There are other parts to the cell, like the cytoplasm.
|
|
Its 140 cell-like "pods" were built to be interchangeable and replaceable.
|
|
In the closing scene, they're the cell-like spaces at the parlors.
|
|
The living areas are nearly naked, the bedrooms cell-like, the finishes plywood.
|
|
There are faces, flowers and face-flowers, cell-like bubbles and amoeboid caterpillars.
|
|
Another startup, e-Zn, has an electrochemical cell, like a battery, but with a twist.
|
|
No, seriously: Each one of these cell-like structures is about the size of Texas.
|
|
The blood is collected and essentially reprogrammed into a stem cell-like state for research in regenerative medicine.
|
|
Yu Zhijian heard the gunfire in the square from his jail cell, like someone sautéeing peas in a pan.
|
|
The western half of Pluto's icy heart is divided into cell-like structures spanning up to 25 miles wide.
|
|
I watched my cell like a hawk and asked the most religious Muslim if he had time to chat.
|
|
The cell-like "kernels," each about the size of Texas, carry heat from inside the sun to the outside.
|
|
Prena, a 14-year-old domestic worker, lives in a cell-like room atop the building where she works in Nepal.
|
|
You can also descend below ground at Fort Jay and view installations in cell-like rooms with walls three feet thick.
|
|
Constructing cell-like membranes and shape-shifting liquids could give them a glimpse into the instruction manual of nature's 3D printer.
|
|
When a fuel leak is reported, fuels technicians must assess the damage to the cell, like a medic triaging a patient.
|
|
I somehow managed to find the last vacant room on the island — a cell-like bungalow that mercifully had a Western toilet.
|
|
Archie has also gotten rid of all the "childlike" memorabilia in his room and has turned the space into a cell-like cave.
|
|
Ms. Manning's cell, like others at Fort Leavenworth, contains a bed, toilet, sink, locker, storage bin, chair and desk, according to the Army.
|
|
The researchers were able to identify cell-like microstructures, which held pigments within the animal's skin, and traces of internal organs, including the liver.
|
|
The connections between neurons, known as synapses, are composed of electrical and chemical signals that move from cell to cell, like notes passed in class.
|
|
He carried this profusion of shapes into his paintings, where a cell-like structure, complete with nucleus, can be found in many of the petals.
|
|
For instance, they can differentiate into more than one kind of cell like stem cells, but unlike stem cells, progenitor cells cannot divide and reproduce indefinitely.
|
|
The Alabama Hotel, the Grand Windsor Hotel, the Providence Hotel — their cell-like stalls had chicken wire rather than ceilings, and they cost pennies per night.
|
|
Sonya Kelliher-Combs's "Guarded Secrets" (2015) is a collection of cell-like sculptures made from sheep rawhide and porcupine quills that look both delicate and threatening.
|
|
One day, perhaps, he will look on cells in the same way that he looks at birds: beautiful, natural, and vastly outperformed by cell-like machines.
|
|
When exposed to cold air or certain chemicals, like menthol, the pores open, allowing a flood of ions into the cell like cool air through a window.
|
|
The high-resolution image released on Wednesday revealed cell-like "kernels," each about the size of Texas, that carry heat from inside the sun to the outside.
|
|
I watched in horror as my child transformed into a caged animal, his hospital bed outfitted with jail-cell-like rails that extended almost to the ceiling.
|
|
The cell she demoed for Obama was a standard lithium-ion coin cell like you might find in a watch and was used to power a small LED.
|
|
A toddler crawled her way through the gravel that filled the cell-like spaces, and on another concrete outcropping, a group of young men tapped away on their phones.
|
|
A photopigment has two main parts—the opsin is a relatively giant protein that threads through the membrane of the retinal cell like a pile of overcooked rotini pasta.
|
|
It involves getting a living cell—like one from a bacteria, yeast or mammal—to produce the protein, and usually only mammal cells can make the more complex shapes.
|
|
This pink, vertically oriented, semi-transparent, cell-like structure is located in the middle of the painting, near the top, setting in motion a dialogue with what's around it.
|
|
Visiting journalists can find respite in a handful of dark, cell-like rooms facing away from the river and the scorching afternoon sun and equipped with faltering air-conditioners.
|
|
Some of the students said they were brought to small, cell-like rooms with threadbare furniture and mattresses, and were not told how long they would have to stay there.
|
|
And Kambui Olujimi's The Gini Quotation, a series of cell-like glass sculptures, points out the absurdity of people donating biological materials (like sperm and eggs) in order to make money.
|
|
Conbody in New York, which usually holds its prison-style boot camps in a jail cell-like studio, is one of the many small gyms to start offering livestreams through Classpass.
|
|
These methane pools on the surface are the kind of environment that could help vinyl cyanide molecules link together to form cell-like membranes, not unlike the basis for organisms on Earth.
|
|
Caught in striking detail, the sun's face is divided into "kernels": cell-like structures, each about the size of Texas, that carry heat from the inside of the sun to the outside.
|
|
At 9 AM every morning, the small, cell-like room I had would be opened by Peter—a signal that it was time to leave my room for no less than two hours.
|
|
Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state, and those cells in the vaccine had antigens similar to those in the cancers.
|
|
Off the colonnade there are dozens of cell-like rooms, traditionally stacked to the rafters with thousands of bowls, tureens and urns in steel, brass or colored enamel — dowry offerings handed down through generations.
|
|
Each of the roiling cell-like structures in this captivating snapshot represent an area the size of Texas, and are shaped by convective processes inside the star as well as the intense solar magnetic field.
|
|
At the end of this brassy jubilee, however, she escapes only briefly to the grounds outside, before returning in a daze to her cell-like room, escorted by eerie black-robed ministrants with mirrors for faces.
|
|
In the early '80s this beekeeping PhD started thinking about the business end of the TCR—the part that extends out through the surface of the T cell like a grabby protein antenna and "sees" specific antigen targets.
|
|
THOMAS BAYRLE In a career spanning 50 years, the German artist Thomas Bayrle has explored the intersection of technology and biology, particularly in his paintings and digital images called "super-forms," composed of smaller cell-like pictures and patterns.
|
|
In the video "NoNoseKnows," a worker in a pearl factory in China pedals a wheel, which powers a fan that blows pollen into the nose of a hayfeverish woman in a cell-like office in some part of America.
|
|
After studying spectroscopic data collected by the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub millimeter Array (ALMA) in northern Chile, researchers are now reporting that Titan's atmosphere is rife with vinyl cyanide, a molecule that could, in theory, form "cell-like" membranes under the moon's unique environmental conditions.
|
|
In the document, he said he was fleeing quickly, and that if the situation continued to drag out he could "end up in a cell" like Salah Abdeslam, the sole surviving alleged perpetrator in the Paris attacks, who was arrested in Belgium on Friday.
|
|
"Untitled" (1999) by Leonardo Drew presents an abstracted geography, with one half of the large-scale wall hanging constructed of hundreds of cell-like openings stuffed with cotton, and the other half comprised of mirroring cells made primarily of discarded wood and rusty industrial materials of indeterminate origin.
|
|
Performed in modern dress within a cell-like space containing buckets labeled "water" and "blood," the production starts near the end of the expansive original and compresses an incident-packed narrative into 100 minutes performed by a gender-blind, stern-faced cast of eight, many of whom take multiple roles.
