You can always take two things that happen that are synchronous and say that there's a causality there but there's no causality.
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"We can't yet determine the direction of causality," Brown added.
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These studies suffer from methodological limitations and don't show causality.
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They absolutely have their place in determining efficacy and causality.
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This might be a good indicator, but does not prove causality.
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"At the moment, we cannot say anything about causality," Beaumont said.
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As Ms Twenge herself concedes, the study does not prove causality.
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"The web of causality differs from place to place," he says.
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The point is that these facts alone say little about causality.
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The study wasn't a randomized controlled trial, and causality isn't assured.
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"It's a big thing to integrate [causality] into AI," Bengio says.
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"When children ask 'why?' they are asking about causality," he says.
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The crucial question is the level of causality linking the incidents — or if not causality, the appearance of design, as in Aristotle's example of the murderer of Mitys dying when a statue of Mitys falls on him.
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It comes down to the same causality dilemma of chickens and eggs.
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The causality for the buybacks isn't necessarily about the tax code overhaul.
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Schoelkopf is co-inventor of technology that enables computers to understand causality.
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A simplistic model of causality posits that extremist ideology leads to violence.
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In Syria, the causality between unrest and internet outages is bi-directional.
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One: The data doesn't imply causality or the direction of the association.
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The book falters, however, in some of its attempts to assign causality.
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But both schools of thought agree on the basic causality of authoritarianism.
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The research isn't enough for doctors to draw definitive conclusions about causality.
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"We don't really know for sure about the 'causality' here," he told Gizmodo.
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The court rejected this long chain of causality and threw out the claim.
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But the latest research is working on models of causality, not just association.
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"Causality is something outside of my ability to analyze right now," he said.
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Such perseverance is by no means impossible; here, too, political causality is complex.
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A small group of researchers is working to combine causality and machine learning.
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While the movements of inflation appear random, it doesn't mean they lack causality.
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One must remember that there is a dramatic difference between correlation and causality.
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Maybe someone in our reality is working on a causality violation device too.
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Still the question of causality remains: Are you healthier because your telomeres are longer?
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We attach causality to heat-of-the-moment dick-punches, both literally and metaphorically.
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In addition, the case for causality is bolstered by a concrete set of mechanisms.
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Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the most rigorous and dependable research, can test causality.
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So, I've had trouble assigning the causality or even figuring out where it begins.
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Better climate science has made establishing causality more credible, if by no means easy.
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What makes this complicated is that it's hard to establish the arrow of causality.
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Without the concepts of time, space and causality, much of common sense is impossible.
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Blaming the health care law for the coverage gap distorts a chain of causality.
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One, the study takes pains not to say with any certainty that it proves causality.
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In economics, it is easier to agree on the data than to agree on causality.
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We follow the tangled threads of causality and correlation that mean the most to us.
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Chan underscored that scientists were still working to determine causality between the virus and microcephaly.
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Yes, child welfare and environmental restoration are confluent, linked at the deepest level of causality.
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It's the type of data-intensive, long-term study that's set up to determine causality.
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I'm inclined to tread cautiously here before I even ascribe any correlation, much less causality.
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Moreover, most studies, even the gold standard of randomized controlled trials, focus squarely on causality.
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But behind that question about location lurks a question about causality: What happened to it?
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But I think it's hard in these discussions to know which way the causality runs.
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It should be noted that there is no established causality between mental illness and gun violence.
|
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To understand what went wrong with Trump's address, it is worth recognizing the causality of things.
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The second reason, though, is that this kind of thing encourages a fundamental misunderstanding of causality.
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Sadly, the study isn't able to prove anything even approaching causality for any of these explanations.
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Dial down the other forces of nature too much, and violations of causality and other problems arise.
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Rather, de Galbert's is an acrimonious, highly-individualized taste in art that favors anti-modern non-causality.
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This can create issues with establishing causality and sets up an unnecessarily antagonistic dynamic with the customer.
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"They don&apost have that experience, they don&apost have that causality built into them," she said.
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At the Smart Museum, the question of causality is subordinated to a deeper analysis of interdisciplinary enmeshment.
|
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Although establishing causality in a study like this is nearly impossible, the authors anticipated many potential critiques.
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Chan underscored that scientists are still working to determine causality between the virus and the birth defect.
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In general, such studies do not asses causality or include clinical assessments of mental health (just questionnaires).
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Correlation does not prove causality but it's hard to imagine that those two things aren't somehow related.
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In this way, the experience questions the interplay between choice, causality, and chance in shaping our experiences.
|
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All this to say that the media often interpret relations as if there was an underlying causality.
|
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But observational studies are less convincing than randomized trials because they have a harder time establishing causality.
|
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This new prospective study, in the Journal of Psychiatric Research, is a step closer to establishing causality.
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The noise, the causality of the events around us and their foundation are integrated into the composition.
|
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The evidence isn't the final word on the subject, because it shows correlation rather than proving causality.
|
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The situation is even worse when it comes to A.I. and the concepts of space and causality.
|
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In criminal justice and reentry, causality is hard to establish and measure, and such theories would help.
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Both crashes are still under investigation, and there is no evidence that they are linked in causality.
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We don't know causality here, but it's possible that it could set up people to be addicted.
|
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That's suggestive of media influence, but research also backs up the idea that causality runs in that direction.
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But a sense of causality is needed to make a plot more than just a sequence of events.
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But for the most part, you are using that perspective to understand and affect the causality of events.
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But the causality is unclear: the rules of the RSPO in effect ignore deforestation that occurred before 2005.
|
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The act didn&apost just happen; the law of causality teaches us that every event has a cause.
|
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The coalition defines a credible assessment as one that "more likely than not" resulted in a civilian causality.
