Reunited, we lounge on floats and share our most aqueous memories.
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Instead, it is an aqueous suspension of the genetic codes of life.
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The habitable remainder contains neighborhoods with different aqueous bodies and wealth indexes.
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Under that moody, aqueous sky, my two best friends and I turned 14.
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It's hard to ignore the gratuitous excess, the worrisome superficiality, the aqueous extravagance.
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Aqueous Earth continues at ISCP (1040 Metropolitan Avenue, East Williamsburg, Brooklyn) through January 22.
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It is always a play of sunlight and a palette that is overwhelmingly aqueous.
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Novek's method pumps flue gas emissions through a mixture of water and aqueous ammonia.
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These tightly wound amalgams of drum-clicks and aqueous keyboards float by in relaxed succession.
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The clay minerals in this region suggest the presence of two one-time habitable, aqueous environments.
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By Design Aqueous abstraction meets barefoot modernism in the Brooklyn home of the couple behind Eskayel.
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This week, the recall was expanded again to include all aqueous-based, or water-based, products.
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The show culminates in two floors of aqueous, immersive environments, radiant with color, one completed this year.
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An aqueous pattern has been lightly pressed into them, suggesting the wash of tide, frozen in place.
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Two other aqueous E.T.F.s are the First Trust Water E.T.F. and the Tortoise Global Water E.S.G. Fund.
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Aqueous batteries avoid all these problems, with electrolytes that are water-based and therefore both nonflammable and nontoxic.
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Today her songbook encompasses Chilean folk, aqueous original compositions, Afro-Cuban classics and modern jazz tunes by her contemporaries.
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Superfund sites, dead fish, plastic in the ocean — Aqueous Earth is, in many ways, a fittingly dark and depressing show.
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Rather, the authorities suspect that it was caused by Aqueous Film Forming Foam, a firefighting substance used on military bases nationwide.
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The xenobots can survive in aqueous environments without additional nutrients for days or weeks -- making them suitable for internal drug delivery.
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Additionally, two of the device's solution formulas, including the Himalayan Aqueous and its traditional saline solution, are on sale as well.
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One recent experiment included mixing an aqueous solution with tricalcium silicate for the first time -- a scientific way of saying concrete.
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Within each, different kinds of marks and forms co-exist: dark outlines, aqueous thin and rubbed passages, and delineated color blocks.
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Replaying it, you get to untangle it's deceptively rich contours, conjured here through aqueous pads, twitchy concrete sounds, and other electronics collaged.
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The resultant patterns orbiting the oval are tinged with framed patches of enlivening color — aqueous blues, flourishes of white and fleshly pink.
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In most cases enzymes need to be in an aqueous environment to work, so if the fluids are removed, decomposition slows down.
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There are still a few technical hurdles to overcome, such as increasing the number of charging cycles an aqueous battery can handle.
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Alternative "greener" treatments, such as dry powder inhalers and aqueous mist inhalers, are available, experts said in the study published in BMJ Open.
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This is because the non-aqueous part of the glass melts into a proper liquid before the water does, and thus separates out.
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Some of the 20 railroad cars that derailed were carrying the hazardous materials sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and aqueous bisulfites, the statement said.
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Here, that means nine beatless, but still percussive pieces that send the aqueous electro he's known for making from underwater to outer space.
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From the conductor Bertrand de Billy and the orchestra, I kept hearing more of the score's conjunction of soaring lyricism and aqueous modernism.
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For no sooner does our latter-day mermaid finish her aria of farewell than this aqueous dream world is dismantled before our eyes.
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Christie's and Sotheby's both capitalized on this moment by kick-starting their sales with big aqueous "Freischwimmer" chromogenic color abstracts by the artist.
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The boys sound alternately gruff and yearning, snarling the rapped verses while crooning the chorus through vocal filters as aqueous as the keyboards themselves.
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Aqueous Film Forming Foam was created by 3M at the behest of the Navy, which needed a way to stamp out fires on ships.
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She joined the band at their show in New Orleans last night for a performance of their Morning View track "Aqueous Transmission" last night.
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Sight-fishing for bonefish quickly turned into something of an aqueous easter egg hunt, and before long, I had dinner for myself and the family.
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The Army has developed new aqueous lithium-ion batteries that use a nonflammable, water-based solvent and lithium salt that is not sensitive to heat.
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In the dark, I reach down to the floor for my glass full of aqueous relief but my fingers are met only by an empty glass.
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It seemed to be a clever game of aqueous cat and mouse alluringly set in tumbling rivers or by the still waters of a mountain lake.
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First, air is channelled by fans onto a honeycombed plastic slab called a contactor, where CO210, which is acidic, reacts with aqueous potassium hydroxide, which is alkaline.
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From on-the-ground rovers, we have aqueous chemistry detected in several different kinds of minerals, which do not form without liquid water, and even smooth pebbles.
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"TT" soundtracks the A-side off their recent single on Sydney's Future Classic imprint with aqueous and iridescent animation of dancing humans and organic-seeming abstract shapes.
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The iridescent, aqueous "Nymphéa" surrounds a string quartet (here the Calder Quartet) with a barely detectable electronic humidity, setting in motion cycles of sounds evaporating and condensing.
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Suddenly, it makes sense: The core of the body is a vessel, with the hands and legs spinning like propellers to keep it suspended in aqueous space.
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He turned to calcium alginate, a gelatinous substance that is made from aqueous calcium chloride and acqueous sodium alginate (a tried-and-true staple of molecular gastronomy).
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The effect depends on a carefully titrated combination of distilled and saline water; a technician from the Koons studio had spent the morning making the aqueous recipe.
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The key differentiation between brostep and its more respectable older brother is that it's bigger and brasher, focusing on tinny mid-range rather than sub-aqueous bass excursions.
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"It's quite possible it will touch every state," said Jennifer Field, a professor at Oregon State University and an expert on the chemistry of Aqueous Film Forming Foam.
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This is where the added potassium hydroxide does its third job, for an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide will dissolve aluminium hydroxide in a way that pure water cannot.
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I attended performances at sites both traditional (the Rex Theater, a gorgeous 1905 former vaudeville stage, where I saw a free show by the jam band Aqueous) and nontraditional.
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When whisky is diluted, the alcohol is driven to the surface, and many of the taste molecules follow it because they like to be in a slightly less aqueous environment.
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Newburgh residents had been drinking PFAS-contaminated water for decades following the military's adoption of AFFF—short for aqueous film-forming foam, a fire foam used to fight fuel fires.
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Aquion, which makes saltwater batteries for use in electricity grids under the Aqueous Hybrid Ion brand, also said it laid off 80 percent of its workforce and paused all factory operations.
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Trust the Guide and Glide is out today on Leaving Records, you can stream it below alongside a wonderfully aqueous video for "Unfolding Atlantis," premiered by our pals at The Creators Project.
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The imager will tell us the state of the rover and properties of rocks, while the spectroscopy component searches for and identifies minerals found in aqueous environments as well as organic molecules.
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University of Maryland researchers at the A. James Clark School of Engineering created a new water-based zinc battery that uses an aqueous electrolyte instead of the flammable substance in lithium-ion batteries.
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Dev Hynes (Blood Orange) directed the video, which begins with the aqueous, unmoored introduction "Hyperlife" as Beck intones "Want to feel more and more"; both are from Beck's album "Hyperspace," due Nov. 22.
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For example, the FDA requires that producers use pharmaceutical-grade ingredients (ethanol or isopropyl alcohol in an aqueous solution, glycerol, hydrogen peroxide, and distilled water) and follow an exact recipe, called a monograph.
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That's not to discount Lex's tremendous influence, but a lot has to be said for the dynamic restraint that T-Minus and Kromatik used, aided of course by 40's aqueous mixing touches.
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He's able to swim through aqueous electro, dizzy ambient passages, and more thunderous techno tropes with ease—splatter painting sequenced synths across it in a way that feels indebted to brainy 90s Warp releases.
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Sameer Gupta — a drummer, tabla player and organizer of the Brooklyn Raga Massive collective — has just released "A Circle Has No Beginning," an album of aqueous and entrancing compositions featuring his seven-piece ensemble.
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It was also through Aqueous Earth that I ended up riding on Newtown Creek with Gauthier, who organized nine trips — plus two boat-building workshops — as vehicles for conversations with artists about their ecological work.
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The battery Dr Bettinger has come up with has a melanin cathode, an anode of sodium titanium phosphate, which is also non-toxic, and an aqueous electrolyte that can be charged with any soluble cation desired.
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PFAS, short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are found at high levels in a concentrate for a firefighting foam called AFFF, or aqueous film forming foam, which has seeped into groundwater and at times tainted drinking water.
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A computer hosting the website, as well as some of Singer's photographs and documents from her research on Superfund sites, are on view now at the International Studio & Curatorial Program (ISCP), as part of the exhibition Aqueous Earth.
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Even inside the musty, fortresslike house where 7-year-old Chloe (an amazing Lexy Kolker) lives with her jittery Dad (Emile Hirsch), there's an aqueous gleam to the roughly shaded windows and the shadows seem cut from velvet.
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In the face of climate change and sea-level rise, even creatures living in the planet's newest, largest aqueous preserve may not be preserved; as conditions shift, they may be forced to swim and slither beyond its borders.
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The set seemed to suggest the pedophiles' minds—an aqueous world in which fantasies were never entirely solid, yet never completely without foundation, either—and to raise the question whether we are ever safe from the ghastliest of thoughts.
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That gamble paid off after he debuted EP Circa in 2013, one single off which Pitchfork called "simultaneously aqueous and intergalactic" and which earned him a coveted mention in The Guardian's now-retired New band of the day column.
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Some of the pieces on the Russian composer Kate NV's new album on RVNG, для FOR, originally appeared on that compilation, which lends a way of understanding these minimal, rhythmic assemblages of (possibly digital) malleted percussion, aqueous synth work, and lyrical electronics.
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Making matters worse, the mussels suck up practically every speck of life in the water except a toxic form of blue-green algae called microcystis, which, due largely to a flood of under-regulated agricultural runoff, blossoms like an aqueous atomic bomb each summer.
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Then the Artifacts Trio took the stage, taking a different approach: Nicole Mitchell's flute and Tomeka Reid's cello met with Mike Reed's cymbal-heavy drumming to make an aqueous sound that allowed itself to be warped and melted and spread about by the room.
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Form Energy is developing aqueous sulfur-flow batteries, which inhale and exhale oxygen in a weird chemistry: They combine a sulfur anode dissolved in water with an aerated liquid-salt-solution cathode, where oxygen flows in and out of the cathode, causing the battery to discharge.
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The opening moments tend toward misty synthesizers, the drawn out drawls of uber-DIY songwriters, or grayscale ambience—whatever that particular AM calls for—before slowly, as the clock ticks toward noon, turning to gnarlier territories: techno slivers, abstract polyrhythms, aqueous electro, 80s post-punk curios.
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The record doesn't necessarily speak to the dancefloor, but it does act as a portal to the joyous sounds, vibrant colors, and styles that occupy the duo's brains—in this case, jazz, funk, house, hip-hop and other genres home to aqueous synthesizers and rib-cracking percussion.
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It has three parts: the iris, which is the colored part of the eye; the choroid layer, which is the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the sclera and the retina; and the ciliary body, which secretes the transparent liquid (aqueous humor) into the eye.
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There are moments that feel club-like in their energy, like the aqueous Drexciyan passage in "Outside the Axiom," or in the prickly forward momentum of the title track, premiering here, but Mao says that she's never been terribly interested in making dance music as such.
