Oliver, who turns 2 next month, has caudal regression syndrome.
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Oliver Garza-Pena has caudal regression syndrome and uses a wheelchair to get around.
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But Miss Helen, who's less than a year old, proved her resilience, from her snout to her caudal fin.
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Caudal regression syndrome affects 1 to 2.5 of every 100,000 newborns, according to the US National Library of Medicine.
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Many sharks' tails, called caudal fins, are larger on top than on the bottom, which allows the animals to swim more efficiently.
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Some sharks also have a mechanism on their caudal fins called a horizontal keel, which reduces turbulence and allows them to swim faster.
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The worst of it was the right caudal maxillectomy, a difficult surgery whose line items totaled $5,326.58 and couldn't all fit on one page.
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PEOPLE has confirmed that the Magic Mike star is trading his quads for a caudal fin and starring alongside Jillian Bell in a gender-swapped remake of 1984's Splash.
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Compared to other dogfish, its distinguishing features include a longer body, a tighter gap between its eyes, a shorter caudal fin (its tail fin), and a differently proportioned first dorsal fin.
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The crew tied a rope around the base of the shark's caudal fin and hooked its head with a fishing line to keep it looking to the ocean (and away from them).
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A soft-bodied swimmer that lived 307 million years ago in what is now Illinois, the Tully monster measured around four inches long from its bizarre, pincer jaws to its posterior caudal fin.
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Cyclops (Maxillopoda: Copepoda), showing the caudal rami (bottom right) The caudal ramus (plural: caudal rami) is a characteristic feature of primitive crustaceans. Located on the anal somite (telson segment), the caudal ramus is a pair of appendage-like or spine-like protrusions. Specific structures which are rod or blade-like are referred to as caudal furca.
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Lateral line complete, reaching caudal, with 7 rows of scales between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle.
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The caudal fin varies in size between species and the rays have a whip- like tail with no caudal fin.
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There initially were 25 caudal vertebrae preserved, with 22 still being accounted for. The last several caudal vertebrae are partially fused into a pygostyle-like structure. The preserved caudal ribs are flattened, triangular, and taper towards the tip of the tail.
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The tail fin is small, rounded and orange and the other fins are yellowish. The spines on the caudal peduncle are orange, with the male having longer and deeper orange caudal spines and a darker orange caudal fin and darker eyes.
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Species of this genus have rounded, wider than deep bodies; large heads, rounded in dorsal view; pelvic fins originating at vertical line through the end of the dorsal fin; short caudal peduncles, with caudal fin procurrent rays close to adipose and anal fins; emarginated caudal fins, with rounded lobes, or completely rounded; incomplete lateral lines, sometimes surpassing the adipose-fin end, but never reaching the caudal fin. Three color patterns of the caudal fin in Batrochoglanis species are known. The first pattern, in B. raninus, B. transmontanus and B. acanthochiroides, is a light caudal fin, with a dark band on the posterior third. The second pattern, in B. villosus, is a light caudal fin, with dark dots irregularly distributed.
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Ovachlamys fulgens (family Helicarionidae) with caudal horn on the tail end of the foot. Drawing of the tail end of the body of Geomalacus maculosus showing supra-pedal grooves and triangular caudal mucous pit. Drawing of Ariophanta interrupta shows the large caudal mucous pit on its tail end. Dorsal view of Arion vulgaris shows caudal mucous pit on its tail end.
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The caudal fin is rounded. The caudal skeleton is compact and fused. Listura species grow to about 3.7-4.9 centimetres (1.5-1.9 in) SL.
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Injection into the tail vein of a rat Tail vein or caudal vein is the largest vein in vertebrate animals' tail. It leads directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk in fishes. Mammal caudal vein (the middle caudal vein) leads to inferior vena cava. Caudal vein is one of the many places from which a laboratory worker can withdraw blood from a mouse specimen.
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Caudal luring is not merely tail undulations, but must specifically be attractive to prey. Caudal distraction is another behavior used by snakes, and the tail motions are similar to caudal luring. The difference is in the snake's posture and especially in the nature and outcome of the behavior in reference to the encounter with prey. Other caudal luring-like movements occur as warning signals and are induced by stressful circumstances.
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The Sturisomatichthys leightoni is about 14 to 18 cm long. Its upper caudal fin is longer than its lower caudal fin. Both of them are elongated and peaked.
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Body silvery gray dorsally which becomes paler laterally. Venter white. Black blotch found at caudal peduncle. Dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins ranges from dull grayish-brown to hyaline.
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The short, thick caudal peduncle lacks notches at the caudal fin origins. The caudal fin has a small but well-defined lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The skin is often loose. This species is dark gray to bronze above and white below.
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Both have straight leading margins and somewhat angular apexes. The space between the dorsal fins is greater than the space between the second dorsal and caudal fins. The caudal peduncle is flattened and expanded laterally to form keels. The lower lobe of the caudal fin is markedly larger than the upper.
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There are only two sacral vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae number at least seventeen, with very tall neural spines (taller than the centrum is) and low-attached caudal ribs. The holotype had all seventeen of the first caudal vertebrae articulated. Several pelvic girdles are known, with ventral acetabula and thickened peduncles.
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The back should be rounded and not flat, as in the case of lionheads. The area of the caudal peduncle should curve sharply downwards to meet the tail. The caudal peduncle itself should be broad and neither lengthy nor too short (a properly formed caudal peduncle avoids swimming motion impairments to this type of goldfish). The ranchu's tail meets the caudal peduncle at a forty-five degree angle, giving the fish a unique swimming motion.
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In E. gameroi, an oblique band crossing from the dorsal profile of the caudal peduncle to the middle-upper rays of the caudal fin. In E. melaphareus, an inconspicuous patch exists on the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. In E. radiosus, the distal half of both the dorsal and ventral caudal fin lobes is pigmented. E. melaphareus also has pigmented pectoral and pelvic fins, while these fins in the other three species are unpigmented.
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Arion rufus shows caudal mucous pit on its tail end. The caudal mucous pit, or caudal mucous horn, is an anatomical structure on the tail end of the foot of various land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. The function of this pit is the resorption of mucus when the gastropod is moving (see also Muratov 1999). An incorrect and yet often-used term for this structure is the "caudal gland".
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The caudal cell mass plays a role in many diseases and abnormalities related to the spinal cord. One group of abnormalities it plays a role in are occult spinal dysraphisms. These types of abnormalities arise from specific structures formed in the caudal mass, for example if proper differentiation of the caudal mass does not occur, it could result in a type of spinal dysraphism. One example of spinal dysraphism is caudal regression syndrome.
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There are two vertical white bands, one behind the eye and one above the anus, and the caudal peduncle is white. The snout is orange or pinkish. The dorsal and caudal fins are orange-yellow, and the caudal fin is generally lighter in tone than the rest of the body, sometimes becoming whitish.
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The caudal fin is forked and the base lacks a white bar on Amphiprion latifasciatus. The caudal fin lacks the sharp demarcation between white and dark and the mid-body bar is narrower on Amphiprion allardi and Amphiprion akindynos. The caudal fin is dark on Amphiprion chrysogaster, Amphiprion fuscocaudatus and Amphiprion tricinctus.
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There is no anal fin. The caudal peduncle is robust and lacks notches at the caudal fin origins. The asymmetrical caudal fin has an indistinct lower lobe and an upper lobe without a notch in the trailing margin. The skin is covered by a layer of foul-smelling mucus several millimeters thick.
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The caudal bar is a dark bar found on the caudal fin of some species, including some sharks. Like other sharks in the mitsukurii group, the Philippines spurdog has a caudal bar which is dark and almost upright, however the caudal bar extends further in S. montalbani than S. mitsukurii, allowing visual differentiation of the species. An additional coloration pattern distinguishes the two species: a dark blotch on the upper lobe of the caudal fin appears in both S. montalbani and S. mitsukurii, however the placement and shape differs. Like most sharks, the species is yolk-sac viviparous.
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Treatment is often required to correct such abnormalities according to the range of symptoms present, whilst treatment options vary from conservative expectant management to resection of caudal tissue to restore normal function or appearance. As a rare congenital disorder, the prevalence at birth is less than 1 per 100,000 with less than 100 cases reported worldwide. The term "caudal duplication syndrome" has been coined since 1993 to describe caudal abnormalities and conditions. However, there has been recent debate into the appropriateness of the term being "caudal split syndrome" instead of caudal duplication due to the "splitting" nature of the abnormalities, rather than "duplication".
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Aeolosaurs, Aeolosaurus in particular, have very distinctive caudal vertebrae. The genus Aeolosaurus is diagnosed by the shared presence of down-curved prezygapophyses on its anterior caudal vertebrae and chevrons from the anterior and middle portions of the tail with concave posterodorsal surfaces that contain double articular facets. The caudal vertebrae of Aeolosaurus and the related genus Gondwanatitan share anteriorly-inclined neural spines in the anterior caudal vertebrae. The vertebrae from the middle part of its tail had elongated centra.
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The caudal peduncle is thin and bears slight lateral keels. Males have shorter abdomens and longer caudal peduncles than females. The caudal fin is broad and triangular, with nearly symmetrical upper and lower lobes and a prominent notch in the trailing margin of the upper lobe. The dermal denticles are flattened and not toothed or elevated on stalks.
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This continues both cranially (toward the head) and caudally (toward the tail). The openings that are formed at the cranial and caudal regions are termed the cranial and caudal neuropores. In human embryos, the cranial neuropore closes approximately on day 24 and the caudal neuropore on day 28.Youman's Neurological Surgery, H Richard Winn, 6th ed.
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Gobititan can be distinguished from other titanosauriformss based on features of the caudal vertebrae. Compared with advanced titanosaurs, where the number of caudal vertebrae had been reduced to less than 35, Gobititan had a relatively high number of caudal vertebrae, which was interpreted as a basal trait. Gregory S. Paul estimated that Gobititan was long and weighed twenty tonnes.
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The caudal (tail) vertebrae closest to the body were massive, high, and somewhat compressed from side to side. The neural arch was low with a small neural canal. The caudal vertebrae closer to the tip of the tail were platycoelous and had short, massive centra. The transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae and the ribs were robust and elongated.
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A hazy black stripe which is originating behind the operculum and extending to caudal peduncle. All fins with reddish suffusion. Body rosy grey dorsally with metallic green margins. A blotch on caudal peduncle.
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The last few caudal vertebrae are thin and very simple.
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Caudal luring behavior is believed to occur in pelican eels.
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Juveniles have rounded caudal fins and adults have concave ones.
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In addition, it has asymmetric caudal fins with precaudal pits.
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The caudal pontine reticular nucleus or nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis is an portion of the reticular formation, composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is rostral to the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons. The caudal pontine reticular nucleus has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the gigantocellular nucleus and the superior colliculus.
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Dorsal vertebra According to D'Emic et al. (2013) Huabeisaurus can be distinguished based on this set of autapomorphies: the division of some presacral vertebral laminae; posterior cervical vertebrae with a divided prezygodiapophyseal lamina; anterior dorsal vertebrae with a divided anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina; the presence of postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa that are larger than postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa on anterior-middle caudal vertebrae; caudal vertebrae with small caudal ribs that disappear around caudal vertebra eight; ventrally one-third of anterior-middle caudal vertebral centra expanded posteriorly; two longitudinal ridges on the lateral faces of mid-caudal vertebral centra; a coracoid with tubercle near anterodorsal edge of lateral face; the distal end of radius about twice as broad transversely as midshaft (convergently acquired in derived titanosaurs); a tubercle on ischial plate that projects from posterior margin; the development of fossae relative to one another in caudal vertebral neural arches; and a high tibia-to-femur ratio.
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Pedunculated eyes are also the defining attribute of the Stylophthalmine trait found in certain fish larvae. The caudal peduncle is a slightly narrowed part of a fish where the caudal fin meets the spine.
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Most of the OFC is granular, although the caudal parts of area 13 and area 14 are agranular. These caudal regions, which sometimes includes parts of the insular cortex, responds primarily to unprocessed sensory cues.
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The caudal fin has a flat end or is slightly concave.
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The specimen's remains preserve the four most posterior cervical vertebrae (likely 7-10 in regards to placement). Seven dorsal vertebrae are known, while eight dorsal ribs are known from the left side of the specimen in comparison to the five preserved for the right side. Five left uncinate processes are preserved as well. The caudal series of vertebrae are represented by 26 articulated caudal vertebrae, probably missing only the first caudal vertebra, likely making a full count of 27 caudal vertebrae in the tail.
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The holotype, and only fossil so far, is an almost complete articulated skeleton. It is from nose tip to the last caudal vertebra known, although the end of the tail is missing after the 17th caudal vertebra.
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Legs copperish brown. Abdomen pale grey with a pale yellow caudal tuft.
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Mackerel scad's caudal fins have been described as reddish to yellow-green.
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The caudal fin is yellow, bordered with black. Arothron immaculatus in camouflage.
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In the testes of some species of Siluriformes, organs and structures such as a spermatogenic cranial region and a secretory caudal region are observed, in addition to the presence of seminal vesicles in the caudal region. The total number of fringes and their length are different in the caudal and cranial portions between species. Fringes of the caudal region may present tubules, in which the lumen is filled by secretion and spermatozoa. Spermatocysts are formed from cytoplasmic extensions of Sertoli cells; the release of spermatozoa is allowed by breaking of the cyst walls.
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Collette, B.B. 1986 Belonidae p. 385-387. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. A houndfish has a distinct keel on the caudal peduncle, and the caudal fin itself is deeply forked.
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There are four pairs of barbels. The adipose fin base is not connected to the caudal fin. The caudal fin is emarginate with the upper lobe smaller than the lower lobe. The lateral line is midlateral and complete.
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Adults are white with four broad red stripes, suffused with black on caudal peduncle and caudal fin. It can be found in the aquarium trade. The crescent-tail hogfish differs from Bodianus masudai by having white pelvic fins.
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The paired gubernacula (from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω = pilot, steer, also called the caudal genital ligament) are embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated mesenchyme attaching to the caudal end of the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females).
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Brindled madtoms are approximately long. The brindled madtom, like other Noturus species, has a caudally-fused adipose fin which extends from the caudal fin and runs nearly to the dorsal fin. The caudal fin spreads around the caudal peduncle, terminating just prior to the anal fin. The species has smooth skin without scales and possesses four pairs of barbels along the premaxilla and dentary.
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These distal caudal vertebrae also lack transverse processes and neural spines, and therefore tend to be longer than they are wide; the reverse is true for proximal caudal vertebrae. Derived ankylosaurids possess a fusion of posterior dorsal, sacral, and sometimes anterior caudal vertebrae, which forms a singular structure called a “synsacrum complex”. There is a complete fusion between centra, neural arches, zygapophyses, and sometimes neural spines.
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The first dorsal fin is contiguous with the second and longer than the head. The caudal peduncle is slender, and the body entirely scaled. It has no teeth on the vomer. It has a small keel on either side of the median keel on the sides of the caudal peduncle, and six to eight finlets on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the caudal peduncle.
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The tail of a species may serve various functions, such as aggression, defense and feeding. The caudal luring behavior was first recorded in 1878 and is an instance of aggressive mimicry. Predators attract their prey by moving their caudal section in a way that mimics the victim's own prey. The prey is intrigued by caudal behavior and will investigate assuming it is their own prey.
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The anal fin is smaller than the second dorsal fin. The dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle bears a crescent-shaped notch at the caudal fin origin. The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a long upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The dermal denticles are small and overlapping; each has five horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth.
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The anal and ventral fins are yellowish. The caudal fin is clearly bifid.
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Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal region.
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The caudal plate (above the tail) is not divided as in Hermann's tortoise.
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Caudal migration of the verumontanum. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 26: 7, 858-861.
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All specimens with red marking at axil, behind pectoral fin. Dorsal and caudal fins are same color as the body with four lines of red dots extending onto soft areas and conspicuous on inter-radial membranes. Tip of caudal fin reddish.
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The bones supporting the first and second caudal fin rays are fused. In addition, principal caudal fin-rays show sixteen rows of free neuromasts. The posterior orbits have more than three flute canals. The first dorsal fin shows 8 visible spines.
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The two black spots are united by a longitudinal zigzag band running from the mouth through the eye to the caudal fin. The caudal is white- spotted. The height of the body is two-fifths or three-sevenths of the SL.
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The first systematic review for caudal duplication symptoms was done and the term "caudal duplication syndrome" was first proposed in 1993. The term was coined to describe rare anomalies associated with complete or partial duplication of caudal structures resulted from insults during embryogenesis to distinguish symptoms of spinal duplication syndrome which only involves spinal duplicity, only when there is associated complete or partial duplicity of vascular structures and/or organs such as bladder and distal gastrointestinal tract the term caudal duplication syndrome can be used. However, recently in 2013, it was suggested that “duplication” is a misnomer based on an analysis of two cases and literature review in which researchers found “hemi” organs was “split” not duplicated, proposing caudal “split” syndrome may be a more appropriate title.
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The connectivity of the OFC varies somewhat along a rostral- caudal axis. The caudal OFC is more heavily interconnected with sensory regions, notably receiving direct input from the pyriform cortex. The caudal OFC is also the most heavily interconnected with the amygdala. Rostrally, the OFC receives fewer direct sensory projections, and is less connected with the amygdala, but it is interconnected with the lateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampus.
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There are two dark streaks behind the eye, and the scalpel-like scales that project from the caudal peduncle are blackish and surrounded by a large black spot with a bluish border. Both dorsal and anal fins are long, extending as far as the caudal peduncle. The caudal fin is crescent-shaped, the points growing longer as the fish ages. It is rimmed by a band of bluish-white.
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Caudal luring is found in some sharks, being common among three species: Alopias vulpinus, Alopias superciliosus and Alopias pelagicus; they have tails (elongated dorsal lobes of the caudal fin) of varying shapes, but they all use them to attract and then immobilize prey. The tasselled wobbegong (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon) a carpet shark, has a caudal fin resembles a small fish with a small dark eyespot; this is waved slowly to attract prey.
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The spiny dorsal fin is placed halfway down the body and is detached from the soft dorsal fin. The soft dorsal fin extends down the body and ends shortly before the caudal fin. The anal fin mirrors the soft dorsal fin down the underside of the body before the caudal fin. The shape of the caudal fin varies based on family, but is generally either rounded, forked or truncate.
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The caudal is colored variously depending on the geographic population. Most all forms have red or orange pigment of varying intensity in the lower quadrant of the caudal, ventral to the black stripe. In some especially colorful populations, the red pigment extends above the black stripe as well, as pictured above. The Guyanese population, as well as one form from Bolivia, manifest a well-defined caudal ocellus above the black stripe.
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In Cryptochetum iceryae, which parasitizes Icerya, there are four larval instars. The first instar is sac-like and lacks both trophi and tracheae but at the caudal end it bears a pair of finger-like processes. The caudal end of the digestive tract is closed. During subsequent instars the caudal processes grow longer and become filamentous; in the final instar they are much longer than the whole body.
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The larvae may grow as much as in a day. On their sides and dorsal surfaces, they are blue-black in color, while ventrally they are white. Both the caudal fin and the caudal peduncle (the narrow part of the fish's body to which the caudal or tail fin is attached) are clear. Two iridescent blue patches occur on the head, and some individuals have darker spots on their backs.
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Parapterois have more (18–21) pectoral fin rays than Pterois (12–17), and, in the former, these rays may be branched, while they are never branched in Pterois. Parapterois have two anal fin spines, while Pterois have three. Also, as a more obvious trait, the caudal fin of these fish are truncated with longer upper and lower caudal fin rays, while the caudal fin in Pterois is rounded.
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The caudal peduncle bears a crescent- shaped notch at the upper origin of the caudal fin. The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a long, narrow upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The prominent lateral line curves downward below the second dorsal fin. The skin is densely covered by small, overlapping dermal denticles; each bears five horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth.
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The abdomen is whitish and unmarked. Dark bands are present on the caudal fin.
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Young adults are violet with blue spots in their back and transparent caudal fins.
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The caudal fin is asymmetrical, with a strong lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three horizontal ridges (five in larger individuals) leading to marginal teeth. This species is bronze to gray above and white below, with a white stripe on the flank. A thin black line runs along the leading margins of the dorsal fins, pectoral fins, and the upper caudal fin lobe, as well as the caudal fin trailing margin; the lower caudal fin lobe and sometimes the pectoral fins are also tipped in black.
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Other differences among species include: the presence or lack of haplopyrenoids within the chloroplasts, position of the nucleus, a large or small endosome, shape of the cytoskeleton, few to several paramylon discoid grains, the presence of lateral caps and presence of oblique truncated poles. In addition, the morphology of the caudal process in many species of Phacus is extremely varied. Phacus parvullis and Phacus pusillus have very a blunt caudal process while Phacus segretti and Phacus stokesii actually lack a caudal process entirely. Those species are described as having rounded posteriors in place of the caudal process.
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The second dorsal and anal fins are smaller still, and placed about even with each other on narrow bases that allow pivoting from side to side. The sides of the caudal peduncle are expanded into prominent lateral keels. A second, shorter pair of keels are present below the main keels. The caudal fin is large and crescent-shaped, with the lower lobe almost as long as the upper; both dorsal and ventral depressions (precaudal pits) are at the caudal fin base, and a deep ventral notch is near the tip of the upper caudal fin lobe.
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In humans and other mammals, the caudal cell mass (sometimes tail bud in humans) is the aggregate of undifferentiated cells at the caudal end on the spine. The caudal end of the spinal cord first begins to form after primary neuralation has taken place, indicating that it develops after the cranial portion of the spinal cord has developed. Following neuralation, the caudal tail begins to form a neurocele as it develops a hollow core. After this, secondary neuralation occurs in which the medullary cord begins to form and is filled with many cavities that ultimately form the lumen.
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The caudal fin has a white spot at its base, surrounded by dark brown bands. Two large white spots are present above and below. The rest of the caudal fin is crisscrossed by dark brown bands. The ventral and anal fins are colorless.
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In some species, there are light-colored spots or blotches on the sides. Usually, the fins are similarly colored, but in some species there are bands on the caudal fin or an orange or red edging to the dorsal fin and caudal fin.
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However it does have a caudal and dorsal fin. Both are covered in similar scales.
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The fins are mostly hyaline to dusky, although caudal fin may be yellow to reddish.
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An ornithomimid caudal vertebra has been discovered that has tooth drag marks attributed to Saurornitholestes.
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Also, it has a truncated caudal fin. This species grows to a length of SL.
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Juveniles show a more forked caudal fin. This species is very similar to Lethrinus microdon.
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Body colour is brown-pink with dark edges to the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins.
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Truncate dorsal and anal fins. Pectoral fins slightly developed. Caudal fin forked and tips pointed.
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The caudal lobe, though less broad than the procephalic lobe, is still a widish structure.
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The caudal lobe, though less broad than the procephalic lobe, is still a widish structure.
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Two species are black, usually with white spots, and lack dark bands on the caudal fin; P. nicoi has a white band at the distal margin of the caudal fin, while P. anthrax does not. P. dumus has a colour pattern consisting of black spots on the head and anterior part of body, while P. tigris has a colour pattern consisting of brown and tan bars on the head and anterior part of body. However, P. dumus and P. tigris may actually both represent more species. In P. dumus, specimens from northern Amazonas have a well-spotted caudal peduncle, those from the Ventuari and Cataniapo Rivers have spots along the mid-line on the caudal peduncle, and those from the Casiquiare have spots combining to form bands on the caudal peduncle.
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Patients suffering from caudal regression syndrome can experience a varying degree of the abnormality ranging from partial lack of the tail bone and pelvis to more significant cases where there may be paralysis and, as a result, inhibited function in the bowel and bladder. This abnormality can be caused by the caudal cell mass not developing properly due to improper differentiation, and it can lead to sacral agenesis, which is one of the hallmarks of caudal regression syndrome. Another class of abnormalities from caudal cell mass development includes caudal dysgenesis, which refers to abnormalities where the sacrum may be deformed or absent, or abnormalities in which the spinal cord and the complementary organ systems may be malformed. Some of the abnormalities that fall under this class includes currarino syndrome and sirenomelia.
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The caudal fin is deeply forked with both long caudal fin lobes lacking filaments. There are 60-68 pored scales in the lateral line which is simple and exyends from the upper end of gill slit to upper end of the lower lobe of the caudal-fin. The head and upper flanks of the body are silver with a slight blackish tinge. The colour lightens on the lower flanks and the underside is white.
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The anal fin is larger than the second dorsal fin. There is a crescent-shaped notch on the caudal peduncle just before the origin of the upper caudal fin lobe. The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The skin is densely covered by overlapping dermal denticles, each bearing three to five horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth.
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Sardines use Body-Caudal fin propulsion to swim and hold their pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins flat against the body, creating a more streamlined body and reducing drag. Most fish swim by generating undulatory waves that propagate down the body through the caudal fin. This form of undulatory locomotion is termed Body-Caudal Fin (BCF) swimming on the basis of the body structures used.Blake, R.W. (2004) Review Paper: Fish functional design and swimming performance.
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The caudal ganglionic eminence is another subcortical structure that is essential to the generation of cortical interneurons. It is located next to the lateral ventricle, posterior to where the LGE and MGE fuse. The CGE is a fusion of the rostral medial and lateral ganglionic eminence, which begins at the mid to caudal thalamus. There are two molecular domains that exist within the CGE and closely resemble extensions of the caudal MGE and LGE.
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The newly emerged larva is up to about 0.7 millimeters in length, not counting the two long, thin caudal setae, which are twice the length of the body. The new larva is cream-colored with a light brown, well- developed head. By the second and third instars, there are four caudal setae. The fourth instar larva is around 5 millimeters long including the caudal setae, which are about as long as the body.
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The pelvic fins are as long as or slightly longer than the pectoral fins while the caudal fin is truncate, the corners of the caudal fin are rounded in adults. The jaws are armed with two rows of teeth, the outer row being enlarged. There are 56 to 66 scales in the lateral line. The basic colour of the head, body, dorsal, and caudal fins is pale brown, with many small darker brown spots.
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It is expressed at high levels in caudal regions, but is not generally observed in the frontal cortex. Tbr1 is expressed at very high levels in the frontal cortex and very lower levels in the caudal regions. Using tbr1 null mutants, it was found that Bhlhb5 is up-regulated in the absence of TBR1. This up- regulation of Bhlhb5 led to the conclusion that tbr1 suppresses caudal identity while promoting frontal identity.
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The abdomen ends in a telson and a pair of long, thin, multi-articulate caudal rami. The form of the telson varies between the two genera: in Lepidurus, a rounded projection extends between the caudal rami, while in Triops there is no such projection.
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It has 18 double-crested caudal whorls and 17 single-crested caudal whorls. The flanks have one or two longitudinal rows of six to eight very enlarged scales on each side.Brazaitis, P. (2001) A Guide to the Identification of the Living Species of Crocodilians.
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The scale cover of Birgeria is reduced. Most of the body is devoid of scales. Scales are only developed on the upper lobe of the caudal fin and the hind portion of the caudal peduncle. The scales are small, rhombic and lack a ganoine layer.
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The caudal fin is forked or emarginated. Unlike species of Paramphilius, the snout is greater than half of the snout length, the adipose fin is not confluent with the caudal fin in adult specimens, and the anal fin has seven or fewer branched rays.
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All fins much darker than juveniles and with a reddish-orange tinge. There is a black blotch at caudal peduncle, which is disappear in some specimen. Juveniles and young adults with yellowish brown body and white venter. Black blotch at caudal peduncle as in adults.
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Also, in males, the caudal fins appear blue- green with a large, orange, crescent-shaped area.
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The name "tripletail" is given because of the fish's three rounded fins: dorsal, caudal, and anal.
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The caudal fin is dark pink with paler tips, and the other fins are pale pink.
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The fossil is a proximal caudal vertebra encased within sandstone and measuring 145 mm in length.
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Estadio Hermanos Antuña is a football stadium in Mieres, and is the home of Caudal Deportivo.
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The material includes cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae, the forelimb girdle, and the partial hindlimb.
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A stout spine precedes the dorsal fin, and the forked caudal fin has equal sized lobes.
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Scopelopsis multipunctatus has round eyes, a long and slender body, and a forked homocercal caudal fin.
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Instead, the caudal fin of Cretalamna was more similar to that of the great white shark.
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Vertical bars metallic blue with bright yellowish interspaces. Medial caudal rays dark blue. Other fins hyaline.
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Histological and SEM analysis of Captorhinid tail vertebrae concluded in a 2018 study that Captorhinid reptiles were the first amniotes to develop caudal autotomy as a defensive function. In studied specimens a split line is present in certain caudal vertebrae that is similar to those found in modern reptiles that perform caudal autonomy. Survey of other amniotes from the locality as well as worldwide lead the authors to consider this the first presence of caudal autotomy in an amniote. This behaviour represented significant evolutionary benefit for the animals, allowing for escape and distracting predators, as well as minimizing blood loss at an injury site.
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The body of the ninespine stickleback tapers to a very narrow caudal peduncle and the caudal fin is fan-shaped. The body is less deep and more elongated than that of the three-spined stickleback with a thinner and longer caudal peduncle, but the best way of distinguishing these two species is the number of spines in front of the dorsal fin which, for this species, varies from seven to twelve although nine is the commonest number. This species does not have scales but there is a group of small bony plates on the narrowest part of the caudal peduncle at the lateral line. The mouth points upwards in this species.
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These species are easily distinguished by the presence of pinnate processes along the median caudal-fin rays (although these processes may be poorly developed in some species), a prominent cup-like skin flap above the base of the pectoral spine and the adipose fin largely separate from the caudal fin. In most species the caudal fin is deeply forked; A. apangi and A. murraystuarti differ in having their caudal fin truncate. Amblyceps species may reach about 100 millimetres (3.94 in) SL.Chen, X. & Lundberg, J.G. (1995): Xiurenbagrus, a New Genus of Amblycipitid Catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes), and Phylogenetic Relationships among the Genera of Amblycipitidae. Copeia, 1995 (4): 780–800.
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The caudal (tail) fin has a black bar at its base and at the end. The caudal fin is usually straight or slightly rounded. The Checkered Madtom is thought to be the second largest species of madtom commonly 4-7 inches, with the largest being Noturus flavus.
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The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe. The dorsal and caudal fins are elongated, and grow longer with age. It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.
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The fins (excluding the caudal fin) are yellow with dark margins and orange or red markings. Australian rainbowfish are colourful fish, hence their name. Their sides are silvery-brown, and have a green or silver sheen. A blue stripe extends from the snout to the caudal fin.
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Ross et al., 2001. At maturation, the golden topminnow becomes slender with a rounded caudal fin and a deep caudal peduncle. The mouth is small and slightly superior and the dorsal fin is set far back on the body and begins posterior to the anal fin origin.
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The ventral fins are small and are slightly closer to the head than to the caudal fin (a diagnostic feature) and the caudal fin is rounded. The colour of preserved specimens is yellowish and there is a dark blotch at the base of the pectoral fins.
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The second specimen, BEXHM 2015.18, consists of a small fragment of jaw with three teeth; six complete caudal vertebrae fused together and two fragmentary caudal vertebrae in articulation; a distal left ulna; a right proximal syncarpal; portions of a minimum of three phalanges and two indeterminate elements.
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The structure of the teeth points to a diet of shellfish and/or crustaceans. A special characteristic of the species is the flattening of the first few caudal vertebrae (the remainder of the caudal vertebrae are not known). This might point to a slightly flattened tail.
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Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form, a caudal domain, and a rostral domain. The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus.
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The fins are all white dusky with the exception of the anal fin and lower caudal fin lobe, which are white to brownish orange, with the ventral surface of the caudal peduncle also this colour. This contrasts to the bright lemon yellow anal and lower caudal fins of C. hippos. The Pacific crevalle jack also has a black spot on the base of its pectoral fins, as well as a dark blotch on the margin of the operculum.
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Both dorsal fins have very long free rear tips, and there is a subtle midline ridge between them. A prominent notch is present on the caudal peduncle at the dorsal origin of the caudal fin. The caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The skin is covered by overlapping, oval-shaped dermal denticles; each denticle has three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth.
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The caudal peduncle has a deep crescent-shaped notch at the upper caudal fin origin. The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a notch in the trailing margin near the tip. The skin is covered by overlapping dermal denticles; each denticle has three horizontal ridges leading to three (rarely five) marginal teeth. This species is gray above and white below, with an obvious pale stripe on the flanks.
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The pelvic fins are small and placed forward of the second dorsal fin. There is no anal fin; the caudal peduncle is long, leading to an asymmetrical caudal fin. This shark is distinctive in being the only Centroscyllium species with abrupt black markings beneath its head, trunk, and pectoral fins, with a black stripe running from under the caudal peduncle to over the pelvic fins. These markings are in fact concentrations of tiny light- emitting photophores.
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The pelvic fins are triangular and larger than the anal fin, which has a deep notch in the trailing margin. A crescent-shaped notch is present on the caudal peduncle at the upper caudal fin origin. The caudal fin is asymmetrical, with a well-developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The dermal denticles are slightly overlapping and bear three prominent horizontal ridges leading to three or five marginal teeth.
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The fifteen-spined stickleback is an elongated fish with a long slender snout, an elongated caudal peduncle about one third of the total length, and a fan-like rounded caudal fin. The anterior dorsal fin consists of a series of fourteen to fifteen small, widely separated spines. The posterior dorsal fin and the anal fin are aligned and are similar in size and shape and located immediately anterior to the caudal peduncle. The pelvic fins consist of spines.