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"It's impossible to say there is direct causality, but there certainly is a very strong correlation," he said.
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Small studies have hinted at causality by demonstrating that interventions to increase positive feelings yield improved physiological measurements.
|
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That would violate another cherished notion of physics: causality, the notion that the future cannot change the past.
|
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Perhaps a sensible course is to do what seems reasonable since lack of evidence doesn't disprove probable causality.
|
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But questions about causality can also lead to trouble, because, in essence, they ask us to assign blame.
|
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She zeroes in on the issue at the center of so many debates about medical research: determining causality.
|
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According to the authors, we lack a language of causality; that is, quantifiable proof that one thing causes another.
|
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It's true that there's a correlation between hiring advisers and saving more — but the causality issues here are immense.
|
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To team Hartle-Hawking, the critics are invoking a false notion of causality in demanding that lapse be real.
|
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Studying the issue is complicated by reverse causality: Not only does sleep affect work, but work also affects sleep.
|
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I would like to establish clearer causality going forward – but that will require more resources than we have available.
|
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Sarah Adina Smith: For me, this movie's about the possibility of free will in a universe governed by causality.
|
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Although the researchers found a strong effect independent of other variables, the study was observational and cannot prove causality.
|
|
One is on Earth, say, and the other is on Mars; the distance between them is what prevents causality.
|
|
Superstitious people are often dismissed as irrational, stunted thinkers — mental children who never outgrow a scrambled understanding of causality.
|
|
The underlying questions on this debate have remained quite few and always the same — questions of causality and blame.
|
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Another issue in studies that associate low vitamin D levels with sickness is a lack of causality, Rosen said.
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The Transformers films have grown more abstract over the years, less tethered to the mechanics of character and causality.
|
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No one is suggesting a direct line of causality between the Leave campaign's rhetoric and the death of Jo Cox.
|
|
What's amazing about the human genetics is, they can actually establish causality of the link of these genes with disease.
|
|
In addition to understanding causality and analogies, they can remember human faces, plan ahead, and hide their food from others.
|
|
Crucially, these songs don't imply causality; whether he's ambivalent about romance or his career, the true subject is yearning itself.
|
|
The book attracted its share of criticism, as theories of everything tend to, in particular for confusing correlations with causality.
|
|
"They need better training and to be more specific in terms of reason and causality around the suspensions," McCabe said.
|
|
While Thompson occasionally gets tangled up in questions of causality — did this make this object famous, or was it that?
|
|
Yet Turok and colleagues argue partly on the grounds of causality that only real values of lapse make physical sense.
|
|
They are attempting to calculate the consequences of such an object for the concept of causality, namely the idea of event A causing event B. They believe that if the atom's two energy states are sufficiently different it will become impossible to say whether A or B came first, and causality will thus disappear.
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However, "it's important to know that this is not a study that establishes causality, because it's not an experiment," she said.
|
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Perhaps there is a connection between interest in economics and the avoidance of war, but the optimists had the causality backwards.
|
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Again, we can't evaluate causality because we don't have panel data on these questions about public support for of our democracy.
|
|
My helpmeet loves them and he is currently in the throes of a noisy cold, but there's coincidence and there's causality.
|
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Firstly, how do you ensure that that fuzzy causality doesn't lead your company to make bad decisions about your future leaders?
|
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Yes, Medicaid could still be playing a role, but as with all correlations, it's important to consider both directions of causality.
|
|
Establishing correlations, causality and logical interpretation for why innovation occurs has occupied much social science theory and research — to mixed results.
|
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Much of what happens from there is indescribable — opaque, divorced from any expectations of narrative causality, heavily referential, and darkly hysterical.
|
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Dr. Doepke and Dr. Zilibotti can't prove causality (to do that, you'd have to randomly assign parenting styles to different families).
|
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The study also pointed to an association between increasing eating red meat and subsequent mortality risk, but did not necessarily find causality.
|
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Good science uses data to run experiments that can be replicated, and uses statistical methods to establish causality instead of mere correlation.
|
|
Even when we understand the art's history and context, the associative voodoo confers on them an anti-modern canon of non-causality.
|
|
This kind of hair-splitting about causality is an old chestnut in climate debates, but it too is rapidly being rendered anachronistic.
|
|
While there is direct causality between parts per million, climate disruption and human suffering, it's not the numbers that capture my heart.
|
|
They then ran their stories through a causality assessment process to figure out what experiences stemmed directly from the subjects' meditative practices.
|
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Since most women who take drugs while pregnant take multiple drugs and have serious life stress, it's very difficult to untangle causality.
|
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"Causality is something outside of my ability to analyze right now," Bossert said in response to a question from CNN's Jim Acosta.
|
|
That reading hinges on the notion that there is an equivalency, or at least causality, between criticism of Israel and anti-Semitism.
|
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But causality issues plague most studies in this area: People who engage in risky behaviors may prefer to consume risk-glorifying media.
|
|
They still relied mainly on case-control studies — a very weak type of observational study design when it comes to proving causality.
|
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The study didn't examine causality, but the researchers say it's likely microbes are picked up from skin and bacteria in the home.
|
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Maybe that's what all storytelling is meant to do: reassure its audience that a legible causality shapes our world and our lives.
|
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Bengio's work on causality might be a small step towards answering this question, but it also reflects more realism around deep learning.
|
|
Admirers of Singapore's system often reverse the causality of their experiment: The Singaporean system is possible because the government keeps costs so low.
|
|
But, he suggested, why not try to do it piece by piece instead—to just reconstruct particular aspects, such as nonlocality or causality?
|
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This investigates the consequences that superposing gravitational fields has for causality—the idea that one event can truly be said to cause another.