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His dreamy, aqueous style ("cloud rap," as taxonomists would say) has informed not only the druggy haze of contemporary SoundCloud rap, but also the reticent shimmer of alternative R&B — and, more indirectly, the recent gradual enervation of mainstream pop, getting ever slower and more echoey each year.
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Fluid in its structure and aqueous in its themes, the novel vividly evokes the teeming, sweltering city, and a story set in the future reflects Bangkok's vulnerability to rising sea levels: snakes moving to high ground turn out to be a harbinger, ignored by locals, of catastrophic floods.
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The burbly singsong sway of "Foreign," the synthesized strings bouncing up and down throughout "Shoota," the high-pitched squeals embedded into the woozy, breathy electronic rush of "Fell in Luv" — all suggest a sort of warped rap shoegaze, as the aqueous synthesizer gurgle simulates waves of electric feedback.
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The photo-reduction of CO2 on p-type semiconductor photo- electrodes has been achieved in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. Main difference between aqueous and non-aqueous media is the solubility of CO2. The solubility of CO2 in aqueous media at 1 atm. of CO2 is around ≈ 35 mM; whereas solubility of CO2 in methanol is around 210 mM and in acetonitrile is around 210 mM.
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In industry, aqueous ammonia can be used as a precursor to some alkyl amines, although anhydrous ammonia is usually preferred. Hexamethylenetetramine forms readily from aqueous ammonia and formaldehyde. Ethylenediamine forms from 1,2-dichloroethane and aqueous ammonia.
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An aqueous Li–air battery consists of a lithium metal anode, an aqueous electrolyte and a porous carbon cathode. The aqueous electrolyte combines lithium salts dissolved in water. It avoids the issue of cathode clogging because the reaction products are water-soluble. The aqueous design has a higher practical discharge potential than its aprotic counterpart.
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In this paper, aqueous solution osmatic pressure of HA groups has increased, since the HA concentration in the aqueous solution resulted in relatively high osmatic pressure.
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Many heavy metal ions can be precipitated out of aqueous solution as insoluble silicates by the addition of a ten per cent aqueous solution of sodium metasilicate.
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It is thought that most cases of glaucoma (although not all) are caused or enabled by an increase in intraocular pressure. Pressure increases either when too much aqueous humor fluid is produced or by decreased aqueous humor outflow. The trabecular meshwork is responsible for most of the outflow of aqueous humor. When outflow is blocked, interventions such as trabeculectomy, trabeculoplasty, or aqueous shunt may be required to restore it.
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Aqueous solutions are solutions of a compound with water. In contrast to other formulations, such as oil solutions, aqueous suspensions, and emulsions, aqueous solutions of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection are not depot injections. Instead, they are rapidly absorbed and eliminated, analogously to intravenous injections of estradiol and estradiol esters. The durations of aqueous solutions of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection are measured in hours.
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As an organic solvent was added to the aqueous solution in the vessel, the organic and aqueous phases separated out with the organic layer on top. This solvent extracted plutonium from the aqueous solution with sufficient concentration and geometry to create a criticality. Two plant workers were exposed to radiation.
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The aqueous–aprotic or mixed Li–air battery design attempts to unite advantages of the aprotic and aqueous battery designs. The common feature of hybrid designs is a two-part (one part aqueous and one part aprotic) electrolyte connected by a lithium-conducting membrane. The anode abuts the aprotic side while the cathode is in contact with the aqueous side. A lithium-conducting ceramic is typically employed as the membrane joining the two electrolytes.
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By removing the primary resistance (the trabecular meshwork), aqueous humor can pass more freely into collector channels and aqueous veins. The Goldmann equation states that Intraocular Pressure = [Aqueous Humor Formation/Outflow] + Episcleral Venous Pressure. This equation states that free-flowing aqueous humor should cause intraocular pressure to drop to the same level as in the episcleral veins [26]. However, this is rare, and the average postoperative intraocular pressure is around 16 mmHg [27].
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Aqueous humour is continually produced by the ciliary processes and this rate of production must be balanced by an equal rate of aqueous humour drainage. Small variations in the production or outflow of aqueous humour will have a large influence on the intraocular pressure. The drainage route for aqueous humour flow is first through the posterior chamber, then the narrow space between the posterior iris and the anterior lens (contributes to small resistance), through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber. From there, the aqueous humour exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal (a channel at the limbus, i.e.
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The aim of surgery in dogs with glaucoma is to reduce intraocular pressure. This is achieved by reducing aqueous humor production, or by improving drainage of aqueous humor from the eye.
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Estrone has been marketed under a variety of brand names, including Andrestraq, Aquacrine, A.T.V., Bestrone, Centrogen, Cicatral, Cormone, Crinovaryl, Cristallovar, Crystogen, Destrone, Disynformon, Endofolliculina, Estragyn, Estroject, Estrol, Estrone, Estrone Aqueous Suspension, Estrone-A, Estrugenone, Estrusol, Femestrone, Femidyn, Folikrin, Folipex, Folisan, Folliculin, Follicunodis, Follidrin, Gineburno, Glandubolin, Grietalgen, Grietalgen Hidrocort, Gynogen, Hiestrone, Hormofollin, Hormonin, Hormovarine, Kestrin, Kestrone, Ketodestrin, Kolpon, Ladies Pearl, Livifolin, Menagen, Metharmon-F, Neo-Estrone, Oestrilin, Oestrin, Oestroform, Oestroperos, Ovex, Ovifollin, Perlatan, Progynon, Senikolp, Solliculin, Solutio Folliculinum, Synergon (in combination with progesterone), Theelin, Thynestron, Tokokin, Unden, Unigen, Wehgen, and Wynestron. Brand names of estrone in aqueous suspension specifically include Bestrone, Estaqua, Estrofol, Estroject, Estrone-A, Estronol, Femogen, Foygen Aqueous, Gravigen Aqueous, Gynogen, Hormogen-A, Kestrin Aqueous, Kestrone, Theelin Aqueous, Theogen, Unigen, and Wehgen.
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A variation of the static method is to add a solution of the substance in a non-aqueous solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, to an aqueous buffer mixture. Aqueous solubility measurement – kinetic vs. thermodynamic methods Immediate precipitation may occur giving a cloudy mixture. The solubility measured for such a mixture is known as "kinetic solubility".
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Latanoprost/timolol (trade name Xalacom) is a combination drug used in glaucoma, consisting of latanoprost (increase uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor) and timolol (a beta blocker decreasing the production of aqueous fluid).
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When performing calculations regarding the reacting of one or more aqueous solutions, in general one must know the concentration, or molarity, of the aqueous solutions. Solution concentration is given in terms of the form of the solute prior to it dissolving. Aqueous solutions may contain, especially in alkaline zone or subjected to radiolysis, hydrated atomic hydrogen and hydrated electrons.
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Aqueous suspensions of polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate are characterized by high viscosity.
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In aqueous solution, methanolamine may decompose into formaldehyde and ammonia.
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The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.
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Dr. David M. Maurice (1922-2002), an eye specialist and semi-retired adjunct professor at Columbia University, proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea, and that aqueous humor, the liquid between cornea and iris, was stagnant if not stirred. Among the supportive evidences, he calculated that if aqueous humor was stagnant, oxygen from iris had to reach cornea by diffusion through aqueous humor, which was not sufficient. According to the theory, when the animal is awake, eye movement (or cool environmental temperature) enables the aqueous humor to circulate. When the animal is sleeping, REM provides the much-needed stir to aqueous humor.
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Treatment with acetylacetone and aqueous KOH gives Rh(acac)(C2H4)2.
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Estrone in oil solution by intramuscular injection has a shorter duration than estrone in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection. Estrone in oil solution by intramuscular injection is rapidly absorbed, while estrone in aqueous suspension has a prolonged period of absorption. Upon intramuscular injection of estrone in aqueous solution, the water from the preparation is absorbed and a microcrystalline depot of estrone that is slowly absorbed by the body is formed. This is responsible for the prolonged duration of estrone in aqueous suspension compared to oil solution.
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At elevated temperature its solubility in water is much higher. Methyl acetate is not stable in the presence of strong aqueous bases or aqueous acids. Methyl acetate is not considered as a VOC in the USA.
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The ion reacts and then forms another ion, which is then transferred back to the aqueous phase. For instance, the 31.1 kJ mol−1 is required to transfer an acetate anion into nitrobenzene, while the energy required to transfer a chloride anion from an aqueous phase to nitrobenzene is 43.8 kJ mol−1. Hence, if the aqueous phase in a reaction is a solution of sodium acetate while the organic phase is a nitrobenzene solution of benzyl chloride, then, when a phase transfer catalyst, the acetate anions can be transferred from the aqueous layer where they react with the benzyl chloride to form benzyl acetate and a chloride anion. The chloride anion is then transferred to the aqueous phase.
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Cercomonads are small flagellates, widespread in aqueous habitats and common in soils.
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The 2H-1,2,3-triazole tautomer is the major form in aqueous solution.
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When dilute, the gas and aqueous solutions (<10%) can be safely handled.
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Upon prolonged exposure to aqueous solutions phlorizin hydrolyzes to phloretin and glucose.
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So ibopamine can not be found in the aqueous humor after instillation.
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Aqueous samples, lysed cells, or homogenised tissue are mixed with equal volumes of a phenol:chloroform mixture. This mixture is then centrifuged. Because the phenol:chloroform mixture is immiscible with water, the centrifuge will cause two distinct phases to form: an upper aqueous phase, and a lower organic phase. The aqueous phase rises to the top because it is less dense than the organic phase containing the phenol:chloroform.
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The aqueous phase is always on top of the organic because, as mentioned above, phenol is denser than water. Nucleic acids are polar, and therefore stay in the aqueous phase, whereas non- polar cellular components move into the organic phase. After phenol has been added to the sample it is centrifuged and the aqueous and organic (“Phenol”) phases form. Phenol is often used in combination with chloroform.
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During the last years the application of this technique enabled accurate simulations of ionic compounds and organic species as well as coordination complexes in aqueous solution. His most recent research is focussed on the lanthanoid ions in aqueous solution.
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It is somewhat basic: a 1% aqueous solution has a pH of 11.8.
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DES dipalmitate in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection has been studied as well.
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It can be prepared by the addition of aqueous ammonia to propylene oxide.
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Copper cyanide is also soluble in concentrated aqueous ammonia, pyridine and N-methylpyrrolidone.
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As in the solid state, aqueous solution, Hg(CN)2 molecules are linear.
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Srivastava, H. C. Nootan ISC Chemistry (12th) Edition 18, pp. 458–459, Nageen Prakashan (2014) AAEMFC is a type of AFC which employs a solid polymer electrolyte instead of aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) and it is superior to aqueous AFC.
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The search for Martian biosignatures has become more promising due to the discovery that surface and near-surface aqueous environments existed on Mars at the same time when biological organic matter was being preserved in ancient aqueous sediments on Earth.
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Often solids are available as prills, a solid globule. Liquid fertilizers comprise anhydrous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate or urea. These concentrated products may be diluted with water to form a concentrated liquid fertilizer (e.g., UAN).
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However, it does not form stable aqueous solutions, due in part to its autopolymerisation, and its tendency to be oxidised by water. Copper hydride reversibly precipitates from pyridine solution, as an amorphous solid. However, repeated dissolution affords the regular crystalline form, which is insoluble. Under standard conditions, molecular copper hydride autopolymerises to form the crystalline form, including under aqueous conditions, hence the aqueous production method devised by Wurtz.