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The epipophyses probably provided attachment areas for a markedly strong neck musculature. A similar double row was also present in the tail, formed there by highly modified caudal ribs, in front view protruding upwards in a V-shape, their inner sides creating a smooth, flat, top surface of the front tail vertebrae. The end of each caudal rib was furnished with a forward projecting hook-shaped expansion that connected to the caudal rib of the preceding vertebra.
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The caudal fin is truncate, in adults and rounded in juveniles. The colour of the head and body is greyish brown and there are two pale longitudinal stripes which have black margins and contain dark dots. The upper stripe runs from above the eye to the soft-rayed part of the dorsal fin while the lower stripe runs from underneath the eye to the caudal fin. The dorsal and caudal fins are marked with black spots and streaks.
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The Bicoid protein blocks translation of caudal mRNA so Caudal protein is of lower concentration at the anterior part of the embryo and at higher concentration at the posterior part of the embryo. This is of opposite direction of the Bicoid protein. The caudal protein then activates later to turn genes on to form the posterior structures during the segmentation phase. Nanos protein creates a posterior-to-anterior slope and is a morphogen that helps in abdomen formation.
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This fish lacks the median keel on the caudal peduncle – it only has the characteristic pair of small keels on each side of the base of the caudal fin, as do other scombrids. It has 21 precaudal vertebrae, plus 23 caudal vertebrae. Drawing of a butterfly kingfish This fish can be found around the world in southern temperate waters of , but most commonly under , and at depths to in the open ocean. It grows to a length of .
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Hingson and Southworth first used this technique in an operation to remove the varicose veins of a Scottish merchant seaman. Rather than removing the caudal needle after the injection as was customary, the two surgeons experimented with a continuous caudal infusion of local anesthetic. Hingson then collaborated with Edwards, the chief obstetrician at the Marine Hospital, to study the use of continuous caudal anesthesia for analgesia during childbirth. Hingson and Edwards studied the caudal region to determine where a needle could be placed to deliver anesthetic agents safely to the spinal nerves without injecting them into the cerebrospinal fluid. The first use of continuous caudal anesthesia in a laboring woman was on January 6, 1942, when the wife of a United States Coast Guard sailor was brought into the Marine Hospital for an emergency Caesarean section.
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Black marginal bands may occur on the soft dorsal and caudal fins (the end of the fin).
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It shows angular cartilages. Both species of Heliotrygon have greatly reduced caudal stings, rendering them virtually harmless.
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Its ventral region is white. Dorsal, caudal, anal and ventral fins are white with black transverse bands.
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Redspot cardinalfish are semi-transparent with a large pink caudal spot. They reach a maximum size of .
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The metencephalon will become the cerebellum and the pons. The more caudal myelencephalon will become the medulla.
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A dark blotch is seen on part of the caudal fin's posterior margin. Its reproduction is ovoviviparous.
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The hepatogastric ligament consists of a dense cranial portion and the caudal portion termed the pars flaccida.
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Some species of the genus Acanthurus are even thought to possess poison glands on their caudal spines.
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The cervical intumescence and spinal cord segments caudal to this showed myelodysplasia with tissue disorganization and hydromyelia.
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It has a pearlescent body with several vertical orange to red stripes. The rear section of its body and caudal fin are black, with a sapphire-blue outline on the caudal fin. It reach a maximum length of 15 cm (6 in). It is a semi-aggressive omnivore.
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The anal fin—the fin found under the body of the fish—is long and has 21 to 27 rays, reaching the caudal—or tail—fin. The caudal fin is usually straight or barely rounded. Like other madtoms, black madtoms possess many chemically sensitive sensory pores and barbels.
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The coloration is grayish to brownish above and white below, with a pattern of scattered small, dark spots unique to each individual. The tips of the first dorsal fin and upper caudal fin lobe, and sometimes also the second dorsal fin and lower caudal fin lobe, are bright white.
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The caudal fin is slightly concave. The body is white broken by lines of dark to orange oblong-shaped blotches and spot. There is a noticeable row of dark, oblong blotches along the lower flank. There is a further row of 4 black spots on the caudal peduncle.
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Gondwanatitan was a fairly small sauropod, only 7 meters long. It had relatively gracile limb bones. The middle caudal vertebrae are distinctively "heart-shaped", which allows isolated caudal vertebrae to be easily distinguished from those of Aeolosaurus. The vertebrae from the middle part of its tail had elongated centra.
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Tadpoles—notice the caudal ocellus—and newly metamorphosed juvenile The tadpoles of Clinotarsus alticola are distinctive: they are large (up to in length), have many glands, and are black in colouration with red ocelli. The caudal ocellus is a unique feature among ranid tadpoles. Its colouration may be aposematic.
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It is small and colourful, growing to between 40 and 55 mm. The body tapers to a narrow caudal peduncle. Much of the sides are covered by a lateral band dark in colour. The caudal, dorsal and anal fins are yellow or red-orange with black marginal rays.
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In addition to a rostral to caudal kinematic wave that travels down the animals body during undulatory locomotion, there is also a corresponding wave of muscle activation that travels in the rostro-caudal direction. However, while this pattern is characteristic of undulatory locomotion, it too can vary with environment.
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Sardines use body- caudal fin propulsion to swim, holding their pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins flat against the body, creating a more streamlined body to reduce drag. Most fish swim by generating undulatory waves that propagate down the body through the caudal fin. This form of undulatory locomotion is termed body-caudal fin (BCF) swimming on the basis of the body structures used; it includes anguilliform, sub-carangiform, carangiform, and thunniform locomotory modes, as well as the oscillatory ostraciiform mode.
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The filaments tend to be longer in adults than they are in young fish. The caudal fin is deeply forked with its upper and lower caudal-fin lobes not bearing filaments. There are 56-64 pored scales in the lateral line which is forked on the caudal fin, with branches reaching onto the rear margin of the lobes of the tail. The upper sides of the head and the flanksare tinged with a slight darkish silver shade, lightening on the lower flanks.
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Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. It has a laterally compressed body with a forked caudal fin.
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Tsukuhara syndrome is an infrequently occurring skeletal dysplasia characterised by a caudal synostosis of the vertebra at birth.
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019, "a partial skeleton represented by a series of articulated caudal vertebrae and an almost complete right pes".
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The definitive urogenital sinus consists of a caudal phallic portion and an intermediate narrow channel, the pelvic portion.
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The definitive urogenital sinus consists of a caudal cephalic portion and an intermediate narrow channel, the pelvic portion.
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The preopercle has a smooth margin with 1 or 2 short spines and the caudal fin is rounded.
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EIPH begins in the dorso-caudal region of the lung and progresses in a cranioventral direction over time.
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Best skeletal characters for generic separation were shape of the caudal basibranchial and a combination of mensural characters.
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The caudal fin istail rounded. The head and body are grey or greenish in colour marked with pale blotches and small dark spots which are scattered over the upper head and body, as well as being on the pectoral fins. Subadult fish which are less than in length are overall greenish to tawny brown in colour with diagonal, irregular darker brown bars on the body and caudal fin. The juveniles have heavy spotting on the head, the soft-rayed part of the dorsalfin and the pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins, They have 5 diagonal black bars on the body which reach onto the dorsal and anal fins and there is a black bar on base of the caudal fin.
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In more derived teleosts the jaws are more powerful, with left and right ceratobranchials fusing to become one lower jaw; the pharyngobranchials fuse to create a large upper jaw that articulates with the neurocranium. They have also developed a muscle that allows the pharyngeal jaws to have a role in grinding food in addition to transporting it. The caudal fin is homocercal, meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, the base of the caudal fin, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin, such as most fish from the Paleozoic (541 to 252 million years ago).
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The body of the sailfin molly is essentially oblong. The head is small and dorsally flattened, with a small, upturned mouth. The caudal peduncle is broad and the caudal fin is large, rounded, and sometimes tipped with black. The pelvic fins originate at a point anterior to the dorsal fin.
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The caudal fin is forked, with the upper lobe longer than the lower. The pectoral fin spine is very strong, prominent, and strongly serrated on the inner side. The fish is reddish brown above, yellowish white beneath, and the caudal fin dotted with black. This species grows to 72.0 centimetres TL.
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The spiny parts can be dark grey to blackish when courting (see photograph of female). The caudal and anal fin are transparent to pale yellow. The lower caudal body parts are grey to black. Females have a bright red belly which becomes paler after spawning and whilst in breeding coloration.
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This species differs from the Panama hake in that in juveniles the caudal fin has a central lobe and is truncate in adults, whereas the caudal fin is emarginate in the Panama hake, its pectoral fin projects well beyond the anus in but does not do so in the Panama hake.
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The number of post cervical vertebrae in Macrotus are as follows: twelve thoracic, six lumbar, five sacral, seven caudal.
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The caudal fin has a dark vertical bar. There is a single row of small teeth in the jaws.
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A notch occurs in the upper lobe of the caudal fin and the lower lobe is of medium size.
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More anterior regions along the rostro-caudal axis of frontal cortex support rule learning at higher levels of abstraction.
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Borja Navarro García (born 14 May 1990) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Caudal Deportivo as a forward.
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Osteochilus microcephalus has a broad black mid-lateral stripe running to the caudal fin base. It grows to SL.
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All fins have thin white margins on the edge. In juveniles, the upper caudal fin has a black tip.
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The second dorsal and caudal fins have several narrow black bands; other fins are clear or yellow in color.
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The underside is whitish, and the caudal fin is yellow with a black margin. The largest known specimen measures .
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Maroubra perserrata is considered more mobile than many pipefish species due to its prehensile tail and reduced caudal fin.
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Caudal hip muscles: Internal obturator: originates on the pelvic symphysis and inserts on the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
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The caudal fin is truncated and usually yellow with a pinkish pattern, which can be faded or completely blue.
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Like many stomiiformes, its scales and caudal skeleton are poorly ossified and it lacks a gas-filled swim bladder.
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The caudal fin is grey with dark tips, with all other fins being light grey to hyaline in colour.
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Serration is present on the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins, and the caudal fin is forked.
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The far larger number of caudal papill at once distinguishes it from the lumbricoid of man and the hog.
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The threestripe gourami normally shows one or two, almost never three, dark stripes running the length of its body but there it lacks any strip along the base of the anal fin. The elongated reare anal fin rays do not reach beyond the middle of the caudal fin which is lanceolate in shape. The dorsal, anal and caudal fin have red margins and are marked with many blue spots. Males are larger than the females and have elongated rays in the pelvic, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.
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Caudal duplication, (or caudal duplication syndrome) is a rare congenital disorder in which various structures of the caudal region, embryonic cloaca, and neural tube exhibit a spectrum of abnormalities such as duplication and malformations. The exact causes of the condition is unknown, though there are several theories implicating abnormal embryological development as a cause for the condition. Diagnosis is often made during prenatal development of the second trimester through anomaly scans or immediately after birth. However, rare cases of adulthood diagnosis has also been observed.
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A crescent-shaped notch is present on the caudal peduncle just before the upper caudal fin origin. The caudal fin is asymmetrical, with a strong lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The roughly diamond-shaped dermal denticles are placed closely together and slightly overlapping; each bears five to seven (three in juveniles) horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. The Australian blacktip shark is bronze above (gray after death) and whitish below, with a pale stripe on the flanks.
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Additionally, four small caudal vertebrae were associated with the specimen AMNH 6368, the vertebrae were not included in the original description. Nevertheless, in 1984 they were catalogued as AMNH 21784. Mader and Bradley described these vertebrae, and were provisionally identified as caudal vertebrae of a small theropod dinosaur that is not phylogenetically referable to either the Tyrannosauroidea or Therizinosauridae as they show resemblance to the caudal vertebrae of Deinonychus and Plateosaurus. The Bayan Shireh material may or may not belong to this genus, and needs further study.
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In general, the upper side of the body alternates orange and dark blue vertical bands, with a larger blue band on the eyes, a spotted ventral region and numerous white spots on the head. The dorsal and anal fins have a pattern of horizontal alternate orange and blue bands. The caudal fin shows white spots and lines. Like most surgeonfish on each side of the caudal fin, in the middle of the caudal peduncle, there is a defensive dark spine surrounded by a blue zone.
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Rhythmogenic potential is highest in the center of the spinal cord and decreases in a mediolateral direction. The ability to generate fast and regular rhythmic activity decreases in the caudal direction, but the rhythm-generating networks extends from the lumbar region into the caudal thoracic region of the spinal cord. Both lateral and ventral funiculi are able to coordinate activity in the rostral and caudal regions. Although CPGs do exist in humans, supraspinal structures are also important for the additional demands of bipedal locomotion.
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First it is divided into an upper (or dorsal) premotor cortex and a lower (or ventral) premotor cortex. Each of these is further divided into a region more toward the front of the brain (rostral premotor cortex) and a region more toward the back (caudal premotor cortex). A set of acronyms are commonly used: PMDr (premotor dorsal, rostral), PMDc (premotor dorsal, caudal), PMVr (premotor ventral, rostral), PMVc (premotor ventral, caudal). Some researchers, especially those who study the ventral premotor areas, use a different terminology.
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Adult males' gill plates are adorned with metallic scales that range from sky blue to gold, depending on the lighting. They have a black spot on the base of their caudal fins which are lanceolate in shape. Females have a hyaline band near the outer edges of their anal and caudal fins.
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The membrane between the spines is notably notched. The caudal fin is rounded. The colour of the body is reddish to greenish- brown, with each scale on the body having a small white or pale blue spot. Sometimes 4 irregular dark vertical bars are visible, with a 5th bar on the caudal peduncle.
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Colouration in Lithoxus species is typically slate gray to tan with a few lighter markings on the body; there are occasionally bands in the pectoral and caudal fins. The ventral surface ranges from white to slightly lighter than the sides. The abdomen is naked (scaleless and unplated). The caudal fin is slightly forked.
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Adults are an orange-brown colour with two white bars with black edging encircling the body. The first bar is located on the head behind the eyes and may be thin and broken. The second bar is on the body below the dorsal fin. The caudal peduncle and caudal fin are white.
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Xiphophorus mayae is a fish in the family Poeciliidae. It is found in Central America: eastern Guatemala and western Honduras. This species has red lines on its body which extend on to the upper portion of the caudal fin, males have the lower part of the caudal fin extended into a "sword".
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The caudal fin is slightly forked. The head, body and fins of this species are plain iridescent blue and there is a black stripe on the upper and lower edges of the caudal fin. This species has a maximum recorded length of , although the method of fish measurement used was not given.
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Promoted to Segunda División B: Deportivo B, Gandía, Atlético Baleares, Alcalá, Real Sociedad B, Teruel, Badajoz, Caudal and Rayo B.
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Seals propel themselves through the water with their caudal tail, while sea lions create thrust solely with their pectoral flippers.
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The juveniles have an obvious dark bar on lower lobe of the caudal fin. The maximum recorded standard length is .
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The tumors were only found on caudal vertebrae and they may have been caused by environmental factors or genetic inheritance.
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With keel. Cartilaginous. Like cartilage. Caudal. Tail-like, or with a tail-like appendage. Cellular. Made up of cells. Cerebral.
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This caudal fin structure contrasts with the externally symmetrical homocercal morphology present in most teleost fishes such as bluegill sunfish.
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The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines that can be locked into place. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length. M. notata can be distinguished from other members of the genus Microsynodontis by examining the pectoral spine, the length of the caudal peduncle, the size of the eye, the shape of the caudal fin, and the colors on the body. The caudal peduncle is long, making up about 10% to 12% of the standard length of the fish, whereas all other members of the genus, with the exception of M. christyi and M. laevigatus, have a shorter caudal peduncle, making up about 6% to 10% of the standard length.
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V. beccarii can be distinguished from other vandelliines by its square or slightly emarginate caudal fin and the colour pattern of two dark bands extending from the dorsal fin and the anal fin and converging onto the caudal fin. V. sanguinea may grow to 5.3 centimetres (2.1 in) SL. V. cirrhosa grows up to SL.
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The pectoral fins, second dorsal fin, and lower caudal fin lobe are prominently tipped in black, while the first dorsal fin and dorsal caudal fin lobe are narrowly edged in black. The maximum size reached by the Pondicherry shark is uncertain due to a lack of large specimens, but is probably not much greater than .
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The caudal fin has variously been described as either lunate or semi-lunate. The caudal fin was made up of two lobes; the lower lobe was skeletally supported whereas the upper lobe was unsupported. The tail was used as the main propulsive force for movement; the fins were not involved with propulsion of the body.
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The possibility of a tail fluke has been confirmed by recent studies on the caudal neural spine form of Pantosaurus, Cryptoclidus and Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus.Wilhelm, B.C., 2010, Novel anatomy of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs with comments on axial locomotion. Ph.D thesis, Marshall University, Huntington, WV. USA A 2020 study claims that the caudal fin was horizontal in configuration.
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The ribs are single-headed. The epipodials (the bones that form the forearm and shin) are wider than long. At least five posterior caudal vertebrae are fused into a structure that resembles a pygostyle. The function of this structure is unclear, but it may have been involved in the support of a dermal caudal fin.
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Taxonomy of Chubs (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Genus Gila) in the American Southwest with comments on conservation. Copeia, 2000(1), pp. 251-256. Similar species include the humpback chub (Gila cypha) and bonytail chub (G. elegans), however, these fish have extremely slender caudal peduncles, smaller eyes, angle along anal fin base continuing above the caudal fin.
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The caudal peduncle has a deep notch on its upper surface at the caudal fin origin. The caudal fin is asymmetrical, with a well-developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a notch in the trailing margin near its tip. The skin is covered by rather large dermal denticles, which become more tightly packed and overlapping with age; each denticle bears three to five horizontal ridges and five posterior teeth. This species is grey above and white below, with a faint pale band on the flanks.
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The dorsal ribs lack uncinate process, and the sternum is also unossified, like other troodontids. Like other theropods, the first pair of the gastralia near the front of the torso is noticeably more robust, particularly in the central portion. Similar to other paravians, the caudal vertebrae of Jianianhualong become increasingly longer towards the back of the tail; for instance, the fifteenth caudal is about twice as long as the sixth. From the twenty-third caudal backwards, the sides of the caudals become compressed such that they are sub-triangular.
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The dorsal profile rises evenly but not steeply from tip of snout to the origin of the dorsal fin, then slopes gently ventrally from there to end of caudal peduncle. The ventral profile is horizontal to origin of the anal fin, then slopes dorsally to end of the caudal peduncle. The head is covered with small tubercles with poorly demarcated and indistinct margins, and the body with such tubercles arranged in 5-6 longitudinal rows on each side. The dorsal fin origin is nearer the tip of the snout than caudal flexure.
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Dark smoky gray dorsally, the body tapers strongly towards a thin caudal peduncle (which has a dermal keel) and deeply forked caudal fin. The caudal peduncle is a smoky black color, darker than the body and tail. All fins are spineless; both the low-slung pectoral fins (with 11-16 soft rays) and abdominal pelvic fins (with eight soft rays) are fairly small. The single dorsal fin (with 9-12 soft rays) and anal fin (14-16 soft rays) are roughly equal in size; the anal fin's origin lies immediately posterior to the dorsal.
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The initial phase has very variable colouration. The smaller fishes can be a uniform dark brown to light gray and they may or may not possess a light band surrounding a dark spot on the caudal peduncle. Larger specimens can show a series of irregular rows of small, light spots towards the tail or they may have the light band surrounding the dark spot on the caudal peduncle. The terminal phase, male, is also variable and may have a large tan area on the flanks or on its caudal peduncle.
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This species is plain slate-gray above, including the upper surfaces of the pectoral and pelvic fins, and the caudal fin; the underside is white. The boundary between dark and light runs through the bottom rim of the eye, through the gill slits, over the flank well above the pelvic fins, and onto the upper caudal fin lobe. The fins darken towards the posterior margins, forming a black edge on the upper caudal fin lobe; each pectoral fin also has a black blotch underneath, near the tip. The eyes are ringed in white.
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The embryonic disc begins flat and round, but eventually elongates to have a wider cephalic part and narrow-shaped caudal end. At the beginning, the primitive line extends in cephalic direction and 18 days after fertilization returns caudally until it disappears. In the cephalic portion, the germ layer shows specific differentiation at the beginning of the 4th week, while in the caudal portion it occurs at the end of the 4th week. Cranial and caudal neuropores become progressively smaller until they close completely (by day 26) forming the neural tube.
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Bicoid protein represses the translation of caudal mRNA and enhances the transcription of anterior gap genes including hunchback, orthodenticle, and buttonhead.
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Sardines use body-caudal fin locomotion to swim, and streamline their bodies by holding their other fins flat against the body.
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He coached SD Vetusta, AD Universidad de Oviedo, Caudal Deportivo, CD Ensidesa and, later on, Real Oviedo as an assistant manager.
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It grows to a length of 30.0 cm. Clearly distinguished by elongate, flat and thick mental barbels. Caudal fin deeply forked.
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The dorsal fin free rear tips and the caudal fin posterior margin are white. The largest known specimen measures in length.
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Nearly all of these involve caudal luring whereby tail motions mimic invertebrate larvae and serve as lures, typically for lacertilian prey.
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The caudal and procephalic lobes are very similar in appearance, but the procephalic lobe is slightly the wider of the two.
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Belted cardinalfish reach a maximum length of . They have two dorsal fins; there are six spines in the first and one on the first with nine rays. The pectoral fins have 12 rays and the anal fins have two spines and eight rays. The caudal (tail) fin is forked with twelve scales around the caudal peduncle.
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Another feature identified with Malpuech syndrome is a caudal appendage. A caudal appendage is a congenital outgrowth stemming from the coccyx (tailbone). Present in many non-human animal species as a typical tail, this feature when seen in an infant has been described as a "human tail". This was observed by Guion-Almeida (1995) in three individuals from Brazil.
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Kuhlia malo is a silvery colour with small, round, black spots over its back. The rear margin and lobe tips of the forked caudal fin are black. The upper and lower edges of lobes of the caudal fin are narrowly pale. The central part of the tail is pale with black markings which are parallel with the rays.
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Canthigaster rivulata is a fish which grows up to 15–20 cm length. Its body has 2 longitudinal dark bands that join in front of the gill slit, lower band that is either faint or absent, small dark spots in the ventral area, caudal fin with dark stripes and a dark blotch at the caudal base.
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The anal fin is also long and the pelvic fins are in front of the pectorals. The caudal peduncle is very short and the caudal fin is rounded. The skin is slimy and the scales are not easy to see. The dorsal surface is generally brownish with sometimes some irregular darker blotches at the posterior end.
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Both vertebrae came from the middle and posterior end of the tail. Caudal vertebra SGO-PV-961c was preserved only the centrum, it is dorsoventrally compressed and lacking pleurocoels. The centrum preserve two processes to attach chevrons, and the ventral and lateral surfaces are curved. Second caudal vertebra SGO-PV-961h is nearly complete, only lacking right prezygapophysis.
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The anal fin lobe is bright yellow, with the remainder of the fin ranging from golden to dusky, while the underside of the caudal peduncle often being yellow in adults. The caudal fin itself is also golden to dusky, with the lower lobe often brighter yellow than the upper, with both the lobes often having a black trailing edge.
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This species grows to an average length of and a weight of . Compared to other members of the Salvelinus genus, it has a deeper body that is more laterally compressed, a shorter caudal peduncle and larger scales. It can be distinguished from other char by the whitish spots on upper flank and caudal and dorsal fins.
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The type species is K. hwaseongensis, named after Hwaseong City. Koreaceratops is notable for the tall neural spines on its caudal vertebrae, and for the structure of its astragalus. In some of the distal caudal vertebrae, the neural spines are over five times the height of the vertebral centra to which they attach. Lee et al.
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The dorsal fin has no spines and 17 to 22 soft rays and the anal fin has 18 to 22 soft rays. The dorsal and anal fins are positioned on the slender caudal peduncle and the caudal fin is forked. The skin is covered in small hexagonal scales. The maximum length of this fish is about .
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JEB, 212: 277-286. Through developmental changes, intrinsic caudal muscles were added, which enable fish to exhibit such complex maneuvers such as control during acceleration, braking and backing. Studies have shown that the muscles in the caudal fin, have independent activity patterns from the myotomal musculature. These results show specific kinematic roles for different part of the fish's musculature.
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The Ozark madtom has a stout body and small head. A dark bar can be found at the base of the caudal fin, and the caudal fin is usually straight or slightly rounded. The pectoral fin has 9 rays, and the anal fin has 13 to 16 rays. The fish has a total length of 120 mm (4 in).
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. filamentosus, there are about 20 teeth on the mandible. The color of the fish is greyish, with small, scattered dark spots, and whitish on the underside. The dorsal and caudal fins have small greyish spots. The lower borders of the caudal fin are black.
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Caudal luring is more frequently observed in juvenile snakes. Of the snakes that practice the caudal luring behavior, 80% of the snakes are juvenile. The tails of juvenile snakes are often a vibrant color, making them difficult to ignore. As the juvenile snakes mature into adulthood, their tail color will become consistent with the rest of their body.
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P. challengeri can grow up to a length of 60 cm. It can have 32 - 35 dorsal spines, with a very small caudal fin, and its anal fin can have 161 - 162 rays altogether, with 26 - 35 being spines, that are low and long, merging with the caudal fin, and its pectoral fins being fleshy at the base.
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The pelvic fins are completely separated, no membrane is present between the first and the second dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin is shallow and its margin rounded, and the fourth spine is slightly longer than the other spines. The caudal fin in adults is deeply notched with two long filaments. Juveniles have more rounded caudal fins.
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The other fins are yellow and marked with orange or red. In males, several orange stripes run laterally across the posterior half of the body. Males have red spots on the dorsal, anal and caudal fins, with a blackish margin when breeding. Females are less intensely coloured, lacking some of the brilliance and red stripes along the caudal peduncle.
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There are two small black spots, one above the pectoral fins and the other on the top of the caudal peduncle. The large dorsal fin has 12 spines and 14 to 17 soft rays. The anal fin has two spines and 12 to 15 soft rays. The caudal fin is shallowly forked and has rounded lobes.
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The synsacrum is a similar fused structure found in birds that is composed of the sacral, lumbar, and some of the thoracic and caudal vertebra, as well as the pelvic girdle. Caudal vertebrae compose the tail, and the final few can be fused into the pygostyle in birds, or into the coccygeal or tail bone in chimpanzees (and humans).
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The Molidae are conspicuous even within this oddball order; they lack swim bladders and spines, and are propelled by their very tall dorsal and anal fins. The caudal peduncle is absent and the caudal fin is reduced to a stiff rudder-like structure. Molids are pelagic rather than reef-associated and feed on soft-bodied invertebrates, especially jellyfish.
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Migration of neural crest cells during development. Grey arrows indicate the direction of the paths crest cells migrate. (R=Rostral, C=Caudal) Neural crest cell migration occurs in a rostral to caudal direction without the need of a neuronal scaffold such as along a radial glial cell. For this reason the crest cell migration process is termed “free migration”.
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The anal fin has three spines and nine to ten soft rays. The colour is silvery with four to six dark longitudinal stripes which do not extend onto the caudal fin. There may be a dark patch behind the head and another in front of the dorsal fin. The caudal fin may be either pale or dusky.
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The previously described stripe extends dorsally and ventrally close to the caudal fin base, forming a small caudal spot. The fish also exhibits a solitary black, narrow, and vertically elongate humeral spot, located over the second to fourth lateral line scales and which extends over 2-3 horizontal series of scales. Fins have scattered dark chromatophores.
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The axial skeleton of the titanosaur Lirainosaurus astibiae (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the latest Cretaceous of Spain. Cretaceous Research, 43:145-160. According to Diaz et al., Lirainosaurus can be distinguished by the presence of a lamina in the interzygapophyseal fossa of the most proximal caudal vertebrae; and the spinopostzygapophyseal structure not posteriorly projected in the posterior caudal vertebrae.
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Male specimen Genicanthus caudovittatus grows to a maximum length of 20 cm. The caudal fin tips are long compared to similar species.
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They are pinkish-brown in colour, and may bear some purple markings. The edge of the caudal (tail) fin is reddish-orange.
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Both sexes have a black and prominent spot in the dorsal area, as well as a smaller spot in the caudal area.
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Anal fin originate with orange-colored patches. Caudal peduncle short. Dorsolateral eyes are small. Rostral fold poor and slightly overlapping upper lip.
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The adult males of many of these species have elongate anal and caudal fins. Also, males may have an enlarged humeral process.
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The species name is derived from the Latin gracilis (slender) in reference to the extremely slender caudal process of the male gnathos.
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Although it is one dense mass, it is made up of two sections: the rostral fastigial nucleus and the caudal fastigial nucleus.
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It grows to a length of 55.0 cm. Caudal fin deeply forked with black tips. Body silvery. Barbels are grey to black.
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Upon entering the medulla these fibers descend in the spinal trigeminal tract and synapse in the caudal spinal nucleus of the trigeminal.
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Adult colouration is broken mottled brown bars extending onto the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. Juveniles are silvery. They feed on benthic invertebrates.
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Cell group B1 occupies the midline nucleus raphes pallidus and adjacent structures in the caudal medulla oblongata of the rodent and the primate.
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Cell group B2 occupies the midline nucleus raphes obscurus and adjacent structures in the caudal medulla oblongata of the rodent and the primate.
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Amygdalohippocampal area is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the periamygdalar area and the cortical amygdalar nucleus at the caudal extreme of the amygdala.
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The Mining basins derby involves Caudal and Langreo. It is one of the strongest rivalries in the region as one of the oldest.
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The juveniles are colourful being violet with bright red margins on their dorsal, anal and caudal fins. The maximum recorded total length is .
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Decomposing basking shark carcasses lose most of the lower head area and the dorsal and caudal fins first, making them resemble a plesiosaur.
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In the quadruped stifle (analogous to the human knee), based on its anatomical position, it is referred to as the caudal cruciate ligament.
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Scymnus caudalis, the caudal lady beetle, is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.
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It is diurnal and eats small invertebrates. It is capable of caudal autotomy. The species was described by George Albert Boulenger in 1894.
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These structures are unprecedented among troodontids. Like Sinorthoides, the bottom end of the anterior caudal chevrons are long, plate-like, and directed backwards.
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Some species of pipefish have more developed caudal fins, such as the group collectively known as flagtail pipefish, which are quite strong swimmers.
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Maximum size 362 mm SL. Caudal peduncle short. Dorsoventral eyes are medium- sized. Rostral fold well developed and overlapping upper lip. Only maxillary.
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The pectoral fin base is golden yellow, the ventral is white with a yellowish tip and the caudal fin is hyaline to dusky.
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In postflexion larvae, the caudal fin had a rounded, homocercal outline with about 8 rays in each of the upper and lower lobes.
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The penetration site of pediatric and infant leg models was the point one fingerbreadth inside and one fingerbreadth caudal from the tibial tuberosity.
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Born in Gijón, Asturias, Navarro played youth football with local giants Sporting de Gijón. In November 2008, still a junior, he began appearing professionally with the B-team in Segunda División B. Navarro made his main squad – and La Liga – debut on 7 February 2010, playing the last 13 minutes in a 1–3 away loss against UD Almería.Almeria fight back for win ; ESPN FC, 7 February 2010 After being released by Sporting he resumed his career in the third level, representing SD Lemona,«Estoy dolido por salir de esta manera del Sporting» («I am hurt to leave Sporting this way») ; El Comercio, 13 July 2011 CD Guijuelo,Borja Navarro ficha por el Guijuelo (Borja Navarro signs for Guijuelo); Resultados Fútbol, 18 January 2012 Caudal DeportivoBorja Navarro cierra el plantel del Caudal (Borja Navarro closes Caudal's roster); La Nueva España, 26 July 2012 and Albacete Balompié.Borja Navarro deja el Caudal rumbo a Albacete (Borja Navarro leaves Caudal and goes to Albacete) ; Caudal Deportivo, 29 January 2014 With the latter he achieved promotion to Segunda División, appearing in 13 matches and scoring once.
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A side view of an anencephalic fetus There are many potential diseases that can arise from the improper adhesion or merging of the neural folds. During folding, the openings that are formed at the cranial and caudal regions are termed the cranial and caudal neuropores. If the caudal neuropore fails to close, a condition called spina bifida can occur, in which the bottom of the spinal cord remains exposed. Often this condition can be detected during prenatal examinations and be treated before birth, though in more severe cases the individual may cope with the condition for the rest of his or her life.
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An outdated restoration of Dimetrodon from 1908 showing a short tail, made before the discovery of skeletons with complete tails. The tail of Dimetrodon makes up a large portion of its total body length and includes around 50 caudal vertebrae. Tails were missing or incomplete in the first described skeletons of Dimetrodon; the only caudal vertebrae known were the eleven closest to the hip. Since these first few caudal vertebrae narrow rapidly as they progress farther from the hip, many paleontologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries thought that Dimetrodon had a very short tail.
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Holotypic caudal vertebrae In 1893, Richard Lydekker named Titanosaurus australis, based on a series of caudal vertebrae and limb elements. The remains had been found by Santiago Roth and F. Romero in the Neuquén Province of Argentina at the Neuquén River, and were by Lydekker assigned to a single individual. Six caudal vertebrae, with the inventory numbers MLP Ly 1-6-V-28-1, were the holotype of the species. They had probably been found in a layer of the Anacleto Formation. Some elements that had been referred to Titanosaurus australis were reassigned to Laplatasaurus araukanicus by Friedrich von Huene in 1929.