|
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The means of yielding optionality to the viewer converts the virtual experience into an interactive playing field, thus emboldening the content with causality.
|
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"Since this study does not prove any causality, we would not expect women to change their diet based on these findings," Dunneram said.
|
|
Adolf does not provide any solid evidence for this apparent causality, but points to the archived Playpen messages which indicate improvements took place.
|
|
Its key findings, whatever they are, need to be replicated and re-tested before we make any sweeping claims about causality and effects.
|
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"Causality is difficult to quantify, but taxes are certainly playing a role," said Niklas Ahola, a real estate adviser at Compass in Naples.
|
|
Reverse causality could also be at play: It's possible that skinny children have parents who offer them whole milk to fatten them up.
|
|
The link between poor diet and mood disorders has been long known, but what has been less clear is the direction of causality.
|
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And then you can say OK, well maybe there&aposs a reversal of causality there, and miserable people become obsessed with becoming happy.
|
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There is no suggestion yet as to what caused the latest disaster, and no evidence that the two incidents are linked in causality.
|
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My results did not prove causality: People who pay close attention to politics might also tend to have some latent source of unhappiness.
|
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Both the Ethiopian Airlines and Lion Air crashes are still under investigation, and there is no evidence that they are linked in causality.
|
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From their perspective there is no way to understand, or even observe, the causality of events that occur for them to reach their goal.
|
|
We would have expected to see correlation in these numbers and be debating the embedded causality assumption that we assume in the venture industry.
|
|
The freaks are feeling pushed out of their home in Venice Beach, California, and blame Snapchat for the latest causality: a boardwalk freak show.
|
|
Yet too many fiction writers lean on conveniently traumatic back stories and oversimplified psychological causality to explain away, rather than complicate, a character's behavior.
|
|
And sometimes there are correlations… but it's important to remember that correlations between the outcomes of (say) sporting events, and markets, don't imply causality.
|
|
This research didn't assess causality -- in other words, it can't tell us why health anxiety was linked to a higher risk of heart disease.
|
|
It's a stretch to attach concrete causality to the wiener-socking incident, just as it is to any single one of the things above.
|
|
"The people that died — thousands of people — it's terrible, but it's always difficult to talk about the causality of that death," Mr. Bossert said.
|
|
The study is observational and makes no assertions about causality, and the effect was apparent only after a full six months of breast-feeding.
|
|
Why constituents succeeded in making themselves heard in these cases while failing in others is difficult to say; political causality is famously, enormously complicated.
|
|
He received a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1951, writing an undergraduate thesis on causality in quantum mechanics, and a master's degree in 1952.
|
|
For quite clearly, although we are animals, bound in the web of causality that joins us to the zoosphere, we are not just animals.
|
|
It seems to contain many florid possibilities of interpretation and thus seems magical — as magic does not conform to our modern canons of causality.
|
|
"This is only one study that doesn't prove causality," said the senior author, Mathilde Touvier, a researcher at Inserm, the French public health institute.
|
|
One way to avoid such retro-causality is to deny the photon any intrinsic reality and argue that the photon becomes real only upon measurement.
|
|
But, after all, chains of human causality are, if not infinite, very long; in every life, some bad consequence of your upbringing will eventually emerge.
|
|
It's hard to pin down causality, but the broad-based approach of NOLA for LIFE, building on existing programs throughout the city, seemed to work.
|
|
Since January, Kim has become the master of time, space, and causality, the essential concerns of geomorphology and its viewer-friendlier cousin, cosmo-morphology, a.k.a.
|
|
Over the course of the past week, I made a number of appearances on CNN, and attempted to explain causality in these two recent massacres.
|
|
One weird fact makes it easy to dispute any grand theory of causality: Crime is decreasing all over the Western world — especially in richer countries.
|
|
"The goal was to be able to distinguish causality from correlation," Robin McKnight, the study's co-author and a health economist at Wellesley College, told Mashable.
|
|
Presumably because the causality of his crime was so young, and because Trevor simply isn't a hardened criminal, he's been experiencing violence from his fellow inmates.
|
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And it is theoretically possible that causality could flow the other way—women who get pregnant as teenagers may be forced to drop out of school.
|
|
This is a relatively new area of research for neuroscientists, and this study does not show causality between that abnormal connectivity in the brain and misophonia.
|
|
Until we do so, we're simply dismissing large pieces of the causality in our current racial divide, and irresponsibly pretending that some hard truths don't exist.
|
|
He said that the research that's been done so far is based on observational data, which can't provide causality—or hard proof that altitude causes depression.
|
|
With its large sample size and findings, the study is strongly suggestive, but its observational design can only provide limited information about causality, Dr. Goia says.
|
|
"An AI system with no notion of causality might infer that the way to reduce mortality is to administer sex-change operations to men," he says.
|
|
It seemed really important to me that it be ecological, but that it not be an accident, like a meteor or something that had no causality.
|
|
Economists can now pinpoint with a high degree of precision causality from a policy change to economic outcomes, which is enormously useful but also too narrow.
|
|
We need more data from randomized control trials to provide further support for causality between changing behaviors and health-related outcomes to make more specific individual recommendations.
|
|
"This is a retrospective study that finds an association, not causality," said the lead author, Dr. Michael Osthoff, an infectious disease specialist at the University of Basel.
|
|
While it's fascinating to think about things in this way, the game isn't presented from their perspective, but one where you can observe the causality of events.
|
|
Rather than blaming an inherently racist criminal justice system, could we not instead attribute partial causality to the disproportionate amount of African-American interactions with law enforcement?
|
|
As for the perpetual question of whether President Donald Trump's frequent tweets are driving user growth, Noto said there's some correlation, but that causality couldn't be proved.