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In 1955, testosterone phenylacetate in aqueous suspension was said to have the longest duration of any clinically used androgen marketed up to that point. Testosterone phenylacetate in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection, similarly to other aqueous suspension formulations, causes local injection site reactions, including local pain, swelling, and tenderness. These symptoms last for several days after the injection and then subside. These reactions do not typically occur with oil solutions.
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Similarly to aqueous media system, p-Si, p-InP, p-GaAs, p-GaP and p-CdTe are explored for CO2 photoelectrochemical reduction. Among these, p-GaP has lowest overpotential, whereas, p-CdTe has moderate overpotential but high catalytic current density in DMF with 5% water mixture system. Main product of CO2 reduction in non-aqueous media is carbon monoxide. Competitive hydrogen generation is minimized in non-aqueous media.
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Aqueous biphasic systems are used during downstream processing mainly in biotechnological and chemical industries.
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In aqueous solution, the ions are hydrated by (usually) six water molecules arranged octahedrally.
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Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of titanium trichloride.
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The active substances, brinzolamide and brimonidine tartrate, help to reduce intra-ocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humour. Brinzolamide works by blocking an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which produces bicarbonate needed for the production of the aqueous humour, while brimonidine tartrate blocks another enzyme known as adenylate cyclase, which is also involved in the production of the aqueous humour. Brimonidine also increases the drainage of aqueous humour from the front of the eye. Brinzolamide/brimonidine was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2013, and in the European Union in July 2014.
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The device works by bypassing the trabecular meshwork and redirecting the outflow of aqueous humour through a small tube into an outlet chamber or bleb. The IOP generally decreases from around 33 to 10 mmHg by removing aqueous on average 2.75 microliters/min.
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When writing the equations of aqueous reactions, it is essential to determine the precipitate. To determine the precipitate, one must consult a chart of solubility. Soluble compounds are aqueous, while insoluble compounds are the precipitate. There may not always be a precipitate.
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Applications of non-aqueous EPD are currently being explored for use in the fabrication of electronic components and the production of ceramic coatings. Non-aqueous processes have the advantage of avoiding the electrolysis of water and the oxygen evolution which accompanies electrolysis.
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Aqueous humour is secreted into the posterior chamber by the ciliary body, specifically the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body (pars plicata). 5 alpha-dihydrocortisol, an enzyme inhibited by 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, may be involved in production of aqueous humour.
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It fluoresces strongly when partitioned into lipids, but practically not at all in aqueous solution.
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SHMP hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate.
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The compound can be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of hydrazine () with sulfuric acid ().
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Trifluridine passes the cornea and is found in the aqueous humour. Systemic absorption is negligible.
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Enzymatic reactions are limited by the need for aqueous solvent and near-neutral reaction conditions. PLE hydrolyses are typically carried out with a phosphate buffer to maintain the pH between 7 and 8. As solubility of the substrate in the aqueous medium is critical, a small amount of a polar organic co-solvent is sometimes added to the aqueous solution of the enzyme. Commercially available PLE is of sufficient purity for most applications.
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The extent to which such exotic weathering processes operate on Mars is still uncertain. Minerals that incorporate water or form in the presence of water are generally termed "aqueous minerals." Aqueous minerals are sensitive indicators of the type of environment that existed when the minerals formed. The ease with which aqueous reactions occur (see Gibbs free energy) depends on the pressure, temperature, and on the concentrations of the gaseous and soluble species involved.
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Other products and brand names of estrone marketed in the 1930s included Estrone (Abbott, Lilly), Oestroform (British Drug Houses), Folliculin (Organon), Menformon (Organon), and Ketodestrin (Paines & Byrne), among others. These formulations included ampoules of oil or aqueous solution for intramuscular injection, oral tablets, and vaginal suppositories. Estrone in aqueous suspension for use by intramuscular injection was first described in 1941 and was introduced for medical use under the brand name Theelin Aqueous Suspension by 1944.
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If the majority of group-contribution methods give results in gas phase, recently, a new such method was created for estimating the standard Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔfG′°) and reaction (ΔrG′°) in biochemical systems: aqueous solution, temperature of 25 ℃ and pH = 7 (biochemical conditions). This new aqueous-system method is based on the group-contribution method of Mavrovouniotis. A free-access tool of this new method in aqueous condition is available on the web.
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According to legend, there was no earth at the beginning of time. There was only a single aqueous orb. The gods called in the help of seven suns to dry up the aqueous orb. After stones had become visible, termites made a mound of mud.
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The Lumière–Barbier method is a method of acetylating aromatic amines in aqueous solutions. Illustrative is the acetylation of aniline. First aniline is dissolved in water using one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. This solution is subsequently treated, sequentially, wiith acetic anhydride and aqueous sodium acetate.
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12 (2010) 1981–1989, . Where the sulfonic acid functionality is not essential, the much more usable alkaline aqueous solution of sodium vinylsulfonate is used, which is obtained directly in the alkaline hydrolysis of the carbyl sulfate and is commercially supplied as an aqueous solution..
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"The Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution" ASIN B000GRXLSA published 1938.
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In contrast to anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia finds few non-niche uses outside of cleaning agents.
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An aqueous solution of copper sulfate is often used as the resistive element in liquid resistors.
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Air may consist of any terrene or aqueous corpuscles, kept swimming in the interfluent celestial matter.
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This process was modified by Lassen, who precipitated the aqueous solution with the subacetate of lead.
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Along with indomethacin, diclofenac and others, bromfenac belongs to the acetic acid group of NSAIDs. It is used in form of bromfenac sodium · 1.5 H2O (CAS number: ), which is soluble in water, methanol and aqueous bases, insoluble in chloroform and aqueous acids, and melts at under decomposition.
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The α-carbon of nitroalkanes is somewhat acidic. The pKa values of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane are respectively 17.2 and 16.9 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution. These values suggest an aqueous pKa of around 11. In other words, these carbon acids can be deprotonated in aqueous solution.
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Aqueous solutions of ferric chloride are characteristically yellow, in contrast to the pale pink solutions of [Fe(H2O)6]3+. According to spectroscopic measurements, the main species in aqueous solutions of ferric chloride are the octahedral complex [FeCl2(H2O)4]+ (stereochemistry unspecified) and the tetrahedral [FeCl4]−.
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The word aqueous (which comes from aqua) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Aqueous solution is water with a pH of 7.0 where the hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH−) are in Arrhenius balance (10−7). A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is not water.
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Aqueous humor is produced in the portion of the eye known as the ciliary body. The ciliary body contains 72 protrusions known as ciliary processes, from which the aqueous is produced. The destruction of these ciliary processes with a diode laser, known as cyclophotocoagulation, can be used to decrease the amount of aqueous humor produced, thereby reducing the intraocular pressure. Cyclophotocoagulation traditionally has been performed using an external laser through the sclera, known as transcleral cyclophotocoagulation.
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Another aspect of Keszler's research demonstrates synthesis of functional inorganic materials such as high-quality inorganic films and ordered nanostructures with single-digit nanometer resolution in solution. In 2013, they came up with successful aqueous-based synthesis of ultrathin films of TiO2 and aqueous-derived Al4O3(PO4)2(AlPO) films and were able to assemble these materials into nanolaminates. Keszler group’s successful synthesis of flat cluster [Al13(μ3-OH)6(μ2-OH)18(H2O)24]15+ using an electrochemical method and treating aqueous aluminum nitrate solution with a zinc metal powder at room temperature demonstrate the importance of his work to the field of water- based material synthesis. From that, they focused more on developing aqueous- based synthesis of couple other compounds such as [Sc2(μ-OH)2(H2O)6(NO3)2](NO3)2] from an aqueous scandium nitrate solution.
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Strategies include aqueous lithium-ion batteries, ceramic solid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, ionic liquids, and heavily fluorinated systems.
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It is slightly soluble in hot water. The pH of a 2% aqueous suspension is approximately 4.7.
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Aluminon, the triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid, is a dye often used to detect the presence of the aluminium ion in an aqueous solution. Aluminon forms a red complex salt in combination with Al3+. Deep purple pigment in a neutral aqueous solution. Made from aluminon and ferric (Fe3+) ions.
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A strong acid is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, hydrochloric acid, HCl, is a strong acid. :HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) A strong base is one that is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base.
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When applied topically into the eyes of rodents, cats, rhesus monkeys, and humans PGE2 acts, apparently acting at least in part through EP2, decreases intraocular pressure by stimulating increases in the drainage of aqueous humor through the uveoskceral pathway, the principal aqueous humor outflow pathway in the eye.
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Aqueous electrolytes, owing to the limited electrochemical stability window of water, result in sodium-ion batteries of lower voltages and hence, limited energy densities. To extend the voltage range of sodium-ion batteries, the same non-aqueous carbonate ester polar aprotic solvents used in lithium-ion electrolytes, such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate etc. can be used. The current most widely used non-aqueous electrolyte utilises sodium hexafluorophosphate as the salt dissolved in a mixture of the aforementioned solvents.
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A less widely used processes involves a double decomposition reaction where aqueous inorganic copper salts such as copper sulfate are reacted with stoichiometric amounts of alkali metal salts of naphthenic acid such as sodium or potassium naphthenate in aqueous solutions. This reaction generates an aqueous brine such as sodium sulfate as the reaction byproduct. A direct metal reaction of copper metal with naphthenic acid has been used commercially but requires severe reaction conditions and generates excessive impurities.R. C. Mehrotra and R. Bohra (1983).
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They are an intermediate step in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, which occurs in the nitrogen cycle. Hyponitrite can act as a bridging or chelating bidentate ligand.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 459–72 Nitrous acid (HNO2) is not known as a pure compound, but is a common component in gaseous equilibria and is an important aqueous reagent: its aqueous solutions may be made from acidifying cool aqueous nitrite (, bent) solutions, although already at room temperature disproportionation to nitrate and nitric oxide is significant.
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Several qualitative tests are used to detect the presence of reducing sugars. Two of them use solutions of copper(II) ions: Benedict's reagent (Cu2+ in aqueous sodium citrate) and Fehling's solution (Cu2+ in aqueous sodium tartrate). The reducing sugar reduces the copper(II) ions in these test solutions to copper(I), which then forms a brick red copper(I) oxide precipitate. Reducing sugars can also be detected with the addition of Tollen's reagent, which consist of silver ions (Ag+) in aqueous ammonia.
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A micelle is an aggregation of surfactants or block copolymer in aqueous solution or organic solution, often spherical.
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Radium bromide will crystallize when separated from aqueous solution. It forms a dihydrate, very similar to barium bromide.
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Researchers from QUT developed earth abundant cryptomelane based electrodes as cathode for Aluminum ion battery with aqueous electrolytes.
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Pell currently resides in Australia and researches extreme performance and aqueous architectures for future use in outer space.
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Regardless of the cations, the salts are distinctive because aqueous solutions contain the radical [ON(SO3)2]2-.
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MPA is available alone in the form of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg oral tablets, as a 150 mg/mL (1 mL) or 400 mg/mL (2.5 mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection, and as a 104 mg (0.65 mL of 160 mg/mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection. It has also been marketed in the form of 100, 200, 250, 400, and 500 mg oral tablets; 500 and 1,000 mg oral suspensions; and as a 50 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A 100 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection was previously available as well. In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is available in the form of oral tablets in combination with conjugated estrogens (CEEs), estradiol, and estradiol valerate for use in menopausal hormone therapy, and is available in combination with estradiol cypionate in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension as a combined injectable contraceptive.
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Corneal perforation can be diagnosed by using the Seidel test. Any aqueous leakage is revealed during the Seidel test confirms corneal perforation. A fluorescence strip is wiped over the wound. If the clear aqueous humor from the eye runs through the yellow stain, the patient tests positive for corneal perforation.