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C. figueiredoi can measure up to , counting with 9 or 10 dorsal soft rays and 9 anal soft rays. This particular species differs from other Atlantic Canthigaster species by the long extension of the horizontal dark stripe on its flank (originating on the ventral caudal fin's margin). The latter reaches the pectoral fin. Compared to C. jamestyleri by the presence of a dark caudal-fin margin; the absence of bars on the caudal fin; its possession of less stripes and spots on its dorsum; and by the absence of a small black spot on its anal fin.
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It has a short caudal peduncle, a slightly emarginate caudal fin which has slightly rounded lobes. This is a large species which attains a maximum total length of and a maximum weight of . The ground colour can be olive, silvery-grey or bronzy usually darker above and paler below. There is a broad dark margin on the caudal fin and a rddish brown bar which runs from the upper jaw over the operculum, there is also a pale bar beneath its eye and a small black spot on the ventral margin of the base of the pectoral fin.
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O. tamandua has a long anal fin, a small caudal fin, and tapering pectoral fins; the dorsal and pelvic fins are absent. The caudal fin shows a great deal of variation due to regeneration after tail loss; in some cases the regenerated fin becomes merged with the anal fin. The fin rays number 9 in the caudal fin, 14-15 in the pectoral fins, and 207-256 in the anal fin. Almost the entire body, except for the dorsal midline, is densely covered with flimsily attached scales, being small and circular towards the front and larger and more rectangular towards the back.
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In Pseudocrenilabrus pyrrhocaudalis the males have a distinctive colour pattern which typically shows some orange colour on the anal fin and on the caudal fin that brightens to orange-red when breeding, this bright colour extends over the parts of anal and caudal fins nearest the body and on to the caudal peduncle. A number of other characteristics distinguish P. pyrrhocaudalis from its sympatric congener Pseudocrenilabrus philander, among these are the white pelvic fins, an orange rear portion of the dorsal fin, thinner lips and a larger eye. The maximum length is 7.3 cm standard length.
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The upper line begins from the front of the snout, goes through the eye, and ends at the tip of the upper fork of the caudal fin. The lower line is parallel to the upper line and begins from the side of the upper lip, through the middle of the base of pectoral fins, and ends at the tip of the lower fork of the caudal fin. Both upper and lower lines are outlined in white at the caudal fin. A large oval black spot is also present between the third and fifth spines of the dorsal fin.
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Carey, R. Tetras and Barbs: A Complete Guide to the Successful Care and Breeding of Two of the Most Popular Groups of Aquarium Fish. TFH Publications, Inc., 2009 Additionally, tetras possess a long anal fin stretching from a position just posterior of the dorsal fin and ending on the ventral caudal peduncle, and a small, fleshy adipose fin located dorsally between the dorsal and caudal fins. This adipose fin represents the fourth unpaired fin on the fish (the four unpaired fins are the caudal fin, dorsal fin, anal fin, and adipose fin), lending to the name tetra, which is Greek for four.
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The holotype (MHNG 2679.100), likely a breeding male, has a standard length of 42.0 mm; Suriname: Sipaliwini: Paramaka Creek, Nassau Mountains Guyanancistrus nassauensis is a small-sized species, the largest specimen observed having a standard length (SL) of 61.0 mm. Head and body dorsoventrally depressed and wide. Dorsal profile gently convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, usually more flattened posterior to orbit, slightly convex and sloped ventrally from dorsal-fin origin to adipose fin, then slightly concave to procurrent caudal-fin rays, and rising to caudal fin. Ventral profile flat from snout to base of caudal fin.
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The length of the anal fin base exceeds the distance between the anal and pelvic fins, and is comparable to the distance between the dorsal fins. The caudal fin is short and low, with a small lower lobe and a ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The body and fins are entirely covered by minute, overlapping dermal denticles; each has an ovoid crown with a horizontal ridge leading to a marginal cusp. There are distinctive crests of enlarged, spiny denticles along the anterior half of the caudal fin upper margin, and beneath the caudal peduncle.
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Meta-positron emission tomography (PET) analysis has lent support toward a division of the hippocampus between caudal and rostral regions. Scans have demonstrated a uniform variation in blood flow distribution within the hippocampus (and the medial temporal lobe broadly) during the separate processes of episodic encoding and retrieval. In the hippocampal encoding/retrieval (HIPER) model, episodic encoding is found to take place within the rostral region of the hippocampus whereas retrieval takes place in the caudal region. However, the divide between these regions need not be disjoint, as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data has demonstrated encoding processes occurring within the caudal region.
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Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion. This is because the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment. This allows more efficient locomotion among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a homocercal caudal fin.
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Solenostomus cyanopterus can reach a length of and it is the largest of the ghost pipefishes. The body may be grey, brown, pink, yellow, or bright green, with small black and white dots. This cryptic species looks very similar to a drifting piece of seagrass. The caudal fin may be truncated, rounded, or lanceolated; the caudal peduncle is quite short or absent.
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The parvocellular reticular nucleus is part of the brain located dorsolateral to the caudal pontine reticular nucleus. The dorsal portion of the reticular nucleus has been shown to innervate the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and its surrounding area. Also, it projects to the facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and parabrachial area along with parts of the caudal parvocellular reticular formation.Ter Horst, GJ et al.
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They are nocturnal piscivorous drift-hunters. The body is covered in cosmoid scales that act as armor. Coelacanths have eight fins – 2 dorsal fins, 2 pectoral fins, 2 pelvic fins, 1 anal fin and 1 caudal fin. The tail is very nearly equally proportioned and is split by a terminal tuft of fin rays that make up its caudal lobe.
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An example of a Rhinopristiform, the guitarfish relies on undulation of its caudal fin for propulsion Rhinopristiformes are an intermediate group between sharks and rays. There has been little study into their swimming characteristics but it can be assumed from their morphological similarity to sharks that they rely primarily on body caudal fin swimming and the pectoral fins do not generate thrust.
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They use their fins to propel themselves through the water in this swimming motion. Actinopterygians, the ray-finned fish show an evolutionary pattern of fine control ability to control the dorsal and ventral lobe of the caudal fin.Flammang, B.E. and Lauder, G.V. 2008. Caudal fin shape modulation and control during acceleration, braking and backing maneuvers in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus.
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Another form of aggressive mimicry is caudal luring, in which the tail is waved to mimic prey. By mimicking invertebrate larva, the predator attracts prey of small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, and birds. Male puff adders have longer, more obvious-looking tails. Sidewinder rattlesnakes, puff adders, lanceheads, and multiple other ambush-predatory snakes use caudal luring to attract prey.
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Bluegills have the ability to travel and change directions at high speeds by means of synchronized fin movements. They use notched caudal fins, soft dorsal fins, body undulations, and pectoral fins to move forward. Having a notched caudal fin allows them to accelerate quickly. The speed of their forward motion depends on the strength of which they abduct or adduct fins.
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The posterior end of the tail is missing in both skeletons. The neural spines grow taller posteriorly (further down the tail), making the caudal vertebrae tall but thin in that area. The first 23 caudal vertebrae have transverse processes, but these processes are lost further back. The vertebral centra grow shorter posteriorly, making the tail more flexible than the neck.
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There is a small dark blotch on the upper margin of the opercle. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, although the caudal is often slightly yellow, while the pectoral fins are pale yellow and the pelvic fins are hyaline to grey. Juveniles have dark vertical bands which fade as the fish become adults, and become indistinct at larger sizes.
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Size compared to a human The holotype, and only known specimen, is fragmentary. From the skull are preserved both maxillae, premaxillae, nasals, prefrontals, palatines and quadrates, the left jugal, the right pterygoid, quadratojugal, surangular, articular, squamosal and lacrimal, and fragments of the dentary. There are also the first three cervical vertebrae, nine caudal vertebrae, some caudal scutes and fragments of cervical ribs.
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The caudal end of the case is slightly down-curved, but is sometimes almost straight. The valve is two-sided. The length of the case is 5.5-6.5 mm and it is yellow or light chocolate-brown in color, although the caudal part is much darker and brownish. Larvae can found in the beginning of June and (after diapause) in May.
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The opercle has a single small black spot on the upper margin, and the tongue is a distinctive greyish brown to brown. The caudal fin, soft dorsal and anal fins are pale greenish yellow to dusky, while other fins are hyaline in appearance. The tips of the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are occasionally edged in a shade of white.
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The tail of Sauropelta was characteristically long and made up nearly half of the body length. One skeleton preserved forty caudal (tail) vertebrae, although some were missing, suggesting that the true number of caudal vertebrae may have exceeded fifty. Ossified tendons stiffened the tail along its length. Like other ankylosaurs, Sauropelta had a wide body, with a very broad pelvis and ribcage.
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The largest specimen used to describe C. gunting is about 7.7 cm. The mature individual specimen is brown in the upper body, gradually turning pink in the middle body and silvery gray in the lower body. Black fringe along the dorsal-fin spine, and both on the caudal fin (in two lobes) and its caudal peduncle. Soft dorsal fin with black rays.
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They are lightly more longer than the dorsals and have stocky, side to ide broadened neural spines with the top surfaces bearing small depressions. A single caudal vertebra is present after the sacral series and represents the first caudal. Its neural spine is broken and the centrum is slightly amphicoelous (concave on both ends) with sub-equal height and length.
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The neural spines are very thin, thinning to a single ridge in front (the prespinal lamina), but having two spinopostzygapophyseal laminae like the dorsals. The fourth caudal is the most complete anterior caudal. The centrum is concave in front, but flat behind (amphiplatyan). There are no pleurocoels unlike the dorsals, and the transverse processes begin in the top half of the centrum.
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Enyalioides sophiarothschildae is a species of lizards in the genus Enyalioides, from the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera Central in northeastern Peru. It differs from its cogenerate species by possessing homogeneous (size) caudal scales on each caudal segment, a white gular region that has a black patch as well as turquoise scales in males, and immaculate white labials and chin.
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Two black spots occur in front of the dorsal fin and a wide vertical white bar is found on the base of the caudal fin. The posterior part of the caudal fin and the pelvic fins are black. Juveniles found in Hawaii are usually green and those in the western Pacific are burgundy to brownish. Both are spotted in white.
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Given the wide area that the many serotonergic neurons innervate, these pathways are implicated in many functions, as listed above. The caudal serotonergic nuclei heavily innervate the spinal cord, medulla and cerebellum. In general, manipulation of the caudal nuclei(e.g. pharmacological, lesion, receptor knockout) that results in decreased activity decreases movement, while manipulations to increase activity cause an increase in motor activity.
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Along the upper edge of its opercle to the base of its middle caudal fin rays extends a black midlateral stripe. Over the middle of its caudal fin rays there is a slight dark pigmentation. The animal counts with a single small humeral spot, which is sometimes obscured by the midlateral stripe mentioned before. Its fins show scattered dark chromatophores.
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Caudal fin with dark spots centred on rays, but combining to form bands proximally; number of bands higher in larger specimen. Iris brick red.
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The caudal fin is weakly forked, with the lower lobe longer than the upper. The eyes are mostly dorsal. The abdomen is without plates.
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In addition, the leading edge of the pectoral spine is smooth, instead of serrated, and the trailing edge of the caudal fin is rounded.
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The spinous portion of anal fin is also slightly dusky. The caudal fin is spotted basally, with a distinct black blotch across each lobe.
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The caudal fin of Leptolebias species is elongated and longer than deep, and the members of this genus have a single anterior supraorbital neuromast. .
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Part 14. Saurischia. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1-87 As the latter is only known from a caudal vertebra, the identity cannot be proven.
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NSM PV 20381 includes a skull, dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, ribs, both scapulae, both ilia, partial ischia, and both femora, both tibiae and fibulae.
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The specific name is derived from Greek eos, "dawn", and Latin cauda, "tail", a reference to the basal morphology of the middle caudal vertebrae.
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From the 23rd to 25th day of gestation, the spinal cord develops except for its distal-most aspect where the notochord and neural tube are joined to form the caudal cell mass. The canal of Kovalevsky crosses the caudal cell mass, while endoderm located anteriorly to the cell mass develops into the hindgut, various insults towards the cell mass and hindgut during the stage of development may lead to the development of caudal anomalies, one of which is caudal duplication syndrome. The incomplete regression of Kovalevsky’s canal may also lead to formations of fibrous bands joining the hindgut to the spinal canal, possibly leading to the onset of diastemetaomyelia. These bands may divide the notochord, developing into duplications of the lower spine and spinal cord, the adjacent mesoderm is also divided, resulting in duplicates of GI and GU tracts.
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There are 13 thoracic (chest), 7 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 38 or 39 caudal (tail) vertebrae. The humerus (upper arm bone) lacks an entepicondylar foramen.
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The species name is derived from the Latin subtilis (meaning thin, slender, acute) in reference to the elongate, slender, caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The species name is derived from the Latin truncus (cut off) in reference to the truncate apex of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The species name is derived from the Latin acuminatus (meaning pointed, sharpened), in reference to the long, slender, acute caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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Pelvic and anal fins light grayish-brown to hyaline. Tubercles whitish. There are 9–13, hazy black lines running from opercular membrane to caudal peduncle.
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The genes expressed play a critical role in mediating the regional characterization of structures found along the cranial-caudal axis of the female reproductive tract.
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They are due to defects in the formation of cephalic, caudal, and lateral embryonic body folds, that result in a reduced or absent umbilical cord.
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As yellowfin whiting grow, the yellow colour of the fins often fades and in large specimens may be completely absent. The caudal fin is greyish.
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The anal fin is wholly coloured yellow. The rear edge of the caudal fin is yellow and the rest of the tail is greyish black.
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The species name is derived from the Latin serratus (toothed like a saw) in reference to the minutely serrated caudal margin of the male gnathos.
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However, caudal osteoderms still covered the tail. The loss of osteoderms on the body and retention of them on the tail is unique among crocodyliforms.
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Also they are sensitive to low frequencies of sound and less sensitive to high frequencies of sound. They have a rounded caudal or tail fin. .
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Langreo's historic rival is Caudal Deportivo. Both teams meet in the Asturian Mining basins derby. The club also has a strong rivalry with Real Avilés.
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The caudal appendages (structures at the tip of the abdomen) differ between the species and can be compared with known drawings or close-up photos.
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The Pacific daisy parrotfish is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Pacific region, including the Hawaiian Islands. The female has a dark coloration with four pairs of white spots on the back part of its body just before the caudal peduncle. The latter and the caudal fin are whitish with black patch. There is great variation in the coloration within the males of this species.
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The dorsal side is red or reddish- pink, whereas the ventral side is reddish-yellow. A dark ring is present anterior to the caudal fin, lightening towards the caudal fin. A dark, thin belt extends from the base of the second dorsal fin to the base of the anal fin. The scales of the belted cardinalfish have a toothed margin and are shed periodically.
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The dorsal fin is high while the caudal fin is often twice as long as the body. The caudal fin may also have three or four lobes. Ryukins come in deep-red, red-and-white, white, silver, blue, black, orange, lavender grey, iron and calico coloration. The ryukin is a fine aquarium fish that can reach up to 8 inches (21 centimeters) in length.
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The spines of the anal and paired fins have scattered black/dark spots near the base. The membranes of the pectoral and pelvic fins are cream to yellow. The base of the caudal fin is usually white to yellow in color. The males can have submarginal bands in the spinous (harder or tougher fins near the base) and soft dorsal fins and also on the caudal fin.
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This species is bronze above and white below, which extends onto the flanks as a pale stripe. The pectoral fins, dorsal fins, lower caudal fin lobe, and sometimes the pelvic fins usually have black tips, while the upper caudal fin lobe darkens towards the trailing edge and the anal fin may be completely light. The fin markings tend to fade with age. The maximum known length is .
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The first dorsal fin originates over the free rear tips of the pectoral fins; it is large and falcate (sickle-shaped) with a pointed apex. The second dorsal fin is positioned opposite the anal fin and is relatively large and high. There is no ridge between the dorsal fins. A crescent-shaped notch is present on the caudal peduncle just before the upper caudal fin origin.
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Tails provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape. Caudal fin shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a heterocercal caudal fin in which the dorsal portion is usually noticeably larger than the ventral portion. This is because the shark's vertebral column extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment.
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GDF11 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes. It determines Hox gene expression domains and rostrocaudal identity in the caudal spinal cord. During mouse development, GDF11 expression begins in the tail bud and caudal neural plate region. GDF knock-out mice display skeletal defects as a result of patterning problems with anterior-posterior positioning.
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The blackline rasbora is a streamlined, silver fish with a dark brown or black, mid-lateral stripe reaching from the gill opening to the front of the caudal fin base. Above this line is a gold stripe. The caudal fin is bright red, and unlike Rasbora einthovenii, there is no black pigment. The two sexes look alike, but adult females are slightly larger than males.
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The two dorsal fins are positioned about between the pectoral and pelvic fins. Each dorsal fin bears a slightly grooved spine in front; the second dorsal spine is longer than the first. The anal fin is absent, and the caudal peduncle lacks keels or notches. The upper lobe of the caudal fin is larger than the lower and has a notch in the trailing margin.
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The caudal fin may be rounded, truncate or concave, contains 8 branched rays and 8 to 10 fin rays which are slender, unbranched and unsegmented (referred to as "procurrent") fin rays at the leading edges of he caudal fin on the upper lobe and 7 branched rays and 7 to 10 procurrent rays in the lower lobe. The body is covered in ctenoid or smooth scales.
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As in Archaeopteryx, the skull of Sinornis has a proportionately short, toothed snout. There are broad nasal bones that expands caudally to the external nares, with a triangular caudal margin. The dorsal and central margins of the caudal half of the maxilla run parallel while its jugal ramus does not taper caudally. The postcranial skeleton features a separate carpus and manus in the forelimb.
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Kuhlia xenura has a slightly concave dorsal profile of the head in adults, with a large eye. The second spine in the anal fin is around 90% of the length of the third. The caudal fin is deeply forked. This species is silver in colour with a dark grey or dusky caudal fin which has a thin black rear margin and frequently shows a pale submarginal band.
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The parietal and squamosal bones are elongated into a small occipital crest for the attachment of jaw muscles. The vertebrae are pachyostotic and have a low neural spine. Ribs are present from the neck all the way down to the sacrum, which has a cluster of four or five pairs. There are caudal ribs, but they are very small and not present beyond the 15th caudal vertebra.
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It has two knife-shaped rows of scales on the lower edge of its caudal peduncle. Its body is overall olive- gray, paler on the belly, while the flanks have blueish or green hues. The fins are transparent, but the caudal fin develops a dark edging as the fish ages. Maximum recorded length of the knife livebearer is 7.5 cm for males and 8.0 cm for females.
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Males have red or yellow stripes below the main black stripe that are especially evident during breeding season. The southern redbelly dace has two sets of paired fins located distal to the operculum, the pectoral and ventral fins. These are followed distally by the anal fin and caudal fin. All fins are yellow, with the dorsal and caudal fins having a red base at their proximal connection.
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Clark's anemonefish shows the greatest color variations of any anemonefish, with variations based on location, sex, age and host anemone. Adults in Vanuatu and New Caledonia are orange-yellow with two vertical white bands. Sex related color differences may be present, such as the female having a white caudal fin and the male having a yellow caudal fin. Juveniles are orange-yellow with vertical white bands.
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Some individuals have a few black spots in the upper parts of the caudal fin and/or in the soft dorsal fin parts. The caudal fin is rounded in both sexes. Some rays in the posterior parts of the dorsal and anal fins are pronounced, but always much longer in males. The red blotch on the belly can disappear in submissive or stressed specimens.
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Neither the dorsal nor anal fins have spines, and in Nagaichthys and Pillaia they have fused with the caudal fin; in the other genera, the caudal is small but separate. Their bodies have no scales. The few specimens found to date have been no longer than 8 cm, and Nagaichthys filipes is only known to reach 3.1 cm. The eyes are small, covered in thick skin.
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Platyrhina species have rounded, heart-shaped pectoral fin discs with short, blunt snouts. Their tails are long and shark-like, slightly flattened with lateral ridges. The two dorsal fins and the caudal fin are large and rounded; the caudal fin lacks a lower lobe. The teeth are small and arranged in pavement- like rows for crushing shelled prey.中国团扇鳐. 百度百科.
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It is the first basal neoceratopsian discovered in this area. The type specimen, IVPP V11114, consists of a partially complete skeleton including skull, caudal vertebrae, pelvis, and most of a hind foot. The second specimen (paratype), IVPP V11115, consists of an incomplete skeleton with a relatively well preserved caudal series, a partial hind limb, and a completely preserved foot. It is slightly smaller than the holotype.
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Another characteristic of Stereosternum is the length of the tail and the amount of caudal vertebrae. As counted by Osborn, there are about 60-64 caudal vertebrae, which is very predictable for an aquatic predator and these adaptations helped individuals to push and swim gracefully in the water.Osborn, Henry Fairfield. The reptilian subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and the early history of the Diaptosauria. Vol. 1.
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The caudal fin is paddle- shaped. The head and body are pale, dark brown, or blackish. Larger specimens have a distinctive dark brown stripe running along the side of the body, bordered by narrower white stripes above and below. The fins are blackish, with the outer portions of the longer dorsal and anal fin rays and the margins of the outer caudal fin rays light.
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The first dorsal originates over the pelvic fins rear tips, and the second dorsal is placed close to the first. There is no anal fin. The tail is rather long, with the caudal peduncle moderately flattened and expanded laterally into keels. The lower lobe of the short and triangular caudal fin is larger than the upper, and there is a notch in the upper lobe trailing margin.
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The anal fin also runs the length of the body and has no spines and 37 to 46 soft rays. The skin is rough, with prickly tubercles at the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and there are large scales beside the lateral line. The caudal peduncle is about half the length of the tail and the caudal fin has a squared-off end.
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Two species are recognized, E. langewieschei and E. latirostris. The latter was originally described as a subspecies of Squalodon bariensis, S. b. latirostris, but is distinct from S. bariensis. Eosqualodon can be distinguished from Squalodon in having a broader rostral base, the caudal border of the external nares (blowhole) at the height of the caudal part of the orbits, and weakly developed intertemporal construction.
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The blacknose shiner is a soft-rayed species up to 9.8 cm with toothless jaws, but gill arches that contain one or two rows of distinctive teeth. It has cycloid scales, but a scaleless head. There are 19 caudal rays, and the dorsal and anal fins are very short. The anal fin is closer to the middle of the body than to the caudal fin.
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Both eyes have a fleshy ridge above and behind them. The dorsal fin has 76 to 91 soft rays and has its origin close to the upper eye. It is long and ribbon-like and there is a gap between it and the caudal fin. The anal fin has 58 to 69 soft rays and is also long and distinct from the caudal fin.
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In some genera such as Anhanguera, four to seven sacral vertebrae are fused into a synsacrum. The tail is not well-known in ornithocheiromorphs, however. Zhenyuanopterus, which is known for having 13 caudal vertebrae, formed one of the longest tails of any pterodactyloid. Anhanguera, another well-known genus, had a shorter tail, with broad caudal vertebrae that bore a "duplex" cross- section similar to Pteranodon.
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In 1941, Robert Hingson and Waldo Edwards recorded the use of continuous caudal anesthesia using an indwelling needle, following which they described the use of a flexible catheter for continuous caudal anesthesia in a woman in labor in 1942. In 1947, Manuel Curbelo described placement of a lumbar epidural catheter, and in 1979, Behar reported the first use of an epidural to administer narcotics.
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Huehuecanauhtlus is known only from two individuals. The holotype IGM 6253 represented by fragmentary skull (partial left maxilla and dentary fragment) and postcranial skeleton including four cervical vertebrae, nine dorsal vertebrae, four dorsal neural spines, one dorsal diapophysis, five right dorsal ribs, seven left dorsal ribs, seven sacral neural spines, seven sacral diapophyses, one caudal diapophysis, three caudal vertebrae, two caudal neural spine, eight fragmentary ossified tendons, left and right partial ilium, and left and right partial pubis. The smaller paratype, IGM 6254, is represented by fragment of left dentary, two teeth, and one cervical prezygapophysis. Both specimens were collected at the Barranca Los Bonetes locality in Tuzantla, Michoacán.
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The exact cause of the condition is unknown. Although various theories indicate incomplete separation of monozygotic twins as an etiological factor, abnormal adherence between the ectoderm and endoderm during gastrulation, polytopic primary developmental field defects, somatic and germ line mutations in developmental genes, and damage to the caudal cell mass and posterior gut have also been linked to cause structural anomalies in the caudal region. It is speculated that the condition is related to the HOX gene, namely HOX10 and HOX11. Normally coding for the mammalian appendicular and axial skeleton, misexpression of the genetic factors could lead to abnormal proliferation of the caudal mesenchyme.
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However, if the caudal cell mass is divided early, duplications of the distal bowel may still occur. In gastrointestinal abnormalities, a mechanism known as “caudal twinning” is proposed in which during the 23rd to 25th day of gestation, the intestinal tract is filled by rapid proliferation of endothelial cells, as the gut increases in size, vacuoles appear within the cell masses to constitute a single lumen. However, in abnormal cases where a vacuole is pinched off, a second lumen is created. The second lumen is then proposed to magnify in size in proportion to the growth of the colon, effectively duplicating all caudal structures distal from the point of separation.
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Life restoration Veterupristisaurus is known from the holotype specimen MB R 1938, an isolated middle caudal vertebra. Two partially fused posterior middle caudal vertebrae, MB R 2166, from the same locality as the holotype, are referred to this genus and most probably came from the same individual. The anterior caudal vertebra, MB R 1940, may also represent this genus. The holotype was collected in the St (EH) locality of the Tendaguru in German East Africa, from the Middle Dinosaur Member of the Tendaguru Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian to earliest Tithonian faunal stage of the Late Jurassic, about 154-150 million years ago.
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The posterior half of the caudal peduncle usually has a dark brown or black vertical bar and a cream vertical bar immediately before it. The edges of the anal and caudal fins have a cream margin, and the base of the caudal fin has a cream region and a dark brown crescent-shaped band immediately after it. The electrogenic organ is derived from anterior body musculature and lines the body cavity. A fish that is 50 centimetres (19 in) in length can discharge up to 350 V. M. electricus is one of the few electric species that have been conditioned by means of reward to discharge on signal.
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The pelvic fins are much smaller, and bear claspers in males; in G. murinus and G. nipponensis, the pelvic fin inner margins are partially fused to form an "apron" over the base of the claspers. The anal fin is elongated and much larger than the pelvic and dorsal fins; its position relative to the pelvic and caudal fins varies from very close to well-spaced. The caudal peduncle can be nearly cylindrical to laterally compressed, depending on species. The caudal fin comprises more or less a quarter of the total length, and is low with a small lower lobe and a ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe.
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A broad black stripe runs from above the eye to the base of the operculum, and there is a large black patch on the caudal peduncle.
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The caudal fin is brown-yellow and the pelvic fins white. The species has a dark spot both on its opercle and lower pectoral fin rays.
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It possesses a high caudal peduncle. It shows a large fin size, with a pectoral fin that is larger than the height of its dorsal fin.
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It possesses a low caudal peduncle. It shows a large fin size, with a pectoral fin that is larger than the height of its dorsal fin.
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The juveniles have clear caudal fin lobes but in the adults there are several narrow, irregular, parallel stripes on each lobe. the maximum total length is .
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The species name is derived from the Greek apotomos (cut off, abrupt) in reference to the blunt, stubby form of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The species name is derived from the Latin brevis (meaning short) and furcatus (meaning forked) in reference to the shortened, furcate caudal apex of the male gnathos.
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Most of the myelination is complete by two years of age and thereafter it progresses very slowly in cranio-caudal direction up to twelve years of age.
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There is a large, dark brown patch on the scapular region, which gives this species its name, and other dark pigmentation on the head and caudal fin.
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It has a number of other notable characteristics as well, including a long caudal fin, long pelvic fines, large eyes, a short snout, and an arched mouth.
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Some specimens classified as P. georgiae have a black stripe in the caudal peduncle extending forwards into the body, surmounted above by a thin iridescent gold line.
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Weksler, 2006, pp. 52–53 Between the second and third caudal vertebrae, hemal arches (small bones) are present with a spinous back border.Weksler, 2006, p. 53; fig.
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Weksler, 2006, pp. 52–53 Between the second and third caudal vertebrae, hemal arches (small bones) are present with a spinous back border.Weksler, 2006, p. 53; fig.
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Dorsum light yellowish with a metallic sheen. Body silvery sheen laterally and ventrally. Vertical bars metallic blue with bright yellowish interspaces. Medial caudal rays often dark blue.
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E. lacustris can be visually separated from all of the other calanoids found in the Great Lakes by looking at their caudal setae and at the urosome portion of their body. E. lacustris have three stout, well-developed setae present on each of the caudal rami, where as other calanoids will have four or more thin setae. Mature specimens have noticeably bent and crooked urosomes. Czaika, S. C. 1982.
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The pectoral fins are short and triangular, with the rear margin slightly curved. The pelvic fins are long and low, and there is no anal fin. The caudal peduncle is slender and laterally expanded into weak keels. The caudal fin is broad and paddle-like, with the upper and lower lobes of similar size and shape, and a deep notch in the trailing margin of the upper lobe.
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The vertebra features a biconvex centrum, a feature shared with other titanosaurs. Von Huene noted that the first caudal could possibly belong to Laplatasaurus. With the exception of an incomplete cervical vertebra and the questionable first caudal, there are no vertebrae that link the skull to the limb material. There is a lack of field documentation to aid in the referral of all the material to one individual.
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A broad, black bar exists on the caudal peduncle. Anterior to the caudal peduncle is a curved black line which gives the species its name “lunula,” the Latin word for crescent. An orange-yellow band starts from the base of the upper lip and extends across the head to the pectoral base. In addition, the fish has a long snout, a concave dorsal profile, and an elongate body.
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C. jamestyleri can measure up to , counting with 9 soft rays and anal soft rays. It shows no dark dorsal and ventral margins on its caudal fin but does show a small dark spot on the base of its dorsal fin. It also counts with bars on the caudal fin, as well as diagonal lines on the snout, and two dark stripes on the sides of its body.
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Dentaries AENM 2/846 (A-B) and AENM 2/902 (C-D). Kundurosaurus is a saurolophine diagnosed by four autapomorphies, unique derived traits. It has a prominent and thick ridge on the lateral side of the nasal that borders caudally the circumnasal depression and invades the caudal plate of the nasal. Its caudal buttress of the proximal head of the scapula is oriented quite laterally, parallel to the pseudoacromial process.
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The scalpels on the caudal peduncle are retractable and are very sharp; they are displayed when the tail is thrust to the side and are used to slash at rival fish and for protection against predators. Juvenile fish are shorter and more deep-bodied than adults. They are deep brown at first, with a yellowish, unnotched caudal fin, and gradually change colour as they reach a length of between .
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Its single dorsal fin is set far back along the spine towards the caudal fin, and is behind the pelvic fins. In this shark the upper caudal fin is much longer than the lower, and is slightly notched near the tip. Like many sharks, this sevengill is counter-shaded. Its dorsal surface is silver- gray to brown in order to blend with the dark water and substrate when viewed from above.
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The first dorsal fin is tall and positioned slightly closer to the pectoral fins than the pelvic fins. The pelvic fins are almost as large as the first dorsal fin and bear long, thin claspers in males. The second dorsal and anal fins are tiny, with the former positioned ahead of the latter. Crescent-shaped notches occur on the caudal peduncle at the upper and lower origins of the caudal fin.
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The caudal fin is slightly forked. The body is greyish white to yellow in colour with the back being darker, with a sizeable black saddle- like marking on the base of the caudal fin, this extends over the lateral line on each side. Horizontal , iridescent blue lines run along the head, occasionally these extebd as far as front edge of thepelvic fins. There is an obvious blue line around the eye.
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As the name suggests, this shark has six gill slits, unusual among most shark species. The head is narrow and somewhat flattened, and the mouth contains 5 rows of large, comb-shaped teeth. This shark's single dorsal fin is pushed back towards the caudal fin, and is behind the pelvic fins. The upper caudal fin is much longer than the lower, with a deep notch near the tip.
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The Cdx gene family, also called caudal genes, are a group of genes found in many animal genomes. Cdx genes contain a homeobox DNA sequence and code for proteins that act as transcription factors. The gene after which the gene family is named (the founding member) is the caudal or cad gene of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. The human genome has three Cdx genes, called CDX1, CDX2 and CDX4.
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The caudal peduncle is relatively long, such as that the anal and caudal fins are some distance apart. In adult males, the inner margins of the pelvic fins are fused together to form a subtle "apron" over the claspers. F. boardmani is a predator of fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods, and is oviparous; less is known about the F. striatus. Both are harmless and are of no economic importance.
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The two similarly-sized dorsal fins are placed well back on the body. The anal fin is low and positioned just in front of the caudal fin. The caudal fin has only an upper lobe, which contains a prominent ventral notch near the tip and is angled almost horizontally relative to the body. Adult epaulette sharks are beige to brownish above with many widely spaced brown spots and subtle darker bands.
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Coprolites from the mosasaur Globidens are also suggestive of low digestion and absorption rates as they contain masses of crushed bivalve shells. The caudal, or tail vertebrae, are sharply downturned. The vertebrae at the bend (called the caudal peduncle) are wedge-shaped with neural spines that are wider at their ends than they are at their bases. This downturned area likely supported a fluke similar to modern sharks.
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It is located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally, it is bounded caudally by the peristriate Brodmann area 19, rostrally by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle temporal area 21, and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere by the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
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The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are distinctly incised. The caudal fin is rounded. The adults are an overall greyish brown colour. The juveniles are a similar colour but are marked with large white spots over their body and the bases of the dorsal and anal fins with darker dorsal, anal and pelvic fins, while the outer parts of the caudal and, in some specimens, the tail is white.