|
|
But that's because instead of using a single large cell (like the iPhone 22365 battery case's 26,21877mAh battery or the iPhone 163 case's 216,25mAh), Apple is using two battery cells wired in series, which keeps the net amperage the same but lets it boost the voltage to 200V, dramatically higher than the estimated 3.8V that the older cases output power at.
|
|
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 84 (1978), no. 5, pp. 832–866.J. W. Cannon, Shrinking cell-like decompositions of manifolds.
|
|
In certain model systems, it has been shown that the daughter cells of stem cell-like progenitor cells which come from the primitive streak or site of gastrulation migrate out and localize in the posterior paraxial mesoderm. As the primitive streak regresses and somites bud off anteriorly, new cells derived from these stem-cell like precursors constantly enter the posterior end of the paraxial mesoderm.
|
|
In vitro compartmentalization method was first developed by Tawfik et al.Tawfik, D.S. and A.D. Griffiths, Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution. Nat Biotechnol, 1998. 16(7): p. 652–6.
|
|
Three groups of buildings were found to the northwest of the harbor. The rectangular construction and organization of rooms into a cell-like pattern indicated the buildings served as dwelling places.
|
|
Thus, the Old City of Aleppo — composed of the ancient city within the walls and the old cell-like quarters outside the walls – has an approximate area of housing more than 120,000 residents.
|
|
Micrograph of a goblet cell carcinoid. H&E; stain. GCCs are diagnosed by pathology. They have a characteristic biphasic appearance which includes (1) goblet cell-like cells, and (2) neuroendocrine-type nuclear chromatin (stippled chromatin).
|
|
This is due to a unique feature of spumaviruses in which the onset of reverse transcription of genomic RNA occurs before release rather than after entry of the new host cell like in other retroviruses.
|
|
A Wigner–Seitz cell, like any primitive cell, is a fundamental domain for the discrete translation symmetry of the lattice. The primitive cell of the reciprocal lattice in momentum space is called the Brillouin zone.
|
|
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a type of high-grade NHL which is the most common type of NHL worldwide at affecting 30-40 percent of all NHL cases. It is more prevalent in elderly patients with a median age of 70 years. Patients most often present with a rapidly growing tumor mass in single or multiple, nodal or extranodal sites. The most commonly diagnosed versions of DLBCL are germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and activated B-cell like (ABC) subtypes.
|
|
These researchers produced primordial germ cell-like cells (PGLCs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and skin cells in vitro. Hayashi and Saitou's group was able to promote the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into PGCs with the use of precise timing and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4). Upon succeeding with embryonic stem cells, the group was able to successfully promote the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into PGLCs. These primordial germ cell-like cells were then used to create spermatozoa and oocytes.
|
|
Structure of a micelle, a cell-like structure formed by the aggregation of soap subunits (such as sodium stearate): The exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic (attracted to water) and the interior is lipophilic (attracted to oils).
|
|
Jeewanu (Sanskrit for "particles of life") are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure and seem to have some functional properties; that is, they are a model of primitive cells, or protocells. It was first synthesised by Krishna Bahadur (20 January 1926 — 5 August 1994), an Indian chemist and his team in 1963. Using photochemical reaction, they produced coacervates, microscopic cell-like spheres from a mixture of simple organic and inorganic compounds. Bahadur named these particles 'Jeewanu' because they exhibit some of the basic properties of a cell, such as the presence of semipermeable membrane, amino acids, phospholipids and carbohydrates.
|
|
Based on the low mutation rates observed in large, long-lived individuals, A. gallica appears to have an especially stable genome. It has also been hypothesized that genetic stability may result from self-renewing mycelial repositories of nuclei with stem cell-like properties.
|
|
A diagram illustrating the distinction between cancer stem cell targeted and conventional cancer therapies Scientists have discovered a molecule on the surface of tumors that appears to promote drug resistance—by converting the tumor cells back into a stem cell-like state. When the tumor cells began to exhibit drug resistance, the cells were simultaneously transforming into a stem cell-like state, which made them impervious to the drugs. It appeared that the treatment itself was driving this transformation by activating a specific molecular pathway. Luckily, several existing drugs, such as Bortezomib for example, can attack this pathway and reverse the cellular transformation, thus ‘re-sensitizing’ the tumor to treatment.
|
|
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are somatic cells that have been reprogrammed into a stem cell-like state by the introduction of four factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc). iPS cells have the ability to self-renew indefinitely and contribute to all three germ layers when implanted into a blastocyst or use in teratoma formation. Early development of iPS cell lines were not efficient, as they yielded up to 5% of somatic cells successfully reprogrammed into a stem cell- like state. By using immortalized somatic cells (differentiated cells with hTERT upregulated), iPS cell reprogramming was increased by twentyfold compared to reprogramming using mortal cells.
|
|
Differentiation therapy is an approach to treating advanced cancers in which malignant cells are encouraged to differentiate into more mature forms using pharmacological agents. The basis of the therapy stems from the tendency of malignant tumor cells to assume a less specialized, stem cell-like dedifferentiated state.
|
|
There are often large ganglion cell- like rhabdomyoblasts showing prominent nucleoli within nuclei that show vesicular chromatin distribution. Another population includes strap-like rhabdomyoblasts with darkly staining pink cytoplasm. Nearly all tumors show short to more sweeping fascicles of spindled rhabdomyoblasts. The tumor cells may infiltrate into adjacent skeletal muscle or fat.
|
|
A view from theBediüzzaman Museum inside the Rüstem Pasha Medrese. In October 2012, Bediüzzaman Museum () was established inside the medrese building occupying two chambers, one of which is a former cell-like student room. It is dedicated to the life and work of the Kurdish Sunni Muslim theologian Said Nursî (1877–1960).
|
|
Age is negatively correlated with clinical effectiveness. CD8+ T cells can exist in a stem cell–like state, capable of clonal proliferation. Human T memory stem cells express a gene program that enables them to proliferate extensively and differentiate into other T cell populations. CD4+ T cells can also promote tumor rejection.
|
|
They were given the name “cytokine-induced killer” because cultivation with certain cytokines is mandatory for the maturation into terminally differentiated CIK cells. Several sources also call them natural killer cell-like T cells due to their close relationship to NK cells. Others propose to classify CIK cells as subset of NKT cells.
|
|
At the same time Ickx brought the pursuing Ferrari in with a split fuel cell like its sister-car had had earlier, costing 25 minutes and six laps to repair. But an hour later the Matra's starter motor failed in a regular pit-stop costing 20 minutes, and it was even once again.
|
|
In 1792 Pinel became the chief physician at the Bicêtre Hospital in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, near Paris. Before his arrival, inmates were chained in cramped cell-like rooms where there was poor ventilation, led by a man named Jackson 'Brutis' Taylor. Jackson was then killed by the inmates leading to Pinel's leadership.
|
|
The reactivation of hTERT, and subsequently telomerase, in human iPS cells has been used as an indication of pluripotency and reprogramming to an ES (embryonic stem) cell-like state when using mortal cells. Reprogrammed cells that do not express sufficient hTERT levels enter a quiescent state following a number of replications depending on the length of the telomeres while maintaining stem cell-like abilities to differentiate. Reactivation of TERT activity can be achieved using only three of the four reprogramming factors described by Takahashi and Yamanaka: To be specific, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4 are essential, whereas c-Myc is not. However, this study was done with cells containing endogenous levels of c-Myc that may have been sufficient for reprogramming.