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Due to their biochemical properties, the DNA fragments cross- linked to nucleosomes will preferentially sit in the organic phase. Nucleosome depleted or ‘open’ regions on the other hand will be found in the aqueous phase. By specifically extracting the aqueous phase, only nucleosome-depleted regions will be purified and enriched.
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Plutonium is separated from uranium by treating the kerosene solution with aqueous ferrous sulphamate, which selectively reduces the plutonium to the +3 oxidation state. The plutonium passes into the aqueous phase. The uranium is stripped from the kerosene solution by back-extraction into nitric acid at a concentration of ca. .
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This is similar to the duration of an aqueous suspension of 10 mg estradiol benzoate or an oil solution of 10 mg estradiol valerate. Emulsions of steroids by intramuscular injection have similar properties (e.g., duration) relative to aqueous suspensions. Painful injection site reactions have been reported with emulsions similarly to suspensions.
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Nitroacetic acid can be synthesized by adding cold chloroacetic acid into a cold, slightly alkaline aqueous solution, followed by mixing with aqueous sodium nitrite solution. It is important during this procedure not to make the solution too alkaline and to keep it cold to prevent the formation of sodium glycolate.
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BP is not attacked by acids or boiling aqueous alkali water solutions. It is only attacked by molten alkalis.
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For example, acetic acid has a higher molar conductivity in dilute aqueous acetic acid than in concentrated acetic acid.
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J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 1: 1–12.Metchnikoff, E. (1893) On aqueous humour, micro-organisms, and immunity. J. Pathol. Bacteriol.
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Temozolomide is an imidazotetrazine derivative. It is slightly soluble in water and aqueous acids, and melts at under decomposition.
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Note that the enzymes released from the hyphal tip require an aqueous environment for release and subsequent degradative activity.
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Oxalates react rapidly with aqueous iron(III) chloride to give . Other carboxylate salts form complexes; e.g., citrate and tartrate.
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Hydrofuramide was prepared in 1960 by Kapur via the reaction of furfural with aqueous ammonia in chilled ethanol solution.
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Conjunctivochalasis may be associated with previous surgery, blepharitis, meibomian gland disorder (MGD), Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and aqueous tear deficiency.
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The cell voltages given in the Electrochemistry section are larger than the potential at which aqueous solutions will electrolyze.
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For kraft lignins, the molar mass distribution can be determined by aqueous phase or organic phase size-exclusion chromatography.
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A process for separating oxygenous organic compounds from aqueous media by liquid-liquid extraction with an organic extraction agent.
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It was shown that undecanone, which photolyzes rapidly in methanol solution, does not photolyze in NS-CAL aqueous solution.
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In 2015, researchers at the University of Maryland and the Army Research Laboratory showed significantly increased stable potential windows for aqueous electrolytes with very high salt concentration. By increasing the molality of Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt to 21 m, the potential window could be increased from 1.23 to 3 V due to the formation of SEI on the anode electrode, which has previously only been accomplished with non-aqueous electrolytes. Using aqueous rather than organic electrolyte could significantly improve the safety of Li-ion batteries.
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The tantalum and niobium fluoride complexes are then removed from the aqueous solution by liquid-liquid extraction into organic solvents, such as cyclohexanone, octanol, and methyl isobutyl ketone. This simple procedure allows the removal of most metal-containing impurities (e.g. iron, manganese, titanium, zirconium), which remain in the aqueous phase in the form of their fluorides and other complexes. Separation of the tantalum from niobium is then achieved by lowering the ionic strength of the acid mixture, which causes the niobium to dissolve in the aqueous phase.
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Four approaches are active: aprotic, aqueous, solid state and mixed aqueous–aprotic. Metal–air batteries, specifically zinc–air, have received attention due to potentially high energy densities. The theoretical specific energy densities for metal–air batteries are higher than for ion-based methods. Lithium–air batteries can theoretically achieve 3840 mA·h/g.
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2015 (with Li2O2 or LiO2 as the discharge products) and aqueous (LiOH as the discharge product) Li-O2 batteries have been considered.Balaish, Kraytsberg, et al. 2014Imanishi and Yamamoto 2014 The aqueous battery requires a protective layer on the negative electrode to keep the Li metal from reacting with water. Schematic of artificial vs.
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In reversed-phase (e.g. aqueous mobile phase) elution, the aqueous phase is used as the mobile phase with a less polar stationary phase. In countercurrent chromatography the same solvent system may be used in either normal or reversed phase mode simply by switching the direction of mobile phase flow through the column.
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The aqueous solution of these complexes in different concentrations is taken in a quartz vessel and reduced using a photoreactor. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be used as a stabilizer. The size and composition of the nanoparticles vary with the concentration of the aqueous solution. The composition of the nanoparticles can be analyzed using EDX studies.
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Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium phytate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper.
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The curve displays four minima and four maxima. The spectra of the asteroid does not display evidence of aqueous alteration.
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Drugstore-made ~400 mL aqueous solution of Furacilin (, nitrofural), 1 : 5000 (0.2 mg/mL or 0.02%), ready for topical use.
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Secondary glaucomas occur when other eye diseases alter the flow of aqueous humor either into or out of the eye.
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It is soluble in boiling aqueous ammonia, but is insoluble in cold. Diammine, monoammine, and dihydrazine nickel bromides also exist.
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The hydrates crystallize from aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The material is a fluoride acceptor. With xenon hexafluoride it forms [FeF4][XeF5].
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Quillaia extract is obtained by aqueous extraction of Quillai saponaria Molina, or other Quillaia species, trees of the family Rosaceae.
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Acidic, highly concentrated aqueous solution formulated to deoxidize, demut and condition the surface of certain aluminum alloys for subsequent processing.
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Heating above 320 °C produces a mixture of chromium oxides. Milburn and Taube have presented data indicating that chromium(II) will reduce oxalate to glycolate within a few minutes in acidic aqueous solutions, casting some doubt on the formulation of chromium(II) oxalate as a stable Cr2+ species if prepared from acidic aqueous solutions.
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Schlemm's canal is a circular lymphatic-like vessel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the episcleral blood vessels via aqueous veins.Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990. It is named after Friedrich Schlemm (1795–1858), a German anatomist.
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Like typical hydrated ketonic acids, it is reduced in aqueous solution by sodium amalgam to tartronic acid, and also combines with phenylhydrazine and hydroxylamine. It reduces ammoniacal silver solutions. When heated with urea to 100 °C, it forms allantoin. By continued boiling of its aqueous solution it is decomposed into carbon dioxide and glyoxylic acid.
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Hydroiodic acid (or hydriodic acid) is a highly acidic aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide (H I) (concentrated solution usually 48 - 57% HI). It is the second strongest hydrohalic acid, after hydroastatic acid. Hydroiodic acid is a commonly used chemical reagent and is one of the strong acids that ionize completely in an aqueous solution.
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Phospholipid vesicles have also been studied in biochemistry. For such studies, a homogeneous phospholipid vesicle suspension can be prepared by extrusion or sonication, injection of a phospholipid solution into the aqueous buffer solution membranes. In this way aqueous vesicle solutions can be prepared of different phospholipid composition, as well as different sizes of vesicles.
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Cyclospasm is the contraction of the ciliary muscle in the eye, in the accommodation of focus for near vision. Cyclospasm may also exert tensions on the trabecular meshwork, opening the pores and facilitating outflow of the aqueous humour into the canal of Schlemm. The increase in aqueous humour outflow is desirable for patients with glaucoma.
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The liquid solution can be either aqueous based or solvent- based. Aqueous solutions have the advantage of being safer to deal with than other solvents. Water mixed into the powders can form bonds between powder particles that are strong enough to lock them together. However, once the water dries, the powders may fall apart.
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If the aqueous solution is saturated with a given salt solute, any additional such salt precipitates out of the solution. In the more general Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory (1923), a base is a substance that can accept hydrogen cations (H+)—otherwise known as protons. This does include aqueous hydroxides since OH- does react with H+ to form water, so that Arrhenius bases are a subset of Brønsted bases. However there are also other Brønsted bases which accept protons, such as aqueous solutions of ammonia (NH3) or its organic derivatives (amines).
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482, pp. 193-200. Subunit of crystal structure of H3OBF4 highlighting the hydrogen bonding between the cation and the anion Aqueous solutions of HBF4 are produced by dissolving boric acid in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. Three equivalents of HF react to give the intermediate boron trifluoride and the fourth gives fluoroboric acid: : B(OH)3 \+ 4 HF → H3O+ \+ + 2 H2O Anhydrous solutions can be prepared by treatment of aqueous fluoroboric acid with acetic anhydride.Wudl, F.; Kaplan, M. L., "2,2′-Bi-L,3-Dithiolylidene (Tetrathiafulvalene, TTF) and its Radical Cation Salts" Inorg. Synth.
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Aqueous humor produced by the epithelium of the ciliary body is secreted into the posterior chamber, from which it flows through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber. The hypermature cataractous lens or,the intraocular lens (IOL) implanted after cataract surgery may obstruct the aqueous flow through the pupil. The block in flow of aqueous from the posterior to the anterior chamber will lead to a condition known as Iris bombe. In this condition, pressure in the posterior chamber rises, resulting in anterior bowing of the peripheral iris and obstruction of the trabecular meshwork.
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She studied geology and petrology at the University of Kiel, completing her Vordiplom (~ BSc) in 1987. She moved to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich for her graduate studies, earning a Diplom (~ MSc) in Petrology / Geochemistry in 1900 and a PhD in aqueous geochemistry in 1995. Her PhD, supervised by Terry Seward, was in experimental aqueous geochemistry with a focus on the solubility of gold in aqueous sulfide solutions. She joined Hu Barnes at Pennsylvania State University as a postdoctoral researcher in 1996, holding a Swiss National Science Foundation international fellowship.
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Terbium(III) nitrate can be prepared by dissolving terbium(III,IV) oxide in a mixture of aqueous HNO3 and H2O2 solution.
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Saponite is also found in the "dark rims" of chondrules in carbonaceous chondrites and seen as a sign of aqueous alteration.
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A 2–3% aqueous solution of phenol gives a color change in some species when applied to the cap or stem.
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An aqueous extract of aerial parts of the plant has shown a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan- induced diabetic rabbits and mice.
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This is a list of known sex-hormonal crystalline aqueous suspension formulations. Brand names and developmental code names are in parentheses.
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PE3P has been available in the form of ampoules containing 50 to 80 mg in 1 or 2 mL aqueous solution.
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In 1961, it was shown that the nucleic acid purine base adenine can be formed by heating aqueous ammonium cyanide solutions.
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Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Science: 312, 400-404.Mangold, N., et al. 2007.
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Sarfus images of nanostructures: 1. Copolymer film microstructuration (73 nm), 2. Carbon nanotube bundles, 3. Lipid vesicles in aqueous solutions, 4.
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The organic stream is recycled through the solvent extraction process while the aqueous streams cycle through leaching and electrowinning processes respectively.
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Disulfur decafluoride itself is not toxic due to hydrolysis products, since it is hardly hydrolysed by water and most aqueous solutions.
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The Minkin breakthrough used the force of hydraulic impact pressure to significantly improve the cleaning power of the aqueous parts washer.
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The freshly precipitated tantalic acid was soluble in a hot oxalic acid aqueous solution, and it was quite stable against hydrolysis.