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The species also as distinct obliquely positioned rows of brown spots running the length of its body, which are apparent to see even after removal from the water and after death. The caudal, anal and pectoral fins are usually a light brown, with some having olive green caudal fins. It is the largest member of Sillaginidae, growing to a maximum length of 72 cm long and 4.8 kg in weight.
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In particular, products of four maternal effect genes are critical to the formation of anterior-posterior axis. The product of two maternal effect gene, bicoid and hunchback, regulates formation of anterior structure while another pair nanos and caudal, specifies protein that regulates formation of posterior part of embryo. The transcript of all four genes-bicoid, hunchback, caudal, nanos are synthesized by nurse and follicle cells and transported into the oocytes.
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Marivalles Sanctuary The municipality is crossed by the Aller River, which flows into the Caudal. Near the confluence, the Aller forms a deep valley between steep hillsides covered with forest. The municipality, along with those of Lena and Mieres, forms the coal- rich basin of the Caudal. The principal economic activity has been coal mining, especially in the lower part of the valley, while agriculture and ranching are also important.
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In all the caudal vertebrae the centrum is amphiplatian (flat on both ends) with the posterior articulation facet being more concave than the anterior one. As indicated by the transitional caudal, the anterior neural spines are elongated and progressively disappear on posterior caudals. Regarding the shoulder girdle, only the right scapulocoracoid and a radius were preserved, the latter was not described. However, the radius was measured at long.
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The perirhinal cortex is composed of two regions: areas 36 and 35. Area 36 is sometimes divided into three subdivisions: 36d is the most rostral and dorsal, 36r ventral and caudal, and 36c the most caudal. Area 35 can be divided in the same manner, into 35d and 35v (for dorsal and ventral, respectively). Area 36 is six-layered, dysgranular, meaning that its layer IV is relatively sparse.
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The humpback chub has a streamlined body, with a concave skull on its dorsum. The caudal peduncle is thin and somewhat pencil-like but not greatly elongated, where the length of the caudle peduncle divided by length of head is less than 1.0. The head length divided by the caudal peduncle is less than 5.0. The scales are embedded deeply across the surface of the fish, especially on hump.
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Oxyropsis are elongate and have a narrow caudal peduncle, which distinguishes it from all other Hypoptopomatinae genera except Niobichthys and Acestridium.Aquino, A.E. & Schaefer, S.A. (2002): Revision of Oxyropsis Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Copeia, 2002 (2): 374–390. The species of Oxyropsis are distinguished based on their armor plate formation, numbers of plates and teeth, relative depth of the caudal peduncle, development of serrae on the pectoral fin spine.
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Caudal scales keeled; the caudal keel with a very low, doubly toothed crest. Olive or yellowish brown above, with irregular darker markings which are generally confluent into broad cross bars; a blackish temporal streak; lower surfaces yellowish, with rather indistinct brown cross bars, which are most distinct on the throat. Young dark brown above, with yellow spots confluent into crossbars; lower surface yellow, with dark brown cross bars.Boulenger, G. A. 1890.
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The cavities formed from the initial and secondary neuralation combine to form one uninterrupted cavity. There is still speculation on the formation of the caudal cell mass in humans with arguments being made for it arising from many cavities or the continuing growth of the neurocele from the initial neuralation. The caudal cell mass will ultimately differentiate and form into many sacral structures such various nerve endings and the conus medullaris.
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As for other members of the species complex with a long tubular body which is distinctly stocky, particularly between the vent and the pectoral fins. Tail fin generally as long or slightly longer than the caudal peduncle with a square or slightly notched end. Flanges on the caudal peduncle are long, extending almost half way to the anal fin. Centreline fins are somewhat fleshy at the base, paired fins less so.
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The defining feature of a spottail shiner is the distinct black spot at the base of the caudal fin. The lower edge of the caudal fin can be white in color with all of the other fins lacking pigment. The dorsal fin sits directly above the pelvic fins. The dorsal side of this shiner can range from a silvery to pale green or olive color, whereas the ventral side is white.
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Though usually obscure or absent, some fish may have a faint lateral stripe, especially on the caudal peduncle; pigment of the lateral stipe is confined to the areas above the lateral-line. There is no concentration of melanophores at the base of the caudal fin and all fins lack dark pigment. The fins of breeding individuals, particularly males, have a bright lemon yellow pigment. Males may also have yellow snouts.
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Handling the tang risks the chances of being badly cut by the caudal spine. These spines, on both sides of the caudal peduncle, are extended from the body when the fish is stressed. The quick, thrashing sideways motion of the tail can produce deep wounds that result in swelling and discoloration, posing a risk of infection. It is believed that some species of Acanthurus have venom glands while others do not.
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Chaenogobius annularis has a light brown head and body with six, or so, broad vertical bands along the body and with several small, dusky spots and a distinct blotch on the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fins are light brown with darker, sinuous horizontal bands while the caudal and pectoral fins are also light brown but are marked with darker vertical bands. It grows to a maximum total length of .
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This genus was based on a skull fragment, isolated teeth, several vertebrae including the holotype - an anterior caudal vertebra, and appendicular bones from the Late Cretaceous of Laño (northern Spain). New material from Laño, Spain described by Diaz et al. (2013), which includes cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae, dorsal ribs, and a haemal arch, has been assigned to Lirainosaurus.Díez Díaz, V., Pereda Suberbiola, X. and Sanz, J.L. 2013.
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The species name is derived from Latin undulatus (meaning undulated) and the postfix -ellus and refers to the sinuate caudal margin of the uncus in the male genitalia.
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The fines are hyaline in appearance with the unpaired fins spotted with brown. The upper and lower margins of the caudal fins are shaded dark brown to black.
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Harttia species are thought to be able to exploit areas with the strongest current, because of its extremely depressed body and long caudal peduncle, comparing to other species.
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Other distinguishing characteristics include a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin and dull coloration, often with mottling, ranging from bluish gray to black dorsally grading to a whitish underbelly.
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Pedal phalanges (toe bones) are hourglass-shaped and have strongly developed joints. The long and narrow caudal (tail) vertebra has a concave lower edge and fused neurocentral sutures.
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The pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins may darken toward the tips. The smalltail shark reaches a maximum known length of , though is typical. Females grow larger than males.
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The caudal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins are a transparent yellow. The pelvic fins of the frillfin goby has one spine and five rays that are close together.
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The species name is derived from the Greek tany (meaning long) and gnathos (meaning jaw) in reference to the slender, greatly elongated caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The species name is derived from the Latin caulis (meaning stalk, stem) and furcatus (meaning forked) in reference to the stalked, furcate caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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Individuals from around the Philippines vary in coloration. The sharp, forward-pointing spines on the caudal peduncle are venomous.Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds. Acanthurus lineatus. FishBase. 2011.
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The Caudal artery is the portion of the dorsal aorta of a vertebrate that passes into the tail. It is analogous to the median sacral artery in humans.
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The pectoral spine of fully developed nuptial males is elongated and thick. The pelvic fins and caudal fin are rounded. The adipose fin has a pointed, depressible spine.
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The specific name is derived from the Latin for ‘spotted’, referring to the numerous black spots on the caudal and dorsal fins. It is used as an adjective.
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Fin-ray formulae: dorsal II,7; pectoral I,6; pelvic i,5; anal i,4 (except 1 specimen, 49.6 mm SL, with i,5); caudal i,14, I.
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Their tails are slender, with a well-developed caudal fin and two triangular dorsal fins.McGrouther, M. (2006): Eastern Fiddler Ray, Trygonorrhina faciata . Australian Museum. Their snouts are translucent.
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The genus Moravecnema is characterised by a dorsoventrally elongated oral opening, rudimentary pseudolabia, and four pairs of precloacal and six pairs of postcloacal caudal papillae in the male.
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Caudal dorsal scales smooth or with very faint keels. Terminal scute very small, with two points.Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History).
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The left brachiocephalic vein forms from the anastomosis formed between the left and right anterior cardinal veins when the caudal portion of the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates.
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This coloration can also be found on the male's caudal peduncle (tail side).Minckley, W.L. 1973. Fishes of Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. pp. 104-106.
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Image of the skeleton in the position when it was found Limb and girdle elements from the left and right sides of the body closely match each other in size and are the appropriate size to belong to the same individual as the vertebrae and ribs. The disposition of bones in the quarry is approximately as expected if the animal were lying on its left side in an opisthotonic pose, but nearly all bones show some disorientation and disarticulation: the cervical vertebrae are arranged along a curved line, and extending along this tight curve (approximately) sit two of the dorsal vertebrae followed by the sacrum and caudal vertebrae. The sacrum and first three caudal vertebrae were found in articulation and in line with the remaining articulated caudal vertebrae; others are present after a gap of about . Twenty-seven caudal vertebrae are shown on the quarry map, but 30 were found in the collection, and pre- restoration photos indicate that 32 were originally present.
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Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using volumetric imaging techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in the formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat".
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Ostorhinchus fasciatus is an ovoid shaped fish with large eyes, a blunt snout, a large, oblique mouth which reaches the eye and a forked caudal fin. The body shows slight ventral compression. In colour it is a generally white to pinkish grey in colour with two dark stripes on the dorsal half of body: one is a broad, plain stripe either side of the lateral line from the tip of the snout to the central rays of the caudal fin; the second is a narrower stripe starting above eye and reaching to the upper part of the caudal peduncle. It frequently has an incomplete dusky stripe which lies between the two main stripes.
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The yellow Shiner is a small fish with a deep, broad body which is at its deepest just in front of the origin of the dorsal fin and which has an extended caudal peduncle which is twice as long as it is deep. It has a brown back with a silver belly, the difference between the two being quite marked, although there is a subtle dark band running from the snout to the caudal peduncle which is darker at its ends. The females have deeper bodies and are darker than the males. It has a whitish chin and the caudal fin and dorsal fin are dusky in color while the other fins are lighter.
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The ostraciiform group have no appreciable body wave when they employ caudal locomotion. Only the tail fin itself oscillates (often very rapidly) to create thrust. This group includes Ostraciidae.
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The C-O sole gets its name from the markings on its caudal fin: a crescent shape and a ring, which resemble a letter C and a letter O.
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Osteochilus waandersii has a well- defined black stripe along the sides, running from the gill opening to the end of the median caudal fin rays. It grows to SL.
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Naish, D. 2002. Fossils explained 34: Crocodilians. Geology Today 2: 71-77. The type, and only, specimen of S. inermis consists of a partial skull and two caudal vertebrae.
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Boga at cleaning station. Note extended mouth. The boga is a spindle-shaped fish. It has a deeply forked caudal fin, and its two dorsal fins are close together.
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The pectoral, pelvic, and spinous dorsal fins are hyaline to dusky, while the second dorsal fin is yellow distally. The caudal and anal fins are yellow to dusky yellow.
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The dorsal fin and margin of the caudal fin may be brownish. The underside is plain white, becoming light brown on the tail. The largest known specimen is long.
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The stripetail darter males are golden orange and as adults can grow up to long. It also has black bands present on the caudal fins and soft dorsal fins.
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Escherichia virus T5, sometimes called Bacteriophage T5 is a caudal virus within the family Demerecviridae. This bacteriophage specifically infects E. coli bacterial cells and follows a lytic life cycle.
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The pelvic fins are large and broad with convex margins, and originate beneath the pectoral fins; adult males have stubby claspers that do not extend past the pelvic fin margins. The tail is short and thick, with a fold of skin along either side. There is a single rounded dorsal fin positioned behind the pelvic fins. The large caudal fin is nearly symmetrical above and below the caudal peduncle and has rounded corners.
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C. motatanensis has a caudal fin darkly pigmented throughout other than for a narrow pale distal margin, while C. orinoco has dark pigmentation on the caudal fin particularly on the distal portions of the fin. The body of Cetopsis species ranges from slender to stout. Unlike all other species, C. candiru has incisiform (vs. conical) teeth on the vomer and dentary, and also has a more slender body than all other species.
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Moreover, Sovann Maccha wears decorative and embroidered cloth with fish scale patter in the shape of a tail of fish (caudal fin) from the front to the back side with another piece of embroidered cloth drops downward. This caudal fin-shaped cloth piece distinguish Sovann Maccha from other female role in Royal Ballet of Cambodia. The jewelry for this role includes various types of ankle and wrists bracelets and bangles with many styles.
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These vertebrae are overall tall and very robust, and have concave sides like other basal sauropodomorphs. They also all appear to be amphicoelous. The transverse processes of the first several caudal vertebrae are wide and flat, and directed upwards and outwards; the transverse processes of caudal vertebrae further back in the tail are more slender and horizontal. As for the neural spines, they are tall and thin, and are directed somewhat backwards.
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The pectoral fins are large and extend past the origins of the small pelvic fins. The origin of the anal fin hardly overlaps the trailing edge of the dorsal fin. The caudal peduncle is thick and the caudal fin is truncated and square-ended. The arrangement of the fins, the deep body and the tri-cuspid teeth help to distinguish this fish from the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), which is found in the same habitats.
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Of the tail, only the second caudal vertebra is well preserved. As in Giraffatitan, this vertebra was slightly amphicoelous (concave on both ends), lacked openings on the sides, and had a short neural spine that was rectangular and tilted backward. In contrast to the second caudal vertebra of Giraffatitan, that of Brachiosaurus had a proportionally taller neural arch, making the vertebra around 30% taller. The centrum lacked depressions on its sides, in contrast to Giraffatitan.
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The overall colour of the body is yellow-orange marked with 5 wide black lines along side which have red margins. There is also a large black spot on posterior dorsal fin and another on the anal fin while the caudal fin has 2 black spots which are joined by a black bar. The spots on the dorsal and caudal fins are edged with pale blue. This species attains a maximum total length of .
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The third bar is found below the origin of the dorsal fin, the fourth bar below the soft dorsal, and the fifth (if any) on the area between the anal fin and caudal fin (caudal peduncle). These bars become shorter as the fish ages. The lateral line curves upwards at the area between the fourth and ninth lateral scales. Banded archerfish can reach a maximum length of ; however, average length is about .
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Hypoplectrus nigricans is a small fish growing to a total length of . The morphology and colouring of the fish varies across its range. Fish from Puerto Rico have greyish bodies, translucent pectoral fins, pointed pelvic fins and a caudal fin shaped like a crescent moon. Fish from Mexico and Belize are slightly smaller and have a darker body colour with dark pectoral fins, blunt pelvic fins and a short, square-cut caudal fin.
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The Kızılırmak toothcarp shows sexual dimorphism like all Aphanius species. Males have nine to twelve dark grey-black bars on the sides of the body, a dark blue-black dorsal fin and colourless to yellow caudal and anal fin with two or three black lines at the margins. Females have silver-grey body with a large number of dark grey spots. The largest spot is always centered on the base of the caudal fin.
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The pectoral fins are short and broad, while the pelvic and anal fins are low with rather long bases. The pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins are proportionally smaller than in Galeus. Unlike Galeus species, adult males have a slight "apron" formed by the fusion of the pelvic fin inner margins; the apron partially covers the claspers, which taper towards the tip. The caudal peduncle is long, with the anal and caudal fins well-separated.
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The dorsal and anal fins are semitransparent with a black dot in front of it. Typically it has a pattern of four white spots on the body, between the dorsal and anal fins; three white vertical lines in the long caudal peduncle and a black, submarginal, in each margin of the caudal fin dot. Aulostomus strigosus Tenerife, Canary Islands It reaches a maximum length of 75 cm.Fritzsche, R.A., (1990). Aulostomidae. p. 653.
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There are 11 spines in the dorsal fin and 16-18 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The caudal fin is rounded. This species has an olive green head and body with a scattering of irregular white spots and blotches. The head and anterior part of the body have red-brown blotches and there is a black saddle mark on upper part of caudal peduncle.
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This species grows to ~40 cm, and is like many wrasses, its colour changes over different stages of its life. Juveniles are greenish brown with rows of white spots along the sides. Females are reddish to brownish-orange with rows of white spots along the sides. Males are brightly coloured with red dorsal and anal fins, a red band around the rear of the body, a white caudal peduncle and a yellow caudal fin.
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The first few rays of the dorsal fin are black, and both the dorsal and caudal fin are edged in a pinkish red. The anal and pelvic fins are the same shade of red throughout with bright blue rays and dots. The species displays only limited sexual dimorphism, mature males being slightly larger and in some cases showing longer extensions on both the caudal fin and the posterior of the dorsal fin.
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The caudal fin is broad and triangular, with fairly angular corners and a nearly straight trailing margin. The skin completely lacks dermal denticles. This species is a plain reddish to orange brown above, with a very thin pale posterior margin on the dorsal and caudal fins. The underside is light cream, with darker reddish coloring along the pectoral and pelvic fin margins, outlining the ampullae of Lorenzini, and as blotches under the tail.
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Due to its size, the sheltopusik tends to respond to harassment by hissing, biting, and musking. It is less likely to drop off its tail than some other species that display caudal autotomy. However, these occasional displays of caudal autotomy are responsible for the name "glass lizard" (or "glass snake"). The released tail may break into pieces, leading to the myth that the lizard can shatter like glass and reassemble itself later.
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Five digits were found on both the hind limbs as well as the forelimbs. In order to counterbalance the weight of its body, Hesperosuchus is inferred to have had a relatively long tail. Since the caudal vertebrae aren't completely restored, it is inferred based on similar archosaurians, that the tail contained somewhere around 45 caudal vertebrae. The strong hind limbs and overall light weight made Hesperosuchus very quick and able to move rapidly.
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The false scad is a blueish green to olive green-brown above fading to silvery white below, often with a narrow yellow stripe running from the head to the base of the caudal fin. The fins are hyaline to dusky with the exception of the caudal fin which is yellow. The second dorsal fin's lobe has a black blotch and narrow pale border at the tip. A black blotch is also present on the operculum.
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The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. robbianus, there are about 15 to 20 teeth on the mandible. The body color is pale brown, blotched or mottled with darker brown. The ventral and anal fins are dark, the dorsal and caudal fins are lighter. Juveniles show a light streak on each side of the snout, and cross-bars on the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.
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This is an intermediate stage in the evolution of cetacean locomotion, as modern cetaceans swim by caudal oscillation (a way of swimming similar to caudal undulation, but is more energy efficient). Recent studies suggest that ambulocetids were fully aquatic like modern cetaceans, possessing a similar thoracic morphology and being unable to support their weight on land. This suggests that complete abandonment of the land evolved much earlier among cetaceans than previously thought.
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Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 40:1-242. In their 1979 review of dinosaur remains from the Black Creek Group, Baird and Horner (1979) noted that the femoral fragments come from a tyrannosauroid similar to Dryptosaurus, and made the caudal vertebra included in the syntype series of H. crassicauda the lectotype, while stating that the metatarsal could not belong to the same individual as the caudal.
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Restoration. Alvarezsaurus was a bipedal theropod. Like other lightweight theropods, it had a long tail, and its leg structure suggests that it was a fast runner. The most proximal elements of Alvarezsaurus caudal vertebrae exhibited ventrally sharp centra and the transerve processes of these vertebrae were sub-triangular and laterodistally directed, features seen in other alvarezsaurids like Shuvuuia. Spinal processes were entirely absent or poorly developed, and each caudal vertebra supported short prezygapophyses.
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A breeding male will develop a bright orange throat, belly, spots at the caudal fin base and fins margins. The female also has dark vertical bars on its sides that are most visible near the tail, but they are usually less distinct than those on a male. The female has two yellow spots at the caudal fin base. All of their fins are clear with many dark spots scattered across them, often forming rows.
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The anal fin has 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by a single spine connected to 16 to 18 soft rays. The lobes of both the anal and dorsal fin are highly extended, giving the species its name. The anal fins also show extension into filaments to a lesser degree. The pectoral fins are falcate to subfalcate with 18-20 rays, while the caudal fin is deeply forked with bilateral, paired caudal keels.
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This species can be distinguished from its two closest congeners, B. giddingsi and B. lutarius, by a combination of prominent comb-like dermal denticles along the upper caudal- fin margin, absence of oral papillae, uniform body coloration, and noticeable dark dusky snout; Bythaelurus giddingsi has oral papillae present and a variegated color pattern, while B. lutarius lacks a caudal crest of enlarged denticles and matures at a much smaller size than the new species.
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The midlateral stripe reaches the base of the caudal fin. The spiny portion of the dorsal fin has a black margin on the membranes between the spines membranes. There is a dark blotch on the body behind the nape and shows variation in the intensity of its pigment. The caudal fin has a dark border and several bands made up of faint spots at its base, but lacks obvious transverse black striping.
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Eugène Aburel Bogdan (18991975) was a Romanian surgeon and obstetrician who in 1931 was the first to describe blocking the lumbar plexus during early labor, followed by a caudal epidural injection for the expulsion phase. Beginning in October 1941, Robert Andrew Hingson (19131996), Waldo B. Edwards and James L. Southworth, working at the United States Marine Hospital at Stapleton, on Staten Island in New York, developed the technique of continuous caudal anesthesia.
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Like most Akysis spp. it is brown with yellowish patches but can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters including a yellowish snout, an adipose fin with a long base, a relatively deep caudal peduncle and a forked caudal fin with the lower lobe longer than the upper. Not much is known about the species including population, threats and conservations actions except that it may be caught as bycatch in artisanal fisheries.
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The pectoral fins are small and set very low on the underside of the body. The colour is dark brown above with black spots and a black patch around the operculum, which extends halfway up the body. The flanks are silvery-grey and the fins lack pigment. The caudal peduncle is narrow, the caudal fin is short, and the lateral line, which is high on the body, extends into the tail fin.
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53 There are three or four sacral and about 29 caudal (tail) vertebrae. Between the second and third caudal vertebrae, separate bones called hemal arches are present. These display a spinous process at the back, as in both Holochilus and Lundomys. On the humerus, the upper arm bone, the entepicondylar foramen is absent, as in all members of the Sigmodontinae; in some other cricetids, it perforates the far (distal) end of the humerus.
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Its natural habitat is freshwater Lake Malawi. The largest known wild specimen (shown in the photo at right) had a standard length (without caudal fin) of 119 mm (4.7 in).
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It is a silver–white-colored fish with yellow on all fins except the pectoral fins. It also has vertical dark bars on its eyes and near its caudal fin.
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Ventral and sub-caudal scales are smooth. Digits relatively short and all bearing claws. Tail has strongly keeled tubercles which are arranged in whorls. Cloacal spur with two enlarged tubercles.
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Caudal autotomy septa are absent. For A. skrbinensis, there were 10 cervical vertebrae, 30 dorsal vertebrae, and 2 sacral vertebrae. The body of the dorsal vertebrae presents a procoelous pattern.
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The leading edge of the first dorsal fin and the trailing edge of the caudal fin may be dark, and the trailing edges of the pectoral fins may be light.
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The sacral ribs are all articulated with the ilium but do not fuse to their vertebrae. The first caudal rib is far away from the ilium, but trends towards it.
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Most species have a round spot on the side of the midbody and a stripe along the lower lobe of the caudal fin. The largest hemiodontids are around in length.
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The anal fin contains one spine and 26–29 soft rays. The caudal fin is forked with 9 rays. The lateral line is continuous with two pores per body segment.
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The species name is derived from the Latin curtus (meaning short) and ramus (meaning branch), in reference to the short, forked branches of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The dorsal fin is more than twice the length of the anal fin. The dorsal origin is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal fin base.
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Fuente y caudal (Source and Flow) is the ninth studio album by the Spanish composer and guitarist Paco de Lucía. All pieces are credited Paco de Lucía and José Torregrosa.
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Male honey blue-eyes have distinct black submarginal bands and white margins on their dorsal, anal and caudal fins. Honey blue-eyes form schools from about 25 to 70 individuals.
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The underside is white to beige, darkening towards the disc lateral margins, with dark blotches on the tail. Juveniles have a dark caudal fin. The largest known specimen measures long.
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However, it differed from the American form by details in the anterior caudal vertebrae and from Barosaurus and Diplodocus both by its plesiomorphic hindlimb proportions with a short lower leg.
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The haddock, a type of cod, is ray-finned. It has three dorsal and two anal fins. heterocercal caudal fin. The dorsal portion is usually larger than the ventral portion.
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Ventrum is pale yellowish. Caudal fin blotched or barred. The juvenile form is sometimes confused with B. tigrinum. It is entirely piscivorous preying on loricariids and other bottom-dwelling fish.
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It grows to a length of 192 cm. Body is characterized by platinum head and gold body. Adults have short barbels. Caudal-fin in adults deeply-forked with narrow lobes.
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One of the defining features of a spottail shiner is the black spot found at the base of the caudal fin. These shiners generally spawn from late June through July.
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The pectoral fin contains 13 to 16 unbranched rays and it is placed below the midline of body. The caudal fin is deeply forked but its lobes do not have filaments.
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The genus is characterized by the dimension and shape of the neural spine of the proximal caudal vertebrae.Ruiz-Omeñaca, Jose Ignacio (2001). "Losillasaurus giganteus, a new Spanish sauropod". Dinosaur Mailing List.
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The fins are translucent, and the tip of the caudal fin upper lobe is blackish. The largest known male is long and weighs , and the largest female is long and weighs .
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The caudal and pectoral fins are pale to dusky yellow. Large adults often exhibit very dark head and fin colouration, nearing black. These fish are perhaps exhibiting mating or spawning colouration.
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It has been suggested that breeding males may also have orange on the cheeks and dorsal and caudal fin spines, although this may be restricted to fish from the Branco River.
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Maternal diabetes mellitus has been associated with caudal regression syndrome and sirenomelia, although a few sources question this association. Prenatal cocaine exposure has also been suggested as an association with sirenomelia.
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The smallfin gulper has no anal fin, two dorsal fins with spines, long free rear tips on pectoral fins, and a deeply notched caudal fin. Its maximum length is 98 cm.
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This is united with the small caudal fin. There are no pelvic fins. The anal fin provides propulsion, either forwards or backwards, undulating from side to side with a rippling movement.
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Anal fin with one spine and 6-10 soft rays. Caudal fin with 12 soft rays, rounded, and deeper than wide. Vertebrae 29-30 (usually 30) with 12-13 precaudal vertebrae.
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The caudal fin is darker towards the base and slightly dusky along its edge, particularly on the upper lobe. The fins on the body can be clear to dusky in pigment.
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Both species reach about 15 centimetres (6 in) SL. These species both appear very similar; A. albomaculatus might be slimmer, have more spots and a different pattern on its caudal fin.
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It is distinguished from other bent-toed geckos by its lack of dorsal tubercles, and from Microgecko species by its enlarged lateral caudal scales and single row of enlarged subcaudal scales.
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Color is dark-black. Dorsal and anal fin are dark in the caudal sections of the body. The gill and mouth cavities are dark but does not show through the skin.
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The ventral surface is light yellow. The dorsum and fins are patterned with melanophores. A reddish spot can be observed on the ventral part of the base of the caudal fin.
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They have a large oral disc and a muscular tail with not so well-developed caudal fin. Nanorana rarica, also known as Rara Lake frog, was first collected from Rara Lake.
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The caudofemoralis spans plesiomorphically between femur (thigh) and tail; in mammals it is reduced and found directly posterior/caudal to the gluteus maximus and directly anterior/cranial to the biceps femoris.
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It grows to a length of 57.5 cm. It has no teeth but possesses many long gill rakers and three long barbels. Body elongated with less depressed head. Caudal fin triangular.
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Lab specimen are pale yellowish white with diffuse grey or black markings. Brown stripe found on dorsal midline. Thin black or brown stripe runs along middle of caudal peduncle. Fins hyaline.
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Agrostichthys parkeri has two large, circular eyes with dark irises and clear pupils. Its dorsal fin has two parts, one part a triangular-like fin starting on its head right behind its eyes and the second part a low fin that extends all the way down the body to the caudal fin. Two filamentous rays (specimens have been known to have up to seven rays) also extend from the front of the dorsal fin, where one ray is much longer than the other ray and extends to almost the entire length of the body. Most specimens appeared to be missing their caudal fins, which naturally would be divided in two like scissors, showing that it is common to lose their caudal fins in nature.
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In the early embryo, the bicoid and hunchback genes are at high concentration near the anterior end, and give pattern to the future head and thorax; the caudal and nanos genes are at high concentration near the posterior end, and give pattern to the hindmost abdominal segments. The effects of these genes interact; for instance, the Bicoid protein blocks the translation of caudal's messenger RNA, so the Caudal protein concentration becomes low at the anterior end. Caudal later switches on genes which create the fly's hindmost segments, but only at the posterior end where it is most concentrated. Gap genes in the fruit fly are switched on by genes such as bicoid, setting up stripes across the embryo which start to pattern the body's segments.
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They gradually increased in length and width towards the hip. There were three sacral (hip) vertebrae, although only the first two had large, flared ribs which connected to the ilia (upper hip plates). 20 caudal (tail) vertebrae were also attached to the skeleton, along with a disconnected string of 13 from the tip of the tail and 10 isolated caudals. Estimating from the length of missing portions of the tail, there may have been 58 caudal vertebrae in total.
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There are 68-76 pored scales in the simple lateral line which extends from upper end of gill opening to the middle of the caudal fin fork. The upper sides of its head and body tinged with gold, this changes to silver on the lower flanks. The margins of both dorsal fins and the caudal fins are black, the rest of these fins are blackish while pelvic and anal fins are white. The pectoral fin is yellow with melanophores.
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This species can reach in total length, though most only reach about . The harlequin darter displays a green coloration on its sides, with six or seven brown saddles present along the top of the body. The belly of this darter is generally a yellow or tan color with dark blotches present, and the base of the caudal peduncle and caudal fin show a B shape. The first dorsal fin is characterized by being clear with a red boundary.
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The first dorsal fin is fairly large and triangular, with a blunt apex sloping down to a sinuous trailing margin; its origin lies over the free rear tips of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is small and low, and originates over the middle of the anal fin base. There is no ridge between the dorsal fins. The caudal peduncle bears a deep, crescent- shaped pit at the origin of the upper caudal fin lobe.
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This knob is better developed in males than females. The fish of Rasborinae almost invariably have anal fins with three spines and five rays. Celestichthys has three anal fin spines and 8-10 anal fin rays. Also, rasborins have the generalized cyprinid principal caudal fin ray count of 10/9, while all Asian cyprinids with fewer than 10/9 principal caudal fin rays are all diminutive species of Danioninae, including Celestichthys, M. erythromicron, Danionella, and Paedocypris.
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The pectoral fin is small for a carangid, about the length of the pelvic fin and is not falcate, with 20 rays. The pelvic fin consists of one spine and five branched soft rays. The caudal fin is also highly diagnostic, being deeply forked and consisting of 17 caudal rays, 9 dorsally and 8 ventrally. The lateral line has a slight anterior arch and no scutes are present on the line, but possesses about 100 scales.
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Powell suggested it's possible that the calcanium described by von Huene is actually the astragalus of a smaller individual. He also noted that the astragalus seems too small to belong to the same individual as the tibia, being only about half the width. Von Huene described a caudal vertebra which was found close to the skull material. This vertebra was the first caudal, belonging to the base of the tail just after the sacrum (vertebrae attached to the hip).
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Compared to S. atromaculatus the Dixie chub has a smaller number of head tubercles on its gill covers and caudal fin. The spot on the caudal peduncle is more diffuse than in S. atromaculatus which is normally wedge-shaped and distinct from the lateral stripe, while the equivalent spot in S. atromaculatus is quadrilateral and is joined to the lateral stripe. The lateral strip is dark and rather wide but not very distinct. It grows to a length of .
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Therefore, Carnotaurus could have been one of the fastest large theropods. While the caudofemoralis muscle was enlarged, the epaxial muscles situated above the caudal ribs would have been proportionally smaller. These muscles, called the longissimus and spinalis muscle, were responsible for tail movement and stability. To maintain tail stability in spite of reduction of these muscles, the caudal ribs bear forward projecting processes interlocking the vertebrae with each other and with the pelvis, stiffening the tail.
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The island trevally is a pale blue-green above, becoming more silvery below, with adults having several quite large, elliptical, yellow to brassy spots scattered on their bodies close to the midline. Nine 9 or 10 dark vertical bars may be on the body from the head to the caudal peduncle. The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are a pale brownish- to brilliant-blue, with all other fins being pale green to hyaline in colour.
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The caudal fin is slightly forked. The body and fins are dark blue and there is a pattern of seven dark blue-black vertical bars on the head and body. The details of the patterning and intensity of the blue background colour on the body and fins shows indivual variation with some fish having barrow black stripes running along the upper and lower margins of the caudal fin. This species attains a maximum recorded total length of .
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The orangespotted filefish grows to a length of about . The head has a number of wavy yellowish lines which run down onto the snout; near the eyes these alternate with bluish lines. The body has a number of broad brown bands separated by narrow whitish-yellow bands which converge at the caudal peduncle and continue onto the tailfin. On the caudal peduncle there is a moderate-sized white spot, often with a smaller white spot below it.
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The tail is compressed and moderately long, with a small lanceolate caudal fin containing 15-16 rays. The coloration is dark brown, becoming darker on the back and head. Brown chromatophores are lightly speckled on the pterygiophores (supporting bones) of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are hyaline with dark tips, the anal fin is hyaline with a scattering of light brown chromatophores and a slightly darkened margin, and the caudal fin is very dark brown to black.
