiza.
|
|
The crossing of the Danube at Zimnitza, circa 1877 In 1868, he was made a major general, and in the following year became chief of staff in the Kiev military circumscription. In 1873, Dragomirov was appointed to command the 4th division, and in this command he distinguished himself very greatly in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878. The 4th division led the way at the crossing of the Danube at Zimnitza; Dragomirov being in charge of the delicate and difficult operation of crossing and landing under fire, and fulfilling his mission with complete success. Later, after the reverses before Plevna, he, with the cesarevich and Generals Eduard Totleben and Dmitry Milyutin, strenuously opposed the suggestion of the Grand Duke Nicholas that the Russian army should retreat into Romania, and the demoralization of the greater part of the army was not permitted to spread to Dragomirov's division, which retained its discipline unimpaired and gave a splendid example to the rest.
|
|
Application of the Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature for species, and uninomials for genera and higher ranks, has led to many advantages but also problems with homonyms (the same name being used for multiple taxa, either inadvertently or legitimately across multiple kingdoms), synonyms (multiple names for the same taxon), as well as variant representations of the same name due to orthographic differences, minor spelling errors, variation in the manner of citation of author names and dates, and more. In addition, names can change through time on account of changing taxonomic opinions (for example, the correct generic placement of a species, or the elevation of a subspecies to species rank or vice versa), and also the circumscription of a taxon can change according to different authors' taxonomic concepts. One proposed solution to this problem is the usage of Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) for machine-machine communication purposes, although there are both proponents and opponents of this approach.
|
|
The coinage of Edward the Elder in some ways continued the types and organisation current under his father Alfred in Wessex and English Mercia, but with the expansion of West Saxon control into the Midlands and East Anglia the currency system became more complex as new regions were incorporated into Edward's kingdom. For the most part the coinage was non- portrait and simple in design, though some mints in English Mercia struck an interesting series of pictorial reverse types. Since mint names are again very rare, attributions must largely be made by working backwards from Æthelstan's reign when mint names were often found on coins of the circumscription cross and bust crowned types. These coinages, struck at about thirty named mints after the conquest of the kingdom of York in 927, reflect a renewed effort on the king's part to have a single, centrally controlled coinage spanning the kingdom: types were standardised, the royal title was expanded from the usual REX to REX SAXONUM or even REX TO(tius) BRIT(anniae), as one finds in contemporary charters.
|
|
The Dayton Agreement finalized the demarcation between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), the two post-war entities of the country. Ilijaš, Vogošća, Hadžići, Ilidža, Rajlovac and Grbavica were incorporated into FBiH, while other peripheral parts of the former Sarajevo municipality became part of RS (see Istočno Sarajevo). The Serb community massively left the FBiH part of Sarajevo for RS. Their number was first reported in 1996 as 62,000,:"On the other hand, Dayton's ethnic circumscription of space after the war had detrimental effects on Sarajevo, catalyzing a mass exodus in early 1996 of some sixty-two thousand Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs and creating today's more monoethnic postwar city (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 1996)." but it is estimated that the total number was 150,000. Australian professor Dino Murtić emphasized that exodus of Sarajevo Serbs was massive and planned and that Bosnian president Izetbegović initially demonstrated indifference about it stating that the people of Sarajevo "finally deserved to be free of their murderers".
|
|
However this may be, one could ask whether an emotionally and politically loaded term like this is still appropriate as a historical label in the task of historical periodization? Apart from the fact that long-persisting use in common parlance has established such a right to exist, that question may be answered in the affirmative, because as it turns out, the absence of a stadtholder was indeed a (positively perceived) principle of the constitution of the Republic in these historical periods. It was the cornerstone of De Witt's "True Freedom", the ideological underpinning of his States-Party regime during the first period, and would be revived as such during the second period. The renowned 19th-century Dutch historian Robert Fruin (who cannot be accused of overly Orangist sympathies) uses the arguably more appropriate term "stadtholderless regime" for the periods, to emphasize the fact that we are not just concerned with a label, but that there was something in the historical situation that gives the historical circumscription "stadtholderless period" meaning.cf.