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In interfacial synthesis, the polymerization happens at the interface between an aqueous and an organic layer. A typical reaction involves an aqueous solution of acid and oxidant and an organic layer of aniline together. This creates the reactive interface for polymerization to occur. As polymerization proceeds, the polyaniline nanofibers will diffuse into the water layer, leaving the reactive interface.
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It is prepared by neutralizing aqueous KOH with H2S. Aqueous solutions of potassium sulfide consist of a mixture of potassium hydrosulfide and potassium hydroxide. The structure of the potassium hydrosulfide resembles that for potassium chloride. Their structure is however complicated by the non-spherical symmetry of the SH− anions, but these tumble rapidly in the solid high temperatures.
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is usually due to inadequate tear production from lacrimal hyposecretion or to excessive tear evaporation. The aqueous tear layer is affected, resulting in aqueous tear deficiency (ATD). The lacrimal gland does not produce sufficient tears to keep the entire conjunctiva and cornea covered by a complete layer. This usually occurs in people who are otherwise healthy.
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Butylone can be synthesized in a laboratory via the following route: 3,4-methylenedioxybutyrophenone dissolved in dichloromethane to bromine gives 3′,4′-methylenedioxy-2-bromobutyrophenone. This product was then dissolved in dichloromethane and added to an aqueous solution of methylamine (40%). HCl was then added. The aqueous layer was removed and made alkaline by using sodium bicarbonate.
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Lanthionine ketimine or its ethyl esters can be synthesized by condensation of cysteine derivatives (e.g. L-cysteine-ethyl ester hydrochloride) with 3-bromopyruvic acid or derivatives in water, followed by filtration and thorough aqueous washing of the precipitate. When dried, the precipitate can be resolubilized in aqueous medium by slow titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or other base.
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Gold nanostructures can be made from chloroauric acid in a two-phase redox reaction whereby metallic clusters are amassed through the simultaneous attachment of self-assembled thiol monolayers on the growing nuclei. is transferred from aqueous solution to toluene using tetraoctylammonium bromide where it is then reduced with aqueous sodium borohydride in the presence of a thiol.
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This is an aqueous species of frog which spends the main part of its life in fresh water locations with plentiful vegetation. The tadpoles are herbivorous and feed on algae while the diet of the adult frog consists largely of insects and other aqueous invertebrates and their larvae; this is sometimes supplemented by the consumption of tadpoles.
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Superoxides are also used in firefighters' oxygen tanks to provide a readily available source of oxygen. In this process, acts as a Brønsted base, initially forming the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2). The superoxide anion, , and its protonated form, hydroperoxyl, are in equilibrium in an aqueous solution:Reactivity of HO2/O2− Radicals in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem Ref Data, 1985.
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Ocular hypertension is treated with either medications or laser. Medications that lower intraocular pressure work by decreasing aqueous humor production and/or increasing aqueous humor outflow. Laser trabeculoplasty works by increasing outflow. The cannabinoids found in cannabis sativa and indica (marijuana) have been shown to reduce intraocular pressure, by up to 50% for approximately four to five hours.
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The process uses mixer settlers as the basis of the plant operation. The unit comprises a set of mixing compartments where the solvent and aqueous liquids mix. The mix then passes to an associated settler compartment where the solvent separates from the aqueous and forms 2 separate layers. These then leave the settler compartment to the next mixer compartments.
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The production of pure DVTOSU as a solid requires repeated recrystallization from hydrocarbons such as pentane or n-hexane or aqueous methanol.
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Solubilising zinc(II) hydride in non-aqueous solvents, involve adducts with molecular zinc(II) hydride, such as ZnH2(H2) in liquid hydrogen.
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Drugs can also reduce the metabolically active process of secreting aqueous humour, which is important in treating both acute and chronic glaucoma.
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In a standard rodent model for reproductive toxicity, aqueous extracts of yarrow produced a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm.
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PEP is of very low solubility in water, acetone, chloroform, dioxane, and ethanol, but dissolves readily in bases, especially in aqueous pyridine.
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Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a form of reversed phase liquid chromatography that uses an aqueous micellar solutions as the mobile phase.
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Oil droplets can be merged in the same way as well, but oil droplets will move towards uncharged electrodes unlike aqueous droplets.
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The combination of microcrystalline estradiol benzoate and testosterone isobutyrate in aqueous suspension was introduced under the brand name Femandren M by 1953.
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Wurtsmith is one of 200 military installations around the world that did or still use PFC-laden Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF).
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While they are not technically aqueous, recent research has experimented with using them in an extraction that does not use organic solvents.
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Jan Seuring, Seema Agarwal, Polymers with Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Aqueous Solution, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2012, Volume 33, pp 1898-1920.
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The objects are immersed in a 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride and then rinsed, dried and waxed or varnished, when colored.
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Mercaptoethanesulfonate contains both a thiol, which is the main site of reactivity, and a sulfonate group, which confers solubility in aqueous media.
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For example, hydrogen chloride is a strong acid in aqueous solution, but is a weak acid when dissolved in glacial acetic acid.
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The cobaltic complex has also been synthesized by metal exchange from previously obtained sodium ascorbate and cobaltic dichloride hexahydrate in aqueous medium.
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The removal and recovery of the perchlorate compounds in explosives and rocket propellants include high-pressure water washout, which generate aqueous ammonium perchlorate.
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Her doctoral advisor was Louis C. Smith. Plant's dissertation was titled Aqueous phase transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in model membranes and cells.
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It is a weak base and its aqueous solution is alkaline. DETA is a byproduct of the production of ethylenediamine from ethylene dichloride.
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Xu, X.; Li, H.; Wang, W.; Gu, J. Degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions by the Fenton process. Chemosphere 2004, 57, 595-600.
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Early basic colloid studies showed an almost exact correspondence between the effects of sodium and potassium in 'simple' aqueous suspensions of lyophobic colloids.
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The kinetics of absorption of oxygen in aqueous solutions of acidic chromous chloride and ammoniacal cuprous chloride were studied in a stirred cell.
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No compounds containing the Zn ion have been characterized. Whilst zinc chloride is very soluble in water, solutions cannot be considered to contain simply solvated Zn2+ ions and Cl− ions, ZnClxH2O(4−x) species are also present. Aqueous solutions of ZnCl2 are acidic: a 6 M aqueous solution has a pH of 1. The acidity of aqueous ZnCl2 solutions relative to solutions of other Zn2+ salts is due to the formation of the tetrahedral chloro aqua complexes where the reduction in coordination number from 6 to 4 further reduces the strength of the O–H bonds in the solvated water molecules.
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Traditional ISCO is limited by mass transfer of contaminants into the aqueous (groundwater) phase. Since the oxidation reaction takes place in the groundwater, contaminant destruction is restricted to only those contaminants which have partitioned into the groundwater phase. To overcome this limitation at sites which have substantial soil contamination, and/or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), surfactants can be injected simultaneously with oxidants. The surfactants emulsify soil sorbed contaminants and/or NAPL enabling them to be destroyed in aqueous phase oxidative reactions; this patented technology is known as Surfactant-enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (S-ISCO).
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This method relies on phase separation by centrifugation of a mixture of the aqueous sample and a solution containing water-saturated phenol and chloroform, resulting in an upper aqueous phase and a lower organic phase (mainly phenol). Guanidinium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, is added to the organic phase to aid in the denaturation of proteins (such as those that strongly bind nucleic acids or those that degrade RNA). The nucleic acids (RNA and/or DNA) partition into the aqueous phase, while protein partitions into the organic phase. The pH of the mixture determines which nucleic acids get purified.
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For comparison, the dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate), a close analogue of OHPC, used by intramuscular injection in microcrystalline aqueous suspension in once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives, is 25 mg. It has also been said that given by intramuscular injection, 250 mg OHPC in oil solution is equivalent in progestogenic potency to 50 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension. Although the elimination half-life of intramuscular OHPC in oil solution in non- pregnant women is about 8 days, the elimination half-life of intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension in women is around 50 days.
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Aqueous humor flows from the ciliary processes into the posterior chamber, bounded posteriorly by the lens and the zonules of Zinn, and anteriorly by the iris. It then flows through the pupil of the iris into the anterior chamber, bounded posteriorly by the iris and anteriorly by the cornea. From here, the trabecular meshwork drains aqueous humor via the scleral venous sinus (Schlemm's canal) into scleral plexuses and general blood circulation. In open/wide-angle glaucoma, flow is reduced through the trabecular meshwork, due to the degeneration and obstruction of the trabecular meshwork, whose original function is to absorb the aqueous humor.
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The value of E⦵(Ce4+/Ce3+) varies widely depending on conditions due to the relative ease of complexation and hydrolysis with various anions, though +1.72 V is a usually representative value; that for E⦵(Ce3+/Ce) is −2.34 V. Cerium is the only lanthanide which has important aqueous and coordination chemistry in the +4 oxidation state.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1244–8 Due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer, aqueous cerium(IV) ions are orange-yellow. Aqueous cerium(IV) is metastable in water and is a strong oxidising agent that oxidizes hydrochloric acid to give chlorine gas.
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Rocks received his Masters of Science degree from Purdue University and his Doctor of Science from Technische Hochschule Vienna. He wrote his doctoral thesis in German in the field of analytical chemistry separating metal atoms in semi-aqueous solutions, which found that equilibrium constants are changed in semi-aqueous mediums. Rocks is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Long Island University.Drellich, Evan.
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The ciliary body is a ring-shaped thickening of tissue inside the eye that divides the posterior chamber from the vitreous body. It contains the ciliary muscle, vessels, and fibrous connective tissue. Folds on the inner ciliary epithelium are called ciliary processes, and these secrete aqueous humor into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor then flows through the pupil into the anterior chamber.
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Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that results in vision loss and is frequently characterized by raised intraocular pressure (IOP). There are many glaucoma surgeries, and variations or combinations of those surgeries, that facilitate the escape of excess aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous.
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Schematic of a separatory funnel showing two immiscible liquids, where 1 is any phase less dense than 2. Phase 1 is typically an organic solvent and 2 an aqueous phase. Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase.
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The Hinsberg reaction is a test for the detection of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. In this test, the amine is shaken well with Hinsberg reagent in the presence of aqueous alkali (either KOH or NaOH). A reagent containing an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and benzenesulfonyl chloride is added to a substrate. A primary amine will form a soluble sulfonamide salt.
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MIGS objective, like all glaucoma surgeries, is to achieve lowering of IOP by either increasing aqueous humour outflow, the fluid that is produced by the eye and fills the space between the cornea and the lens, or decreasing the production of aqueous humour. MIGS can be divided in procedures that lower IOP by using micro-stents and minimally invasive procedures.
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Crystallizing from a concentrated aqueous solution of mercuric iodide with potassium iodide is the monohydrate KHgI3.H2O, which is pale orange.F. Wagenknecht, R. Juza, "Potassium Triiodomercurate(II)" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1100. In aqueous solution this triodido complex adds iodide to give the tetrahedral tetraiodo dianion.
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In situ flushing is a process by which soil is decontaminated in a similar manner as aqueous environments.CLU-IN. In situ flushing. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017.276x276px Complications that arise from using alcohol cosolvents in aqueous remediation include the formation of macroemulsions, desorption of organic contaminants from aquifer solids, and introduction of toxicity, flammability, and explosivity at higher concentrations.
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As- synthesized UCNPs are usually capped with organic ligands that aid in size and shape control during preparation. These ligands make their surface hydrophobic and hence are not dispersible in aqueous solution, preventing their biological applications. One simple method to increase solubility in aqueous solvents is direct ligand exchange. This requires a more favored ligand to replace the initial ones.