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The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines that can be locked into place. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length. M. emarginata can be distinguished from other members of the genus Microsynodontis by examining the caudal fin. The fin is slightly forked or lobed, whereas all other members of the genus have caudal fins that are either rounded on the trailing edge or with a straight trailing edge.
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It is easily distinguished at a glance from other cod-like fish as it has only one dorsal fin. Also characteristic is the nature of the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins, they are continuous at the base but separated by very deep notches so that they are obviously distinct. Moreover, the caudal fin is evenly rounded. It is variable in color, from slate to reddish brown above, and paling to gray on the lower sides and underneath.
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The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are incised in juveniles but not in adults. The caudal fin is truncate. This species has a greenish to reddish-brown or brownish-grey body, with a large roughly square- shaped white blotch on the upper flanks and dark diagonal lines on its head. There are narrow dark bars along the middle of the flanks, and a white base to the caudal fin which has a black spot in the centre.
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In the predorsal region are predorsal stripes, which may be present, but generally fade as the fish ages and occasionally predorsal spots. Also, small pearly spots are found along the side of the fish. The anal and lower half of the caudal region may be yellow or the anal, dorsal, and caudal regions may be darker in color with white splotches at the base. Additionally, the coloration of the male fish changes when they are breeding.
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Compound mutants carrying one CDX2 null allele and homozygous null for CDX4 fail to generate posterior tissue caudal to the hindlimbs and most of these embryos die around embryonic day 10.5 from lack of placental development. Around 10% of this phenotype may progress to full term, but then die shortly after birth. Upon inspection the morphogenesis of ano-rectal and urethral tissues was observed. The most well described function of CDX genes are their role in caudal body formation.
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Camaldine Abraw signe pro avec Châteauroux In August 2013, Abraw moved to Free State Stars in the South African Premier Soccer League, signing a two-year contract with the option of a further year. On 6 February 2019, Abraw signed with Tercera División side Caudal Deportivo.Camaldine Abraw nuevo delantero caudalista, caudaldeportivo.es, 6 February 2019 After seven games for the club, Caudal announced on their official Twitter profile, that Abraw had left the club due to personal reasons.
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Size of Alcovasaurus compared to a human Gilmore diagnosed S. longispinus from other Stegosaurus species by the presence of very long dermal spikes, distal caudal vertebral centra rounded in anterior/posterior view, vestigial transverse processes on distal caudal vertebrae, and centra with mushroom-shaped dorsal extensions. In 2016, Galton and Carpenter indicated five autapomorphies, unique derived traits. There are side processes being present in the distal, rear, tail vertebrae. The distal tail vertebrae are short, taller than long.
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Body coloration has few variations according to age and distribution area. In Australia and eastern Papua New Guinea, the juveniles have a white body with four black stripes from snout to the tip of the caudal fin. In the rest of the distribution area, juveniles have also a white body with the four black stripes but these later are not reaching the tip of the tail. In this case, the caudal fin and the peduncle are yellow.
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It has a base color of yellow-brown to gray-brown in most cases, that becomes intense red during breeding. The head and throat are reddish, especially in younger fish. The caudal fin and the soft-sections of the dorsal and anal fin are usually more or less reddish. Six wide green-black vertical stripes run across the sides of the body between the base of the pectoral fin and the base of the caudal fin.
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The colour on the body is dusky, with every scale having a spot of darker colour along its edge and on the caudal peduncle, these spots sometimes coalesce to create irregular, horizontal, fine bars. The fins on the body have a dusky membrane. The caudal fin is dusky at its base and the pelvic fins have a slight dusky colour while the pectoral fins are colourless. The maximum standard length is although the common standard length is .
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Dorsal neural spines overhang the rear of their respective vertebrae and possess elliptical spine tables. The single known sacral (hip) vertebra is small, simple, and poorly preserved, but it seems to retain a small rear pocket. The caudal (tail) vertebrae gradually lengthen and simplify down the tail, they gain chevrons starting at the fifth caudal, and their neural spines gradually shorten. The neural spines have small spine tables, less distinct than those of the cervicals and dorsals.
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In terms of appearance, dogfish sharks have grayish-brown skin with white dots that becomes paler (almost white) around the belly region. These sharks are characterized by teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size; a caudal peduncle with lateral keels; the upper precaudal pit usually is present; and the caudal fin is without a subterminal notch. They are carnivorous, principally preying upon organisms smaller than themselves. Some of their prey include herring, mackerel, and capelin.
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The body is slim and streamlined, with a very tall, narrow, and falcate (sickle-shaped) first dorsal fin that originates over the bases of the rather small pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is much smaller and originates over the aft third of the anal fin base. The anal fin is about half again as long as the second dorsal fin. A lengthwise groove is on the caudal peduncle at the dorsal origin of the caudal fin.
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The fish is colored dark black in dorsal area and blackish brown in side, the under side is silvery white and the dorsal fin is pale orange red in color. Fins (pectoral, pelvic, anal) are whitish-yellow in color except the caudal fin which is dirty yellow in color. There are some long black spots in the dorsal fin rays and in the caudal blotch there is a small patch of bluish black dots in a scale.
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There is a clear white bar in the middle of the lower part of the body situated immediately in front of the most forward dark bar. There are wavy dark bars on the dorsal, anal and caudal fins and, in some fish, there is a pair of large black blotches at the base of the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are black with white leading edges. The belted sandfish attains a maximum recorded tital length of .
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Similar to other member of genus Galaxias. Mouth is set low on the relatively long snout and dorsal, pelvic and anal fins are well back along the body. Caudal peduncle short and shallow with the tail fin long at about 20% longer than the caudal peduncle. Dorsal and anal fins short with the anal fin set well back at about 85% from the front of the dorsal fin, the furthest back of all members of the species complex.
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The caudal fin is attached to the last rays of the dorsal and anal fins by a narrow membrane. The lateral line is made up of 120–138 pored scales. It is greyish brown in colour on the eyed side marked with numerous blue spots, the spots tend to disappear in dead specimens. The pectoral fin on the eyed side has a nearly black membrane contrasting with cream coloured fin rays while the caudal fin is plain.
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However, some studies have been done which supports the presence of α-neoendorphin immunoreactive fibers throughout the human brainstem. According to a study done by Duque, Ewing, Arturo Mangas, Pablo Salinas, Zaida Díaz-cabiale, José Narváez, and Rafael Coveñas; α-neoendorphin immunoreactive fibers can be found in the caudal part of the solitary nucleus, in the caudal and the gelatinosa parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and only low density was found in the central grey matter of medulla.
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The pelvic fins are rounded and almost as large as the pectoral fins. The anal fin is less than half the size of the dorsal fins and is positioned very close to the base of the long, low caudal fin. The caudal fin comprises about a quarter of the total length, with no ventral lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The dermal denticles are large, giving the skin a rough texture.
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The dorsals have high, wide centra, and they are also amphicoelous with very elongated and robustly built neural arches; some are broken. More complete than the previous sections, the sacrum consists of 4 presacrals, 4 sacrals, and the first caudal vertebra, these vertebrae are fused together, with some ribs attached. Their size gradually increases from backward to forwards. Some isolated caudal vertebrae are present, they seem to indicate that the tail consisted of approximately 25 to 30 caudals.
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The second dorsal fin is larger than, and originates ahead of, the anal fin; both these fins are positioned very close to the caudal fin. The caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip, and an indistinct lower lobe. The dermal denticles are shaped like arrowheads with a central ridge, and are sparsely distributed on the skin. This species is typically plain dark brown in color, darkening at the fin margins.
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Sphoeroides parvus have a caudal fin that can be dusky or plain and they lack pelvic fins entirely.Matsuura, K., Shao, K., Leis, J.L., Liu, M., Hardy, G. & Jing, L. 2014. Sphoeroides parvus.
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The fins are transparent, although the anal fin has a dark band near the body and there is a dark streak which runs into each lobe of the deeply forked caudal fin.
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No anal fin, grooved dorsal fin spines, teeth with narrow cusps and cusplets in upper and lower jaws, uniform dark coloration Short abdomen and short caudal peduncle, close-set denticles on body.
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Cell group B3 occupies the midline nucleus raphes magnus and adjacent structures in the caudal medulla oblongata of the rodent and the primate. Its boundary with the serotonergic group B1 is indistinct.
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All fin rays unbranched and segmented. Caudal fin rounded. Adhesive disc large. This species is named in honour of Tom Trnski, the Head of Natural Sciences at the Auckland War Memorial Museum.
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There was some caudal fin variety among Stethacanthus species; while some had low angle heterocercal tails, some had tails approaching homocercal. The broad hypochordal lobe was supported by long, splayed fin radials.
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The caudal fin is angled inwards to make a forked shape. Breeding males have red colorations on their face, head, and behind the gills. Breeding females will also have minimal red colorations.
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The species name is derived from the Latin latus (meaning broad, wide) and apiculus (meaning little top, apex), in reference to the broad apex of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The species name is derived from the Latin tenuis (meaning thin, slender) and furcatus (meaning forked) in reference to the diagnostic attenuated, furcate structure of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The species name is derived from the Greek akron (meaning tip, end) and dikros (meaning forked, cloven) in reference to the small, apical furcation of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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The caudal fin is deeply forked, with the upper lobe much shorter and smaller than the lower lobe; also, the fin rays in lower lobe noticeable thicker than those in upper lobe.
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The caudal fin is deeply forked, with the upper lobe much shorter and smaller than the lower lobe; also, the fin rays in lower lobe noticeable thicker than those in upper lobe.
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They have two dorsal triangular fins, with some stabilizing fins along the caudal peduncle. The basic color is blue-green with a silvery white belly and a darker back, usually black mottled.
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Serotonergic pathways are classified into two main ways in the brain: the ascending projections from the medial and dorsal raphe and the descending projections from the caudal raphe into the spinal cord.
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Compared to ambulocetids, remingtonocetids had relatively short limbs. Based on their skeletal remains, remingtonocetids were probably amphibious cetaceans that were well adapted to swimming, and likely to swim by caudal undulation only.
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A line of miniature robotic fish, released in 2013. The built in sensors contained in the robots detect liquid, which activates the caudal fin. Available as a fish, jellyfish, wahoo, and seahorse.
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The inferior colliculus lies caudal to its counterpart – the superior colliculus – above the trochlear nerve, and at the base of the projection of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus.
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Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and ventrorostrally in its caudal half by the retrosplenial region (Brodmann-1909).
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The species name is derived from the Greek mikros (small, little) and akron (top, tip, end) in reference to the diagnostic slender, reduced apex of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.
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Its caudal fin is yellow and it has a distinct black mark just posterior to the operculum. It has 36-41 gillrakers and the anal fin is preceded by two separate spines.
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Extending from behind the pectoral fins to the caudal peduncle is a diffuse band of gold spots generally below the lateral line and most prominent on the rear end of the fish.
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The spines are used only as a method of protection against aggressors. Two sharp spines stick out at the caudal peduncle—the area where the tail joins the rest of the body.
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The latter group swim slowly, but can turn rapidly, as is needed when living in coral reefs for example. But they can't swim as fast as fish using their bodies and caudal fins.
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This species can occasionally reach lengths of , but lengths of at maturity are more common. The body is laterally compressed. The base of the tail is slender. The caudal fin has 12 rays.
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The W mark on its caudal fin distinguishes this fish from all others except for O. batmani. The zebra oto reaches about 4.4 cm (1.7 in) in SL, though the males are smaller.
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The cranial portion of the muscle is supplied by the lower intercostal arteries, whereas the caudal portion is supplied by a branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery or the iliolumbar artery.
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The fossil is one of the few known crocodyliform caudal vertebrae and comes from the Kem Kem Beds that have produced the fossils of very large predatory dinosaur species: Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Deltadromeus.
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This fish reaches up to 50 centimeters in length. It is oval in shape and laterally compressed. Like other surgeonfishes, it swims with its pectoral fins. The caudal fin has a crescent shape.
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Of the four orders of Batoidae this holds truest for the Myliobatiformes (rays) and the Rajiformes (skates). The two other orders: Rhinopristiformes and Torpediniformes exhibit a greater degree of body caudal fin swimming.
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There is a single row of bony plates from the dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle on the top of the fishes body. The belonoglanis tenuis is long and thin. They are toothless.
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Lateral folding defects result in a typical exomphalos that is positioned in the middle of the abdomen. A caudal folding defect results in a hypogastric exomphalos that is positioned on the lower abdomen.
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The teardrop butterflyfish is up to 20 cm in length and easily identified by its yellow and black colour pattern. The caudal fin is transparent. Juveniles are virtually identical to adults in coloration.
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The caudal fin is colored dark brown in juveniles and olive in adults. Some individuals are dark beneath the tail and/or on the tip of the snout. The maximum recorded length is .
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The caudal fin has a notched shape with two points. The rays in the fins are soft and are called "soft rays." Their fusiform body shape is efficient for swimming through moving waters.
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J. Neurophysiol. 2005 May 3;94(2):1392–1404. Brainstem evoked locomotion can be blocked by 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists. Neurons containing these receptors are concentrated in different rostro-caudal regions.
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Walgettosuchus (meaning "Walgett crocodile") is a dubious or invalid genus of extinct tetanuran theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia during the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian). It is only known from a single caudal vertebra.
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Broad transversal unpigmented stripe present on dorsum. Dorsal fin yellowish white with small dark spots on the spine. Pectoral fin brownish grey dorsally, with small dark spots. Caudal fin is whitish and unpigmented.
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Schistura notostigma can be identified by the presence of 6 to 7 wide brown post-dorsal bars, emarginated caudal fin, incomplete lateral line, pelvic fin, which is adpressed always surpassing the anal fin.
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The twohorn sculpin is typically 5–12 cm long and may reach 15 cm. It has a thin caudal peduncle, one sharp spine located in front of each eye and two spines behind, hence its common name. Like other sculpins, this species has two dorsal fins (the first is spiny while the second is soft-rayed), large pectoral fins and slender pelvics. The caudal fin is slightly rounded and has dark, vertical bars and a black spot at the base.
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There are normally fourteen, rarely thirteen or fifteen, pectoral filaments on each side of the body and the count on each side is not necessarily symmetrical. The longest of these are longer than the total length of the fish. The lateral line contains 83-99 pored scales and is simple, it starts at the upper margin of the gill slit and extends to the middle of the caudal fin. The caudal fin is deeply forked but neither lobe bears any filaments.
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The second dorsal fin and lower caudal fin lobe darken at the tips, particularly in juveniles. An albino individual was caught off Queensland in 1987, which was the first known example of albinism in a requiem shark. An adult pigeye shark typically measures long, while the largest individuals reach long. The pigeye shark can be most reliably distinguished from the bull shark by the number of precaudal (before the caudal fin) vertebrae (89–95 in C. amboinensis versus 101–123 in C. leucas).
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Body moderately stout and compressed, preoral snout moderately long, about half of distance from mouth to pectoral origins; mouth narrowly arched, nearly half as high as wide. Second dorsal fin somewhat larger than first; pectoral apices when laid back ending about opposite to first dorsal spine origin. Caudal peduncle moderately long, distance from second dorsal insertion to upper caudal origin about as long as distance from eye to third gill slits. Lateral trunk denticles close-set, conical and with hooked cusps.
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The second dorsal fin is half again as tall as the first and bears a longer, curved spine. The pectoral fins are rounded at the tips, with the distance between them and the medium-sized, angular pelvic fins about equal to the distance between the dorsal fins. The anal fin is absent. The caudal peduncle is narrow, leading to a caudal fin with a well-developed lower lobe and a broad upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip.
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Yale University. New Haven, Conn. USA They defined "bird tail" as a tail that is shorter than the femur, with a pygostyle that is a ploughshare-shaped, compressed element, with the bones fused in the adult, composed of less than six caudal vertebrae, and shorter than the free part of the tail, which itself is composed of less than eight caudal vertebrae. They included Aves (which they defined as the "crown group" of modern birds), Ichthyornis, Hesperornithes, and Apsaravis in Ornithurae.
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There is a large blotch at the base of the caudal fin which has a pale margin, this is more obvious in young fish which also show bold mottling on the soft part of the dorsal fin, the anal fin and the caudal fin. In the breeding season the adults show a turquoise colouration on the cheek, breast and belly. This species attains a maximum total length of although a more usual total length would be around and the maximum published weight is .
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The alar plate and the basal plate are separated by the sulcus limitans. Additionally, the floor plate also secretes netrins. The netrins act as chemoattractants to decussation of pain and temperature sensory neurons in the alar plate across the anterior white commissure, where they then ascend towards the thalamus. Following the closure of the caudal neuropore and formation of the brain's ventricles that contain the choroid plexus tissue, the central canal of the caudal spinal cord is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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The caudal fin and anal fin are dark. Juveniles have a medium blue grey body, a pale blue-grey lower head which is marked with orange spots and lines with the upper part of the head and the spiny part of the dorsal fin being green. They also have a blue grey soft rayed portion of the dorsal fin and a blue grey caudal fin with a black margin. The maximum tital length is but they are more commonly around .
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Regardless of size of the animal, at any particular speed, maximum possible lift is proportional to (wing area) x (speed)2. Dolphins and whales have large, horizontal caudal hydrofoils, while many fish and sharks have vertical caudal hydrofoils. Porpoising (seen in cetaceans, penguins, and pinnipeds) may save energy if they are moving fast. Since drag increases with speed, the work required to swim unit distance is greater at higher speeds, but the work needed to jump unit distance is independent of speed.
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The caudal fin is short, with a small lower lobe and a ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The body and fins are densely covered by tiny, overlapping dermal denticles. In addition, there are enlarged denticles that form prominent saw-like crests on both the dorsal and the ventral edges of the caudal fin. The dorsal coloration consists of dark saddles along the back and tail, which are wider in F. boardmani and thinner in F. striatus.
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There is no dorsal fin, but there is an adipose fin close to the tail. The pectoral fins have seven to nine soft rays, the pelvic fins have six soft rays and the anal fin has eight to eleven soft rays. The colour is rather variable, being darker grey above and paler grey below, liberally sprinkled with dark spots on back and flanks. There is a dark saddle on the caudal peduncle and a dark bar in front of the caudal fin.
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These horns were extensions of the parietal bones, known as caudal processes. The parietal bones also formed the part of the skull between the base of the horns and above the braincase. The caudal processes were long and quite wide, with each horn almost as wide as the distance between them. Apart from small ridges and bumps along their anterolateral (front and outer) edge, the horns were rather unornamented, without the large spines present on the parietals of other weigeltisaurids.
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A sciaenid has a long dorsal fin reaching nearly to the tail, and a notch between the rays and spines of the dorsal, although the two parts are actually separate. Drums are somberly coloured, usually in shades of brown, with a lateral line on each side that extends to the tip of the caudal fin. The anal fin usually has two spines, while the dorsal fins are deeply notched or separate. Most species have a rounded or pointed caudal fin.
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The species within the Pomacentrinae have orb- like to moderately elongated bodies and they do not have spiny caudal rays projecting out of the caudal peduncle. The majority of species display territoriality and they defend of feeding territory from members of their own species and other species which compete with them for food. They feed on algae, which they appear to cultivate, actively increasing the algal productivity within their territories. Many species lay demersal eggs, which are guarded and fanned by the male.
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Most sauropods have between forty and fifty caudal vertebrae, but in diplodocids this number jumps to eighty or more. In addition, the most distal vertebrae develop a biconvex shape and together form a long, bony rod at the end of the tail, often referred to as a “whiplash tail.” Increased caudal count and a whiplash tail may be features shared by all members of the Diplodocoid group, but, due to a scarcity of evidence, this has yet to be proven.
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The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are deeply incised. The pectoral fins are longer than the pelvic fins and the caudal fin is convex. The head and body are pale greyish brown on the upperparts and are normally golden yellow on the underparts, There are 4 wide dark bars on the upper portion of the body with one on the caudal peduncle and sometimes there is another showing on the nape. The head and body are marked with many small yellow spots.
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The fourth spine in the dorsal fin is longer than the others and the membranes between the dorsal fin spines are slightly notched. The caudal fin is rounded in shape. This is a pale brown species which is covered in small dark brown spots, the upper body is whitish with the white being broken up by large dark blotches which resemble diagonal bands. There is a dark saddle-like blotch on the upper part of the base of the caudal fin.
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Swimming hydrodynamics have significantly applied BCF (body- caudal fin swimming) to techniques. In addition research on undulatory motion, undulatory Body-caudal fin anguilliform, and undulatory Median-paired fin give interesting conclusions. These natural modes are seen as an alternative to BCF techniques introducing some missing elements as buoyancy, gliding and floating to complement the scale of man’s hydrodynamics.31\. Lindsey, C. C. (1978) Form, function and locomotory habits in fish, in Fish Physiology VII Locomotion, W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall, Eds.
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Each kidney is about long, wide, and divided into a cranial, middle, and caudal sections by large veins. The caudal section is the largest, extends into the middle of the pelvis. The ureters leave the ventral caudomedial surface and continue caudally, near the midline into the opening of the urodeum of the cloaca. Although there is no bladder, a dilated pouch of ureter stores the urine until it is secreted continuously down from the ureters to the urodeum until discharged.
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Mieres is the heart of the coal mining industry in Spain. The topography of Mieres is mountainous with the greatest population centers being located in the valley along the banks of the Caudal River (Río Caudal) valley in the center of Asturias. Before the Spanish Industrial Restructuring Mieres was one of the industrial backbones of Asturias, and hosted 70000 inhabitants in the 1960s. Today Mieres shelters a campus of the University of Oviedo and different museums in relation with the industrial heritage.
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The body-stalk, also known as the allantoic stalk, is a band of mesoderm that connects the caudal end of the embryo to the chorion in development. With the formation of the caudal fold, the body-stalk assumes a ventral position; a diverticulum of the yolk-sac extends into the tail fold and is termed the hindgut. With continued development, the body-stalk is later replaced by the umbilical cord. Body stalk anomalies occur in approximately 1 in 15,000 births.
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The caudal peduncle has a depth of 8.3-9.3% of the standard length. Its barbels are 18-24% of the standard length. There are 7-10 total bars on caudal fin, 3-6 bars on the upper lobe which are pale brown near the base and dark brown to black towards the margin while the lower lobe has 3-4 brown bars which darken towards the margin and the last 2 bars being completely dark brown or black and widening towards the margin.
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The caudal fin has a strong lower lobe and a long, narrow upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip. The dermal denticles are small, oval, and overlapping, bearing three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. This shark is steel-gray above and white below; the color transition is sharp, located well below the eye, and becomes jagged on the sides of the trunk. The anal and caudal fins become dusky or black towards the trailing margins and tips.
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They have the ability to go to the surface to breathe if the water level is too low. The extinct species of the Amiiformes can be found fossilized in Asia and Europe, but the bowfin is the last living species in the order. Characteristics of Amiiformes are a cylindrical body with a long dorsal fin, single gular plate, heterocercal caudal fin, 10 to 13 flattened branchiostegal rays, maxilla included in gape, and prominent ocellus near upper base of caudal fin.
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In stage V copepodites, the colouration and the second from medial caudal seta (or II bristle) can be used to distinguish this species and N. flemingeri. In N. plumchrus, there is red-orange colouration along both of the first antennae, vertical stripes of colour along the sides of the thorax, and on the caudal rami. The II bristle is about in diameter from its base, and is over three times the length of the urosome when the former is in its entirety.
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The first dorsal fin originates over the posterior half of the pectoral fin bases. The second dorsal fin is about half as tall as the first and located over or slightly ahead of the anal fin. The anal fin is smaller than the second dorsal fin and has a deep notch in the rear margin. The caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and is preceded by a crescent-shaped notch on the upper side of the caudal peduncle.
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The cervical and dorsal vertebrae bear tall, vertical neural spines that are broadened so as to leave little space between each spine. This resembles the condition in Hupehsuchia, but is unlike the well-spaced, posteriorly inclined spines of basal ichthyopterygians. The caudal neural spines in contrast are lower than they are wide and have rounded tips. The tail itself is very long and slender, composed of at least 67 caudal vertebrae, and does not appear to have had a fluke.
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Theanal fin has 36–42 fin rays and the pectoral fin tips normally extend as far as the origin of the anal fin, except in large individuals. The caudal fin has a truncated marginal though this can occasionally be emarginate. The scales are loose and easily shed, there are 102 to 127 along the lateral line. It is usually blackish in colour on the back paling to steel grey to blackish on belly and the caudal fin has a white edge.
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They are coloured brown-grey above and silvery below, a dusky stripe runs from the snout through centre of the eye, above the base of the pectoral fin to base of the tail, this stripe may show a yellowish tint on the head. The distal portion of first dorsal and caudal fins is blackish, the second dorsal, pectoral and base of the caudal fins are yellowish. They have been recorded up to 32 cm standard length but average 20–25 cm.
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The caudal fin is rounded or concave. The overall colour of the body is tan with many black, brown and orange spots which meld together to create dark, vertical bars along the posterior of the ventral surface. There is a dark line that runs from the eye to the operculum and there are 6 or 7 in dark lines on the flanks. The anal, caudal, and the soft part of the dorsal fins are covered in a dense pattern of spots.
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The two dorsal fins are of comparable size, the first positioned slightly closer to the pectoral than the pelvic fins and the second over the anal fin. The caudal fin is low and long, comprising a quarter of the total length or more, and lacks a lower lobe. The coloration is a plain dark brown, with black markings on the dorsal fins and darker bands on the caudal fin. The maximum recorded lengths are for a male and for a female.
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They have pale bluish grey anal and pelvic fins which have irregular yellow spotting. The caudal fin is dark red with a yellow or lit blue-grey rear margin. When breeding the pinkish red scale margins on the flanks of the males intensify tog scarlet and the yellow spot in the scale centres of the scales becomes darker, they also develop an irregular, diffuse, mid-lateral white band which starts to the rear of the gill cover and gradually becomes broader as it reaches the tail, this band is widest above the anal fin where it covers the upper half of the base of the caudla fin and the caudal peduncle creating an obvious white oval spot on the upper part of the caudal peduncle. This white band has also observed on territorial males.
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The dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins are all tinted red, the caudal fin being forked, with the red colour concentrated in the outermost rays, the inner section of the tail fin being more hyaline. It is possible to confuse this fish with two similar species that were indeed originally considered to be subspecies of T. heteromorpha, namely Trigonostigma espei and Trigonostigma hengeli. These fishes are more slender in body shape than T. heteromorpha, and the black marking, instead of being approximately triangular, has a horizontal stripe which tapers towards the caudal peduncle, and is greatly thickened and extended downwards below the dorsal fin. Due to this fishes with this marking are commonly known as "lamb chop rasboras" due to its perceived resemblance to the butchery cut known as a lamb chop.
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Expression of this hairy-like bHLH transcription factor, which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1, is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells. In addition, studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus. The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the thalamic nuclei. In humans, a common genetic variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (the SERT-long and -short allele: 5-HTTLPR) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults.
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They have 10 dorsal spines, 14-15 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 12 anal soft rays. The tip of each caudal-fin lobe has a black blotch bordered by a white band.
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The eyes have a star-shaped segment spot and the collarette is small or not present at all. The seminal vesicles are very near the posterior fins which are separated from the caudal fin.
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The largest species of Symphysanodon can reach in length. Their bodies are slender and compressed, with blunt snouts. They are red, pink, oranges or yellow in colour. The caudal fin is usually distinctively forked.
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The generic name Tylosurus is a compound created from the Greek words tylos meaning a "callus" and oura meaning "tail", this refers to the keel like structures on the caudal peduncle of these fish.
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Measurements for flat needlefish body length do not include their caudal fins and heads because the fish's long jaws are often broken off. The largest recorded weight for a flat needlefish was 4.8 kg.
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This fusilier grows up to . Its body is fusiform or spindle-shaped and its caudal fin is forked. The mouth is small and terminal. The protusible mouth can be extended forward to swallow food.
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No adipose fin can be found after the dorsal fin on its back. The caudal fin or tail fin is notched and homocercal. This means that the tail has two lobes that are symmetrical.
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The anal shield is ungrooved while the caudal shield is poorly developed and paler in colour than the anal shield. There are a pair of light-sensitive eye spots and a pair of nephridia.
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Following are lists of surface anatomical features in humans and other animals. Sorted roughly from head to tail, cranial to caudal. Homologues share a bullet point and are separated by commas. Subcomponents are nested.
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Their body is greenish with many fin blue lines that are chain-like. A concave head profile with a green-brown color. The external border of their dorsal, caudal and anal fins are blue.
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Juveniles are generally more colorful than adults. They have no pelvic fins, and the caudal fin is rounded. Honeycomb cowfish have several modified bony scales and "horns." These serve as a means of protection.
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They have rounded pectoral, anal and caudal fins. There are three sharp spines situated in front of both pelvic and anal fins. The maximum recorded total length of and a maximum published weight of .
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Mouth is small and toothless. Body color is olive green, with silvery flanks and dark bordered fins. They have 13-17 dorsal soft rays, 8-10 anal soft rays and 31 caudal fin rays.
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The snout is broader than long. Color is generally brown above and silver below. The back has faint cross bands. The tips of the dorsal and pectorals and the lower caudal lobe are blackish.
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General coloration is golden, with a silver ventral surface. A lateral stripe runs from behind the head to a dark spot on the caudal peduncle. Fins are often red or orange around the base.
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The bending extends into both dorsal and anal fins. On the darker bands are yellow dots and stripes. The caudal fin is yellow. The head of the fish is white adorned with yellow dots.
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Proc Biol Soc Washington 103 (2): 453- 463. Some populations of spinner dolphin found in the eastern Pacific have bizarre backwards-facing dorsal fins, and males can have strange humps and upturned caudal flukes.
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However, osteoderms are not a distinguishing feature of the group, as the two noted by Unchurch et al. include caudal vertebrae with strongly concave front faces (procoely), although the farthest vertebrae are not procoelous.
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Auckland, New Zealand, New Holland. The fins are thick and fleshy. The pectoral fins are low and downturned. The caudal peduncle long and slender, the length of which is about 1.5 times the depth.
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Dorsal fins are yellowish with black tips, while the caudal and pectoral fins are yellowish. The remaining fins are dusky. Indian mackerel reach a maximum fork length of , but are generally around in length.
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Macrochlamys amboinensis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Ariophantidae. The species has an extended mantle, the mantle collar, and caudal horn on the tail.
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Urenchelys is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. This genus is interesting as comprising the oldest known eels, which differ from all the tertiary and existing eels in still retaining the caudal fin.
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Denticulate ligaments are characterised by high extensibility (on average 50% of their initial length) and relatively low force necessary to rupture them (around 1 N). Their strength, especially in cervical region, decreases in caudal orientation.
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Jessica Rogers is an American Wheelchair basketballer, wheelchair racer and swimmer. She is also the founder of the International Sacral Agenesis/Caudal Regression Syndrome Association, or iSACRA, an organization for information sharing, support, and networking.
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The tail is entirely dark, and the caudal fin is black. This large species grows up to long, across, and in weight off southern Africa, though it is not known to exceed long off Australia.
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The caudal (tail) fin in almost square. The anal fin is undivided and the third anal spine is longest. Overall, the body is sooty but sometimes silvery or gold. The dorsal side is "greenish brown".
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The outer margins of the dorsal and anal fins, the upper and lower margins of the caudal fin and outer half of the pectoral fin are red. This species attains a maximum total length of .
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Homeobox protein CDX-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDX4 gene. This gene is a member of the caudal-related homeobox transcription factor family that also includes CDX1 and CDX2.
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This species has a big flattened head, strongly expended upper lip, prolonged-conical body and thickened anterior. The mandibula is longer than maxilla. It reaches . A triangular dark spot is visible near the caudal fin.
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Other birdlike characters included the palatine, foramen magnum, cervical and caudal vertebrae, and many others.Sereno, Paul. (2001). "Alvarezsaurids: Birds or ornithomimosaurs?" "In: New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds" Gauthier, Gall editors.
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A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes From Maine to Texas. 2011. Johns Hopkins University Press. pg 86. Both the dorsal and caudal fins are black, and the dorsal fin is fully connected at its base.
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The first dorsal fin is large, high, stiff, and angular or somewhat rounded. The second dorsal and anal fins are minute. The caudal peduncle has a couple of less distinct keels. The teeth are gigantic.
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Acartia ensifera is a species of marine copepod belonging to the family Acartiidae. This is a slender copepod, around in length, with distinctively long caudal rami. It is found around the coasts of New Zealand.
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This species of goby can reach a length of TL. The caudal fin is rounded. It has 5 dorsal spines, between 18 and 19 dorsal soft rays, 1 anal spine, and 14 anal soft rays.
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Fish of this genus have scaleless skin, three pairs of barbels (one maxillary and two mandibular), and small eyes located lateroventrally in a position about mid- length of the head. The body is laterally compressed, bearing a long-based anal fin that runs from the anus to the anterior margin of the caudal peduncle. The dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins have a narrow base and lack spines. The posterior margin of the caudal fin is either deeply forked or emarginate, depending on the species.
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H. edentatus and H. marginatus occur in some of the same habitats; however, H. marginatus are more common in river and creek channel habitats while H. edentatus are more common from aquatic floodplains, including seasonally flooded lagoons. H. marginatus has a forked caudal fin, which is more efficient in a habitat with faster moving water. H. edentatus has an emarginate caudal fin, which is less vulnerable to fin-nipping by piranhas which are more abundant in slow-moving waters. H. fimbriatus may be restricted to blackwater habitats.