|
|
It may require millions of photons to bring a single electron from one electrode to the other. As thickness increases, the current goes down as much as the voltage goes up. In some cases, the current has different signs depending on the light polarization. This would not occur in an ordinary solar cell like silicon.
|
|
A leptoid' is a type of elongated food-conducting cell like phloem in the stems of some mosses, such as the family Polytrichaceae. They surround strands of water-conducting hydroids. They have some structural and developmental similarities to the sieve elements of seedless vascular plants. At maturity they have inclined end cell walls with small pores and degenerate nuclei.
|
|
The tips of these tufts enclose a flame-cell like those found in flatworms and other animals, and these probably function as excretory organs. As the animals mature, diverticula arise on the tubes of these organs, which develop either spermatozoa or ova. These sex cells pass out through the ducts. The perigenital area of the genus Tubiluchus exhibit sexual dimorphism.
|
|
In the center of the courtyard,a a shadirvan with pyramid-like roof is situated. The courtyard is surrounded by colonnaded verandas in front of 22 student rooms and classrooms covered by domes. The student rooms are cell-like while classrooms are relative bigger chambers. The chambers are one step higher than the veranda ground, and are entered by a flat-arch door.
|
|
Municipality of Katwijk. URL accessed 11 June 2006. There were also large communities of Collegiants in other places, for instance in Amsterdam and Hoorn. The Amsterdam college was founded in 1646 by Adam Boreel as a spiritualist cell, like those of Sebastian Franck and Kaspar Schwenkfeld, but Daniel De Breen, a Leiden-educated Remonstrant theologian, brought the college in line with Rijinsburger principles.
|
|
The maintained cell lines after this differentiation event are largely dependent on PRC2. Without it, pluripotency genes will still be active, causing the cells to be unstable and reversion back to a stem cell-like stage where the cell would have to undergo differentiation again in order to return to its normal state. Properly differentiated cells have silenced pluripotency genes.
|
|
A struggle ensues between Ragheb and Halsey, until Kharis intervenes. The creature, sensing Ragheb's betrayal, advances on his former ally. Locking himself inside a cell-like room, Ragheb is powerless to do anything but watch as Kharis literally brings down the walls on the two of them. Halsey, Betty and the rest find the mummified remains of Ananka in the adjoining room.
|
|
A ganglion mother cell (GMC) is the cell derived from the division of a neuroblast in the Drosophila central nervous system. The neuroblast divides to produce two cells, a progenitor cell like the mother neuroblast and a GMC that will divide to produce neurons. The mother neuroblast divides along the apical-basal axis, with Numb localizing basally and ending up in the GMC.
|
|
Zinc finger protein PLAGL2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLAGL2 gene. Zinc finger protein PLAGL2 is a zinc finger protein that recognizes DNA and/or RNA. The gene has seen in gliomas to suppress cellular differentiation and thus encourage cells to become more stem cell like. Such plasticity is seen in glioma cells, together with the ignorance to differentiation factors.
|
|
The amniotic layer of the umbilical cord lining has been shown to contain a large population of epithelial stem cells (EpSC). These cord lining EpSC exhibit classical pluripotent stem cell markers such as SSEA-4, Oct-4, SOX2 and Nanog.Huang, L. (2011). Stem cell-like properties of human umbilical cord lining epithelial cells and the potential for epidermal reconstitution. Cytotherapy, 13(2), 145-155.
|
|
A side population (SP) in flow cytometry is a sub-population of cells that is distinct from the main population on the basis of the markers employed. By definition, cells in a side population have distinguishing biological characteristics (for example, they may exhibit stem cell-like characteristics), but the exact nature of this distinction depends on the markers used in identifying the side population.
|
|
Most archaea (but not Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma) possess a cell wall. In most archaea the wall is assembled from surface-layer proteins, which form an S-layer. An S-layer is a rigid array of protein molecules that cover the outside of the cell (like chain mail). This layer provides both chemical and physical protection, and can prevent macromolecules from contacting the cell membrane.
|
|
NGN3+ cells isolated from cultured exocrine tissue by coexpressed cell surface glycoprotein CD133 have a transcriptome consistent with exocrine dedifferentiation, a phenotype that resembles endocrine progenitor cells during development, and a capacity for endocrine differentiation in vitro. Human and rodent exocrine cells have been reprogrammed into cells with an islet cell-like phenotype following direct expression of NGN3 or manipulation that leads to its expression.
|
|
Over- expression of hTERT in stem cells changes the properties of the cells. hTERT over-expression increases the stem cell properties of human mesenchymal stem cells. The expression profile of mesenchymal stem cells converges towards embryonic stem cells, suggesting that these cells may have embryonic stem cell-like properties. However, it has been observed that mesenchymal stem cells undergo decreased levels of spontaneous differentiation.
|
|
A BiTE linking a T cell to a tumor cell. Like other bispecific antibodies, and unlike ordinary monoclonal antibodies, solitumab forms a link between T cells and its target tumor cell antigen. This causes T cells to exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by producing proteins like perforin and granzymes, independently of the presence of MHC I or co-stimulatory molecules. These proteins enter tumor cells and initiate the cell's apoptosis.
|
|
In November 1569, Mary, Queen of Scots was detained in Caesar's Tower, by which time St. Mary's Guildhall had been built onto it. The room in which she was detained is disputed. A room in Caesar's Tower nicknamed the "Mary Queen of Scots" was originally thought to be the location due to its cell-like appearance however it is likely she was held in the " Old Mayoress's Parlour".
|
|
In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) is an emulsion-based technology that generates cell-like compartments in vitro. These compartments are designed such that each contains no more than one gene. When the gene is transcribed and/or translated, its products (RNAs and/or proteins) become 'trapped' with the encoding gene inside the compartment. By coupling the genotype (DNA) and phenotype (RNA, protein), compartmentalization allows the selection and evolution of phenotype.
|
|
Trends Biotechnol, 2006. 24(12): p. 587-92. Some combinations of surfactants used to generate oil-surfactant mixture are mineral oil / 0.5% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / sodium deoxycholateTawfik, D.S. and A.D. Griffiths, Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution. Nat Biotechnol, 1998. 16(7): p. 652-6. and a more heat stable version, light mineral oil / 0.4% Tween 80 / 4.5% Span 80 / 0.05% Triton X-100.
|
|
The upper floors contained the bedrooms, mainly singles and doubles, without bathrooms. The rather cell-like singles were very narrow, just wide enough to contain the bed and room to use the wash basin. Beyond the bed there was a chair and small table, a closet and the window. Even the inner rooms had natural light as they opened onto the central court, whose triangular shape prevented direct overlook.
|
|
Researchers have obtained some success in inducing stem cell-like properties in HEK 239 cells by providing a soft matrix without the use of diffusing factors. The stem-cell properties appear to be linked to tension in the cells' actin network. One identified mechanism for matrix- induced differentiation is tension-induced proteins, which remodel chromatin in response to mechanical stretch. The RhoA pathway is also implicated in this process.
|
|
For example, enzymes in a metabolic pathway can be inhibited by downstream products. This type of negative feedback slows the production line when products begin to build up and is an important way to maintain homeostasis in a cell. Other cellular enzyme inhibitors are proteins that specifically bind to and inhibit an enzyme target. This can help control enzymes that may be damaging to a cell, like proteases or nucleases.