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He avoided conscription into the British armed forces due to his South African nationality. Bockris relates that his supervisor, Harold Ellingham, provided minimal guidance and soon left the university altogether. Despite these obstacles, Bockris finished the research for his thesis, Electrochemistry of Non-aqueous Solutions, in two years, and received his doctorate in September 1945.Electrochemistry in Non-aqueous Solutions, J.O’M.
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According to SynapseWeb, this is the recipe for Golgi's staining technique: #Immerse a block (approx. 10x5 mm) of formaldehyde-fixed (or paraformaldehyde- glutaraldehyde-perfused) brain tissue into a 2% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate for 2 days #Dry the block shortly with filter paper. #Immerse the block into a 2% aqueous solution of silver nitrate for another 2 days. #Cut sections approx.
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Likewise, any aqueous base with an association constant pKb less than about 0, corresponding to pKa greater than about 14, is leveled to OH− and is considered a strong base. Nitric acid, with a pK value of ca. -1.7, behaves as a strong acid in aqueous solutions with a pH greater than 1. At lower pH values it behaves as a weak acid.
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Silver hyponitrite is sparingly soluble in concentrated alkali hyponitrite solutions, but quite soluble in aqueous ammonia due to the formation of the complex cation [()2Ag]+.C.N. Polydoropoulos, Th. Yannakopoulos (1961), "Silver hyponitrite: Solubility product and complexes in aqueous ammonia". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, volume 19, issues 1–2, pages 107–114. The compound is slowly decomposed by light.
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European patent EP2844297 "Aqueous Dispersions of Controlled Release Polymers and Shells and Capsules Thereof", filed in 2013, was granted to the Belgium unit of Capsugel in 2018 with an anticipated expiry in 2033. European patent EP2844296 "Aqueous Dispersions of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS)", filed in 2013, was granted to the Belgium unit of Capsugel in 2019 with an anticipated expiry in 2033.
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EC/MPA is available in the form of a microcrystalline aqueous suspension of 5 mg EC and 25 mg MPA given in a 0.5 mL aqueous solution for intramuscular injection once per month. It is provided in the form of single-dose vials and ampoules. The particle sizes of the formulation are 93% within a range of 5 to 16 μm.
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The figure shows that no emulsification occurs in the SIR system, whereas the liquid-liquid system shows turbidity implying emulsification. Also, the impregnation step decreases the solvent loss into the aqueous phase compared to liquid-liquid extraction.Babic, K.; van der Ham, L.; de Haan, A. (2006). “Recovery of benzaldehyde from aqueous streams using extractant impregnated resins.” React. Funct. Polym. 66 (12): 1494-1505.
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Then, chlorinated solvents in vapor degreasers became an industry standard. During the 1980s environmental and safety issues led to the banning of chlorinated solvents for parts cleaning. Aqueous-based cleaning systems took on new prominence that led to many improvements, in the systems and the processes. In 1971, Gary Minkin developed an aqueous based parts washer for degreasing automobile parts.
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Methandriol (brand name Androteston M, Notandron, Protandren) was previously marketed as 25 mL and 50 mg/mL aqueous suspensions for use by intramuscular injection.
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MnMoO4 has been used as active material in electrodes for aqueous supercapacitors due to fast pseudocapacitive redox reactions, and as catalyst for hydrogen evolution.
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Chemistry examinations often test students' appreciation of the fact that not all three hydrogen atoms are acidic under aqueous conditions, in contrast with H3PO4.
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The ITU is involved in both aqueous and pyro separation methods. They have published papers on the DIAMEX process. See nuclear transmutation for details.
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The 1980s marked an explosion in interest in PNIPAs with the realization of potential applications due to its unique thermal behavior in aqueous solutions.
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For example, the aqueous solubility of a compound depends on whether its ions are better matched to water than they are to each other.
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This is achieved by either using a graduated tube containing a coloured liquid, usually aqueous copper sulfate or with gauges for each reaction vessel.
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Kow values also provide a good estimate of how a substance is distributed within a cell between the lipophilic biomembranes and the aqueous cytosol.
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Phytochemical constituents detected in the leaves aqueous extracts are saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoid glycosides, free flavonoids and alkaloids. The plant also yields dihydromyricetin.
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Metal ions in aqueous solutions form metal aquo complexes. This number can be determined by various methods like compressibility and NMR measurements among others.
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400x400pxIn the context of aqueous pollutant remediation, cosolvents can be used in a variety of functions, including to enhance the performance of surfactants, to increase solubility of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), and to physically mobilize NAPLs by decreasing interfacial tension between aqueous and organic phases.Kueper, B., Wyatt, K., Pitts, M., Sale, T., Simpkin, T. Technology Practices Manual for Surfactants and Cosolvents, 2nd ed. CH2M HILL: Houston, 1997. Due to toxicological concerns, the main agents used for remediation are aqueous solutions of 1-5% alcohols by volume, which can be flushed through a polluted site and later extracted from the bulk water. This “cosolvent flooding” (called alcohol flooding when using >5% by volume) is often combined with salinity modification, in situ chemical oxidation, and temperature alteration to provide the most effective methods of removing NAPLs from a water source.
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It forms aqueous solutions of relatively low pH when water reacts with pyrite in the deposit under ambient temperatures and generally oxidizing near-surface environments.
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Scar formation at the site of excision or operation may block aqueous humor circulation, while healthy tissue regeneration will keep newly created drainage channels functional.
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Salts of the chloride, bromide and iodide ions (Bu4N)2In2X6 have been prepared. In non aqueous solvents this ion disproportionates to give InI and InIII.
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It forms a characteristic explosive solid upon treatment to its aqueous solution with ammoniacal silver nitrate. An amorphous explosive precipitate forms with ammoniacal cuprous chloride.
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Silicone based defoamers are also suitable in non-aqueous foaming systems like crude oil and oil refining. For very demanding applications fluorosilicones may be suitable.
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Liu, B. et al Improved thermodynamic model for aqueous NaCl solutions from 350 to 400 °C. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006 vol 45 pp2929-2929.
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Ribociclib is used in form of its tartrate salt. It is a slightly hygroscopic yellow to brown crystalline powder that is soluble in aqueous acids.
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Reduction of 1,3-dinitrobenzene with sodium sulfide in aqueous solution leads to 3-nitroaniline. Further reduction with iron and hydrochloric acid (HCl) gives m-phenylenediamine.
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Aqueous-methanol was added to the ground leaves triturate according to the design of experiment, capped with aluminum foil, and placed in a shaker incubator.
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The new dip painting facility is also exemplarily friendly to the environment, because Krone uses nearly solvent-free cathodic dip paints and aqueous-based finishes.
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A chloride ion is much larger than a chlorine atom, 167 and 99 pm, respectively. The ion is colorless and diamagnetic. In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases; however, for some chloride salts, such as silver chloride, lead (II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride, they are slightly soluble in water. In aqueous solution, chloride is bound by the protic end of the water molecules.
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Stryer et al., pp. 333–334. This is known as the hydrophobic effect. In an aqueous system, the polar heads of lipids align towards the polar, aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic tails minimize their contact with water and tend to cluster together, forming a vesicle; depending on the concentration of the lipid, this biophysical interaction may result in the formation of micelles, liposomes, or lipid bilayers.
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SVET has been used to investigate the photoconductive nature of semiconductor materials, by following changes in current density related to photoelectrochemical reactions. Using SVET the lithium/organic electrolyte interface, as in lithium battery systems has also been investigated. Although SVET has almost exclusively been applied for the measurement of samples in aqueous environments, its application in non-aqueous environments has recently been demonstrated by Bastos et. al.
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Aqueous solutions of copper(II) chloride. Greenish when high in [Cl−], more blue when lower in [Cl−]. Aqueous solution prepared from copper(II) chloride contain a range of copper(II) complexes depending on concentration, temperature, and the presence of additional chloride ions. These species include blue color of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ and yellow or red color of the halide complexes of the formula [CuCl2+x]x−.
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Titanium foams exhibiting dendritic and lamellar pore structures have been produced, through the use of non-aqueous and aqueous processing respectively. These materials exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties as a result of their anisotropic pore structures. Compressive strength for loads applied parallel to the wall direction of titanium foams are found to be, on average, 2.5 times greater than for those applied perpendicular to the wall direction.
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Ferrates are excellent disinfectants, and are capable of removing and destroying viruses. They are also of interest as potential as an environmentally friendly water treatment chemical, as the byproduct of ferrate oxidation is the relatively benign iron(III). Sodium ferrate () is a useful reagent with good selectivity and is stable in aqueous solution of high pH, remaining soluble in an aqueous solution saturated with sodium hydroxide.
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There is less cross-contamination from the organic phase in the aqueous phase. This is useful for when the aqueous phase is removed from the solution in order to obtain a pure nucleic acid sample. pH is an important factor to consider in the phenol extraction technique. For phenol to be effective the pH of the solution must vary according to what is being extracted.
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Aqueous minerals are minerals that form in water, either by chemical alteration of pre-existing rock or by precipitation out of solution. The minerals indicate where liquid water existed long enough to react chemically with rock. Which minerals form depends on temperature, salinity, pH, and composition of the parent rock. Which aqueous minerals are present on Mars therefore provides important clues to understanding past environments.
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Example of a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulation of aqueous Sn(II) performed by Rode et al.Hofer, Thomas; Pribil, Andreas; Randolf, Bernhard; Rode, Bernd M. (2005); "Structure and dynamics of solvated Sn(II) in aqueous solution - an ab initio QM/MM MD approach", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127(41), pp. 14231–14238. DOI:10.1021/ja052700f Oxygen atoms of first shell molecules are shown in red.
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Aqueous geochemistry studies the role of various elements in natural waters, including copper, sulfur, and mercury. Researchers in this field also study how elemental fluxes are exchanged through interactions between the atmosphere, the earth or soil (terrestrial interactions) and bodies of water (aquatic interactions). Work in the field of aqueous geochemistry has also studied the prevalence of rare earth elements, nuclear waste products, and hydrocarbons.
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The process is useful for applying materials to any electrically conductive surface. The materials which are being deposited are the major determining factor in the actual processing conditions and equipment which may be used. Due to the wide utilization of electrophoretic painting processes in many industries, aqueous EPD is the most common commercially used EPD process. However, non-aqueous electrophoretic deposition applications are known.
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Schweizer's reagent is the metal ammine complex with the formula [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](OH)2. This deep-blue compound is used in purifying cellulose. It is prepared by precipitating copper(II) hydroxide from an aqueous solution of copper sulfate using sodium hydroxide or ammonia, then dissolving the precipitate in a solution of ammonia. Aqueous solution of Schweizer's reagent It forms an azure solution.
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For reversible reactions that do not occur in aqueous buffers, the pre-equilibrated DCC approach can be used. The DCL was initially generated (or pre-equilibrated) in organic solvent, and then diluted into aqueous buffer containing the protein target for selection. Organic based reversible reactions, including Diels-Alder and alkene cross metathesis reactions, have been proposed or applied to protein-directed DCC using this method.
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An aqueous sample is treated with an equal volume of 1% strong base (sodium or potassium hydroxide) followed by a few drops of aqueous copper(II) sulfate. If the solution turns purple, it contains protein. 5–160 mg/mL can be determined. Peptides with the correct length of at least 3 amino acids are necessary for a significant, measurable colour shift with these reagents.
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Some neptunium sulfates have been characterized, both aqueous and solid and at various oxidation states of neptunium (IV through VI have been observed). Additionally, neptunium carbonates have been investigated to achieve a better understanding of the behavior of neptunium in geological repositories and the environment, where it may come into contact with carbonate and bicarbonate aqueous solutions and form soluble complexes.Lemire et al., pp. 177–180.