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The seemingly holocephalous (single-headed) ribs, which were already short to begin with, diminished further towards the hip. There were likely only two sacral vertebrae, based on the number of sacral ribs. All of the sacral ribs apparently flared out to the same extent as they contacted the pelvis, like Mesenosaurus, although Cabarzia additionally possessed knob- like scars on the upper surface of its sacral ribs. The caudal (tail) vertebrae were fairly elongated, with thick, hook-shaped caudal ribs proportionally similar to those of Apsisaurus.
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The lower margin of the anal fin and the lower corner of caudal fin have white edges. The juveniles are pale yellowish brown in colour, with 6 irregular, diagonal dark bars within which there are irregular pale spots. The first of these bars extends from nape to eye and the last is on the caudal peduncle. There are 3 dark brown bands which radiate from lower part of eye and some juveniles have greenish yellow membranes between the rearmost spines of the dorsal fin.
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The colouration of this species is sexually dimorphic, the males are more intensely coloured having a violet body with a yellow back, the yellow colour continuing on to the upper lobe of the caudal fin and the dorsal fin has a purple margin.. The females are normally lavender in colour and have a yellow back and caudal fin. The males also have two yellow-tipped filaments at the origin of the dorsal fin which they use when displaying. The maximum total length recorded is .
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In Protoceratopsidae, the nasal cavity, which was ancestrally one large cavity, was split into two by the hard palate. This splitting likely happened to accommodate the deeper oral cavity. The vertebral column of protoceratopsids was S-shaped, and the vertebrae had unusually long neural spines, with spines on caudal vertebrae that were five times as tall as the centrum. The neural spines on the caudal vertebrae were longer in the middle of the tail than at the base, increasing the tail's height and flattening it.
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Pseudoberyx syriacus, an extinct beryciform Beryciforms first appeared during the Late Cretaceous period and have survived to today in relative abundance. They are considered the most primitive order in Acanthopterygii, and as such are split off at the base of the cladogram below from the rest of the member orders. Beryciforms are distinguished by having 18–19 caudal fin rays, as opposed to percomorphs, which have 17. Having fewer caudal fin rays is considered a sign of a more recently evolved species among fish.
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Galaxias brevissimus is a fish with a typical Galaxiid body form, with a long and tubular body, but distinguishable from other members of the family by a short caudal fin (tail) and caudal peduncle, hence the common name. Size is commonly to , maximum recorded is . The colouration is generally a mottled brown on the upper surface and sides above lateral line, with this pattern continuing over the head and snout. The colouration is lighter below the lateral line becoming light brown or cream on the belly.
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Istiblennius dussumieri is dusky in colour marked with six to seven irregular double dusky bars on the flanks, there is a dark spot on the anterior part of the dorsal fin between the first two spines, and it has further dark spots on the dorsal and caudal fins. The females have dusky spots scattered over the body which correspond to the bands on the males, while the males show broad dark margins on the dorsal, caudal and anal fins. It can reach a maximum of TL.
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The mouth of a walleye is large and is armed with many sharp teeth. The first dorsal and anal fins are spinous, as is the operculum. Walleyes are distinguished from their close relative the sauger by the white coloration on the lower lobe of the caudal fin, which is absent on the sauger. In addition, the two dorsals and the caudal fin of the sauger are marked with distinctive rows of black dots which are absent from or indistinct on the same fins of walleyes.
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The caudal peduncle is long and thin, particularly in younger sharks. The caudal fin makes up one-fourth to one-fifth of the total length and has a weak lower lobe and a ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The thick skin is covered by well-calcified dermal denticles, except around the gill slits. Enlarged, spike-like denticles are found on the upper surface of the pectoral fins and along the dorsal midline from the snout to the second dorsal fin origin.
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There are 66–74 scales in the lateral line. The background colour of the head, body, and fins is brown, the body, caudal fin and dorsal fins are densely marked with irregular, small, dark brown spots. There are 2 dark brown stripes one of which runs from the eye across the gill cover while the other runs from the from maxillary groove to the lower margin of the preopercle. The juveniles are marked with horizontal dark stripes which dissolve into spots as they approach the caudal peduncle.
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The caudal fin is straight to concave. The colour of the adults is Adults normally a uniform dark brown or grey, although they have the ability to quickly change colour and to adopt a pattern resembling that of juveniles. In the larger adults, the margin of the pectoral fin is white and the dorsal, anal and caudal fins have a narrow white edge. The juveniles are greyish brown marked with large, dark grey roughly rectangular blotches on the upper part of the body and fins.
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Close-up of the heads of Asian swamp eels from Mindanao, Philippines The Asian swamp eel has a scaleless, anguilliform (snake-like) body that grows to a meter or less, typically 25 to 40 cm as an adult. As a swamp eel, it has a tapering tail and blunt snout, and lacks pectoral and pelvic fins. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are rudimentary, with the caudal fin often absent. These fins serve to protect the swamp eel against rolling, and assist in sudden turns and stops.
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This centre sends descending projections to lower motor neurones of the limbs. In slightly more detail this corresponds to ear (cochlea) → cranial nerve VIII (auditory) → cochlear nucleus (ventral/inferior) → LLN → caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). The whole process has a less than 10ms latency. There is no involvement of the superior/rostral or inferior/caudal colliculus in the reaction that "twitches" the hindlimbs, but these may be important for adjustment of pinnae and gaze towards the direction of the sound, or for the associated blink.
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The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 14-16 soft rays and the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The caudal fin is rounded. The colour of the head and body is pale and they are largely covered in many dark olive-brown to reddish-brown polygonal spots which are set close together with pale spaces between them and forming a reticulated pattern. There are four dark saddle- like blotches, three along the base of the dorsal fin and one on the caudal peduncle.
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Compared to B. hispidus, the species has a longer snout, a longer dorsal-caudal space, broader clasper without knob-like apex, and fewer vertebral centra. In contrast to B. lutarius, B. tenuicephalus attains a smaller size and has a blotched coloration, numerous oral papillae, shorter anterior nasal flaps, a longer caudal fin, a shorter pelvic anal space, and shorter and broader claspers.Kaschner, C.J., Weigmann, S. & Thiel, R. (2015): Bythaelurus tenuicephalus n. sp., a new deep-water catshark (Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) from the western Indian Ocean.
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The pair, more colorful female in the front In the wild, male P. pulcher grow to a maximum length of approximately and a maximum weight of . Females are smaller and deeper bodied, growing to a maximum length of and a maximum weight of . Both sexes have a dark longitudinal stripe that runs from the caudal fin to the mouth and pink to red abdomens, the intensity of which changes during courtship and breeding. The dorsal and caudal fins also may bear gold-ringed eye spots or ocelli.
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The high performance bigeye tuna is equipped with a homocercal caudal fin, finlets and keels. Fins are the most distinctive features of fish. They are either composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body with skin covering them and joining them together, either in a webbed fashion as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper as seen in sharks. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fins have no direct connection with the spine and are supported by muscles only.
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Dichelyne alatae is a species of nematode, described on the basis of the worms recovered from the intestine of the whiting, Sillaginopsis panijus from the estuary of the Hooghly River at Kalyani, West Bengal, India. Dichelyne alatae is unique in having a small body size, deirids posterior to the oesophagus, short and wide caudal alae at the level of cloacal opening, unequal, alate spicules, a shield-shaped gubernaculum, a different number of caudal papillae and a conical tail with spines in its distal region.
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The type and only species is Borealosaurus wimani, based on fragmentary remains from the Sunjiawan Formation of Liaoning. It has been estimated that this creature measured 12 metres in length, with a weight of 10 tonnes. The morphology of a mid-distal caudal vertebra was considered suggestive of a relationship with the Mongolian titanosaur Opisthocoelicaudia. However, in their overview of Cretaceous sauropod remains from Central Asia, Averianov and Sues considered Borealosaurus a non-lithostrotian titanosaur due to the lack of procoely in the middle caudal vertebrae.
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The group can be defined as the most inclusive clade that includes Saltasaurus loricatus but excludes Brachiosaurus altithorax. Features found as diagnostic of this clade by Mannion et al. (2013) include the possession of at least 15 cervical vertebrae; a bevelled radius bone end; sacral vertebrae with camellate internal texture; convex posterior articular surfaces of middle to posterior caudal vertebrae; biconvex distal caudal vertebrae; humerus anterolateral corner "squared"; among multiple others. The following cladogram demonstrates the results of the phylogenetic analysis performed by Fernández-Baldor et al.
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The goldsinny wrasse can reach a total length of , though most do not exceed . Its coloration is brown, greenish or orange-red and there are two noticeable dark spots which readily identify it from other eastern Atlantic wrasses, one on the dorsal fin and one situated on the caudal peduncle immediately in front of the caudal fin. It has a slender body with a small, pointed head and large eyes. The large, fleshy lipped mouth is equipped with two rows of small teeth in each jaw.
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The morphology of K. shajii differs from all other known species of catfish and includes such features as the absence of dorsal fin; the presence of four pairs of barbels; an upwardly directed mouth, with a distinctly projecting lower jaw with 4 set of teeth; subcutaneous eyes; anal fin completely confluent with the caudal fin; anal and caudal fins together carry 70–74 fin rays; and no spines in any of the fins. These differences have led to its being assigned to its own family.
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Differs from all of its congeners by the following combination of characters: lateral line incomplete to absent, perforating 0-6 scales; 29-32 scales along normal course of lateral line; a conspicuous black (bluish black in life) lateral stripe from tip of snout to extremity of median caudal rays; body slender, its depth 4.4-4.8 times in SL (4.0-5.1); caudal peduncle slender than all other Rasbora, its depth 2.3-2.8 times in its length (2.3-3.3); and long and pointed dorsal and anal fins.
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Behind the pelvic fins, the body rapidly tapers to the short caudal peduncle. The anal fin originates behind the midpoint of the second dorsal fin and is no more than half its size. The caudal fin is short, with no lower lobe and an upper lobe bearing a strong ventral notch near the tip. This species has a mosaic-like dorsal color pattern consisting of numerous small, dark blotches and lines on a gray- or yellow-brown background; there may also be darker bands.
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Females up to 2.75 inches (6 cm). The male is larger with more color, also the tail fin and dorsal fin are more extended. They have also more beautiful colors, and extensions in the caudal fin.
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Najstarejši morski konjiček - Tunjiško gričevje. Gore-ljude. Other finds in the hills include a caudal vertebra from what is believed to have been a toothed whale.Mikuž, Vasja, & Davorin Preisinger. 2012. Vretence iz miocenskih plasti Tunjiškega gričevja.
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The snout is semi-transparent. The first and second dorsal fins, as well as the caudal fin, are pale with blackish rear margins. The membrane of the pectoral fin is blackish. The pectoral filaments are white.
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The dorsal fins are separated with six rays on the first. The ventral fins are joined by a bridge of skin (a frenum). The caudal fins are round. They can grow to a maximum length of .
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The analysis of the Zuiyō Maru carcass revealed a comparable phenomenon in decomposing basking shark carcasses, which lose most of the lower head area and the dorsal and caudal fins first, making them resemble a plesiosaur.
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Males also exhibit somewhat of an orange tinge in their fins, with the exception of the caudal (tail) fin. The male also has longer fins, with a more pointed dorsal fin and extended anal fin rays.
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This fish is pinkish white in color and has no eyes. It grows up to in total length. The dorsal fin has no spine. The adipose fin is joined to the caudal fin, which is unforked.
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The juvenile male shark found in the Gulf of Mexico weighed and had a total length of . The overall shape of the shark is cylindrical, with a wide, rounded snout tapering back toward the caudal fin.
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Only one eel has been identified to date, the specimen was approximately long. The eel is also absent from skin pigmentation and has 92 precaudal and 69 caudal vertebra. The eyes have been described as tiny.
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Paramphilius have a lengthened and cylindrical body with a short and high head and short and round fins. The small eyes are located far forward. The barbels are long. The caudal fin is truncated or round.
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Remainder of body blackish-brown, the scales with whitish margins. Caudal shield dull orange, with a dark subterminal band. Total length 35.5 cm (14 inches). Dorsal scales in 17 rows (in 19 rows behind the head).
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The importance of caudal lipid in the gecko Phyllodactylus marmoratus. Herpetologica 40:3, 337–344. which can be disconnected from their body (autotomy) when threatened, to aid in escape. Tails take about eight months to regenerate.
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This species has the terminal, upward-facing mouth typical of surface feeders, and a protruding belly. Adult specimens reach a maximum of approximately 3 cm standard length, i.e. full length of entire body, excluding caudal fin.
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The lemon-striped pygmy hogfish is a small slender wrasse (?) which has obvious, wide, horizontal red stripes which run from the head along the body in large adults; one strip runs along the back and inner part of the dorsal fin, another from the nose along the flanks ends in a spot on the upper caudal fin peduncle, while a third stripe runs along the lower side and lower part of the anal fin onto the caudal fin. There is a distinct black spot on the operculum. The gaps between the red stripes may be yellow. The body colour and pattern changes with age and mature males in what is known as the terminal-phase are similar to the above description but have a larger and prominent red spot on the upper part of the base of the caudal fin.
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Skeleton cast, National Museum, Prague The autapomorphies that distinguish Epachthosaurus from other genera are: middle and caudal dorsal vertebrae with unique articular processes extending ventrolaterally from the hyposphene; a strongly developed intraprezygapophyseal lamina, and processes projecting laterally from the dorsal portion of the spinodiapophyseal lamina; hyposphene- hypantrum articulations in caudals 1–14; and a pedal phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-2-0. The genus shares the following apomorphies with various titanosaurians: caudal vertebrae with ventrally expanded posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae; six sacral vertebrae; an ossified ligament or tendon above the sacral neural spines; procoelous proximal, middle, and distal caudal centra with well-developed distal articular condyles; semilunar sternal plates with cranioventral ridges; humeri with squared proximolateral margins and proximolateral processes; unossified carpals; greatly reduced manual phalanges; nearly horizontal, craniolaterally expanded iliac preacetabular processes; pubes proximodistally longer than ischia; and transversely expanded ischia.
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The threadfin snailfish is a deep-sea, cold water, probably benthic type of snailfish. Not much is known about its lifestyle, but it is probably a benthic fish that spends its time near the seafloor rather than the water column, but may be able to swim a lot in the open water if it needs it. The body is stout and robust, and it narrows drastically near the tail, giving the fish the profile of a droplet or a tadpole. The caudal fin is narrow, small, and usually gets mistaken with the fish's dorsal and anal fins (which in some snailfish and cusk-eels, morph together and replace the caudal fin) but this snailfish does have a caudal fin, but it is too small to propel the fish in the water, so it probably moves like the already mentioned cusk eels.
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As with all apes, the number of caudal vertebrae has been reduced drastically, resulting in the loss of a functional tail. Gibbons have tough, bony padding on their buttocks, known as the ischial callosities, or sitting pads.
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The largest species is the orange roughy at a maximum standard length (SL; a measurement excluding the caudal fin) of 75 cm and a weight of 7 kg; however, most slimeheads are well under 30 cm SL.
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Their vagina points anteriorly and is in the posterior third of their body (excluding the tail). Males have a caudal extremity which suddenly narrows half-way making its end thread-like. Their genital cone is well developed.
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The flanks and belly are silvery grey. The fins are a bluish colour with darker trailing edges to the dorsal, anal and caudal fins. The size of this fish is usually between with a maximum length of .
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The first black stripe is oblique and passes through the eye. There are two black spots on the caudal peduncle, and on each side there is a sharp, retractable spine, which is used in offence or defence.
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This species is plain yellowish brown above with a dark caudal fin margin, which is more obvious in juveniles. The underside is white to cream, darkening slightly at the fin margins. The largest known specimen is long.
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These fish have a silver body with black margins on their dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fins. They have big eyes to find and catch their prey. The bala shark will grow to a maximum length of .
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Dorsal-fin with 2 or 3 simple and 7½ branched rays; pectoral-fin with 11-13 rays; pelvic-fin with 8 rays; anal-fin with 3 simple and 5½ branched rays; caudal-fin branched rays 8+8.
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Gunting means scissors in Tagalog, where the specific epithet was based due to the species scissorlike appearance of its bilateral outermost black margins in the fish's caudal fin, or i.e the scissorlike appearance of the fish's tail.
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The belly is a lighter yellowish white. There is a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin.Sakurai, A., Y. Sakamoto, and F. Mori. 1993. Aquarium fish of the world: the comprehensive guide to 650 species.
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It can be distinguished by its large head that is about the same length as the rest of its body. The caudal fin is small and similar in form and size to the dorsal and pectoral fins.
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The colour of this fish is greyish-brown with paler underparts. There are reddish bony ridges on the head and the spinous dorsal fin is black with a white base. The caudal fin has a white margin.
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Caudal fin reddish with dark margin. The ventral surface is whitish. The first dorsal fin is low with the tips of the spines extending beyond the membrane and these may be longer in males than in females.
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The holotype (MFSN 27532) consists of a partial post-cranial skeleton, with the known elements including vertebrae (sacral, cervical and dorsal; sans caudal), a single tooth, several ribs, gastralia and parts of the pelvis (ilium and pubis).
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Akysids are small to minute fishes with cryptic colouration, tiny eyes, and completely covered with unculiferous plaques or tubercles. In some genera, some of the tubercles on the body are enlarged and arranged in distinctive longitudinal rows, the number of which may be diagnostic. The dorsal fin has a strong spine and a short base, and usually four or five soft rays and four pairs of barbels are found. Unusually among catfish, they have a low principal caudal fin ray count and more rays in the upper caudal fin lobe than the lower.
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These fish are aptly named; their rounded, compressed bodies are completely covered (with the exception of the caudal peduncle) with very large, strong, platelike scales called scutes, which are fortified with prominent ridges. The first dorsal fin is composed of four to seven strong, disunited spines which vary in length; the second dorsal fin and anal fin are small, spineless and rounded, situated far back of the convex head. The pectoral fins are somewhat elongate and the caudal fin is truncate. Coloration is typically a yellow to orange, with the scales dramatically outlined in black.
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The flame chub can be characterized by a deep caudal peduncle, short head and snout, small slightly subterminal mouth, and a barely compressed body. The dorsal fin originates slightly behind the pelvic fin origin. 7 - 8 anal soft rays, incomplete lateral line with 38 - 44 lateral scales, fewer than half of scales pored, pharyngeal teeth 2,5-4,2. Coloration is olive on the upper half of the body with a dark stripe along the back and dark streaks, bordered by a light stripe then black stripe ending at black caudal spot or wedge.
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There are thin black marks above and behind the pelvic fins, and along the caudal fin. The velvet belly possesses numerous photophores that emit a blue-green light visible from away. Varying densities of photophores are arranged in nine patches on the shark's sides and belly, creating a pattern unique to this species: photophores are present along the lateral line, scattered beneath the head but excluding the mouth, evenly on the belly, and concentrated around the pectoral fins and beneath the caudal peduncle.Martin, R.A. Deep Sea: Velvetbelly Lanternshark.
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In the fourth weekduring the neurulation stagethe neural folds close to form the neural tube, bringing together the neural crest cells at the neural crest. The neural crest runs the length of the tube with cranial neural crest cells at the cephalic end and caudal neural crest cells at the tail. Cells detach from the crest and migrate in a craniocaudal (head to tail) wave inside the tube. Cells at the cephalic end give rise to the brain, and cells at the caudal end give rise to the spinal cord.
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The naked sand darter is a small fish ranging in size from 40 to 50 mm long, the maximum being around 64 mm. Being a long thin darter, it is devoid of scales with the exception of a few rows above and below the lateral line and sometimes the caudal peduncle. Slightly transparent in life with a yellow color and iridescent operculum, the naked sand darter blends in with its habitat. It has darker bands in the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with a whitish base and tip.
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The distinctive characteristic is the lateral line running from the tail all the way to the mouth. The pugnose minnow has a greatly superior mouth, indicating that they feed above them in the water column. The dorsal fin has 9 dorsal spines and is translucent, as well as the caudal fin. The base of the caudal fin has a black spot that becomes pronounced in males when they are ready to mate; breeding males can also have tubercles that are used for fighting to show dominance and to be accepted by a female.
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The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a longer, narrow upper lobe with a strong ventral notch near the tip. The dermal denticles are small and overlapping, each with three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. This species is slate-gray above, darkening towards the tips of the dorsal fins and upper caudal fin lobe; some specimens have irregular rows of small, white blotches, which may be an artifact of handling. The underside is white, which extends onto the flanks as a vague pale band.
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Different species Eustrongylides nematodes can be differentiated by specific gender characteristics, i.e. “Male specimens of E. ignotus have a caudal sucker that lacks cuticular cleft, while a cuticular cleft is present in the caudal sucker of male specimens of E. excisus”. "Eustrongylidosis can often be misdiagnosed as starvation in nestlings because they are often emaciated at the time of death". Before necropsy takes place, diagnosis by palpation can be used to find tubular lesions, which are firm in texture, firmly attached to organs, and felt in the subcutaneous tissue.
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Skeletal diagram of the holotype compared to a 1.8 m tall human The holotype, SGO-PV-961, consists of a right femur, the proximal end of a humerus, two dorsal vertebrae, posterior caudal vertebrae, dorsal ribs and a possibly fragmentary element of the sternum, other fragmented caudal vertebrae and indeterminate bones. Most elements are slightly distorted, have a reddish coloration and are quite ponderous, due to extensive permineralization. Although the body estimates are quite uncertain, Thomas Holtz estimated its possible weight between . Genus List for Holtz 2012 Weight Information According to Kellner et al.
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Torpedo scad taken in northern AustraliaThe torpedo scad is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 80 cm and a weight of 4 kg, however is more common between 30 and 40 cm length. It is rare at lengths greater than 80 cm. The species is often considered to have a rather unusual body form, having features superficially similar to tunas, mackerels and other carangids. The body is elongate and subcylindrical, becoming highly compressed toward the tail and caudal fin, with a marked median keel on the caudal peduncle.
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In the human subcentral area 43, a sub area of the cytoarchitecture is defined in the postcentral region of the cerebral cortex. It occupies the postcentral gyrus, which is between the ventrolateral extreme of the central sulcus and the depth of the lateral sulcus, at the insula. Its rostral and caudal borders are approximated by the anterior subcentral sulcus and the posterior subcentral sulcus, respectively. Cytoarchitecturally, it is bounded rostrally, by the agranular frontal area 6, and caudally, for the most part, by the caudal postcentral area 2 and the supramarginal area 40.
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The first dorsal fin is low with a minute leading spine; the second dorsal fin is twice as high as the first with a much larger spine. The caudal peduncle is short, leading to a long caudal fin with the upper lobe much larger than the lower. The dermal denticles of this shark are tiny and densely placed with no regular pattern; each denticle has a four-cornered base and rises to a narrow, slightly curved point. The denticles of females are firmly attached, while those of males are easily removed.
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The caudal fin is a truncate. This species has two colour phases, one with black saddles on a whitish background colour with a yellow caudal peduncle and yellow fins is known as the "footballer phase"; the other being a greyish form which has a dark head, five dark saddle markings along the back and small blue spots on body. The juveniles are Batesian mimics of the toxic Valentin's sharpnose puffer (Canthigaster valentini). This species attains a total length of , although they are commonly around , and a maximum published weight of .
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The colour of the Indian whiting is a light tan with a dark brown—blackish band starting behind the upper part of the opercle and curving down below lateral line for approximately two thirds the length and continuing slightly or directly on the lateral line as a broken band or elongate spots. The head, cheeks, belly and lower sides are covered in a sprinkling of black spots. The interspinous membrane of the first dorsal fin, the individual soft rays and the caudal fin are also spotted, with the caudal fin heavily spotted.
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There is a rounded protuberance on the forehead, the sphenotic spines (above the eyes) are large in young specimens but become overgrown with skin in older ones, and there is a symphysial spine at the tip of the jaw. The caudal peduncle is particularly short. The head and body are dark reddish-brown, or completely black, and the fins are usually colourless. The dorsal fin and the anal fin both have three soft rays, while the pectoral fins have fifteen to eighteen rays each, and the caudal fin has nine.
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Based on similarities, the species fall into two groups. One group consists of A. coracoideus and A. thoracatus which have a coracoid covered by a thin layer of integument (allowing the coracoid to be seen from below) and an obliquely truncated caudal fin. The other includes A. longimanus and A. punctatus which has a thick layer of skin covering the coracoid and an emarginate or symmetrical caudal fin. A. coracoideus typically has 25 or fewer branched anal fin rays, while A. thoracatus typically has 26 or more branched anal-fin rays.
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The caudal fin is truncate. This species shows a variable coloration and patterning and can change the colour and pattern on its body in relation to its environment as a means of camouflage. The typical colour is that the head and body are pale blue-grey, to pinkish brown with 8 narrow, vertical blue-grey bars on the upper body, the most forward just to the rear of the eye and the last one on the base of the caudal fin. Where they are underneath the dorsal fin they extend on to it.
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Kuhlia sandvicensis has a relatively small eye with a near straight dorsal profile of the head and a strongly forked caudal fin In the anal fin the third spine is slightly longer than the second. They are silvery in colour with a silver and black reticulated pattern on the top of the head and the margin of the caudal fin is blackish. The dorsal fin has 10 spines and 11-12 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 11-12 soft rays. This species has attained a total length of .
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Brain directions Brain bulbar region Located within the ventrolateral medulla, the pre-Bötzinger complex contains subnetworks that hold distinct synapses and intrinsic membrane properties. In mammals, the respiratory network system and the nuclei controlling breathing modulation are found along the neuronal axis. The neuronal networks involved in respiratory function are located in the ventral respiratory column (VRC). From rostral to caudal, these networks include the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group complex (RTN/pFRG), the Bötzinger complex, the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC), the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG), and the caudal VRG (cVRG).
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Maylandia flavifemina has 17–19 spines in its dorsal fin which also have 17–19 soft rays, there are 8-10 spines and 6–9 soft rays. Juveniles and femalesvary in colour from a pale bluish-beige to completely yellow and they have a bright yellow anal fin. The males have a black anal fin and black membranes in the caudal fin, distinguishing them from their congeners which have blue or yellow anal fins and the membranes of the caudal fin are yellow or blue. They grow to a standard length of .
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There is a perceptible hump in the back beginning just behind the eye; it is topped by a conspicuous, crest-shaped spinous dorsal fin containing 7-10 spines which descend in height towards the posterior. In adults of some species, the dorsal spines are adorned with long, streamer-like filaments. A second, much lower dorsal fin (with 22-37 soft rays) extends down the rest of the back, in a slight retrorse direction due to the body's curvature. The caudal peduncle is thin and the caudal fin is small and truncate (brush- shaped).
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The anal fin has 3 spines and 7 to 10 soft rays while the caudal fin is emarginate. They have 75-100 pored scales in their lateral line. They have a silvery white body which has 3 or 4 curved stripes from the nape to the rear of the body with the lowest stripe continues through the centre of the caudal fin. There is a black blotch on the spiny part of the dorsal fin between the third and sixth spines and the tail is striped with a black tip to each lobe.
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The canary wrasse is a small fish that can reach a maximum length of 12 cm. It has a thin, elongate body with a terminal mouth. Body coloration is bright yellow with a few variations according to age. Juvenile and immature female have two black spots rimmed with white or light yellow on the dorsal fin (the first one at the start of the fin (head side) and the second in the middle of its dorsal fin) and a third one between the caudal peduncle and the start of the caudal fin.
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Ocelli on dorsal fin and caudal peduncle A. ocellatus examples have been reported to grow to about in length and in weight. The wild-caught forms of the species are typically darkly coloured with yellow-ringed spots or ocelli on the caudal peduncle and on the dorsal fin. These ocelli have been suggested to function to limit fin-nipping by piranha (Serrasalmus spp.), which co-occur with A. ocellatus in its natural environment. The species is also able to rapidly alter its colouration, a trait which facilitates ritualised territorial and combat behaviours amongst conspecifics.
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A female coastal giant salamander will lay her eggs in moderate to slow flowing mountain streams under rocks and crevasses, hatching in early to mid spring. The coastal giant salamander, being a member of the genus Dicamptodon, exhibits two distinctive phases within its life; an aquatic larval stage with filamentous gills and an elongated tail with a caudal fin (similar to that of a tadpole), and a terrestrial adult form losing their caudal fin and filamentous gills, and instead developing robust legs and a pair of internal lungs.
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The hypaxial muscle is unusually extended to forward at its upper end and attaches to the neurocranium below the spine, perhaps to snap the upper part of the skull down when catching prey. The primordial ligament attaches posteriorly on the upper surface of the coronoid process. The autopalatine is peculiarly expanded to above and below at its caudal end, and like in some Otocephala, the caudal part of the mesethmoid appears compressed when seen from above. As in many other teleosts, the autopterotic and dermopterotic bones are not fused together.
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Like other Moxostoma, the blacktail redhorse has a long and cylindrical body. It is gold to bronze on the upper half with a silver-green iridescence, and is a silver yellow to white on the lower half. The caudal and lower fins are red, with a black stripe on the lower half of the forked caudal fin, which is normally larger than the upper half. The edge of the dorsal fin is usually concave, and the fin is a dusky grey on the lower half and more red on the upper half.
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The pelvic fins have narrow bases, the pectoral fins have moderately pointed tips and are composed of 22 rays, the hind dorsal fin has 32 to 41 rays and the anal fin, 30 to 38. The dorsal surface of the fish is dark brown to black, as is a broad longitudinal lateral stripe which extends from the eye through the pectoral fin to the caudal peduncle. The other parts of the fish are silvery-grey. The dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins are dark with whitish margins, particularly at the front of the fins.
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They interpreted the side processes of the caudal vertebrae continuing to the very tail end as a support for an increased muscle mass to swing the tail. This might also be connected to the shortening of the caudal vertebrae, resulting in a tail that was about a quarter shorter than in Stegosaurus. A shorter tail could counteract the torsion caused by the greater moment arm of the very long spikes. However, the 2019 re-interpretation of A. longicpinus as a member of the clade Dacentrurinae also prompted a re-interpretation of the tail anatomy.
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Based on external morphology, two groups of species can be distinguished easily, both of which may be artificial. The first group, the A. ischnosoma species group, includes A. ischnosoma, A. guttatus, A. gyrinus, A. mahakamensis, A. septentrionalis, and A. strigosus; these species have a narrower head, a more slender caudal peduncle, and 39-41 vertebrae. The second group, the A. rugosus species group, includes A. chameleon, A. falcifer, A. pachyderma, and A. rugosus, in which the fish have a deeper caudal peduncle, a broader head, and 35-37 vertebrae. Acrochordonichthys species are cryptically colored.
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Two other distinct features of the plains topminnow are its rounded caudal fin and the absence of an externally visible lateral line. The plains topminnow has 33 to 37 ctenoid scales in its lateral line. The dorsal fin has 9-12 rays, the anal fin 12-15 rays and the origin of the anal fin is slightly forward of the dorsal fin, the pelvic fin is small and in the abdominal position. The plains topminnow also has a squared caudal fin, a trait that many topminnows and killifish share.
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In mormyrids, the electric organ is fairly small and located only in the caudal peduncle region (the narrow part of a fish's body where the caudal fin is attached). Electric organs are composed of disk-like electrocytes serially connected together in two columns, and each column resides on one side of the spinal cord. The myogenic electrocytes are identical to each other and are discharged in synchrony. The electrical potential recorded from a single electrocyte is equivalent to the miniature version a complete EOD measured outside of the fish.
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The tail is not prehensile. The dorsal fin is situated nearer to the head than to tip of tail and has a moderately long base. The anal fin is very small and is located below the posterior half of dorsal fin, the caudal fin is small and rounded and a pectoral fin is present. The meristics are that the dorsal fin has 30-36 soft rays, the anal fin has 3-4, the pectoral fin has 9-11 and the caudal fin has 7-10, although this is normally 9-10.
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All of the West African species are uniformly brown with a paler underside; P. firestonei also has irregularly distributed brown spots as well as a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin. Paramphilius species exhibit a peculiar form of sexual dimorphism in that the males mature have a more inflated head. Unlike species of Amphilius, the length of the snout is less than half of the length of the head, the adipose fin is confluent with the caudal fin, and the anal fin has seven or more branched rays.
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The broom filefish is a harmless tropical reef fish from the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific oceans, growing to a length of 20 cm. The body is brown with up to 12 narrow dark brown crossbars, the caudal fin is dark brown, and the soft dorsal, anal and pectoral fins are pale. Males have numerous long spines in front of the caudal peduncle, and females similarly have a toothbrush-like mass of setae in the same location. They occur in areas of mixed sand, rubble, and coral heads of semi-protected seaward reefs.
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The caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The dermal denticles are oval with five horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. The most distinctive trait of this species is its coloration: the back and dorsal fins are gray to yellowish gray, and the cephalofoil margins, flanks, underside, pectoral fins, pelvic fins, and anal fin are bright yellow to orange with a metallic or iridescent sheen. Newborn sharks are gray above, darkening on the first dorsal fin and upper caudal fin lobe, and whitish below.
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During herniation, the midgut rotates 90° anti-clockwise around the axis of the SMA and forms the midgut loop. The cranial portion of the loop moves to the right and the caudal portion of the loop moves toward the left. This rotation occurs at about the eighth week of development. The cranial portion of the loop will develop into the jejunum and most of the ileum, while the caudal part of the loop eventually forms the terminal portion of the ileum, the ascending colon and the initial two-thirds of the transverse colon.