|
|
A BiTE linking a T cell to a tumor cell. Like other bispecific antibodies, and unlike ordinary monoclonal antibodies, BiTEs form a link between T cells and tumor cells. This causes T cells to exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by producing proteins like perforin and granzymes, independently of the presence of MHC I or co-stimulatory molecules. These proteins enter tumor cells and initiate the cell's apoptosis.
|
|
Biopsy of involved tissues various patterns (e.g. diffuse throughout lymph node, centered between the follicles of lymph nodes, and/or a nodules spread throughout the lymph node) lymphocyte infiltration. These patterns are similar to those seen in EMZL MALT lymphomas. The cells in these infiltrations ore, in varying proportions, small lymphocytes, marginal zone-like B-cells, centrocyte-like cells, monocyte-like cells, plasma cell-like cells, and in >20% of cases large blastic B-cells.
|
|
According to Mojo contributor Tom Doyle, the song's lyrics, recalled through memory following the robbery of the band's demo tapes for the Band on the Run album, were altered to reflect on the band's then- current status, "stuck inside the four walls of the small, cell-like studio, faced with grim uncertainty." "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five", the closing track of the Band on the Run album, concludes with a brief excerpt of the chorus.
|
|
Based on the idea that Darwinian evolution relies on the linkage of genotype to phenotype, Tawfik et al. designed aqueous compartments of water- in-oil (w/o) emulsions to mimic cellular compartments that can link genotype and phenotype. Emulsions of cell-like compartments were formed by adding in vitro transcription/translation reaction mixture to stirred mineral oil containing surfactants. The mean droplet diameter was measured to be 2.6 um by laser diffraction.
|
|
This was used to revert these cells into stem cell-like structures that did not differentiate, and therefore did not have a specified fate (allows cells to become almost any cell within the organism). Next, they wanted to test whether or not hematopoietic progenitors (HPs) would derive from the reprogrammed iPS cells and correct the sickle cell phenotype. Through many tests, they verified that the HPs had derived from the iPS cells.
|
|
This is because the printer is able to create precise patterning with little waste. Some inkjet solar cells use the material CIGS which has more solar efficiency than the traditional silicon solar panels. Using CIGS makes it very important to have little waste due to how rare some of the materials in it are. This method is also environmentally friendly because it does not require the use of toxic chemicals to prepare the solar cell like other methods do.
|
|
Hematopoietic stem cells are an example of multipotency. When they differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells, they lose potency and become oligopotent cells with the ability to give rise to all cells of its lineage. Multipotency describes progenitor cells which have the gene activation potential to differentiate into discrete cell types. For example, a multipotent blood stem cell —and this cell type can differentiate itself into several types of blood cell like lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, etc.
|
|
Among the other members of zygomycetes, Apophysomyces elegans mostly resembles those from genus Absidia. However, its bell-shaped (although not conical) apophyses (outgrowth), the existence of its foot-cell like hyphal segment, rhizoids produced opposite to the sporangiophores upon cultivation on plain agar, the darker and thicker subapical segment, and inability to sporulate on routine culture media help in distinguishing Apophysomyces elegans.Davise H. Larone, "Medically Important Fungi - A Guide to Identification", 3rd ed. (1995). (ASM Press, Washington, D.C.).
|
|
Efforts toward "wet" artificial life focus on engineering live minimal cells from living bacteria Mycoplasma laboratorium and in building non-living biochemical cell-like systems from scratch. In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new synthetic (possibly artificial) form of viable life, a variant of the bacteria Escherichia coli, by reducing the natural number of 64 codons in the bacterial genome to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 amino acids.
|
|
She finally confessed but was found guilty of conspiring to murder by the use of witchcraft and was sentenced to be strangled and burned. On 16 December 1594 she was executed despite having retracted her confession. The majority of trials were held in St Magnus Cathedral. Prisoners may also have been held captive in the Cathedral; a roofed cell-like area, often referred to as Marwick's-hole, is set between the side wall and the south transept chapel.
|
|
Membrane computing investigates computing models abstracted from the compartmentalized structure of living cells effected by membranes.Paun, G. Membrane Computing: An Introduction. Springer, 2002 A generic membrane system (P-system) consists of cell-like compartments (regions) delimited by membranes, that are placed in a nested hierarchical structure. Each membrane-enveloped region contains objects, transformation rules which modify these objects, as well as transfer rules, which specify whether the objects will be transferred outside or stay inside the region.
|
|
The first malignant cell, that gives rise to the tumor, is often labeled a cancer stem cell. The cancer stem-cell hypothesis relies on the fact that a lot of tumors are heterogeneous – the cells in the tumor vary by phenotype and functions. Current research shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells. in general, there is a small population of cells in the tumor – about 0.2%–1% – that exhibits stem cell-like properties.
|
|
In contrast to normal cells, a striking characteristic of cancer cells is the remarkable degree of phenotypic plasticity they exhibit. For example, cancer cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that plays important roles in their survival, proliferation, and development of resistance to therapeutic treatments,Weinberg RA. The biology of cancer. New York: Garland Science (2007). or switch to a phenotype that mimics stem cell-like features – the so- called Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) or Tumour-initiating Cells.
|
|
In geometric topology, the double suspension theorem of James W. Cannon () and Robert D. Edwards states that the double suspension S2X of a homology sphere X is a topological sphere.Robert D. Edwards, "Suspensions of homology spheres" (2006) ArXiv (reprint of private, unpublished manuscripts from the 1970's)Robert D. Edwards, "The topology of manifolds and cell-like maps", Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Helsinki, 1978 ed. O. Lehto, Acad. Sci. Fenn (1980) pp 111-127.
|
|
Similarly, SNAIL also confers resistance to paclitaxel, adriamycin and radiotherapy by inhibiting p53-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, inflammation, that has been associated with the progression of cancer and fibrosis, was recently shown to be related to cancer through inflammation-induced EMT. Consequently, EMT enables cells to gain a migratory phenotype, as well as induce multiple immunosuppression, drug resistance, evasion of apoptosis mechanisms. Some evidence suggests that cells that undergo EMT gain stem cell- like properties, thus giving rise to Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs).
|
|
While trying to protect Android 17 and 18 from Cell, he is greatly damaged, though Bulma and her father later repair him. After he is repaired, he temporarily ignores his orders to kill Goku to focus on the fight against Cell. Like 17 and 18, 16 was designed with the ability to self-destruct, but the device was removed during his repairs. This is made known only when 16 tries to self-destruct and destroy Cell, with Cell retaliating and destroying him.
|
|
As the hyphae of the Hartig net region become more densely packed, they press against the cell walls of the plant's root cells. Often the fungal and plant cell walls become almost indistinguishable where they meet, making it easy for nutrients to be shared. In many ectomycorrhizas the Hartig net hyphae lack internal divisions, creating a multinuclear transfer cell-like structure that facilitates interhyphal transport. The hyphae have a high concentration of organelles responsible for energy and protein production (mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum) at their tips.
|
|
400px Many types of cancer cells carry EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) on their surface. By binding to such a cell via one arm, to a T lymphocyte via the other arm and to an antigen-presenting cell like a macrophage, a natural killer cell or a dendritic cell via the heavy chains, an immunological reaction against the cancer cell is triggered. Removing cancer cells from the abdominal cavity reduces the tumour burden which is seen as the cause for ascites in people with cancer.