|
|
Since the twenty-second bishop, Theobald Schweinbeck (1446–63), the bishops have borne without intermission the title of Fürst (prince). The following prominent bishops deserve special mention: the humanist Johann I von Rott (1468–82), died as Prince-Bishop of Breslau; Georg II Agrikola (1570–84), who after 1572 was also at the same time Bishop of Seckau; Georg III Stobäus von Palmburg (1584–1618), a worthy promotor of the Counter-Reformation; Maximilian Gandolph Freiherr von Kienburg (1654–65), did much towards increasing the financial resources of the diocese. By the new regulations under Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, several territories were added to the Diocese of Lavant. Prince-Archbishop Michael Brigido of Laibach in 1788 ceded a number of parishes in the southern part of what is now the Diocese of Lavant the Diocese of Gurk; and the district of Völkermarkt, which was afterwards again detached, was added to the bishopric at that time. The extent of the diocese was changed by the circumscription of 1 June 1859.
|
|
Attached to the généralité (administrative circumscription) of Tours, Anjou on the eve of the Revolution comprised five êlections (judicial districts):--Angers, Baugé, Saumur, Château-Gontier, Montreuil-Bellay and part of the êlections of La Flèche and Richelieu. Financially it formed part of the so-called pays de grande gabelle, and comprised sixteen special tribunals, or greniers à sel (salt warehouses):--Angers, Baugé, Beaufort, Bourgueil, Candé, Château- Gontier, Cholet, Craon, La Flèche, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, Ingrandes, Le Lude, Pouancé, Saint-Rémy-la-Varenne, Richelieu, Saumur. From the point of view of purely judicial administration, Anjou was subject to the parlement of Paris; Angers was the seat of a presidial court, of which the jurisdiction comprised the sénéchaussées of Angers, Saumur, Beaugé, Beaufort and the duchy of Richelieu; there were besides presidial courts at Château-Gontier and La Flèche. When the Constituent Assembly, on 26 February 1790, decreed the division of France into départments, Anjou and the Saumurois, with the exception of certain territories, formed the départment of Maine-et-Loire, as at present constituted.
|
|
He also took interest in the economic and industrial progress of the State and the living conditions of its people, especially the issues of language, and is considered a pioneer in the study of the Konkani language, which till his time had been regarded as a mere dialect. Among the tasks entrusted to him was also the establishment of the circumscription of the Catholic bishops of India under the jurisdiction of the Padroado do Oriente, which had been redefined by the Concordat of 1857, because in addition to the functions of Secretary General, in 1862 he was appointed by Minister Mendes Leal as Royal Commissioner in the East. This led him to undertake several trips around the Indian subcontinent and other parts of the East, as a result of which he produced an extensive research work describing a large number of ruins and monuments relating to the Portuguese presence in that part of the world. During his stay in Goa he published several articles and books on the history of Goa, reorganized the archives of the Governor General, and tried to instill in a large group of Goan intellectuals a taste for historical research.
|
|
In 1812, the Intendancy of Leon was united with the Province of Costa Rica (that was under a military government dependent on the Captaincy General of Guatemala, with the same faculties of an Intendance but with a smaller rank, since in the hacienda it depended on the Intendency of Leon), in a new circumscription, the Province of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but during the Bourbon Restoration in Spain (1814-1820) it was again divided into two entities: Intendencia de León and Provincia de Costa Rica. In 1820, when the Constitution of Cádiz was restored in 1812, the Province of Nicaragua and Costa Rica were reestablished. On December 13, 1820, the new Provincial Council divided the territory into seven parties: Segovia, El Realejo, León, Granada, Nicaragua (Rivas), Nicoya and Costa Rica. After September 15, 1821, the signing of the Central American Declaration of Independence, Miguel González Saravia y Colarte, Political Chief Superior and President of the Provincial Delegation of the Province of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, signed on September 28, 1821, act of conditional independence of the Province of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, known as the Acta de los Nublados, and on October 11, 1821, the act of absolute independence of the Province of Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
|
|