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Like tafluprost and travoprost, latanoprost is an ester prodrug that is activated to the free acid in the cornea. Also like the related drugs, latanoprost acid is an analog of prostaglandin F2α that acts as a selective agonist at the prostaglandin F receptor. Prostaglandins increase the sclera's permeability to aqueous fluid. So, an increase in prostaglandin activity increases outflow of aqueous fluid thus lowering intraocular pressure.
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Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that results in vision loss and is frequently characterized by raised intraocular pressure. Many types of glaucoma surgery exist, and variations or combinations of those types can facilitate the escape of excess aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower it by decreasing the production of aqueous humor.
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Increasing the polarity of the reaction medium generally makes SmI2 a stronger reducing agent. HMPA may be used for this purpose; however, HMPA is a known carcinogen and should be handled with extreme care. Workup procedures may vary depending on the stability of the products. If the organic products of the reaction are stable to aqueous acid, aqueous hydrochloric acid may be used to quench the reaction.
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Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is an eye disorder that can lead to a form of glaucoma known as pigmentary glaucoma. It takes place when pigment cells slough off from the back of the iris and float around in the aqueous humor. Over time, these pigment cells can accumulate in the anterior chamber in such a way that they begin to clog the trabecular meshwork (the major site of aqueous humour drainage), which can in turn prevent the aqueous humour from draining and therefore increases the pressure inside the eye. With PDS, the intraocular pressure tends to spike at times and then can return to normal.
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The phosphonium salts tolerate higher temperatures, but are unstable toward base, degrading to phosphine oxide. For example, the nucleophilic substitution reaction of an aqueous sodium cyanide solution with an ethereal solution of 1-bromooctane does not readily occur. The 1-bromooctane is poorly soluble in the aqueous cyanide solution, and the sodium cyanide does not dissolve well in the ether. Upon the addition of small amounts of hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide, a rapid reaction ensues to give nonyl nitrile: :C8H17Br(org) + NaCN(aq) -> C8H17CN(org) + NaBr(aq) (catalyzed by a R4P+Br− PTC) By the quaternary phosphonium cation, cyanide ions are "ferried" from the aqueous phase into the organic phase.
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The iStent Trabecular Micro-Bypass Stent, or simply iStent, is the smallest implantable medical device, designed to lower intraocular pressure by facilitating trabecular outflow of aqueous fluid. The trabecular outflow is one of the major outflow pathways for aqueous humor in the eye and has been the target of both pharmaceutical and surgical therapeutic approaches in glaucoma. The 1-millimeter long iStent is a titanium device inserted via an internal approach through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm’s Canal, bypassing the trabecular meshwork and facilitating flow of aqueous from the eye. Studies have shown that the iStent is an effective procedure, typically lowering intraocular pressure to the mid-teens.
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Microcrystalline estradiol benzoate in aqueous suspension (brand names Agofollin Depot and Ovocyclin M alone and Follivirin in combination with testosterone isobutyrate) has been found to have a longer duration of action than amorphous estradiol benzoate in oil solution when administered via intramuscular injection. Whereas the duration of a single intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate in oil solution is 6 days, the duration of a single intramuscular injection of microcrystalline estradiol benzoate in aqueous suspension is 16 to 21 days. Its duration also surpasses that of estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate. The duration of microcrystalline aqueous suspensions administered by intramuscular injection is dependent both on concentration and on crystal size.
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Acetonide is a common protecting group for 1,2- and 1,3-diols. The protecting group can be removed by hydrolysis of the ketal using dilute aqueous acid.
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Iron diffusion between silicate melts and basaltic/rhyolitic melts have given lower β values (~0.030). In aqueous environments, a β value of 0.0025 has been obtained.
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Lacritin monomer, active form of lacritin, is selectively decreased in aqueous deficient dry eye, Sjögren syndrome dry eye, contact lens-related dry eye and in blepharitis.
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The DEW program models water- rock interactions to depths of 200 km. The movement of carbon between silicate melts and aqueous fluids is still poorly understood.
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Crystal engineering of coordination compounds, self- assembly of polynuclear and supramolecular structures, transition metal and organometallic chemistries and catalysis in aqueous media, high pressure gas reactions.
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Coatex produces rheological additives for aqueous formulations. It has six production facilities, in France, the Netherlands, the United States (South Carolina), South Korea, China and Brazil.
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However, polysaccharides precipitate from aqueous solution in the presence of alcohol, and ethanol precipitation is used for this reason in the purification of DNA and RNA.
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It is mainly used as dense aqueous solutions for drilling fluids. It is also used in neuroses medication, freezing mixtures, food preservatives, photography and fire retardants.
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This fixative is an aqueous solution of formalin, potassium nitrate and potassium acetate. Kaiserling is also known for his pioneer work in the field of photomicrography.
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The Earth's Aqueous Ring: or The Deluge and its Cause, F. S. Hickman Publishers, West Chester, PA. Vail died on 26 January 1912 in Pasadena, California.
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Aluminium monoacetate, also known as dibasic aluminium acetate, forms from Al(OH)3 and dilute aqueous acetic acid. More concentrated acid leads to the di- and triacetate.
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The ciliary body has three functions: accommodation, aqueous humor production and resorption, and maintenance of the lens zonules for the purpose of anchoring the lens in place.
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Despite its two ionizable groups, it shows only two colors in aqueous solution, brilliant orange in neutral and acidic pH or red in pH greater than 9.
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Breeding is by direct development of eggs laid in its burrow, and there is no aqueous tadpole stage. It produces a high-pitched squeaking sound when provoked.
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Platinum erodes very slowly compared to other materials, and graphite crumbles and can produce carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions but otherwise does not participate in the reaction.
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This story collection will be released by Aqueous Books in November 2013 and includes stories published in storySouth, Gargoyle, Baltimore Review, The MacGuffin, 42 opus,and others.
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The drug is used in form of minocycline hydrochloride dihydrate, which is sparingly soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Minocycline reacts acidic in aqueous solution.
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Pregnenolone acetate was available as Enelone in the form of 100 mg oral tablets and as a 100 mg/mL crystalline aqueous suspension in 10 mL vials.
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EMP is or has been available in the form of both capsules (140 mg, 280 mg) for oral administration and aqueous solutions (300 mg) for intravenous injection.
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The denser aqueous layer within the tank immediately pushed outward and upward forming a "bowl", and the less dense plutonium-rich layer swirled toward the vessel's center.
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In 1896, Beijerinck first noted an 'incompatibility' in solutions of agar, a water- soluble polymer, with soluble starch or gelatine. Upon mixing, they separated into two immiscible phases. Subsequent investigation led to the determination of many other aqueous biphasic systems, of which the polyethylene glycol (PEG) - dextran system is the most extensively studied. Other systems that form aqueous biphases are: PEG - sodium carbonate or PEG and phosphates, citrates or sulfates.
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The intermediate b is then added to a solution containing intermediate c dropwise. After quenching the reaction in a weakly acidic aqueous solution, a mixture of 1: 1 anomers was obtained. It was then reacted with an excess of trimethylsilyl cyanide in dichloromethane at for 10 minutes. Trimethylsilyl triflate was added and reacts for one additional hour, and the mixture was quenched in an aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate.
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In inorganic chemistry, olation is the process by which metal ions form polymeric oxides in aqueous solution.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . The phenomenon is important for understanding the relationship between metal aquo complexes and metal oxides, which are represented by many minerals. At low pH, many metal ions exist in aqueous solution as aqua coordination complexes, often with the formula [M(H2O)6]3+.
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Arrhenius proposed in 1884 that a base is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions OH-. These ions can react with hydrogen ions (H+ according to Arrhenius) from the dissociation of acids to form water in an acid-base reaction. A base was therefore a metal hydroxide such as NaOH or Ca(OH)2. Such aqueous hydroxide solutions were also described by certain characteristic properties.
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In aqueous solution both hydrogen and hydroxide ions are strongly solvated, with hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Indeed, the bihydroxide ion has been characterized in the solid state. This compound is centrosymmetric and has a very short hydrogen bond (114.5 pm) that is similar to the length in the bifluoride ion (114 pm). In aqueous solution the hydroxide ion forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
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In solution chemistry, it is usual to use H+ as an abbreviation for the solvated hydrogen ion, regardless of the solvent. In aqueous solution H+ denotes a solvated hydronium ion.The bare proton does not exist in aqueous solution. It is a very strong acid and combines the base, water, to form the hydronium ion :H+ \+ H2O → H3O+ The hydronium ion forms various weak complexes by hydrogen bonding with more water molecules.
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The leaves, or pages, of the codices can first be dry-cleaned with grated Staedtler Mars plastic eraser crumbs as used in the treatment of Codex Huejotzingo. Tests are conducted to determine how the ink and leaves will react to aqueous treatment. The risks of aqueous treatment on Mesoamerican codices include the ink seeping further into the pages and stresses from expansion and contraction. Nonaqueous treatments are preferable for Mesoamerican codices.
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Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO4 is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations (permanganometry). As potassium permanganate is titrated, the solution becomes a light shade of magenta, which darkens as excess of the titrant is added to the solution.
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Corneal ulcers are painful due to nerve exposure, and can cause tearing, squinting, and pawing at the eye. There may also be signs of anterior uveitis, such as miosis (small pupil), aqueous flare (protein in the aqueous humour), and redness of the eye. An axon reflex may be responsible for uveitis formation — stimulation of pain receptors in the cornea results in release inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, histamine, and acetylcholine.
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In the unexposed regions of the resist film, the DNQ acts as a dissolution inhibitor and the resist remains insoluble in the aqueous base developer. In the exposed regions, the DNQ forms a ketene, which, in turn, reacts with ambient water to form a base soluble indene carboxylic acid. The exposed regions of the photoresist film become soluble in aqueous base; thus allowing the formation of a relief image during development.
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The top must be opened while releasing the lower phase to allow pressure equalization between the inside of the funnel and the atmosphere. When the bottom layer has been removed, the stopcock is closed and the upper layer is poured out through the top into another container. organic phase (yellow, upper phase) has a lower density than the aqueous phase (lower phase). The aqueous phase is being drained into the beaker.
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Pell has been a professional aqueous researcher for many years. Since 2002, her aqueous research has been shown in galleries, museums and other venues across Australia, Asia, Scandinavia, UK, and Europe. In 2002, Pell founded the Aquabatics Research Team initiative [ARTi] for performing pneumatic acts and designing and demonstrating prototype-breathing apparatus. She also completed a PhD proposing Aquabatics as new works of Live Art to Edith Cowan University.
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A typical preparation of bis(glycinato)copper(II) (proceeding through a non- redox dissociative substitution mechanism) involves the heating of a copper(II) acetate solution in 1:1 aqueous ethanol, followed by the addition of aqueous glycine solution. The precipitate collected upon cooling is identified as the cis isomer when prepared in this manner; isomerisation to the trans form occurs at higher temperatures via a ring-twisting mechanism.
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Ammonium perrhenate may be prepared from virtually all common sources of rhenium. The metal, oxides, and sulfides can be oxidized with nitric acid and the resulting solution treated with aqueous ammonia. Alternatively an aqueous solution of Re2O7 can be treated with ammonia followed by crystallisation.O. Glemser "Ammonium Perrhenate" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, New York. vol. 1. p. 1476–85.
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To do particle assembly, treated pattern is submerged in a small amount of aqueous solution of particles. A few approaches can be used to facilitate the binding efficiency. One of them is to use capillary force at the edge of the aqueous droplet to “push” the particles into the binding sites. If assembling multiple types of particles, the particles should be assembled in the order of decreasing sizes.