|
|
Neurogenin 3 (NGN3) is expressed by 2-10% of acinar and duct cells in the histologically normal adult human pancreas. NGN3+ cells isolated from cultured exocrine tissue by coexpressed cell surface glycoprotein CD133 have a transcriptome consistent with exocrine dedifferentiation, a phenotype that resembles endocrine progenitor cells during development, and a capacity for endocrine differentiation in vitro. Human and rodent exocrine cells have been reprogrammed into cells with an islet cell-like phenotype following direct expression of NGN3 or manipulation that leads to its expression.
|
|
Martin tramped the streets of Southwark in a ragged frock coat helping the poor of the borough, lodging in the same small cell-like room for 48 years and subsisting mainly on bread and margarine. Having lived for many years in apparent penury, on his death left a considerable estate, leaving £1000 to St John's College to provide assistance for students from Cornwall reading for Holy Orders and the residue to the Bishop of Southwark and the Mayor for the poor of that borough.
|
|
Recent studies suggest that tTG also plays a role in inflammation and tumor biology. tTG expression is elevated in multiple cancer cell types and is implicated in drug resistance and metastasis due to its ability to promote mesenchymal transition and stem cell like properties. In its GTP bound form, tTG contributes to cancer cell survival and appears to be a cancer driver. tTG is upregulated in cancer cells and tissues in many cancer types, including leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer and cervical cancer.
|
|
The trapped particles are usually micron-sized, or smaller. Dielectric and absorbing particles can be trapped, too. Optical tweezers are used in biology and medicine (for example to grab and hold a single bacterium or cell like a sperm cell, blood cell or DNA), nanoengineering and nanochemistry (to study and build materials from single molecules), quantum optics and quantum optomechanics (to study the interaction of single particles with light). The development of optical tweezing by Arthur Ashkin was lauded with the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics.
|
|
The smaller cell, like all the other dervish cells on the qibla wing, has a crenel window, fireplace and cabinet niche and has the dimensions of . In contrast, the qibla cells are smaller than the cells on the west side and have a square plan (). Courtyard At the east wing, except the ones at the corner, the cells have the same width with the cells on the south wing. Like the others, the cells are covered with cradle vaults from inside and with grooved bricks outside.
|
|
In the late 1930s August Pfund used a triple-pass cell like the one shown above for atmospheric study. The cell, which became known as the Pfund cell, is constructed using two identical spherical mirrors, each having a hole carefully machined into its center. The separation distance between the mirrors is equal to the mirror focal length. A source enters from a hole in either mirror, is redirected twice at two reflection points, and then exits the cell through the other mirror on the third pass.
|
|
He visited Modena and Ferrara on a mule and travelled with a cross in his hands. He slept on the pavement and in other places like the homeless did and he let his hair become wild and his beard grow. He spent his last months in a basement that he transformed into a cell like those in convents. Morbioli fell ill and refused each kind of relief to help him recover but his refusal led to his peaceful death on the basement floor on 9 November 1485.
|
|
Preliminary studies demonstrated that gephyronic acid inhibited growth of yeast and molds as well as elicited a cytostatic effect through the inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis in mammalian cell cultures. Feeding experiments done with radioactive precursors showed a drastic difference in incorporation of leucine by a human leukemic cell like K-562, but little difference in the incorporation of uridine and thymidine. This suggested that the primary target of gephyronic acid is protein synthesis. As such, it is a potential target for cancer chemotherapy.
|
|
Zhang, et al., also report highly efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into induced neural stem cell-like cells (ciNSLCs) using a cocktail of nine components. Multiple methods of direct transformation of somatic cells into induced neural stem cells have been described. Proof of principle experiments demonstrate that it is possible to convert transplanted human fibroblasts and human astrocytes directly in the brain that are engineered to express inducible forms of neural reprogramming genes, into neurons, when reprogramming genes (Ascl1, Brn2a and Myt1l) are activated after transplantation using a drug.
|
|
Oct-4 is one of the transcription factors used to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), together with Sox2, Klf4 and often c-Myc (OSKM) in mouse, demonstrating its capacity to induce an embryonic stem cell-like state. These factors are often referred to as "Yamanaka reprogramming factors". This reprogramming effect has also been seen with the Thomson reprogramming factors, reverting human fibroblast cells to iPSCs through Oct-4, along with Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. The use of Thomson reprogramming factors avoids the need to overexpress c-Myc, an oncogene.
|
|
Large B cell immunoblasts and occasional Reed-Sternberg cell-like B cells may also occupy these lesions. In 50–60% of FTCL, one or more of these B cell types, but not the malignant TFH cells, are infected with EBV, apparently in a latency II stage. Diagnosis of FTCLL depends on clinical and laboratory findings, the pathology of the lesions, and identification in lymph nodes, skin, or other lesions of TFH cells as defined by their expression of appropriate marker proteins (e.g. PD-1, ICOS, CXCL13, CXCR5, and TOX).
|
|
Supposedly there was a tunnel between the house and the river bank. There is a "bricked-over doorway in the basement and a cell-like hole under the south portion of the house." John Brown stayed in nearby Springdale where his raid on Harper's Ferry was planned, and there were a number of other houses in the area that were also believed to be stops. A stage coach line between Davenport and Iowa City passed through Rochester and the house was an overnight stop for stage passengers after the Rochester Bridge was completed in 1880.
|
|
Hülle cells from a single cleistothecium. Scale bar is 10 µm Eduard Eidam first described Hülle cells in 1883 where he termed Hülle cells as a “Blasenhülle” or bubble envelope (Eidam 1883). In different species, Hülle cell like structures are known such as in Candida albicans which produce at the very end of the hyphae globose blisters named chlamydospores (Navarathna et al., 2016). Eidam suggested that Hülle cells originate from the tip of “secondary hyphae” which in turn emerge from “primary hyphae” and develop as a consequence of a swelling process.
|
|
In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells. Generally, tissue- resident macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis and the uptake of apoptotic bodies. However, Langerhans cells can also take on a dendritic cell- like phenotype and migrate to lymph nodes to interact with naive T-cells. Langerhans cells derive from primitive erythro-myeloid progenitors that arise in the yolk sac outside the embryo in the first trimester of pregnancy, and under normal circumstances persist throughout life, being replenished by local proliferation as necessary.
|
|
The mechanism of CIK cells is distinctive from that of natural killer cells or LAK cells because they can lyse cells that NK cells and LAK cells cannot. CIK cells have, as a key feature, a double T-cell and NK cell-like phenotype. This unique combination of T-cell and NK-cell capabilities exerts a potent and widely MHC- unrestricted anti-tumor cytotoxicity against a broad range of cancer cells. Up to now the exact mechanisms of tumor recognition and targeted cytotoxicity of CIK cells is not fully understood.
|
|
Lastly, in 1914, Walcott reported "minute cells and chains of cell- like bodies" belonging to Precambrian purple bacteria.Walcott's contributions are described by J. William Schopf (1999) on pages 23 to 31. Another good source is E. L. Yochelson (1997), Charles Doolittle Walcott: Paleontologist (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press). Later 20th-century paleobiologists have also figured prominently in finding Archaean and Proterozoic eon microfossils: In 1954, Stanley A. Tyler and Elso S. Barghoorn described 2.1 billion-year-old cyanobacteria and fungi-like microflora at their Gunflint Chert fossil site.