|
|
The Review of Economics and Statistics study dodged reverse causality when comparing average earnings in different locations by exploiting the variation in sunset time within time zones.
|
|
Trump's homeland security adviser Tom Bossert told reporters on Monday that he was not positioned to determine the "causality" of the two storms, Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
|
|
Causality is near impossible to prove, not least because lead was already trending down from what was then a year-to-date high of $313,865 per tonne.
|
|
Heavy cannabis use is associated with mental illness, but researchers struggle to establish the direction of causality; a tendency to mental illness may lead to drug use.
|
|
After a few fast-moving scenes (Binet is not one for elaborate narrative causality), the superintendent is partnered up with a young semiotics professor named Simon Herzog.
|
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This observational study does not prove causality, but the researchers write that tea contains phytochemicals and flavonoids with anti-inflammatory properties that may protect the optic nerve.
|
|
Many of these poems filter her earliest memories through the scrim of folklore, from which they borrow their swift, severe causality and, especially, their terror of abandonment.
|
|
The seminal Sachs-Warner study, they say, may be marred by reverse causality: rather than resource dependence leading to slow growth, it could be the other way around.
|
|
" Such reports, HMD warned, "do not demonstrate causality or even association; the committee looked instead to the epidemiologic literature on the exposed populations, and on populations similarly exposed.
|
|
In the past, society looked at various potential causes as well as causality, even heavy metal music and violent videogames, which have been largely debunked as inciting violence.
|
|
How do you untangle correlation versus causality here—the extent to which inequality might be affected by major shock events and how it might help bring them about?
|
|
"It's an important finding because it shows that there is a causality between the two," said Andrew D. Huberman, a professor of Neurobiology and Ophthalmology at Stanford University.
|
|
In reality, unless we measure existing aggression, all we have is a relation between aggression and TV watching habits and we don't know what direction causality is going.
|
|
In political psychology, for example, experimenters will set up fake elections and give participants prompts to read about fake candidates to try to isolate something and determine causality.
|
|
Causation is likely, though, because reverse causality doesn't make much sense — it's hard to see how higher malpractice rates would lead hospitals to pay less attention to safety.
|
|
Importantly, identifying any compounds present in the samples will be one piece of the puzzle but won't necessarily answer questions about causality, which makes our ongoing work critical.
|
|
It often shares facts as it finds them but rarely draws conclusions about things like causality or remedies until it's ready to release a thorough, detailed, and considered report.
|
|
"We were so interested in studying mysticism in our patients because most of the fMRI studies cannot really tell you about causality between function and brain activation," Cristofori says.
|
|
But because of how you are able to observe the forward and backward movement of time, it all makes sense, as you're able to understand the causality of events.
|
|
Their findings do provide cause for concern, but the researchers behind the study say they're very reluctant to imply causality, or tell pregnant women to stop using SSRIs outright.
|
|
"The statistical method used in this study, called Mendelian randomization, does not always allow causality to be inferred," said Dipender Gill, clinical research training fellow at Imperial College London.
|
|
See, individual light rays can't talk to each other—if you're riding on a light ray, causality prevents you from talking to somebody riding on an adjacent light ray.
|
|
And, of course, no one doubted that the greatest of them all was the one that focused on the most hopeless of lost causes: the pursuit of historical causality.
|
|
Consider the statement "black Southerners were segregated because of their skin color" — a perfectly natural sentence to the ears of most Americans, who tend to overlook its weird causality.
|
|
Absolutely. The Fast & Furious movies have gotten so casual about even basic causality at this point that I think the audience is meant to be in on the joke.
|
|
The thing that I find tricky here is that I wanted to call some institutions villains, but I had a lot of trouble figuring out a chain of causality.
|
|
On top of that suing for damages is very cumbersome in the case of unlawful processing, because it is usually very difficult to prove damages and to prove causality.
|
|
In fact, there's quite a lot of evidence that causality can move in the opposite direction, since health problems can make it difficult to work or go to school.
|
|
Even when understanding the art historical context of the contemporary art of Louise Bourgeois and Annette Messager, their work here took on the associative voodoo of anti-modern non-causality.
|
|
Even with the incredibly high causality numbers witnessed throughout the Second World War, such a disproportionate 'population to KIA ratio' is unheard of anywhere else in the entire United States.
|
|
For him, Norbert Wiener's cybernetic theories suggested an artistic process that used the circular causality of feedback-loops to enabled complex artistic relationships to emerge from within the work itself.
|
|
What, after all, is more Western than science's emphasis on causality, on figuring out what causes what, and hoping to thus explain why all things do the things they do?
|
|
"That's called reverse causality, and that is definitely a limitation of this study ... but we do not think that counted for the majority of the associations we saw," Mitre said.
|
|
The "theoretical" key aims to examine how the work of art explores abstract philosophical concepts (such as existence or causality), and how that same artwork operates within its institutional framework.
|
|
Along with its observational design, which can't prove causality, another limitation of the study is that researchers didn't account for why people who never ate organic might have made this decision.
|
|
He argues that the causality runs in the opposite direction: party systems dictate electoral systems and thus, when two-party systems start to fragment, the pressure for proportional representation (PR) grows.
|
|
That most famous characterization of the complexity causality, a butterfly beating its wings and causing a hurricane on the other side of the world, is thought-provoking but ultimately not helpful.
|
|
"Higher yields tend to be positively correlated both to stock returns and to measures of economic growth, indicative of the direction of causality running from economic outcomes to markets," he wrote.
|
|
Most of the time I talk about that series, I talk about level design, the artwork, the storytelling, or perhaps the intricate chains of causality and consequence that govern each level.