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The cornetfishes or flutemouthsFishes of Australia, FISTULARIIDAE Flutemouths (Museum Victoria) are a small family, the Fistulariidae, of extremely elongated fishes in the order Syngnathiformes. The family consists of a single genus, Fistularia, with four species, found worldwide in tropical and subtropical marine environments. Ranging up to in length, cornetfishes are as thin and elongated as many eels, but are distinguished by very long snouts, distinct dorsal and anal fins, and forked caudal fins whose center rays form a lengthy filament. The lateral line is well-developed and extends onto the caudal filament.
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This is unlike most diplodocoids where there are many laminar running along the length of the spines. Four neural spines of the sacrum are preserved, three of which form a single plate and the fourth of which is separate, like in Diplodocus. Fourth caudal vertebra in front and side views Of the anterior four caudal vertebrae, the anteriormost two are highly incomplete. Both the short, but wider-than-tall, centra preserve traces of the sideways projections (transverse processes) found in other vertebrae, which are very low on the sides compared to following caudals.
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In living birds, the remaining caudal vertebrae are fused into a further bone, the pygostyle, for attachment of the tail feathers. Aside from the tail, the number of vertebrae in mammals is generally fairly constant. There are almost always seven cervical vertebrae (sloths and manatees are among the few exceptions), followed by around twenty or so further vertebrae, divided between the thoracic and lumbar forms, depending on the number of ribs. There are generally three to five vertebrae with the sacrum, and anything up to fifty caudal vertebrae.
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The spinous dorsal fin, including the last dorsal fin spine is blackish or dusky, the soft dorsal fin is blackish or dusky above the scaly sheath and the margin of first to fourth upper soft rays is whitish. The middle portion of the anal fin below the scaly sheath is slightly blackish or dusk. The caudal fin is often a striking yellow, especially when fresh, with the upper caudal lobe often fading to a darker shade. The posterior scutes may also be a yellow to rusty colour, especially after removal from the water.
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Rather than having multiple spines running top to bottom, the dorsal fin is soft and veins of cartilage give rigidity to it when needed (Ayling & Cox, 1987). The pelvic fin aids the fish with stopping quickly and general stability, as well as diving into deeper waters and rising to the surface (Aquaveiws, 2009). The caudal fin is the main fin also known as the tail (Aquaveiws, 2009). Garfish have a caudal fin that is forked and obtains a large lower lobe, which is called the hypocercal tail (Montgomery & Saunders, 1984).
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This helped in providing evidence that mosasaurs were convergent with ichthyosaurs, metriorhynchid thalattosuchians and whales in the evolution of a crescent-shaped tail fluke to aid in locomotion. The tail fluke is clearly asymmetric. The lower fin lobe follows the caudal vertebrae and would have had a streamlined cross-section in life, based on the proportions of the axial skeleton and the other soft tissues. The upper fin lobe is unsupported by the skeleton and is preserved as a small, almost wing- like, structure above the last few caudal vertebrae.
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Above and below the terminus of the lateral line on the caudal peduncle are bilateral caudal keels. The rest of the body is covered in small cycloid scales, with the exception of the breast which is naked. The Senegal jack's eye has a weakly developed adipose eyelid, with the end of the upper jaw extending to directly under the middle of the eye. The upper jaw contains an inner band of villiform teeth with an irregular series of outer canines, while the lower jaw contains only a band of villiform teeth.
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The desert pupfish is a small fish that is typically less than 7.62 cm (3 in) long; males are larger than females and generally have more vivid markings, especially during breeding seasons. Females and juveniles typically have tan or olive backs and silvery sides with narrow, dark vertical bars situated laterally. These bars are often interrupted to give the impression of a disjunct, lateral band. During mating season, males become bright blue on the dorsal portion of the head and sides, and yellow or orange on the caudal fin and posterior caudal peduncle.
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Spoonhead sculpins average length is about 1.5 to 2.4 inches, however, the largest sculpin on record was 5.3 inches. Their eyes are positioned on top of their head and they have a very large mouth that opens on the ventral surface, in the inferior position. This allows them to feed on the bottom of rivers and lakes. They also have a complete lateral line that extends to the caudal peduncle (between the end of the anal fin and the base of the caudal fin), this allows them to detect movement in the water.
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Initial diagnosis of PSS is through laboratory bloodwork showing either elevated serum bile acids after eating or elevation of fasting blood ammonia levels, which has been shown to have a higher sensitivity and specificity than the bile acids test. Various diagnostic imaging techniques are used to demonstrate PSS. Ultrasonography is a rapid, convenient, non-invasive, and accurate method for diagnosis of PSS. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of congenital PSS depends on finding an anomalous vessel either in the liver or just caudal to the liver in the dorsal abdomen, usually draining into the caudal vena cava.
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An example of procoelous vertebrae dissected from a rattlesnake. "Procoelous" vertebrae feature a spherical protrusion extending from the caudal end of the centrum of one vertebra that fits into a concave socket on the cranial end of the centrum of an adjacent vertebra. These vertebrae are most often found in reptiles, but are found in some amphibians such as frogs. The vertebrae fit together in a ball-and-socket articulation, in which the convex articular feature of an anterior vertebra acts as the ball to the socket of a caudal vertebra.
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Oxyurichthys petersii is grey-blue in colour marked with blue spots and streaks on the head and the body. It does not have the vertical bars seen in Oxyurichthys papuensis, with which it has been confused. The caudal fin is reddish with a dark edge and there is a dark spot on the caudal peduncle. The pelvic fins are bluish marked with yellow spots and lines and the pectoral fins are yellowish in colour with white spots while the dorsal and anal fins are either transparent or have a reddish hue and have blue lines.
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The stifle joint consists of the femorotibial articulation (femoral and tibial condyles), femoropatellar articulation (femoral trochlea and the patella), and the proximal tibiofibular articulation. The joint is stabilized by paired collateral ligaments which act to prevent abduction/adduction at the joint, as well as paired cruciate ligaments. The cranial cruciate ligament and the caudal cruciate ligament restrict cranial and caudal translation (respectively) of the tibia on the femur. The cranial cruciate also resists over-extension and inward rotation, and is the most commonly damaged stifle ligament in dogs.
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The caudal fin is rounded and the tips of thepelvic fins normally fall short of the anus. There are between 49 and 54 scales in the lateral line. The body has a background colour of orange-red, and there is a sparse scattering of small blue spots sparsely which becomes denser on the head and the dorsal, anal and caudal fins. There are also elongated blue spots and bars on the head, The body is marked with 4 dark vertical bars, although these are sometimes very faint, along the flanks.
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The avian nidopallium is an area of the cortical telencephalon of the avian forebrain, and is itself subdivided into smaller regions as a result of further functional localisation. It has been apportioned along the rostrocaudal (anteroposterior) axis into three hypothetical segments: the rostral, intermediate and caudal nidopallium. These three regions are themselves trichotomised: the caudal nidopallium, for example, aggregates the nidopallium caudocentral (NCC), caudomedial (NCM) and caudolateral (NCL). It is the nidopallium caudolaterale which is thought to undertake many of the complex, higher order cognitive functions in birds.
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Requexu Square Mieres city centre Mieres del Camino is a Parish and a town in Mieres, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It is located in a valley, flanked by mountains along the banks of the Caudal River (Rio Caudal) and Route 66 in the center of Asturias. Mieres has a hodgepodge of small museums, cultural centers, art galleries and numerous restaurant–bars, boutiques and shops. The highest concentration of shopping is located along Manuel Llanez street and the pedestrian mall La Vega street.
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"Katsuyamasaurus" is an informal name for a genus of intermediate theropod known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of the Kitadani Formation, Japan. Known from a single middle caudal vertebra and an ulna, the taxon was informally called "Katsuyama-ryu", until Lambert (1990) made it into an invalid genus name, "Katsuyamasaurus". The caudal vertebra was suggested to belong to an ornithopod by Chure (2000), and Olshevsky (2000) suggested the material was a synonym of Fukuiraptor. However, the ulna differs from Fukuiraptor, and the large olecranon suggests the taxon falls outside Maniraptoriformes.
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Caudal won its group in the 2009–10 season – it had already finished first in 2006–07, albeit without promotion – and returned to division three after defeating Jumilla CF in the playoffs. At the end of the 2012–13 campaign, again in the third tier and just one year after promoting, it managed to qualify for the promotion playoffs after the fourth place in the regular season. However, Caudal was relegated again to Tercera División during the next season, but two years later came back to the third tier.
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This species differs from the Panama hake in that in juveniles the caudal fin has a central lobe and is truncate in adults, whereas the caudal fin is emarginate in the Panama hake, its pectoral fin projects well beyond the anus in but does not do so in the Panama hake. The inside of the mouth and the tongue are usually blackish and there is a black marking on the submandibular fold. They grow to a maximum length of 80 cm, although fish of 16-42cm are commonest.
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The two dorsal fin have rounded apices and are placed far back, with the first originating over the pelvic fin bases. The second dorsal fin is noticeably smaller than the first. The anal fin is less than half the size of the first dorsal fin and placed so that its free rear tip just reaches the base of the caudal fin. The caudal fin is long and low and comprises about a quarter of the total length, with no lower lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe.
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Dorsal PAG neurons are activated during various defensive behaviors. Stimulation of the dorsal and lateral aspects of the PAG can provoke defensive responses characterised by freezing immobility, running, jumping, tachycardia, and increases in blood pressure and muscle tonus. In contrast, stimulation of the caudal ventrolateral PAG can result in an immobile, relaxed posture known as quiescence, whereas its inhibition leads to increased locomotor activity. Lesions of the caudal ventrolateral PAG can greatly reduce conditioned freezing, whereas lesions of the dorsal aspect can reduce innate defensive behavior, virtually "taming" the animal.
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The skin is thick and densely covered by small, overlapping, well-calcified dermal denticles; each denticle has a leaf- shaped crown with a horizontal ridge and three teeth on the posterior margin. There is a prominent, saw-like crest of enlarged denticles along the dorsal margin of the caudal fin. G. murinus and G. springeri also have a similar crest along the ventral margin of the caudal fin. Galeus species are typically grayish or brownish above and lighter below, and most have a pattern of darker saddles and/or blotches along the back and tail.
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The fish is a headstand, delicate gray to brown, the throat and belly are silver-colored. From the mouth tip over the eye to the middle of the base of the caudal fin an extending black longitudinal band.
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A vacuole may also be present in the mucron. Schizogony occurs in the intestinal epithelium and gives rise to multiple merozoites. Synergy is caudo-caudal. The gametocysts are 70 μm × 55 μm and give rise to multiple gametes.
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A silvery line runs from the eye to the caudal peduncle, and the flanks below this are paler. In the living fish, the tip of the lower jaw is red. The lining of the abdominal cavity is black.
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There are 68-72 scales in the lateral line, the pectoral fins are longer than the pelvic fins and the caudal fin is rounded. It attains a maximum total length of , although they are more common at around .
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Liparis adiastolus is a fish from the genus Liparis. It lives in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and may be found in shallow water and estuaries. The fish has a pale ring at the base of its caudal fin.
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The pelvic fins are colourless, but the pectoral fins and the outer margins of the anal fin and caudal fin are dusky. There are no scales, the lateral line is complete, and the swim bladder has two chambers.
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Covadonga repeated participation in the playoffs in 2019, but was clearly defeated again in the first round, this time by Bergantiños. However, the club achieved promotion in their third attempt, after defeating Llanera and Caudal in the playoffs.
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Caddisflies also possess caudal cerci on the abdomen, a feature absent in the Lepidoptera. According to Scoble (2005), "morphologically, scales are macrotrichia, and thus homologous with the large hairs (and scales) that cover the wings of Trichoptera (caddisflies)".
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Sphyraena helleri can reach a length of . These fishes have six dorsal spines and two anal spines. The skinny bodies are silvery with a horizontal blue stripe and two yellowish stripes on the sides. Caudal fin is darkish.
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Caudal of the bend, the ventricle border forms the epithalamus, and begins to distend towards the parietal bone (in lower vertebrates, it distends more specifically to the parietal eye); the border of the distention forms the pineal gland.
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It is a brownish color with irregular dark brown markings and a yellowish belly. The pectoral, anal and caudal fins are tinged with orange which becomes a more intense hue during the breeding season. The bones are green.
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There is a distinctive dark blotch behind upper part of gill opening, which can easily identify the species from other Thryssa species. Caudal fin is yellowish. It feeds on planktons, fish larva, and small crustaceans like shrimp larva.
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Body very elongate, midbody diameter 76 times in the total length. Ventrals 4/3 the breadth of the contiguous scales. Tail short. Caudal shield 3/4 to 4/5 the length of the shielded part of the head.
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The anal fin has 3-4 spines and 11-14 soft rays. There are five wide dark stripes on the body, and the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are yellow. This species attains a maximum total length of .
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The paired (right and left) laterocaudal thalamic veins () originate each from the lateral caudal part of the corresponding half of the thalamus. Benno Shlesinger in 1976 classified these veins as belonging to the lateral group of thalamic veins (').
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It is very sharp (as a lancet) and it is used as an extreme defense. To emphasize the importance of this spine many species have showy aposematic colors in the caudal peduncle (or even directly a colored lancet).
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The subfamily Catomerinae represents Southern Hemisphere Catophragmids. This lineage is characterized by a membraneous basis, carinate imbricating plates, and in lacking caudal appendages. One genus, Catomerus is recognized. It possesses ovigerous frenae, and is thus unique among balanomorphs.
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It grows to a length of 500 mm. Head elongate and compressed. Upper and lower caudal filaments. The coloration is sometimes confused with B. juruense, but strips are continuous other than divided and has a longer upper jaw.
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Coleophora polynella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Turkestan and Uzbekistan. The larvae feed on Artemisia turanica. They create a silky case, which is broader anteriorly and gradually attenuating toward the caudal end.
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Tail rounded or slightly laterally compressed, dorsal caudal scales smooth or a few of the terminal ones faintly keeled. Terminal scute very small, with two points.Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural HIstory).
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Neuraxial anesthesia refers to local anesthetics placed around the nerves of the central nervous system, such as spinal anesthesia, caudal anesthesia, and epidural anesthesia. The technique is used in surgery, obstetrics, and for postoperative and chronic pain relief.
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Fishes of Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. pp.186-192. Compared to other pupfishes, the Quitobaquito pupfish has a larger head, mouth and body, but smaller fins and shorter caudal peduncle.Miller, R.R. and L.A. Fuiman. 1987.
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They are smaller than those of Loa loa, which have tapered tails and are frequently coiled. The microfilariae of M. perstans are smaller than those of W. bancrofti and the caudal end is blunt with a terminal nucleus.
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Japanese perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides. The Japanese perch can reach up to in length. They can live for up to 7 years.
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The speckled madtom is a dark reddish-brown color and has a dusky or mottled caudal fin with a pale border.Williams, James D., National Audubon Society Field Guide to Fishes. 2nd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. 181.
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Eyes are absent. Antennas are not known. The six thoracic somites are extended into broad posteriorly directed pleural spines, which are free at their tips. The caudal shield is slightly smaller than the cephalic shield, and somewhat more rounded.
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Males are larger than females. The caudal fin has two lobes, the lower longer than the upper. It is continuous with the dorsal and anal fins. The anal fin of the male takes the form of a small ridge.
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Their eyes are very small in comparison to the rest of the fish and they have three simple pairs of barbels. They have a deeply forked caudal fin, which also helps to distinguish this fish from other large Doradids.
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The fish is bright red with thin white lines crossing from the gill cover to the caudal peduncle. The gill cover has two vertical white lines. A third line runs along the upper lip and below the large eye.
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The dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins are mottled while the pectoral fins are plain. Some of the larger individuals are almost plain brown in colour brown with indistinct blotches just visible. This species attains a total length of .
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The anal fin is hyaline and its colour is lavender while the caudal fin is orange on the base becoming redder on its lobes. Females are similarly but less intensely coloured. The maximum total length of this species is .
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Another harness-shaped band goes around the back, continuing to the pectoral fins and sides. Thin, dark stripes are also present on the backs of Port Jackson sharks. These progress from the caudal fin to the first dorsal fin.
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Tail ending in a large rugose shield, which is neither truncated nor spinose at the end. Caudal disc as long as the shielded part of the head.Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History).
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"The Flashlight Fish Anomalops Katoptron Uses Bioluminescent Light to Detect Prey in the Dark." PLOS ONE. Public Library of Science, n.d. Web. 03 May 2017 Its body is black with a blue tinge along the dorsal and caudal fins.
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S. armatus reaches a maximum length of 5.7 cm (standard length) and vary in color from dark red to beige. Compared to other ghost pipefishes, they possess an elongated caudal tail and peduncle, as indicated by their common name.
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The front dorsal fin has a narrow dusky green border and a broad red marginal stripe in males and a narrow red stripe in females. The caudal peduncle has a row of three or four, somewhat irregular, dark spots.
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The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are olive green, with the soft dorsal, anal and anal fins having white lobe tips and the anal having white leading and distal edge. The pelvic and pectoral fins are hyaline to green.
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In the larval dragonfly, the wall of the caudal end of the alimentary tract (rectum) is richly supplied with tracheae as a rectal gill, and water pumped into and out of the rectum provides oxygen to the closed tracheae.
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Dolichorhynchops osborni Mauriciosaurus bore 21 cervical vertebrae, at least 23 thoracic vertebrae, and at least 25 in the sacrum and tail (the delineation between these two types is not clear, since it is obscured by the ischium). The centra of Mauriciosaurus are constricted on their outer surfaces, unlike the cylindrical centra of Trinacromerum. Both the cervical and thoracic centra have length-width ratios of about 2:3; the cervical centra are procoelous (concave in front and convex behind), whereas the thoracic centra are platycoelous (both surfaces are flat). The sacral and caudal centra are generally shorter, with length-width ratios of about 1:3, but they also become narrower such that the last several preserved caudal centra are twice as long as they are wide; the first caudal centrum appears to be opisthocoelous (convex in front and concave behind), while the rest are platycoelous (flat on both sides).
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The two species of Eurycheilichthys are similar. The trunk and caudal peduncle are round in cross section. Males have a fleshy flap along the posterior margin of the thickened first pelvic fin ray. They lack a dorsal fin locking mechanism.
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"Carpiodes Carpio". 2011. The lower lip is projected in a similar fashion to a nipple at the midpoint, and big scales cover its whole body. It also has a distinctive 18 caudal fin rays.Morris, JE., Quist, MC., and Spiegel, JR. 2010.
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The head is as long as it is broad. The adipose fin is long and rounded at the end, and is connected to the caudal fin. The dorsal and pectoral fins have spines. The swim bladder in these fish is reduced.
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Amplectobeluids had robust, pincer-like frontal appendages, which made them better suited for hunting large, heavily armored prey like trilobites than were most other radiodonts. A distinctive physical feature only known in amplectobeluids is a pair of long caudal furcae.
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The circular bands do not extend onto the ventral surface in the trunk area, but are visible along the tail. The anal, pectoral, and dorsal fins are generally unpigmented, but may have some scattered melanophores. The caudal fin is dusky.
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The pectoral fin usually has 13 soft rays but can occasionally have 14. The tail (caudal) fin possesses 14 rays. Australian blennies are oviparous and lay eggs. The eggs develop at the bottom of the body of water and are adhesive.
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The genus Caprodon can be distinguished from Odontanthias and other Anthiinae with teeth on the tongue, by the asymmetrical pectoral fins, the truncate caudal fin, the presence of a scaly dorsal sheath, and by the many-rayed soft dorsal fin.
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The feature all Acanthodians share in common is the fact that massive spines, formed of dentine, support all fins other than the caudal fins. This species probably lived in Lake Forfar, which is a fresh-water lake surrounded by volcanoes.
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It also has reduced dorsal and anal fins which are dark in colors and are fused at the end, as a replacement for a lacking caudal fin. The fins of this fish are black in color, with a very pale body.
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It is a medium size fish that can reach a maximum size of length. The body has an oval shape and is compressed laterally. Like other surgeonfishes, Acanthurus mata swims with its pectoral fins. The caudal fin has a crescent shape.
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The number of caudal cirri varies, even within a species, but it is most common for Euplotes to have 4 or 5. The macronucleus is typically long and narrow, and approximately horseshoe-shaped, C-shaped, or resembling the number 3.
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The wallago species are large, predatory catfishes. They have five rays in their dorsal fin. The caudal fin is deeply forked and has pointed lobes; it is disconnected from the anal fin, which differs from some of the other silurid genera.
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The chimaera bahamaensis displays a combination of morphometric features which include a short pectoral-pelvic space with a long pelvic-caudal space, a long pre-narial length, and a relatively large body that is uniformly caramel brown with dark brown fins.
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They gain melanophores on their head. Caudal and anal fins begin to develop and another pair of barbels appears near the nostrils. About 7 days after hatching, the larvae are 12 mm (0.5 in) long. All fins are nearly adult-like.
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There is no cutaneous dorsal and caudal crest, not even during the breeding season. Tail is about as long as head and body and compressed from side; longer in females and deeper in males. Lungs are absent or very reduced.
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The fish can reach an average size of 23 cm (9 in) in length. The body has an oval shape and is compressed laterally. Like other surgeonfishes, Acanthurus leucosternon swims with its pectoral fins. The caudal fin has a crescent shape.
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The dorsal fin has a yellow margin and there is a bright orange patch above the caudal peduncle. It is found in seaward and lagoon reefs, sometimes together with the spot-banded butterflyfish. It feeds on polychaetes, coral polyps, and algae.
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These are frequently indistinct. The fins are plain and unmarked except for a few light spots on the base of the caudal fin rays. S. malma is extremely similar in appearance to the bull trout (S. confluentus) and Arctic char (S.
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The males then clasp the posterior half of the female between themselves on either dies. They vibrate their caudal sections and head toward the surface. During this time semibouyant eggs are released downstream. There is no parental care by the adults.
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The Tahoe sucker is a large, long fish with a tapering head. It can grow up to 24 inches in larger lakes. Its rather large suckermouth is located on the bottom of the head. The caudal fin is moderately forked.
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The caudal fin is rounded. The overall colour of this species is whitish to pale greyish covered by many closely set, round brown spots of differing sizes on the head, body and fins. This species attains a maximum total length of .
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Ariid catfish have a deeply forked caudal fin. Usually, three pairs of barbels are present. They possess some bony plates on their heads and near their dorsal fins. At least some species have venomous spines in their dorsal and pectoral fins.
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The Postrhinal cortex is an area of the brain which borders above the entorhinal cortex. It is the cortical region dorsally adjacent and caudal to the posterior rhinal sulcus. It is implicated in the role of memory and spatial navigation.
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The membranes between the dorsal fin spines are obviously incised. The caudal fin is rounded. There are 58-65 scales in the lateral line. The head and body are light brown on the back lightening to whitish on the underparts.
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The membrane between the dorsal fine spines is red while the posterior edges of the dorsal, anal, caudal and pectoral fins shows a white line. This species attains a maximum standard length of and has a maximum published weight of .
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This fish is white with a yellow top. It has 5 vertical stripes which are black. A faint sixth stripe might be present on the caudal peduncle. Adult males have a more bluish coloration and its stripes are less visible.
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The caudal fin has a white margin on its upper and lower distal edges also white-edged while the pectoral fins are yellowish or reddish orange. The maximum published total length for this species is and the maximum published weight is .
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The hind parts are orangey-yellow, the base of the caudal fin is white. The head is darker than the body and bears the characteristic pattern of its lineage, consisting of vertical black eyestripes and a black white-rimmed crown spot.
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The juveniles are red wth a large black eye spot in the centre of the last few spines in the dorsal fin and a small black spot on the top of the caudal peduncle. It can grow to in total length.
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The caudal vertebrae have pronounced facets for the haemal arches, and tall plate-like neural spines. The centra have smooth convex ventral surfaces, and as the vertebrae are fairly large, they probably come from the anterior part of the tail.
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Pronator quadratus: originates on surfaces of the radius and ulna. It acts to pronate the paw. It is innervated by the median nerve. Caudal muscles of the thigh: Biceps femoris: originates on the ischiatic tuberosity and inserts on the patellar ligament.
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Mark P. Witton (2013), Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy Its hindlimbs are rather robust and its feet large. Its tail is uniquely elongated for a pterodactyloid, containing twenty-two caudal vertebrae, whereas other members of this group have at most, sixteen.
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They create a silky, sheath-like, narrow, long and straight or slightly curved case. The caudal end curves downward gradually. There are very indistinct oblique wrinkles on the surface, as well as weak longitudinal grooves. The valve is two-sided.
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Its dorsal and anal fins are confluent with the rudimentary caudal fin. It lacks ventral fins but pectoral fins are present. The lateral line is well-developed and complete. The head is long and conical, with rather small, well-developed eyes.
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In males, a few of the more caudal tubules will survive and give rise to the efferent ductules of the testis, the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, as well as vestigial structures such as the appendix testis, appendix epididymis, and paradidymis.
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The caudal fin is strongly forked. The head and back is bluish grey while the ventral side of the body is silvery. It grows to a maximum Total Length of but is more commonly and the maximum published weight is .
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Caudal disc about as long as the shielded part of the head.Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families...Uropeltidæ... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). London. pp. 140-142.
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It has a more or less developed caudal mucous pit. The mantle lobes are small and not reflected on to the shell. The genital orifice is somewhat distant from the right tentacle. The jaw is marked by a median rostrum.
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The lateral line curves slightly above the pectoral fin. The dorsal fin reaches the eye. The dorsal and anal fins are distant from the caudal fin. The anal fin contains 48 to 59 soft rays and is preceded by a spine.
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These colorful large catfishes have a brownish back, with yellow sides and characteristic orange- red dorsal fin and caudal fin (hence the common name). It has a pair of barbels on the upper jaw and two pairs on the lower jaw.
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The rest of its body is white, peduncle and caudal fin included. Insertion of yellow-orange areas at the top of the side form a characteristic pyramidal pattern, hence the name of the fish. The anal fin is also yellow-orange.
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The caudal fin is forked. There is a series of spined, lateral plates called scutes. Eyes are relatively small. R. woodsi can be differentiated from R. xingui by a smaller eye and a slightly longer upper jaw than lower jaw.
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The arcuate fasciculus (AF) is a bundle of axons that generally connects the Broca's area and the Wernicke's area in the brain. It is an association fiber tract connecting caudal temporal cortex and inferior frontal lobe.Carlson, N. (2012). Physiology of behavior.
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The abdomen is covered in small plates in adults. The caudal fin is forked and may have filaments. The jaws are short, forming an acute angle at their union; the teeth are few and stout. The adipose fin is present.
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The caudal fin is also silvery white. At maximum length, the albacore is the smallest of the bluefin tuna. It reaches sexual maturity at and its common length is only slightly larger at . Males and females exhibit no sexual dimorphism.
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It grows to a length of 2.8 m. The largest Amazon Piraíba records 2 – 2.5 m weighing more than 150 kg. Dorsum dark to light grey with small dark spots on caudal- fin or peduncle. Dorsal fin with pink shading.
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S. madhavai can be identified by the presence of 8 to 9 wide brown post-dorsal bars, black bar at caudal fin, incomplete lateral line, pelvic fin, which is adpressed marginally reach the anal fin and axillary pelvic lobe is absent.
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The fins are large and curved, and the origin of the dorsal are about equidistant between the snout and caudal fin base. The mouth is inferior, and overhung by the snout. The pharyngeal arch is small, with a short lower ramus.
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Caudal disc about as long as the shielded part of the head.Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families...Uropeltidæ... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). London. pp. 140-141.
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Tail ending in a large convex rugose shield, which is neither truncated nor spinose at the end. Caudal disc slightly shorter than the shielded part of the head.Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History).
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During mating, the males will turn their caudal fins yellow or orange, for certain unknown sexually selective reasons. Males can sometimes have either bluish or red heads.Abarca, F. J. 1991. Nongame field notes; Yaqui shiner in Arizona Wildlife Views 11/91.
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Coloration is usually dark overall, but sometimes has a lighter underside. The Yaqui chub's lateral bands are underdeveloped, making them quite difficult to observe. However, a vertically placed, triangle-shaped spot is usually present on the caudal fin.Minckley, W.L. 1973.
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The lateral line is uninterrupted and the gill rakers number 20-25\. Like other members of their order, hammerjaws also possess a small adipose fin. The largest recorded hammerjaw measured 23 cm (9 inches) standard length (excluding the caudal fin).
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The species reaches a maximum length of . The body is silvery, with three lateral stripes, and there are black spots on the upper and lower parts of the rounded caudal fin. This species is sometimes kept as an aquarium pet.
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The dorsal and anal fins are colorless. Their second dorsal, anal and caudal fins rounded. In males, 1-3 soft dorsal fin rays extended as filaments; the first ray has a particularly long thread. The fish have a small abdominal spike.
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It has an elaborate system of sensory papillae arranged in ridges on the head and sides, an adaptation to the dark environment of the cave. The Alabama cavefish has the most highly developed caudal sensory papillae in the family Amblyopsidae.
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Body is oblong, robust, and slightly compressed, with one continuous dorsal fin. The caudal fin is slightly forked. It has a distinctive body shape, and is easily recognised. The forehead is steep, and adults have a prominent hump on the nape.
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The mouth is marginally inferior with a broad upper lip that barely narrows at the sides; there are two layers of teeth on the upper and lower jaw with the outermost layer teeth being flattened and rounded, the innermost layer are smaller, curved, and pointed, and the irregularly sized teeth along the side of the jaw. Their dorsal and anal fins are moderately long and free from the caudal fin; they do not overlap the caudal fin base. The double pelvic disc is striated with a square posterior fringe. Kopua do not have a fleshy pactoral pad, and have a depressed posterior.
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The pectoral fin is situated far below the midline of body. There are 5 pectoral filaments, the first being the shortest and this filament just reaches to or extends beyond the start of the anal fin. The remaining pectoral filaments reach well past the ends of lobes of the caudal fins with the third filament being the longest being 2.5-3 times the standard length. The caudal fin is deeply forked and the lobes are not fialmented, the length of the upper lobe is 36% to 46% of the standard length and lower lobe is 38 %to 47% of the standard length.
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It receives information from the caudal solitary tract and transmits signals mainly to the medial hypothalamus but also to the lateral hypothalamus and many of the nuclei targeted by the medial parabrachial nucleus. The subparabrachial nucleus, also known as the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and diffuse reticular nucleus, is one of the three parabrachial nuclei between the midbrain and the pons. The subparabrachial nucleus regulates the breathing rate. It receives signals from the caudal, cardio-respiratory part of the solitary nucleus and sends signals to the lower medulla oblongata, the spinal cord, the amygdala and the lateral hypothalamus.
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The glenopolar angle (GPA) is a measure for the rotational malalignment of the glenoid about an anteroposterior (front-to-back) axis perpendicular to the scapular plane. The glenopolar angle is defined as the angle between the line connecting the most cranial with the most caudal point of the glenoid cavity and the line connecting the most cranial of the glenoid cavity with the most caudal point of the scapular body. A glenopolar angle ranging from 30° to 45° is considered normal. The glenopolar angle is mainly used within the field of scapular surgery (for example, due to a scapular neck fracture).
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Life restoration of an individual According to its describers in 2012, Yurgovuchia can be recognised from other dromaeosaurid taxa by the following characteristics: each side of the axial centrum have a single pneumatopore, third cervical vertebra with cranial end of the centrum not beveled, cervical prezygapophyses is flexed, cervical vertebrae epipophyses is above the postzygapophyseal facets, the pubis lacks pubic tubercle, the cranial faces of the centrum of caudal vertebrae are round, the cervical and dorsal vertebrae preserve hypapophyses without pneumatopores, the caudal prezygapophyses is distally elongated to the transition point, but not surpassing the length of a centrum.
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There are 47-49 scales in the lateral line, which curves upwards underneath the soiny part of the dorsal in and then downwards below the soft-rayed part. The background colour of the head, body, dorsal and caudal fins is yellow and there are 6-7 pink stripes running horizontally from the head to the soft- rayed part of the dorsal fin and the caudal fin. There is a bright red blotch on the anterior part of the anal fin and a white blotch on the side of belly. The pelvic fins are pinkish purple in colour.
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The corticomesencephalic tract originates from the frontal eye field in the caudal part of the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 8). It runs rostral to the pyramidal tract in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Then, it courses posteriorly toward the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI), the three cranial nerves that mediate eye movements. At the level of the caudal midbrain, corticomesencephalic fibers descend through the tegmentum in the medial lemniscus toward the oculomotor (III) and the trochlear (IV) nuclei on the contralateral (opposite) side.
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The moderately tall first dorsal fin is placed about halfway between the pectoral and pelvic fins, and its trailing margin is nearly vertical near the apex. The second dorsal fin is about three-quarters as high as the first and larger than the anal fin. The caudal fin has a well-developed lower lobe and a prominent ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe; in young sharks the lower caudal fin lobe is much less distinct. This species is gray above, with darker saddles and scattered black spots that fade with age; the underside is off-white.
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Like other members of Acipenseriformes the skeleton was cartilaginous and the body was smooth and largely lacking in scales, except for small scales in the caudal peduncle and caudal fin. They reached sexual maturity at a weight of around , usually by the time they were age seven or eight, with a typical body length of . Anecdotal reports indicate the Chinese paddlefish could reach in length and weigh up to , or even several thousand pounds. Limited research has been conducted on the species maximum size and weight as a result of its endangered status and lack of sightings over the years.
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No fleshy keel exists along the sides of the caudal peduncle. The caudal fin is about one-fifth of the total length of the shark, the dorsal lobe is elongated and has a notch in the lower margin near the tip and the ventral lobe is smaller, markedly falcate, and has a more rounded tip. The body colour is brownish or silvery grey on the dorsal surface and pale grey on the ventral surface, with an inconspicuous pale stripe running along the flank. A large, triangular black spot is on the second dorsal fin which covers at least half of the fin.