|
|
Rhodelphis is a single-celled archaeplastid that lives in aquatic environments and is the sister group to red algae. While red algae have no flagellated stages and are generally photoautotrophic, Rhodelphis is a flagellated predator containing a non-photosynthetic plastid. This group is important to the understanding of plastid evolution because they provide insight into the morphology and biochemistry of early archaeplastids. Rhodelphis contains a remnant plastid that is not capable of photosynthesis, but may play a role in biochemical pathways in the cell like heme synthesis and iron-sulfur clustering.
|
|
ESCs are the connective tissue cells of the endometrium that are fibroblastic in appearance. However, decidualization causes them to swell up and adopt an epithelial cell-like appearance due to the accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. Furthermore, they begin secreting cytokines, growth factors, and proteins like IGFBP1 and prolactin, along with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin and laminin. The increased production of these ECM proteins turns the endometrium into the dense structure known as the decidua, which produces factors that promote trophoblast attachment and inhibit overly aggressive invasion.
|
|
These uplands have a number of gorges and other natural attractions. The Pilbara contains some of the world's oldest surface rocks, including the ancient fossilised remains known as stromatolites and rocks such as granites that are more than three billion years old. In 2007, some of the oldest evidence of life on Earth was found in 3.4 billion-year-old sandstones at Strelley Pool, which preserve fossils of sulfur-processing bacteria. The mineralized spheres, which were found on an ancient beach and have a cell-like morphology, were chemically analysed, revealing that they used sulfur for fuel.
|
|
The inside of the Burnhams' home was shot at a house close to Interstate 405 and Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles; the inside of the Fitts' home was shot in the city's Hancock Park neighborhood. Ricky's bedroom was designed to be cell-like to suggest his "monkish" personality, while at the same time blending with the high-tech equipment to reflect his voyeuristic side. The production deliberately minimized the use of red, as it was an important thematic signature elsewhere. The Burnhams' home uses cool blues, while the Fitts' is kept in a "depressed military palette".
|
|
Carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell carboxypeptidase A), also known as CPA3, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the CPA3 gene. The "CPA3" gene expression has only been detected in mast cells and mast-cell-like lines, and CPA3 is located in secretory granules. CPA3 is one of 8-9 members of the A/B subfamily that includes the well-studied pancreatic enzymes carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1), carboxypeptidase A2 (CPA2), and carboxypeptidase B. This subfamily includes 6 carboxypeptidase A-like enzymes, numbered 1-6. The enzyme now called CPA3 was originally named mast cell carboxypeptidase A, and another protein was initially called CPA3.
|
|
Surfactant molecules arranged on an air – water interface Jeewanu protocells are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure and seem to have some functional living properties. First synthesized in 1963 from simple minerals and basic organics while exposed to sunlight, it is still reported to have some metabolic capabilities, the presence of semipermeable membrane, amino acids, phospholipids, carbohydrates and RNA-like molecules. However, the nature and properties of the Jeewanu remains to be clarified. In a similar synthesis experiment a frozen mixture of water, methanol, ammonia and carbon monoxide was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
|
|
Fox observed in the 1960s that the proteinoids that he had synthesized could form cell-like structures that have been named "proteinoid microspheres". The amino acids had combined to form proteinoids, and the proteinoids had combined to form small globules that Fox called "microspheres". His proteinoids were not cells, although they formed clumps and chains reminiscent of cyanobacteria, but they contained no functional nucleic acids or any encoded information. Based upon such experiments, Colin Pittendrigh stated in 1967 that "laboratories will be creating a living cell within ten years," a remark that reflected the typical contemporary naivety about the complexity of cell structures.
|
|
Besides recognition via TCR/CD3, NK-cell- like tumor recognition is mediated by cell-cell contact-dependent NKG2D, DNAM-1 and NKp30. These receptors and surface markers confer the capability of acting against cells that do not display the major histocompatibility complex, as has been shown by the ability to cause lysis in non-immunogenic, allogeneic and syngeneic tumors. Particularly solid and hematologic tumor cells tend to overexpress NKG2D ligands, making them a sought target of CIK cell-mediated cytolysis. Recognition is specific to tumor and virus infected cells as CIK cells do not display activity against healthy cells.
|
|
The new quarter known as al-Jdayde is one of the finest examples of a cell-like quarter in Aleppo. After Tamerlane invaded Aleppo in 1400 and destroyed it, the Christians migrated out of the city walls and established their own cell in 1420, at the northwestern suburbs of the city, thus founding the quarters of al-Jdayde. The inhabitants of the new quarters were mainly brokers who facilitated trade between foreign traders and local merchants. As a result of the economic development, many other quarters were established outside the walls of the ancient city during the 15th and 16th centuries.
|
|
Researchers in the Netherlands have succeeded in building nanoreactors that can perform one-pot multistep reactions - the next step towards artificial cell-like devices in addition for applications involving the screening and diagnosis of a disease or illness.Another nanotechnology example of mimicking nature: nanoreactors for one-pot multistep reactions at NanoWerk A biochemical nanoreactor is created simply by unwrapping a biological virus through scientific methods, eliminating its harmful contents, and re-assembling its protein coat around a single molecule of enzyme.Viral nanoreactor captures single molecules at RSC.org The kinetic isotope effect is trapped in a single molecule within a membrane-based nanoreactor.
|
|
Anti-IL-6 therapy was initially developed for treatment of autoimmune diseases, but due to the role of IL-6 in chronic inflammation, IL-6 blockade was also evaluated for cancer treatment. IL-6 was seen to have roles in tumor microenvironment regulation, production of breast cancer stem cell- like cells, metastasis through down-regulation of E-cadherin, and alteration of DNA methylation in oral cancer. Advanced/metastatic cancer patients have higher levels of IL-6 in their blood. One example of this is pancreatic cancer, with noted elevation of IL-6 present in patients correlating with poor survival rates.
|
|
Upon transfection by activated Ras, a subpopulation of cells exhibiting the putative stem cell markers CD44high/CD24low increases with the concomitant induction of EMT. Also, ZEB1 is capable of conferring stem cell-like properties, thus strengthening the relationship between EMT and stemness. Thus, EMT may present increased danger to cancer patients, as EMT not only enables the carcinoma cells to enter the bloodstream, but also endows them with properties of stemness which increases tumorigenic and proliferative potential. However, recent studies have further shifted the primary effects of EMT away from invasion and metastasis, toward resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
|
|
These features enabled both continuity as well as a high- degree of resistance to infiltration by the state intelligence apparatus. Aspinall also credited GAM's resilience on the cell-like structure at the lower levels. At the levels below the regional military commander (panglima wilayah) were units commanded by junior commanders (panglima muda) and even lower level commanders (panglima sagoe and ulee sagoe) who did not know the identities of their counterparts in neighbouring regions and only knew those directly above them. These allowed GAM to survive as an organisation despite the suppression efforts of the Indonesian state.
|
|
Cells were first seen in 17th century Europe with the invention of the compound microscope. In 1665, Robert Hooke termed the building block of all living organisms as "cells" after looking at a piece of cork and observing a cell-like structure, however, the cells were dead and gave no indication to the actual overall components of a cell. A few years later, in 1674, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to analyze live cells in his examination of algae. All of this preceded the cell theory which states that all living things are made up of cells and that cells are the functional and structural unit of organisms.