|
|
Buddhism's doubts about the distinctness and solidity of the "self" — and of other things, for that matter — rests on a recognition of the sense in which pervasive causality means pervasive fluidity.
|
|
Ms. Pelosi, the minority leader, may have used the report from the Congressional Budget Office to criticize the Republican bill, called the American Health Care Act, but she overstated the causality.
|
|
The number did drop to 28503 percent in 22019, but rose again in each of the next few years, so ascribing causality to the tax cut is, at best, risky business.
|
|
Wilde did this by poking fun at the notion of the Romantic genius, extolling instead pseudo-inspiration, artificiality, indifference, impassiveness, and an ironic causality that prevents any recognition of true identity.
|
|
"As we continue to explore how best to measure the impact of social determinants of health, we are learning how difficult it is to disaggregate singular variables and assign causality," Yancy added.
|
|
"Although it is highly likely that increased sleep was the cause for reduced sleepiness, it is much harder to attribute causality for 4.5 percent higher grades on increased sleep," the researchers write.
|
|
Trump lauded the bravery of those "strangers shielding strangers from a hail of gunfire on the Las Vegas strip," but refused to acknowledge any causality between gun policy and that horrific event.
|
|
Another is that two groups have been conflated into one, creating a false impression of causality: Consumption has declined mainly among more educated, wealthier Americans, while obesity and diabetes disproportionately afflict the poor.
|
|
It's a show that likes "and" much more than it likes "therefore," and in 90-minute increments, a lack of causality makes everything feel a little too disposable or a little bit unearned.
|
|
Causality has long been studied in other areas, and mathematical techniques have emerged in recent decades for exploring causal relationships, helping to revolutionize the study of fields including social science, economics, and epidemiology.
|
|
The causality between economic growth and oil prices runs in both directions, with economic growth as a key driver of oil consumption and prices, and oil prices acting as a check on expansion.
|
|
So I think if we try to understand the causality being ambiguous about calling out what seems to me pretty unambiguous, that creates the conditions in which extremism can really ... they can feel emboldened.
|
|
While causality cannot be completely confirmed in the type of analysis we conducted, our calculations included multiple biological and clinical markers that would not likely have been significantly impacted by short-term illnesses alone.
|
|
But the report also cautions that, before drawing definitive conclusions, more research is needed on the causality between perceptions of black girls' maturity and innocence and their outcomes in schools and the justice system.
|
|
In thousands of cases, medical device manufacturers have been allowed to classify patient fatalities as less serious injuries, because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration allows companies to make their own determinations on causality.
|
|
The cross-sectional studies that show an association between exercise and better mental health cannot actually show causality, and being depressed or otherwise affected by mental health problems might stop a person from exercising.
|
|
Ms. Cloutier acknowledged that it's hard to know what comes first, the dog or the personality traits that make someone likely to commit to a relationship, and that the links could reflect reverse causality.
|
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Johnson and Cloonan avoid claims of direct causality, but they refuse to rule out links between violence in music—in terms both of lyrical content and of raw decibel impact—and violence in society.
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This operational approach to reconstruction "doesn't assume space-time or causality or anything, only a distinction between these two types of data," said Alexei Grinbaum, a philosopher of physics at the CEA Saclay in France.
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Although this request was denied, the following year a lawyer tasked with defending tobacco companies against liability lawsuits enlisted Selye's help to show that statistical correlation between smoking and cancer was not indicative of causality.
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The only way to try to tease out causality from coincidence is by hunting for a "natural experiment": a historical event that is something like the randomised controlled tests scientists would conduct in a lab.
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With an understanding of causality, artificial intelligence systems can predict customer behavior in response to automated decisions, Herbrich told Reuters, noting this can be used to order online search results to improve the user experience.
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One way to understand a metaphor is as a vessel to communicate relations that cannot be easily described with discursive language, so that the metaphor can get around the limitations of conventional logic and causality.
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"There might be two-way causality here, where people who want to be physically active get dogs," said Andy Jones, a professor of public health at University of East Anglia and the study's senior author.
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These findings are only statistical observations, they do not prove causality and are therefore not enough to start recommending probiotic consumption to pregnant women, said Nordqvist, a researcher at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Dr. Croce said he had been unaware at the time that his name was used to lend credibility to any assertion that smoking did not cause cancer or that the causality had not been proved.
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"This is impressive work, and they do a good job sorting out causality," said Erik Brynjolfsson, director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Initiative on the Digital Economy, who was not involved in the research.
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Dr. Mary T. Bassett, the health commissioner, noted the correlation between the lack of inspections and steady rates of lead poisoning, but could not "attribute causality to it" because the sample size was too small.
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While there is no direct evidence of causality, many employment lawyers and academics believe that sexual harassment is one of the reasons women leave such jobs or do not enter them in the first place.
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Of course, as physicists have long noted, nonlocality of the sort associated with quantum entanglement does not allow for faster-than-light signaling (thus incurring no risk of the grandfather paradox or other violations of causality).
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"As the authors mention, you can't point directly to causality between bedroom light exposure at night for a sleeping individual and weight gain but I think this is definitely a step in that direction," he said.
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While there is no causality, there is a connection in the attitudes of this unhinged gunmen and the president of the United States, a dangerous failure to understand the role of the media in our society.
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Since the start of this year, the Royal Commission inquiry has drawn a direct causality line between the banks' high profitability and the widespread misconduct exposed at the banks and other large, vertically integrated financial firms.
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A study by Rutgers-Camden University in New Jersey showed that depression among teenage girls is a strong predictor of future obesity, but there's also plenty of research that shows the causality running the other way.