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For example, the caudal fin of a juvenile is rounded in a juvenile before becoming slightly double emarginate as it develops into an adult. Juveniles are also missing some of coloration that stands out in adults: there is no blackish area on the ventral side, black bars below the eyes are not well-developed, and the black crescent near the caudal peduncle (which gives the species its name) is also missing. However, there are also two yellow stripes present on juveniles that are not seen on adults. Additionally, the interorbital space is slightly concave in juveniles but becomes slightly convex in adults.
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The background colour is pale reddish orange and it is marked with dark red or brownish red mottling and blotches. There are normally faint pale spots on the head, body, and dorsal, anal and caudal fins. The caudal fin is normally the same colour as the body, although some specimens from the Comoros Islands show distinctly yellowish tails, with a bluish white submarginal band at the corners of the tail, thinning and moving to the margin at the tail's centre. The margin of the soft-rayed part of the anal fin and, to s lesser extent the dorsal fin, is bluish.
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Wedel, M.J. and Cifelli, R.L. Sauroposeidon: Oklahoma's Native Giant. 2005. Oklahoma Geology Notes 65:2. Caudal vertebrae of D. carnegii showing the double-beamed chevron bones to which the genus name refers, Natural History Museum, London Diplodocus had an extremely long tail, composed of about 80 caudal vertebrae, which are almost double the number some of the earlier sauropods had in their tails (such as Shunosaurus with 43), and far more than contemporaneous macronarians had (such as Camarasaurus with 53). Some speculation exists as to whether it may have had a defensive or noisemaking (by cracking it like a coachwhip) function.
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SLF II is the major component of SLF and originates in the caudal-inferior parietal cortex and terminates in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann 6, 8 and 46). SLF II connects to the caudal inferior parietal cortex which controls spatial attention and visual and oculomotor functions. This suggests the SLF II provides the prefrontal cortex with parietal cortex information regarding perception of visual space. Since these bundles are bi-directional, working memory (Brodmann 46) in the prefrontal cortex may provide the parietal cortex with information to focus spatial attention and regulate selection and retrieval of spatial information.
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Cephalopholis taeniops has a basic colour of reddish orange with the head and body covered with small blue spots as are the dorsal fin, anal fin and caudal fin. The fins are blackish towards the margins while the soft-rayed part of the dorsal and anal fins and the caudal fin have a narrow bluish margin, There is a horizontal blue line immediately below eye. There is a much rarer black variety which also has blue spots. There are 9 spines and 15-16 soft rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin has 3 spies and 9-10 soft rays.
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Despite being part of the same family as more basal and primitive bony fish like the Arowana, the Opsithrissops had a body that was built for bursts of speed and powerful swimming, with a cleft caudal fin, and serrated pelvic fins. It had an elongated body with similarities to a large Herring, a durable head plated with thick bones and enlarged eyes. Its dorsal fin was placed closer to the caudal fin, and it had shiny leptoid scales all along the sides of its body. The lateral line is visible along the side and in small pockets along the fish's operculum.
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The pelvic, anal and caudal fins have bluish-black margins. When resting they often assume a camouflage pattern with 5 dark brown saddles separated by white bars along the base of the dorsal fin. The large adult males are typically pale to medium grey in colour, with an indistinct reticulated pattern underneath the dorsal fin. They are darker grey or black on the breast and belly, with a similar colour on the margins of the soft rayed part of the dorsal find the caudal fin, as well as the posterior margins of the pectoral and pelvic fins.
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The pelvic fins are about as large as the second dorsal fin, with rounded tips and nearly straight trailing margins. The caudal peduncle is short and leads to a broad caudal fin comprising less than a quarter of the total length; the upper lobe has a convex upper margin leading to a squared-off tip, while the lower lobe is indistinct. The skin is densely covered by tiny dermal denticles; each one is recurved and thorn-like, rising from an irregular star-shaped base. This species is a plain dark brown above, darkening to almost black below, with white dorsal fin spines.
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Galaxias arcanus has the typical Galaxias body form, with a long tubular body and a maximum recorded standard length (SL) of , typically . Fins have slightly fleshy bases, although less so in the paired fins, and are thin, moderately long and are generally paddle shaped. The pelvic fins are inserted about midway along the SL, with the dorsal fin somewhat further back with the anal fin starting about even with or slightly before the rear end of the base of the dorsal fin. The caudal (tail) fin is moderately lobed and somewhat shorter than the caudal peduncle.
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Outdated depiction with an anguilliform-like swimming motion and without tail-fluke While mosasaurs are traditionally thought to have propelled themselves through the water by lateral ungulation in a similar way to eels, the deep caudal fin of Platecarpus suggests that it swam more like a shark. The downturned caudal vertebrae of Platecarpus suggest it had a crescent-shaped tail fluke. At the point of the tail where the fluke begins the vertebral centra are shortened and disk-like. Their reduced size likely allowed for greater flexibility at an area that would have experienced high stresses during swimming.
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The ironcolor shiner is a relatively small fish with a total length ranging from . It has a yellowish back and sides with a well-defined black lateral stripe stretching from the caudal peduncle to the snout and there us some pigmentation on the chin and lips. It has a shorter snout than the width of its eye and the small mouth has a black palate. When breeding the males develop a bright orange stripe above their black lateral stripes as well as frequently having orange spots above and below the black spot on the caudal fin.
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The anal fin is much larger and deeper than the second dorsal fin. The caudal fin has a distinct lower lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The body is densely covered by small, overlapping dermal denticles with a median ridge and a single cusp, though a few may be three-cusped. Adult sharks are variegated brown above, with 9–10 dark saddles over the body and tail, a dark blotch atop each pectoral fin, and a distinctive "V"-shaped dark marking at the tip of the caudal fin upper lobe; the underside is plain whitish.
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Entomocorus gameroi is a species of driftwood catfish native (possibly endemic) to Venezuela and questionably present in Colombia. It is found in the Apure River basin. It grows to a length of 7.0 cm and can be distinguished from its congeners by an oblique band crossing from the dorsal profile of the caudal peduncle to the middle-upper rays of the caudal fin. E. gameroi is classified as an omnivore with a tendency towards insectivory; it has been found to eat cladocerans, copepods, and water mites, as well as ostracods, insects including coleopterans, dipterans, ephemeropterans, hemipterans, and seeds and other vegetal matter.
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Philip J. Currie (1982) redescribed Tangasaurus and its relationships with other "eosuchians". He diagnosed Kenyasaurus on the basis of five autapomorphies: It possesses low but anteroposteriorly elongate neural spines in the dorsal region, 56 caudal vertebrae and 28 pairs of caudal ribs and transverse processes. Its astragalus is almost triangular rather than primitive L-shape and it has pronounced process on fifth metatarsal for insertion of peroneus brevis. Currie (1982) united two subfamilies within the Tangasauridae: Kenyasaurinae (that he named to include Kenyasaurus and Thadeosaurus, both are thought to be terrestrial) and Tangasaurinae (to include the aquatic Tangasaurus and Hovasaurus).
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Juveniles are dark brown and are marked with obvious white spots arranged in vertical rows on rear part of the of head and on the body. These extend onto the dorsal fin and like adults they have a black margin to the spiny part of the dorsal fin while the caudal and pectoral fins are yellow to clear. The upper part of the base of the caudal fin has a deep black saddle-like mark that extends underneath the lateral line. This species attains a maximum published total length of , although are more commonly around , and a maximum published weight of .
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The longnose darter is mostly yellow with a stripe of dark blotches down the lateral line. It has a bright yellow stripe on a mostly translucent first dorsal fin, and a block spot at the center of the base of the caudal fin. The rays of the second dorsal fin and the caudal fin are black and yellow striped like the color pattern along the lateral line. This fish can be characterized by a long, pointed snout that can be darker colored than the rest of its body and has been recorded to reach lengths of up to 11 cm.
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The yellow shovelnose stingaree (Trygonoptera galba) is a little-known species of stingray in the family Urolophidae, endemic to the outer continental shelf off Western Australia at a depth of . Growing to long, this species has an oval pectoral fin disc with a rather elongated, triangular snout, and a short tail with a caudal fin but no dorsal fin. There are prominent lobes outside of its nostrils, and a skirt-shaped flap of skin with a deeply fringed trailing margin in between. Above, this ray is an almost completely uniform light to dark yellow color, which darkens on the caudal fin.
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The dorsal and anal fins are placed posteriorly, and the base of the dorsal fin is longer than that of the anal fin. In place of a caudal fin, the dorsal and anal fins merge into a clavus, formed by 18-20 fin rays. The central rays in the clavus are supported by the last vertebra and form an elongated triangular lobe; some authors believe these rays to be remnants of the larval caudal fin, though this is disputed. Their skin is covered with small dermal denticles that are finer than those of the ocean sunfish.
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M. thoracata is distinguished from M. picta by a comparatively shorter dorsal fin spine, the anal fin with six (rarely five) branched rays instead of an anal fin with five, rarely four, branched rays, and the caudal fin dotted or dusky often with a clearer band at the base of rays versus a caudal fin with a conspicuous transverse dark band and dark distal border. Megalechis species grow to about 12-15 centimetres SL. Reproductive males have an extremely developed pectoral fin spine, like that of Hoplosternum littorale. In M. thoracata, males are also larger than females.
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C. serralabium can be distinguished from the other species of Callichthys by having the lower lip serrated (it is smooth in all other species). It also has 8-9 branched rays in the pectoral fin (instead of 6-7) and an irregular color pattern of dark, diffuse blotches on flanks of adults. The fish will grow in length up to 15.8 centimetres (6.2 in) SL. The body is elongated and moderately depressed anteriorly; the trunk and caudal peduncle are progressively more compressed towards the caudal fin. The body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin straight to slightly convex.
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The large-scale loach can be told apart from the pond loach by the presence of higher adipose crests on the caudal peduncle, a thinner lamina circularis (enlarged bony scale at the base of the first and second pectoral fin ray), and the lack of a dark spot near the caudal base in the upper corner on the tail fin. The large-scale loach also grows to a smaller size than the pond loach, which reaches 30 cm (12 in) TL. Both species are able to hybridize together, so identification may be difficult in mixed populations.
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In many animals with tails, such as horses and dogs, the rectococcygeal muscles are involved in the response to the raising of the tail during defecation.Evans HE, de Lahunta A, Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013, p.326. In tailed animals the muscle attaches to vertebrae in a more caudal position than in humans due to the additional vertebrae in the tail, in dogs there are connections to the 5th and 6th caudal vertebrae and in horses to the 4th or 5th.Budras KD, Sack WO, Rock S, Anatomy of the Horse: An Illustrated Text, Schlütersche, 2003. p.93.
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In more derived teleosts, the enlarged premaxilla is the main tooth-bearing bone, and the maxilla, which is attached to the lower jaw, acts as a lever, pushing and pulling the premaxilla as the mouth is opened and closed. Other bones further back in the mouth serve to grind and swallow food. Another difference is that the upper and lower lobes of the tail (caudal) fin are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, distinguishing this group from other fish in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the tail fin.
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The anatomy of the flocculus shows that it is composed of two disjointed lobes or halves. The “halves” of the flocculus refer to the caudal half and the rostral half, and they indicate from where fiber projections are received and the path in which a signal travels. The caudal half of the flocculus receives mossy fiber projections mainly from the vestibular system and tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, an area within the floor of the midbrain that affects the axonal projections or images received by the cerebellum. Vestibular inputs are also carried through climbing fibers that project into the flocculus, stimulating Purkinje cells.
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They have prominent canine-like teeth in the front of both jaws; a heavy head with a blunt, rounded snout; small eyes; a long, stout body with no pelvic fins; a long dorsal fin extending to the base of caudal; flexible spiny rays; a small, slightly rounded caudal fin; rounded pectoral fins; firm musculature; colours variable from pale olive to deep brown with upper parts sprinkled with irregularly shaped blackish-brown spots; maximum length to over and weight to .Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Spotted Wolffish: A Species at Risk in the North, Government of Canada, 2005.
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Caudal vertebrae of Malawisaurus (top right) and Saltasaurus (bottom) compared with Tornieria Upchurch and colleagues (2004) define the Lithostrotia as a node-based taxon that includes the last common ancestor of Malawisaurus and Saltasaurus and all descendants of that ancestor. According to this definition the Lithostrotia includes all forms that are more derived than Malawisaurus in phylogenies. In addition to defining the group Upchurch and colleagues gave two common derived features (synapomorphies), which serve to distinguish the group from non-members. The first is that all caudal vertebrae apart from the farthest distal were procoelous, meaning their front face was concave.
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Tail fin is moderately long, weakly forked and usually longer than the caudal peduncle. Flanges medium height and length and quite well developed on the caudal peduncle, often extending as far forward as the rear of the anal fin. Galaxias oliruos is mainly olive to grey-brown over the back and sides extending over the head and snout, fading to cream or white to silvery below the lateral line and silvery on the belly. The base colour is overlaid with a pattern of small to medium sized dark irregularly shaped blotches with many joining up to form uneven vertical bands.
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Armor at end of tail Glyptodon clavipes had a tail covered in free bony rings of dermal structures that made for a strong, flexible, and mobile appendix. This enabled it to use the muscles along its tail to powerfully swing it. (The rings in other glyptodonts' tails were fused together, making the tail a single piece of rigid bone; an example of this is Doedicurus.) The accessory ring, or caudal ring 1 has a short double row of small scutes. The proximal row has several small pentagonal scutes; the distal row includes more large pentagonal scutes than the caudal row.
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Typically galaxiid in form, scaleless, with an elongated, tubular body, and moderately sized mouth, it may be distinguished from other galaxiid species by the small eye and the blunt, rounded head shape with protruding tubular nostrils over the upper lip. Pectoral fins are rounded. The pelvic fins are small and set at about the midpoint of the fish's length, and the dorsal and anal fins are set right back with the dorsal fin slightly ahead of the anal. Caudal fins are rounded with well-developed flanges along the caudal peduncle reaching nearly to the posterior edges of the dorsal and anal fins.
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The body is yellowish with an irregular pattern of brown spots on its back and flanks with the dorsal surface of the head being darker and there is a dark patch on the operculum to the rear of the eye. The fins are hyaline and the caudal fin has a vertical black bar at its base black but this soes no extend to the upper and lower edges of the caudal peduncle. It shows no adaptations to living in caves. The specific name macrogaster means "large stomach", referring to the swollen bellied appearance of this species.
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Like other members of its family, it has a long anal fin, a minute caudal fin, no pelvic or dorsal fins, and an electroreceptive dorsal appendage that originates about halfway along the back. There are 155-168 anal fin rays, 14-15 pectoral fin rays, and 16-17 caudal fin rays. The scales are large and diamond-shaped, with 6-8 rows above the lateral line but not reaching the upper surface of the head and body. Virtually unpigmented aside from tiny chromatophores speckling the bottom of the head and branchiostegal membranes, P. amazonensis is uniformly white-pink with translucent fins.
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The loop was originally proposed as a part of a model of the basal ganglia called the parallel processing model, which has been criticized and modified into another model called the center surround model. Current organization schemes characterize cortico-basal ganglia interactions as segregated parallel processing, meaning there is little convergence of distinct cortical areas in the basal ganglia. This is thought to explain the topographically organized functionality of the striatum. The striatum is organized on a rostro-caudal axis, with the rostral putamen and caudate serving associative and cognitive functions and the caudal areas serving sensorimotor function.
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It has 46-60 upper tooth rows and 43-54 lower tooth rows; each tooth is small, with a narrow central cusp and a pair of lateral cusplets. Unusually for a shark, dental sexual dimorphism occurs, with the front teeth in males being greatly enlarged. The two dorsal fins are small and about equal in size; the first is positioned between the pectoral and pelvic fins, and the second over the anal fin. The dorsal margin of the caudal fin is smooth and lacks a notch (precaudal pit) at its base; the lower caudal fin lobe is virtually absent.
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The tail is much longer than the body and ends in a large, crescent-shaped caudal fin; the lower caudal fin lobe is more than half the length of the upper. The entire dorsal surface has a grainy texture from a dense covering of tiny dermal denticles. A thick ridge is present along the midline of the back, which bears a band of sharp, robust thorns. There are also a pair of thorn-bearing ridges in front of the eyes, a second pair running from above the eyes to behind the spiracles, and a third pair on the "shoulders".
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The third and fifth pectoral filaments extend past the level of the origin of the anal fin. The fourth pectoral filament is the longest, having a length equivalent to 40 to 53% of the standard length and this filament extends far beyond the level of the origin of the anal fin. The caudal fin is deeply forked with neither of its lobes being filamentous. There are 60-76 pored scales on its lateral line which is simple In form and extends from the upper end of the gill slit to the upper end of lower caudal fin lobe.
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In alcohol, the dorsal and dorsolateral portions of the fish's head and its body are a dark brown colour. It possesses dark chromatophores scattered on the lateral portion of its head, which are more concentrated on its snout and the anterior border of its eye. Scales on the midlateral surface of its body are bordered with dark brown chromatophores which form a reticulate pattern. Its body shows a black and pigmented, midlateral stripe extending from the humeral region to the base of its middle caudal fin; a faint dark pigmentation is also present in the middle of caudal fin rays.
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Starry skate males also have a large spine. The dorsal and caudal fins are small; the anal fin is absent. The pectoral fins are broad and attached to the snout and incorporated with the body. Pelvic fins are large and deeply notched.
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213 Stein et al. (2010) found that none of Magyarosaurus' close relatives had a reduced size. That means, for its clade, its small size therefore is a distinguishing autapomorphy. A distal caudal vertebrae was referred to the genus by Codrea et al. (2008).
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The thorax bears three pairs of maxillipeds and cirri with five or six pairs of long feeding appendages. The caudal appendages are curved and pointed which helps distinguish Lepas anserifera from other species.Lepas anserifera Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
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They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in the formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat".
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Euraphine barnacles have a shell wall of 6 plates, with membraneous basis, rarely calcareous. Plate sutures are often coarsely serrated. In contrast to most other chthamalids, the scutum is higher than wide. The mandible is tridentate, and caudal appendages are usually lacking.
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Journal of Neurophysiology 89:472-487. and the caudal mesopallium (CM: CMM and CLM).Boumans, T., C. Vignal and A. Smolders. 2008. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in zebra finch discerns the neural substrate involved in segregation of conspecific song from background noise.
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Accessory olfactory cortical areas are portions of the human amygdala that are homologous to those areas in other species that receive afferents from the accessory olfactory bulb. They include the caudal part of the medial amygdalar nucleus, and the cortical amygdalar nucleus.
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Cell group B6 is located in the floor of the fourth ventricle dorsal to, and between, the right and left medial longitudinal fasciculus of the pons in the primate and the rodent. and forms the caudal portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus.
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The pelvic fins take the form of a large sucking disc located between the pectorals. The dorsal fin has 27 to 36 soft rays and both it and the anal fins overlap the caudal fin. The skin is slimy and lacks scales.
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These have long ridges that run between the protuberances of the joint face and body of the vertebra. The side projections are oriented obliquely backwards and have a convex lower area. The caudal vertebrae have a height equal to half of its width.
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There are no pelvic or caudal fins, and the pectoral fins are small. This fish is cream or yellow, with large, brown or black, circular or oval spots. Young fish have a single longitudinal row of spots while large individuals have three rows.
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The Acanti roughly resemble whales. They are a reddish-brown color. They have dorsal, ventral, lateral, and caudal fins, as well as green eyes widely spaced on their heads. The Acanti are large space-faring creatures most closely resembling Earth's whale shark.
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The dorsal vertebrae were characterized by eye shaped pleurocoels and low bifurcated neural spines. The sacrum consisted of six fused sacral vertebrae, a feature unique to somphospondylans. The caudal vertebrae were amphicoelous (concave anteriorly and posteriorly). The pubis was shorter than the ischium.
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It is thought that the fragment was from the edge of the pelvic region. Another fragment includes two oval osteoderms with small ossicles fused between them. Pelvic shields were probably formed on struthiosaurines by these scutes. Caudal scutes have been preserved on struthiosaurines.
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In Larry M. Hyman, ed., CTT 71-95 consist of a major syllable with fully stressed vowel, preceded by a minor syllable ::Temiar ləpud 'caudal fin' ::Semai kʔɛːp [kɛʔɛːp] 'centipede'Diffloth, Gerard.1976a. Minor-syllably vocalism in Senoic languages. In Jenner et al.
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Tomo 2: Guía de Especies / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador. Volume 2: Species Guide. SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA Their elongated bodies look somewhat circular when viewed head on. They are distinguishable by a small, detached fin, located between the dorsal and caudal fins.
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In reference to its distinctive caudal fin marking, the shark was given the specific epithet signourum from the Latin signum ("flag") and the Greek oura ("tail"). The type specimen is a long female collected at the Lihou Reef and Cays, near Queensland.
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The thorax has six pair of biramous appendages, while the abdomen has four segments and a terminal telson with a caudal furca. This arrangement is similar to that seen in copepods. In addition, there is a bivalved carapace, which is expanded in females.
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It acts to extend the hip and abduct the limb. It is innervated by the caudal gluteal nerve. Middle gluteal: originates on the ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter. It acts to abduct the hip and rotate the pelvic limb medially.
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The California corbina's barbel is short and stiff and is used to detect prey. The upper half of the caudal fin has a concave trailing edge, while the lower half trailing edge is convex. The largest recorded specimen was and 8.5 pounds.
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There are 11–12 soft rays in the posterior part of the dorsal fin. The anal fin has three spines and eight to nine soft rays. The caudal fine is emarginate. The overall colour of the body is yellowish or brownish darkening dorsally.
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The type species is Bonatitan reigi, first described by Martinelli and Forasiepi in 2004. The specific epithet honours Osvaldo Reig. The holotype, MACN-PV RN 821, originally included a braincase and caudal vertebrae as well as limb elements. However, Salgado et al.
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This includes the caudal region of the vertebral column. Slender ribs attached have holocephalous heads joined by a web of bones. The proximal ends are slender while the heads are triangular in shape. Very slender gastralia are present in the aggregate fossil.
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The anal scale is undivided. The caudal scutes are single and number 20–26 in males and 17–23 in females. The following formal description is from George Albert Boulenger's Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (1896):Boulenger, G.A. 1896.
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The body of the fish is brown and mottled, with brown edges on the caudal fin lobes. It is whitish on the underside. The species is noted for its large head and eyes. As individuals age the colors tend to fade somewhat.
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The little gulper shark has no anal fin, two dorsal fins with spines, slightly humped back before the first dorsal fin, darker areas of coloration above gills and on dorsal fins, long free rear tips on pectoral fins, and a notched caudal fin.
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"Stimulus control of caudal luring and other feeding responses: A program for research on visual perception in vipers". pp. 361-383. In: Schuett GW, Höggren M, Douglas ME, Greene HW (editors) (2002). Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain, Utah: Eagle Mountain Publishing.
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Caudal to what will eventually become the stapes, Reichert's cartilage also forms the styloid process of the temporal bone. The cartilage between the hyoid bone and styloid process will not remain as development continues, but its perichondrium will eventually form the stylohyoid ligament.
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It grows to a length of 1010 mm. Adults show strange counter shading with dark grayish dorsum and plain white to dusky cream ventrum. Caudal fin moderately to shallowly forked. Juvenile with bold, large dark brown or gray spots centred above lateral line.
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The smaller second thorn props up the longer first thorn giving it the appearance of a trigger, after which the fish is named (Tupongov, 2015). Its anal fin has 20 to 27 rays. Adults and juveniles also have different caudal fin shapes.
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The caudal fin is large and slightly forked. Like all galaxiids it lacks scales and has a thick, leathery skin covered with mucus. They are non-diadromous and therefore do not have a marine phase and are not part of the whitebait catch.
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The body of the northern tonguefish has alternating narrow and broad bands spanning the length of it. It has 12 caudal fin rays. It has a slender body with a small, rounded, oblique mouth. Its eyes are small and very close together.
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The level of fusion of the dorsosacral confirms the evolutionary history of the sauropod sacral count: the primordial pair incorporating first a dorsal (total of three), then a caudal (total of four), then another dorsal to make a total of five vertebrae.
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Polar Biology 25: 391–395 The species has a broad head, an elongated body, long dorsal and anal fins, large pectoral fins, and a rudder-like caudal fin. They typically move slowly, but are capable of speed bursts that can elude predatory seals.
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In larger individuals, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is often black with a white edge.Page, Lawrence M. and Burr, Brooks. Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011, p. 103-104.
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Boraras is an anagram of Rasbora (a generic term for the group that includes this species), highlighting the reversal of the ratio of abdominal and caudal vertebrae in this species. Merah is the Indonesian word for red due to its body colour.
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The caudal fin is lyre- shaped, which is characteristic of the genus. The females also are less colourful; their body colouration is brownish tan for the wild form and a light tan for the gold/orange form, and they have rounder fins.
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The cycloid scales are moderately large, and they have a complete lateral line. There are no scales on the head. They have a forked caudal fin. They have a grayish coloration close to the dorsal with the rest of the body being silvery.
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Caudal Deportivo is a Spanish football team based in Mieres, in the autonomous community of Asturias. Founded in 1918 it plays in Tercera División - Group 2, holding home matches at Estadio Hermanos Antuña (built in 1951), with a capacity of 2,940 spectators.
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In C. britskii, males also differ from females by having four white blotches on the caudal fin, two at the dorsal lobe and two at the ventral lobe. Females, on the other hand, present only two white blotches, one on each lobe.
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Around its spot, the top of its dorsal fin, the bottom of its anal and pelvic fins, there is a blue outline. The blue outline on its pectoral and anal fins are outlined with black. The caudal fin of this fish is clear.
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Its caudal peduncle is elongate and almost straight along both margins (dorsal and ventral). Its snout is rounded from the margin of the upper lip through the anterior nostrils. Its head is small. Its lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw.
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In order to distinguished loach minnow from the similar speckled dace, the loach minnow have whitish spots that are present on the origin and insertion of the dorsal fin as well as on the dorsal and ventral portions of the caudal fin base.
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The head length is approximately 19 to 21 percent of the total body length. This species differs from the five other species in the genus in having at least 53 anal rays, 81 to 86 dorsal fin spines, and more rounded, deeper caudal fins.
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Young bettongs have two molars which are replaced by one adult premolar; this event is a good indication of maturity. The postcranial skeleton of all potoroids has seven cervical, 13 thoracic, six lumbar, two sacral, and 22 caudal vertebrae, with 13 pairs of ribs.
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Lagerpeton is a genus of basal dinosauromorph. First described by A. S. Romer in 1971, it includes only the species L. chanarensis. This species is incompletely known, with fossil specimens accounting for the pelvic girdle, hindlimbs and posterior presacral, sacral and anterior caudal vertebrae.
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Smaug are large lizards (extremely large among the Cordylidae), measuring up to in snout–vent length (SVL). The body is sub-cylindrical in cross-section and robust. Limbs are moderate in length and digits are unreduced. Dorsal and caudal scales are enlarged and spinose.
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The neural spines of the sacral vertebrae are not fused into a supraneural plate. The tail base is slightly oriented downwards. The caudal vertebrae of the tail base also show hyposphene-hypantrum complexes. In the pelvis, the ilium has a slightly convex upper profile.
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The species is distinguished by its bluish mid-lateral stripe contrasting an orange or reddish body. Furthermore, it has a fan-like tail. A caudal fin is present, which is rounded with a white outline, the inside mostly black. The fish's snout is elongated.
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Fish of this family have dorsal fins covered by skin. An adipose fin is also present, and is fused with the caudal fin in some species. The dorsal fin base is short and the dorsal fin spine is weak. The anal fin base is short.
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The species name is derived from Latin truncatus (meaning truncate) and the postfix -ellus and refers to the truncated caudal margin of the uncus in the male genitalia., 2012: A taxonomic revision of the genus Mesophleps Hübner, 1825 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Zootaxa 3373: 1-82.
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The head and upper flanks are dark with a silver tinge paler on the lower flanks. It has a semi transparent snout. Both dorsal fins and the caudal fin are translucent with a sooty rear margin. The anla fin is blackish with a whitish tip.
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The dorsal fin is moderate in length and spans 2-4 trunk rings and 3-5 tail rings. In females, the dorsal fin is usually banded. The caudal fin is present and rounded. The anal fin is greatly reduced, and the pelvic fins are absent.
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It has 2.5-4.2 pharyngeal teeth. It grows to around standard length. The juvenile fish are silvery. The adult males grow small white nuptial tubercles on the head and on a band extending from the head to the caudal peduncle in the Spring spawning season.
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The vertebral column consisted of eleven cervical, twelve dorsal, five sacral and at least forty-nine caudal vertebrae. The point of the tail is missing. In the tail, the spines and chevrons strongly inclined to the back. The gastralia had very short lateral segments.
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Mene maculata, the moonfish, is the only extant member of the genus Mene and of the family Menidae. The body is highly compressed laterally and very deep vertically. The ventral profile is steep, with a sharp ventral edge. The caudal (tail) fin is deeply forked.
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Southern California Acad. Sci. 87(2), 1988, pp 67–73. The rediscovery date was 31 July 1986 in which caudal ray count differed from the original description. Although rediscovered, this pupfish does not enjoy Endangered Species Status and its present survival is unverified by redocumentation.
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The sides of the body below the lateral line have a longitudinal row of 8 or 9 dark blotches. The back also has a row of dusky blotches. The caudal fin has darker upper and lower rays, with all other fins hyaline in appearance.
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The fish has a silvery greenish or bluish-grey color above and is paler below. It often has a bronze or a green- gold tinge. The second dorsal and caudal fins are a dusky orange to nearly black. The fins have dark leading edges.
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The telson is flanked by a pair of long, thin caudal rami. Phenotypic plasticity within taxa makes species-level identification difficult, and is further compounded by variation in the mode of reproduction. Notostracans are omnivores living on the bottom of temporary pools and shallow lakes.
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Embryologically, the trigone of the bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts, which is of mesodermal origin (the rest of the bladder is endodermal). In the female the mesonephric ducts regress, causing the trigone to be less prominent, but still present.
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Air flows anteriorly (caudal to cranial) through the parallel parabronchi. These parabronchi have honeycombed walls. The cells of the honeycomb are dead-end air vesicles, called atria, which project radially from the parabronchi. The atria are the site of gas exchange by simple diffusion.
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The kidney of the perch runs along the backbone and forms a head, caudal to the gills. Perch have paired pectoral and pelvic fins, and two dorsal fins, the first one spiny and the second soft. These two fins can be separate or joined.
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The species can grow up to 6.3 inches or 16 centimeters. Males are known for a purple stripe that runs down the length of the body. The caudal fin is yellow. The species thrive in temperatures of 71.6–82.4 degrees Fahrenheit (22–28 degrees Celsius).
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A small fish, with maximum recorded size of about 4.8 cm. Small unbranched supraorbital, nasal and nuchal cirri. Lip margins smooth. Deep notch in dorsal fin between spiny and rayed sections, dorsal fin attached to base of caudal peduncle by a membrane, anal fin free.
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The juveniles, are similar to those of C. gaimard are bright orange-red in colour with 5 white patches with black edges along the back starting at the snout and ending on the caudal peduncle but as the juveniles grow older the differences become apparent.
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It has eight dark spots along its lateral line and many black dots on its caudal fin. This freshwater fish lives in rivers and lakes, and it is often found in converted lowland aquatic habitat, such as irrigation ditches and ponds associated with rice paddies.
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The axis is about the length of the other cervical vertebrae. Each vertebrae is ossified with no visible suture between the centrum and neural arch. The distal caudal vertebrae is slender and cylinder shaped and is poorly preserved compared to the other portion of vertebrae.
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The eyes are protruding and the snout is long, slightly compressed and thinner than the body. The caudal fin is present but quite small. Adults may form small aggregation. Ovoviviparous, the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail.
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The dorsal and caudal fins are darker in juveniles, and may be mottled in adults. The underside is plain white, with black blotches beneath the tail in some individuals. The sandyback stingaree is the largest member of its family off southern Australia, growing to long.
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The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. The caudal fin is forked. It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.
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On the dorsal fin the stripes are vertical. The outer edge of the caudal, dorsal and anal fins is white, while the pectoral fins are yellow. Sexing is difficult, but males do have a small genital papilla and females are generally plumper than the male.
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Adults of this species can grow up to TL. This fish is white in colouration with a yellow caudal fin. Its dorsal fin has 12 spines and 14 to 15 soft rays. Its anal fin has 2 spines and 11 to 12 soft rays.
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The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated. The caudal fin is forked. It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.
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Below the caudal vertebrae is the chevron bone. The front limbs are paddle-shaped with shortened arms and elongated finger bones, to support movement. They are connected by cartilage. The second and third fingers display a proliferation of the finger members, a so-called hyperphalangy.
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C. sloani has a forked caudal fin, an adipose fin, and a dorsal fin located immediately behind head. Almost all of its fins contain soft rays. C. sloani has a low lipid content (~2.4%). The body is enveloped in a thick, transparent, gelatinous casing.
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The bugeye dottyback is a small, rarely seen species of dottyback which varies in colour from a uniform yellow through to brown. It has a pinkish snout and brown individuals have a yellow caudal fin. It goes to a maximum total length of in males.
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The anal fin has 57 to 67 soft rays and it and the dorsal fin are continuous with the caudal fin. The upper side of the fish is greyish-brown, with black blotches, arranged in indistinct longitudinal rows. The underside of the fish is whitish.
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