|
|
One can continue adding 10-cell rings adjacent to the previous ones, but it's more instructive to construct a second torus, disjoint from the one above, from the remaining 60 cells, that interlocks with the first. The 120-cell, like the 3-sphere, is the union of these two (Clifford) tori. If the center ring of the first torus is a meridian great circle as defined above, the center ring of the second torus is the equatorial great circle that is centered on the meridian circle. Also note that the spiraling shell of 50 cells around a center ring can be either left handed or right handed.
|
|
It has been found that histone demethylation occurs at the site of the amputation, switching the zebrafish's cells to an "active", regenerative, stem cell-like state. In 2012, Australian scientists published a study revealing that zebrafish use a specialised protein, known as fibroblast growth factor, to ensure their spinal cords heal without glial scarring after injury. In addition, hair cells of the posterior lateral line have also been found to regenerate following damage or developmental disruption. Study of gene expression during regeneration has allowed for the identification of several important signaling pathways involved in the process, such as Wnt signaling and Fibroblast growth factor.
|
|
Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 4 #21 After kidnapping the 616 Gwen, Kaine informs Anna Maria Marconi that if they do not stop The Jackal and Miles Warren, "Peter Parker is the man who destroys the world". Unfortunately, he ends up being captured by The Jackal to be experimented on by him. However, due to Doctor Octopus' conflict with the Jackal for infecting Anna Maria with cloning cells and unintentionally activating kill switch that will kill all resurrected people and the clones' cloned body including Kaine and The Jackal, and the living human who has a clone cell like Maria without realizing it, Kaine is rescued by Spider-Woman of Earth-65.
|
|
In order to avoid destruction by the immune system and thrive, the Leishmania 'hides' inside its host's cells. This location enables it to avoid the action of the humoral immune response (because the pathogen is safely inside a cell and outside the open bloodstream), and furthermore it may prevent the immune system from destroying its host through nondanger surface signals which discourage apoptosis. The primary cell types Leishmania infiltrates are phagocytotic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Usually, a phagocytotic immune cell like a macrophage will ingest a pathogen within an enclosed endosome and then fill this endosome with enzymes which digest the pathogen.
|
|
Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) cells are a group of immune effector cells featuring a mixed T- and natural killer (NK) cell-like phenotype. They are generated by ex vivo incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or cord blood mononuclear cells with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), anti-CD3 antibody, recombinant human interleukin (IL-) 1 and recombinant human interleukin (IL)-2. Typically, immune cells detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presented on infected cell surfaces, triggering cytokine release, causing lysis or apoptosis. However, CIK cells have the ability to recognize infected or even malignant cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC, allowing for a fast and unbiased immune reaction.
|
|
But RAF organization and outlook were also partly modeled on the Uruguayan Tupamaros movement, which had developed as an urban resistance movement, effectively inverting Che Guevara's Mao-like concept of a peasant or rural-based guerrilla war and instead situating the struggle in the metropole or cities. Many members of the RAF operated through a single contact or only knew others by their codenames. Actions were carried out by active units called 'commandos', with trained members being supplied by a quartermaster in order to carry out their mission. For more long-term or core cadre members, isolated cell-like organization was absent or took on a more flexible form.
|
|
Examples of Hindu Temples across IndiaKailasa temple, Ellora, the largest rock-cut Hindu temple. There are hardly any remains of Hindu temples before the Gupta dynasty in the 4th century CE; no doubt there were earlier structures in timber-based architecture. The rock-cut Udayagiri Caves are among the most important early sites, built with royal sponsorship, recorded by inscriptions, and with impressive sculpture.Harle (1994), 87-100; Michell (1988), 18 The earliest preserved Hindu temples are simple cell-like stone temples, some rock-cut and others structural, as at Temple 17 at Sanchi. By the 6th or 7th century, these evolved into high shikhara stone superstructures.
|
|
Space Farms was named one of the Top 10 Worst Zoos by Parade Magazine in 1984. An article from the Associated Press about the list stated, "The 10 worst, 'animal slums' with bare, cell-like environments that can cause physical and emotional damage to animals, according to the magazine, were [...] Space Games Farm Zoo, Sussex, N.J." More recently, enclosures have been designed for enhanced enrichment and privacy. In 2011, Space Farms built outside enclosures for two African Serval, that included locust tree branches and a privacy den, and for two South American Coati, with a branched tree and several boulders. In 2014, a new Kodiak Bear exhibit was scheduled to open.
|
|
A redox reaction is the force behind an electrochemical cell like the Galvanic cell pictured. The battery is made out of a zinc electrode in a ZnSO4 solution connected with a wire and a porous disk to a copper electrode in a CuSO4 solution. In this type of reaction, a metal atom in a compound (or in a solution) is replaced by an atom of another metal. For example, copper is deposited when zinc metal is placed in a copper(II) sulfate solution: Zn(s)+ CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) In the above reaction, zinc metal displaces the copper(II) ion from copper sulfate solution and thus liberates free copper metal.
|
|
An alternative strategy is the conversion of fibroblasts towards distinct endodermal progenitor cell populations and, using cocktails of signalling factors, successful differentiation of these endodermal progenitor cells into functional beta-like cells both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of the three transcription factors, PDX1 (required for pancreatic bud outgrowth and beta-cell maturation), NGN3 (required for endocrine precursor cell formation) and MAFA (for beta-cell maturation) combination (called PNM) can lead to the transformation of some cell types into a beta cell-like state. An accessible and abundant source of functional insulin-producing cells is intestine. PMN expression in human intestinal "organoids" stimulates the conversion of intestinal epithelial cells into β-like cells possibly acceptable for transplantation.
|
|
The histopathologic (i.e. microscopic) examination of EMZL lesions typically reveals a vaguely nodular or diffuse pattern of cells. The malignant cells in these lesions have, in varying proportions, the morphology of small-to-medium-sized lymphocytes, centrocyte- like B cells, centroblast-like B cells, monocyte-like B cells, plasma cell- like B cells, and/or large B cells. When the large B cells form prominent sheets that are clearly separated from cells with the other, low-grade malignant morphologies, the disease may be transforming to the far more aggressive malignancy, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This transformation occurs in ~18% of patients at a median of 4–5 years after the original diagnosis of EMZL.
|
|
In the presence of the NBD peptide, the IKK complex remains inactive and IκBα sequesters NF-κB dimers in the cytoplasm inhibiting transcription of NF-κB responsive genes. While NF-κB inhibitory drugs have previously been attractive to disease such as chronic inflammation and diabetes, specific cancers have been shown to have constitutive NF-κB activity. Advanced B-cell lymphoma (ABC), a subtype of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has been shown to have fundamental and upregulated NF-κB activity. ABC lymphoma also has the lowest survival rate compared to DLBCL subtypes, Germinal Center B-cell-like and Undefined Type 3 lymphoma, highlighting the great clinical need to define targets for cancer therapy.
|
|
Eta Carinae light curve in several different passbands Photometers employ the use of specialised standard passband filters across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Any adopted set of filters with known light transmission properties is called a photometric system, and allows the establishment of particular properties about stars and other types of astronomical objects. Several important systems are regularly used, such as the UBV system (or the extended UBVRI system), near infrared JHK or the Strömgren uvbyβ system. Historically, photometry in the near-infrared through short-wavelength ultra-violet was done with a photoelectric photometer, an instrument that measured the light intensity of a single object by directing its light onto a photosensitive cell like a photomultiplier tube.