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Tossing a coin while delivering a Tom Stoppard-esque meditation on chance and causality, this woman makes it clear that what we will be observing is not intended as a simulacrum of reality past or present.
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The FDA found "no proof of causality, but at a minimum, an association with Juul," Mitch Zeller, the director of the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products, wrote to Scott Gottlieb, the FDA commissioner at the time.
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Beyond its small size, one limitation of the study is that it cannot eliminate the possibility of reverse causality - that seniors might have felt more in control on days when they woke up feeling more youthful.
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It's not definite and the causality may be confused (perhaps people at risk of schizophrenia are more likely to enjoy cannabis, and so smoke to self-medicate), but most researchers believe that it's probably the case.
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Correlation is clearly not causality, yet it's interesting to speculate whether this persistent social media campaign is contributing to the growing popularity of the law and whether Democrats are conceding the debate at their own peril.
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Series newcomers can piece together a substantial amount of backstory, but that doesn't matter much — the chains of plot and causality extend just far enough to explain what Valerian and Laureline are doing in any given scene.
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Like the Great War for Britain, answers to what the Vietnam War was, why it was fought and the causality of its unsatisfactory conclusion will define America's nature and very soul in the 20th century and beyond.
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If there are differences in study outcomes, causality has not been established, and "further investigations are essential to understand what is going on," he said, noting that the authors of the two studies draw a similar conclusion.
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"Importantly, identifying any compounds present in the samples will be one piece of the puzzle but won't necessarily answer questions about causality, which makes our ongoing work critical," acting FDA Commissioner Ned Sharpless said in the release.
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Although correlation does not imply causality, this preliminary investigation suggests that the probability that an article published in a higher-impact journal will be retracted is higher than that for an article published in a lower-impact journal.
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But while preliminary findings from the first 32 cases involved in the study confirm causality, the researchers said, the true size of the effect will become clear only after full analysis of all 200 cases and 400 controls.
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A challenge in estimating the effect of instability on economic growth is that causality may run in the opposite direction: Low growth, and the accompanying sense of economic malaise, can lead to political disruption, rather than vice versa.
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"It is impossible to attribute causality to spaceflight versus a co-incidental event," according to the study, so the researchers regard their work as "hypothesis-generating and framework-defining" that will benefit from more research in the future.
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The theory of short-termism suffers from three difficulties: it isn't an accurate description of what is happening across America's economy; it doesn't deal with the question of causality and, last, it is a distraction from the real difficulty.
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"Tools should be developed to provide a technological implementation of the GDPR and develop privacy preserving/privacy by design technical methods to explain criteria, causality in personal data processing of AI systems (such as federated machine learning)," they write.
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"Repetition of findings are essential in order to assess causality," Bérard said, explaining that antibiotic prescribing patterns differ from country to country, so it is important to look at this research question from the perspective of various patient populations.
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The Last Express is fundamentally about the puzzles posed by time and causality: characters go on their own missions around the train, and if you aren't in the right place at the right time, you'll probably miss something critical.
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The EU court is authorizing national courts to make such judgments about causality themselves, based on evidence they are presented with, without reliance on expert opinion, said Professor Tony Fox from the pharmaceutical medicine group at King's College London.
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The study controlled for complicating factors like socioeconomic status, education levels, BMI, and smoking, but as an observational study—where the variable of interest isn't under the direct control of the researchers—it can't make strict claims of causality.
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It's hard to tease out causality here, but a general finding in the literature on authoritarianism is that when people feel a sense of a physical threat, particularly if it's racialized, they are more likely to manifest authoritarian attitudes.
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When the birth of his sister coincided with the death of his cherished cockatoo, correlation, in the logic of the unconscious, became causality: "birds and humans got dangerously mixed up and confused in my mind," he recalled years later.
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"We have a few more weeks to be sure to demonstrate causality, but the link betwen Zika and Guillain-Barre is highly probable," Marie-Paule Kieny, WHO Assistant Director-General for Health Systems and Innovation, told a news briefing.
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It fits with the rest of the book as an interrogation of how we label things and pathologize different things, and the understandable societal desire to give clear determination and causality to a given event—especially an extreme one like suicide.
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If I wanted to be a logical person who went through the steps of thinking through causality, and how the world works, and where love comes from—love is an evolutionary thing that developed because without it, we'd all kill ourselves.
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Certainly the phantasmagoric atmosphere she creates — diffuse realities and uncertain identities, fractured causality and impossible chronology, a constant movement of regression — suggests that her inspiration lies not in the real world but in nightmares or, more specifically, in the Freudian unconscious.
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While this research, by its nature, can't identify causality, the likelihood of having a mental-health disorder is three times higher among those with unsecured debt, according to a meta-analysis, or study of studies, in the Clinical Psychology Review.
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Because his videos are usually shown on an endless loop in galleries, "that led to the cyclical structures which play with temporality and causality, so people can come in at any point and get submerged in the storytelling," he said.
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The essays (by Michelson, White, and other scholars, as well as Snow himself) investigate Snow's break with notions of causality, his use of fragmentation in photography, and the role that new technologies, such as CGI, play in his later films.
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Joan Alker, executive director of the Georgetown Center for Children and Families, countered that the administration has the "causality backwards" and "you're more likely to be able to work" if you have health insurance such as Medicaid in the first place.
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The lead author, Dr. Luise Moelenberg Begtrup, a postdoctoral researcher at Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen, said that this is an observational study that does not prove causality, and that it has to be replicated in other studies and in other populations.
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This year, the company is back with more of the same, and yes, the Google Assistant might be the smartest out there—it can make intuitive leaps while Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri are still stuck in a prison of if/then causality.
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"If you had stable rates in the current growth environment you'd probably get a significant overheating of the economy that's probably notin the best interests of any policymaker but the causality goes primarily from better economy to higher interest rates," he explained.