|
|
Primary cutaneous EMZL or primary cutaneous MALT lymphoma (also termed skin-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma) typically presents as single or multiple small papules or plaques usually located on the arms and/or trunk. Histologically, these lesions consist of reactive germinal centers containing a mixture of small B cells that have a plasma cell-like or monocyte-like morphology interlaced with numerous T cell lymphocytes. The B-cells in these lesions express the B-cell markers commonly seen in EMZL. The DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has been detected in the lesions of 10%–42% of patients in Germany, Italy, Japan, and Turkey but not of patients from Spain, Finland, the Netherlands, or the United States.
|
|
Tha palace on Piazza Croce dei Vespri The ballroom of the Palazzo Gangi Palazzo Valguarnera-Gangi is the large ancestral townhouse first of the Princes Valguarnera and then of the Princes Gangi, situated in the Piazza Croce dei Vespri, Palermo, Sicily. The house was constructed in several phases during the 18th century and completed in circa 1780. The palace is designed in the Baroque style, although its ornamentation is of a more severe form In respect of what is generally accepted as Sicilian Baroque. The tall windows of the piano nobile are decorated with alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while the windows of the lower and upper floors are much smaller, almost cell like, indicating a more modest function of the rooms they belong.
|
|
Despite that callus exhibits a number of stem cell-like properties for a temporary period and that it has been cultured for useful plant compounds as an alternative source of plant stem cell, callus and plant stem cell are fundamentally different from each other. Callus is similar to plant stem cell in its ability to differentiate, but the two are different in their origin. While plant stem cell exists in the meristematic tissues of plant, callus is obtained as a temporary response to cure wounds in somatic cell. Moreover, callus undergoes dedifferentiation as differentiated cells acquire ability to differentiate; but genetic variation is inevitable in the process because the cells consist of somatic undifferentiated cells from an adult subject plant.
|
|
The huge medieval castle in the city – known as the Citadel of Aleppo — occupies the center of the ancient part, in the shape of an acropolis. Being subjected to constant invasions and political instability, the inhabitants of the city were forced to build cell-like quarters and districts that were socially and economically independent. Each district was characterized by the religious and ethnic characteristics of its inhabitants. The mainly white- stoned old town was built within the historical walls of the city, pierced by the nine historical gates, while the newer quarters of the old city were first built by the Christians during the early 15th century in the northern suburbs of the ancient city, after the Mongol withdrawal from Aleppo.
|
|
The increased expression of the Blimp-1 protein in B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cell and other immune system cells leads to an immune response through proliferation and differentiation of antibody secreting plasma cells. Blimp-1 is also considered a 'master regulator' of hematopoietic stem cells. Blimp1 (also known as Prdm1), a known transcriptional repressor, has a critical role in the foundation of the mouse germ cell lineage, as its disruption causes a block early in the process of primordial germ cell formation. Blimp1-deficient mutant embryos form a tight cluster of about 20 primordial germ cell-like cells, which fail to show the characteristic migration, proliferation and consistent repression of homeobox genes that normally accompany specification of primordial germ cells.
|
|
Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland with home furnishings including water-flushing toilets 3180 BC–2500 BC During the Neolithic era, humans dug the first permanent water wells, from where vessels could be filled and carried by hand. Wells dug around 6500 BC have been found in the Jezreel Valley. The size of human settlements was largely dependent on nearby available water. A primitive indoor, tree bark lined, two- channel, stone, fresh and wastewater system appears to have featured in the houses of Skara Brae, and the Barnhouse Settlement, from around 3000 BCE, along with a cell-like enclave in a number of houses, of Skara Brae, that it has been suggested may have functioned as an early indoor Latrine.
|
|
Paradoxically, macrophages can promote tumor growth when tumor cells send out cytokines that attract macrophages, which then generate cytokines and growth factors such as tumor- necrosis factor alpha that nurture tumor development or promote stem-cell-like plasticity. In addition, a combination of hypoxia in the tumor and a cytokine produced by macrophages induces tumor cells to decrease production of a protein that blocks metastasis and thereby assists spread of cancer cells. Anti-tumor M1 macrophages are recruited in early phases to tumor development but are progressively differentiated to M2 with pro-tumor effect, an immunosuppressor switch. The hypoxia reduces the cytokine production for the anti-tumor response and progressively macrophages acquire pro-tumor M2 functions driven by the tumor microenvironment, including IL-4 and IL-10.
|
|
The channel itself is a tetramer composed of four identical, single-domain subunits (each with two α-helices) arranged so that one M2 helix faces the central pore, while the other M1 helix faces the lipid membrane. The inner helices are tilted by about 25° in relation to the lipid membrane and are slightly kinked, opening up to face the outside of the cell like a flower. These two TM helices are linked by a reentrant loop, dispersed symmetrically around a common axis corresponding to the central pore. The pore region spans approximately 30 amino acid residues and can be divided into three parts: a selectivity filter near the extracellular side, a dilated water-filled cavity at the center, and a closed gate near the cytoplasmic side formed by four packed M2 helices.
|
|
They act on various processes in the nucleus: remodelling of the chromatin structure, transcription, splicing of pre-messenger RNA, cell division. The identification of nucleomodulins in several species of bacterial pathogens of humans, animals and plants has led to the emergence of the concept that direct control of the nucleus is one of the most sophisticated strategies used by microbes to bypass host defences.Nucleomodulins can be directly secreted into the intracellular medium after entry of the bacteria into the cell, like Listeria monocytogenes, or they can be injected from the extracellular medium or intracellular organelles using a type III or IV bacterial secretion system, also known as a "molecular syringe". More recently, it has been shown that some of them, such as YopM from Yersinia pestis and IpaH9.8 from Shigella flexneri, can autonomously penetrate eukaryotic cells thanks to a membrane transduction domain.
|
|
In one experiment, they used a chimera of mouse and human stem cells to address sickle cell anemia treatment. There are still many issues that need to be addressed before performing stem cell therapeutic techniques on humans, but advancements are being made in model organisms with homologous structures. In the sickle cell anemia example mentioned, they made a humanized sickle cell anemia mouse model by implanting human alpha-globin genes in place of mouse alpha-globin genes, and they replaced the beta-globin genes of the mouse with sickle cell effected human beta-globin genes. Following this induction, mice formed symptoms similar to the symptoms of humans with sickle cell anemia. Through retroviral transduction of combinations of transcription factors, human and mice fibroblast cells were reprogrammed to pluripotent-stem cell- like cells (also termed “induced pluripotent stem cells,” or iPS).
|
|
Later that year, the company faced a public-relations backlash when it demanded that a user named "Daniel_K" cease distributing modified versions of drivers for Windows Vista which restored functionality that had been available in drivers for Windows XP. The company deleted his account from its online forums but reinstated it a week later. In January 2009, the firm generated internet buzz with a mysterious website promising a "stem cell-like" processor which would give a 100-fold increase in supercomputing power over current technology, as well as advances in consumer 3D graphics. At CES 2009, it was revealed to be the ZMS-05 processor from ZiiLABS, a subsidiary formed from the combining of 3DLabs and Creative's Personal Digital Entertainment division. In November 2012, the firm announced it has entered into an agreement with Intel Corporation for Intel to licence technology and patents from ZiiLABS Inc.
|
|