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The latest paper, released in August by Jim Kyung-Soo Liew and Tamás Budavári of Johns Hopkins, does demonstrate interesting indications of a so-called Granger causality, a statistical measure that one data series is predicting another, between tweet sentiment and market moves.
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"Right now all we can say is A is associated with B, we can't really say anything about causality," says Sudha Seshadri, a professor of neurology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and senior author on the study.
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On the other hand, we might actually be able to predict dog breeds based on pictures of dog owners, but, in that case, a clear mapping wouldn't exist because the causality behind the prediction would be buried somewhere in the ML model.
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It's hard pinning down causality when you're dealing with events as messy as House races, but Abramowitz's work will worry vulnerable congressional Democrats even as a big portion of the liberal base is making Medicare-for-all into the key litmus test.
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However, there are of course substantial limitations, and few would disagree that there are many concepts, feelings, variables and subjective factors informing causality – underscoring the widespread recognition that, despite the pace of technological computer advances, there are still many things which machines cannot do.
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What usually happens at this point in any given story abut a deranged white person expressing violent urges—Hasson allegedly sought to instigate a race war and was inspired in part by Norwegian mass murderer Anders Breivik—is an argument about correlation and causality.
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But because it's science fiction, there's also a time machine — one that our protagonist's husband would insist we call a "causality violation device" — and the creeping sense that something is wrong in the narrative, that reality is broken and can't be put back together.
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In a December meeting, and later in a draft letter to Wheeler, the group's chair, Louis Anthony Cox, argued against its findings, suggesting that the kinds of studies CASAC has long relied on, including epidemiological studies that don't show direct causality, should be tossed out.
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The logistical difficulty of long-term cohort studies, overlapping genes that predispose people both to smoke weed and develop schizophrenia, and the fact that people with the early symptoms of schizophrenia often turn to smoking weed, are all factors that make causality in studies tricky to determine.
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The 10 who voted in favor of removal stressed that the benefits of quitting smoking far outweighed the potential severe side-effects of the drug, and that the evidence of causality between Chantix and the side-effects was not clear enough to warrant a black box.
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This terminological ping-pong reaches its most excitable state in one of the collection's key longer poems, "light" (1984), in which the words "light" and "dark" — two of the most basic literary symbols — permute a series of verbs and prepositions that suffuse the movements with causality.
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This isn't proof of causality, but many of the complicating factors that would disprove a causal relationship — say, the possibility that people in rural areas are both likelier to own guns and likelier to be depressed — don't check out; depression actually isn't higher in rural areas, for example.
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Based on the data, an independent panel to the FDA in September narrowly voted in favor of removing the warning, arguing that the benefits of Chantix outweighed the demerits of its side-effects and that there was no clear evidence of causality between the drug and the side-effects.
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One challenge in studying this and other aspects of screen time is identifying the direction of causality: Do children who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive as a result, or were they drawn to such content because they were more aggressive from the start?
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" Last year, researchers at the Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine found that "the evidence supporting [a] relationship between SSB [sugar-sweetened beverage] consumption and child body mass index (BMI) is consistently small and lacks causality" and that "taxation has no clear relationship to SSB purchasing.
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"Although it is highly likely that increased sleep was the cause for reduced sleepiness, it is much harder to attribute causality for 4.5 percent higher grades on increased sleep; nevertheless, it is certainly reasonable that students who are better rested and more alert should display better academic performance," the authors said.
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It's human nature to seek causality in the face of senseless violence, but speculative reasons that he chose a popular gay nightclub on a Latin dance night to murder 49 people—that he was a closeted gay man, that he had been spurned by a former lover—remain in question.
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Moody's relied on a method called Granger causality, named for Nobel Prize-winning economist Clive Granger, which uses one set of data (in this case, market perceptions of Chinese banks' risk) to predict another (the risk to U.S. institutions) to determine the likelihood of default between U.S. and Chinese banks.
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The authors of the study, all of whom have a background studying corporate finance, were interested in examining the benefits of social networks along with confronting the challenge of showing causality in an area where suspicions were rife but proof elusive, says Bang Dang Nguyen, of Cambridge's Judge Business School.
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When Rebecca is unexpectedly betrayed by her husband, she enters his lab under false pretences and steps into his creation, a "causality violation device" (a time machine, but one that jumps only to a fixed point in the very recent past), in an effort to reconcile herself with her misfortune.
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The researchers ultimately found that 12.5 percent of heart attack and stroke-related deaths that occurred in the UK could have been prevented by dietary changes, if their findings are generalizable across the UK population and the assumption of a diet-driven causality of heart attacks and strokes is correct.
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In particular, we need to stop building computer systems that merely get better and better at detecting statistical patterns in data sets — often using an approach known as deep learning — and start building computer systems that from the moment of their assembly innately grasp three basic concepts: time, space and causality.
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We may need to re-think machine intelligence that will be inherently adaptable and evolving, that can understand constructs like causality (not just correlation), temporality, open-ended inferences, axiomatic knowledge, logical reasoning, and common sense; intelligence that can be somewhat predictable, transparent and explainable — and more resilient to adversarial attacks.
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"While we cannot infer causality from this study, we suspect that exposure to food insecurity during adolescence, a period of rapid brain growth and development, may lead to suboptimal nutrition as well as increased psychological stress for the family and adolescent, and may adversely impact adolescent mental health," Poole-Di Salvo said.
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The study controlled for cesarean delivery, prematurity, sex, use of antacid medications and the number of days the infants took the medicine "This is an association, and more research is needed to determine causality," said the lead author, Sidney E. Zven, a medical student at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.
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"Of course this is an observational study so you can't really assign causality to it, but it's believed to be due to hepatitis C." Hepatitis C is a virus that infects the liver and is spread by shared or contaminated needles, being born to a hepatitis C-infected mother, and less often, sexual contact.
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In such cases, causal modeling can help uncover C. Chaves and his colleagues Gabriela Lemos and Jacques Pienaar focused on Wheeler's delayed choice experiment, fully expecting to fail at finding a model with a hidden process that both grants a photon intrinsic reality and also explains its behavior without having to invoke retro-causality.
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If they can start to build resiliency early on, almost from the day they're hired, and certainly given basic recruit training -- then they'll be more likely to be successful in dealing with, not only the daily rigors of law enforcement, but certainly any kind of mass causality event they may unfortunately have to deal with.
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"I just want us to understand what all the options and courses of actions -- and what the cost of all those courses of actions are and for people to understand what a war with North Korea truly, truly means in terms of causality numbers, costs, and what are we committing American troops to," said Sen.
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But A.I. systems that know about time, space and causality are the kinds of things that can be programmed to follow more general instructions, such as "A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm" (the first of Isaac Asimov's three laws of robotics).
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While city officials and policymakers have struggled to understand the causality for the sudden spike in homicides and to find a solution to end rampant violence in the city, they're only just beginning to consider the traumatic effects of exposure to violence and explore remedies to the potentially chronic and debilitating symptoms it causes.
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And while causality is tricky to suss out in cases like this, it seems that his disastrous performance in the Saturday debate likely had something to do with it: Rubio's biggest weakness has always been the perception that he's another Barack Obama, whom many conservatives assail for his relative lack of experience upon assuming the presidency.
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To read history as a bunch of little oddities and phenomena happening in isolation is a great way to tell simple stories—think of the tidy and childish causality of a conspiracy theory, here, one incident leading cleanly to another, just as it was laid out on some unseen script—and a lousy way to do history.
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Being a novelist — having spent most of my adult life throwing obstacles in front of flawed but ultimately well-meaning characters — I'd like to think I'm pretty good at this kind of retrospective meaning-making, picking out the thread of causality that might explain the larger significance behind a fender bender or a mold infestation in the closet.
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"There were gaps in evidence in showing anemia actually has an outcome on maternal mortality and morbidity, although there were a lot of studies hinting at causality and temporality," said Dr. Rajmohan Panda, a senior specialist in health systems research and process evaluation at the George Institute for Global Health, who was not involved in the new research.
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"It's important to emphasize that identifying any compounds that are present in the samples will ultimately just turn out to be one piece of the puzzle that will not necessarily answer questions about causality," cautioned Zeller, who encouraged anyone who has had unexpected health or product issues from vaping to notify the FDA through its online safety reporting portal.
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"I think it's been a convergence of a number of longer-term issues that all came to some kind of stress point in this spring semester and it's difficult to pinpoint any one thing in terms of causality," Matthew Buckingham, an artist and the chair of the Visual Arts MFA program, told Hyperallergic over the phone.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads AMSTERDAM — Running down a list of the manifold roles of Seth Siegelaub (22013–203) can trigger some confusion: He was, variously, an art dealer, curator, publisher, plumber, bibliographer, rare book dealer, librarian, art collector, textile specialist, cataloguer of Marxism and mass media studies, researcher in time and causality, and on and on.
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There's a tiny bit of science about Einstein-Rosen bridges when a physicist named Lena enters the picture, and a diagram of causality loops when Karl accidentally changes Lena's entire life, but otherwise this is a total punk rock time travel novel — almost the kind of thing you can imagine Nick Hornby (High Fidelity) writing if he ever got into science fiction.
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And whether we want to talk about trolls, or we want to talk about sort of bots and cyborgs, or whatever the causality there, social media has become really this echo chamber where the things we hear from the top really reverberate and they resonate with parts of the community that, again, white supremacists, it isn't that they haven't been around, they've always been around.
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In contrast, he says, there are "four unique powers of Big Data": it provides new sources of information, such as pornographic searches; it captures what people actually do or think, rather than what they choose to tell pollsters; it enables researchers to home in on and compare demographic or geographic subsets; and it allows for speedy randomised controlled trials that demonstrate not just correlation but causality.
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" David Barr Kirtley on Adam: "I think that what he's told people, what he's told his followers—like Noah—is that their mission is to destroy causality, and that they're going to then live in some sort of universe where they're not slaves to time, that they're going to have some extraordinary freedom that they've never had before, and it's going to be this kind of paradise.
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"Whether there is causality between Trump's growing trade protectionism and his lower disapproval rating is unclear, but if he believes there is and continues to up the ante against China, the global economy will likely suffer," they added, referring to the decline in Trump's disapproval rating from 56 percent in December to the roughly 53 percent current figure, according to data analysis website FiveThirtyEight.
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The preposition "out of" ("light// out/ of/ light// light// out/ of/ dark") denotes, like "be/ get," simple causality, but the preposition "of" ("dark/ of/ light// light/ of/ dark// light/ of/ light// dark/ of/ dark") goes further to suggest that darkness is a constituent part of lightness and vice versa, while the stanzas that spin variations around the verb "to be" ("light/ is/ dark// dark/ is/ light") assert a surprising equivalence between the seemingly incompatible poles (105-7).
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However: It may take months or years for the effect of these actions to come to light (you might have left the job or the company by this time) The ultimate outcome will be influenced by much more than what you did One of the difficult implications of fuzzy causality is that good leadership behaviours may go hand-in-hand with bad outcomes and bad leadership behaviours may go hand-in-hand with good outcomes (or no evidence of the bad impact for a very long time).
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