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It is soluble in water, though less so than barium chloride, and its solubility decreases with increasing concentration of hydrochloric acid. Crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaCl2·2H2O, isomorphous with its barium analog. Radium bromide (RaBr2) is also a colorless, luminous compound. In water, it is more soluble than radium chloride. Like radium chloride, crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaBr2·2H2O, isomorphous with its barium analog.
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It is primarily administered to the throat. Xibornol is a lipophilic drug mainly used in Italy and Spain in spray dosage forms for the local treatment of infection and inflammation of the throat. Its poor water solubility makes difficult the development of aqueous formulations of the drug, thus giving rise to a limited number of stable and pharmaceutically accepted preparations. In fact, xibornol is actually marketed only as spray aqueous suspension.
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NBS will react with alkenes 1 in aqueous solvents to give bromohydrins 2. The preferred conditions are the portionwise addition of NBS to a solution of the alkene in 50% aqueous DMSO, DME, THF, or tert-butanol at 0 °C. Formation of a bromonium ion and immediate attack by water gives strong Markovnikov addition and anti stereochemical selectivities. :Bromohydrin formation Side reactions include the formation of α-bromoketones and dibromo compounds.
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Almost exclusively, plant roots and soil organisms uptake contaminants that are dissolved in water. Therefore, the bioavailable fraction is often likened to the dissolved (aqueous) fraction in these systems. Depending on its chemical properties, a contaminant may or may not be found in the aqueous phase. Organic contaminants may become sorbed or sequestered in organic matter through weak Van der Waals interactions or through hydrogen- or covalent bonding.
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Treatment in air at 100 °C for over 1000 hours will result in a minimal change in conductivity. Recently, it was reported that the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can be improved to be more than 4600 S/cm. PEDOT:PSS is prepared by polymerizing EDT monomer in an aqueous solution of PSS using Na2S2O8 as the oxidizing agent. This aqueous solution is then spin coated and dried to make a film.
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Aqueous amine solutions absorb CO2 via the reversible formation of ammonium carbamate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate.M. E. Boot- Handford et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 130 (2014).
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The company is selling a proprietary iron based Prussian blue analogue for the positive electrode in non-aqueous sodium ion batteries that use hard carbon as the anode.
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Perchlorate is the anion resulting from the dissociation of perchloric acid and its salts upon their dissolution in water. Many perchlorate salts are soluble in non-aqueous solutions.
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Lyotropy (a portmanteau of lyo- "dissolve" and -tropic "change") refers to concentration-dependent physical effects in solutions and often more specifically to ion-specific behavior in aqueous solutions.
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In the process industry dispersing agents are added to process liquids to prevent unwanted deposits by keeping them finely dispersed. They function in both aqueous and nonaqueous media.
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The integral enthalpy of solution of sodium carbonate is −28.1 kJ/mol for a 10% w/w aqueous solution. The Mohs hardness of sodium carbonate monohydrate is 1.3.
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The most popular aqueous phase carbons are the 12×40 and 8×30 sizes because they have a good balance of size, surface area, and head loss characteristics.
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Ludwig Frederick Audrieth (February 23, 1901 – January 28, 1967) was a chemist, educator, and United States Army officer. He is known for his work on non-aqueous solvents.
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The span index of HA internal phase group is smaller than the control group since the HA solved inside the aqueous solution increased the viscosity and osmatic pressure.
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Performic acid is synthesized by the reaction of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide by the following equilibrium reaction: Synthesis of Performic acid Synthesis of pure performic acid has not been reported, but aqueous solutions up to about 48% can be formed by simply mixing equimolar amounts of concentrated aqueous reactant solutions. Using an excess of either reactant shifts the equilibrium towards the product side. The aqueous product solution can be distilled to increase the concentration of performic acid to about 90%. This reaction is reversible and can be used for large scale industrial production if accelerated with a catalyst; however, its temperature must be kept below 80–85 °C to avoid an explosion.
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Zinc sulfate is produced by treating virtually any zinc-containing material (metal, minerals, oxides) with sulfuric acid. Specific reactions include the reaction of the metal with aqueous sulfuric acid: :Zn + H2SO4 \+ 7 H2O → ZnSO4•7H2O + H2 Pharmaceutical-grade zinc sulfate is produced by treating high-purity zinc oxide with sulfuric acid: :ZnO + H2SO4 \+ 6 H2O → ZnSO4•7H2O In aqueous solution, all forms of zinc sulfate behave identically. These aqueous solutions consist of the metal aquo complex [Zn(H2O)6]2+ and SO42− ions. Barium sulfate forms when these solutions are treated with solutions of barium ions: :ZnSO4 \+ BaCl2 → BaSO4 \+ ZnCl2 With a reduction potential of -0.76, zinc(II) reduces only with difficulty.
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The synthesis of nitrilotriacetonitrile is based on the basic building blocks ammonia, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, which are reacted (via the triple cyanomethylation of the ammonia) in acidic aqueous medium in discontinuous or continuous processes. Synthese von Nitrilotriacetonitril NTAN Ammonia is introduced as a gas, in form of hexamethylenetetramine or as ammonium sulfate together with formaldehyde as aqueous solution (usually 37% by weight) at pH values <2 and treated with aqueous blue acid solution or liquid hydrogen cyanide at temperatures around 100 °C. Blue acid is used directly from the Andrussow process or the BMA process of Evonik Degussa without pre-purification if necessary. When the mother liquors are returned, yields of more than 90% are achieved.
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A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H+. Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties which provide a practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. The word acid is derived from the Latin acidus/acēre, meaning 'sour'.Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: acid An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as "acid" (as in "dissolved in acid"), while the strict definition refers only to the solute.
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Compared to traditional aqueous inorganic redox flow batteries such as vanadium redox flow batteries and Zn-Br2 batteries, which have been developed for decades, organic redox flow batteries emerged in 2009 and hold great promise to overcome major drawbacks preventing economical and extensive deployment of traditional inorganic redox flow batteries. The primary merit of organic redox flow batteries lies in the tunable redox properties of the redox-active components. Organic redox flow batteries could be further classified into two categories: Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (AORFBs) and Non-aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (NAORFBs). AORFBs use water as solvent for electrolyte materials while NAORFBs employ organic solvents to dissolve redox active materials.
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In addition to being hard, diamonds have the advantage of being transparent to a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum from infrared to gamma rays, with the exception of the far ultraviolet and soft X-rays. This makes the DAC a perfect device for spectroscopic experiments and for crystallographic studies using hard X-rays. A variant of the diamond anvil, the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) is used in experimental petrology/geochemistry for the study of aqueous fluids, silicate melts, immiscible liquids, mineral solubility and aqueous fluid speciation at geologic pressures and temperatures. The HDAC is sometimes used to examine aqueous complexes in solution using the synchrotron light source techniques XANES and EXAFS.
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An acid is classified as "strong" when the concentration of its undissociated species is too low to be measured. Any aqueous acid with a pKa value of less than 0 is almost completely deprotonated and is considered a strong acid. Sec. 5.1c Strong and weak acids and bases All such acids transfer their protons to water and form the solvent cation species (H3O+ in aqueous solution) so that they all have essentially the same acidity, a phenomenon known as solvent leveling. Sec. 5.2 Solvent leveling They are said to be fully dissociated in aqueous solution because the amount of undissociated acid, in equilibrium with the dissociation products, is below the detection limit.
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Other hydrated forms, the Zundel cation , which is formed from a proton and two water molecules, and the Eigen cation , which is formed from a hydronium ion and three water molecules, are theorized to play an important role in the diffusion of protons though an aqueous solution according to the Grotthuss mechanism. Although the ion (aq) is often shown in introductory textbooks to emphasize that the hydron is never present as an unsolvated species in aqueous solution, it is somewhat misleading, as it oversimplifies infamously complex speciation of the solvated proton in water; the notation (aq) is often preferred, since it conveys aqueous solvation while remaining noncommittal with respect to the number of water molecules involved.
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Ethanol precipitation is a method used to purify and/or concentrate RNA, DNA, and polysaccharides such as pectin and xyloglucan from aqueous solutions by adding ethanol as an antisolvent.
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Luzar was the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Molecular Liquids from 2016 until her death. She chaired the 2018 Gordon Research Conference on Water and Aqueous solutions.
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Sodium hexafluorophosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na[PF6]. It has recently been utilised as a component of non-aqueous electrolyte in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries.
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Other names for dry eye include dry eye syndrome, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), dysfunctional tear syndrome, lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis, evaporative tear deficiency, aqueous tear deficiency, and LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy (LNE).
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Maleic acid dibutyl ester is mainly used as a plasticizer for aqueous dispersions of copolymers with vinyl acetate and as an intermediate in the preparation of other chemical compounds.
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In an illustrative case, acids accelerate (catalyze) the hydrolysis of esters: :CH3CO2CH3 \+ H2O CH3CO2H + CH3OH At neutral pH, aqueous solutions of most esters do not hydrolyze at practical rates.
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Clark cells use a zinc, or zinc amalgam, anode and a mercury cathode in a saturated aqueous solution of zinc sulfate, with a paste of mercurous sulfate as depolarizer.
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The pharmacokinetics and distribution of hexestrol have been studied with intravenous injection of aqueous solution in women and with subcutaneous injection of oil solution in female goats and sheep.
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The phenomenon also exists in natural flavonols. Although 3-hydroxyflavone is almost insoluble in water, its aqueous solubility (hence bio-availability) can be increased by encapsulation in cyclodextrin cavities.
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These aldoses exist as hemiacetals, a sort of masked form of the parent aldehyde. For example, in aqueous solution only a tiny fraction of glucose exists as the aldehyde.
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Then, as if the clouds had discharged their aqueous cargo and rode light as unballasted ships, they lifted in aerial fleets and sailed away, white in a blue sky.
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It is sometimes visible on careful examination but usually more easily through an ophthalmoscope or slit-lamp. Anterior synechia causes closed angle glaucoma, which means that the iris closes the drainage way of aqueous humour which in turn raises the intraocular pressure. Posterior synechia also cause glaucoma, but with a different mechanism. In posterior synechia, the iris adheres to the lens, blocking the flow of aqueous humor from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber.
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Barrow also invented an aqueous process to neutralize acid in paper while depositing an alkaline buffer that would retard the rate of decay.Ritzenthaler, M. (1993). Preserving Archives and Manuscripts In addition to Barrow's original method, both non-aqueous — employing organic solvents — and vaporous — the Library of Congress' DEZ (diethyl zinc) treatment — methods of achieving the same results have been researched in an attempt to reduce time, labor, and cost requirements.Pillete, R. (2003).
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In writing his memoirs of his work on the Severn Tunnel he states: 'Sub-aqueous tunnels have recently become quite the fashion. One such experience as the Severn Tunnel, with its ever- varying and strangely contorted strata, and the dangers from floods above and floods below, has been sufficient for me. One sub-aqueous tunnel is quite enough for a lifetime.'.' The tunnel was completed in 1887, having a length of 4 miles 628 yards ().
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Optimizing the "Drug-Like" Properties of Leads in Drug Discovery. AAPS Press, 2006. The company helps clients investigate physicochemical properties that are frequently responsible for the failure of drug candidates, along with poor aqueous solubility and poor aqueous stability. WLI also identifies and addresses various issues affecting the safety of a drug for human consumption, such as ADME characteristics like inadequate bioavailability, interference (activation or inhibition) with the Cytochrome P450 complex and unsuitable clearance profiles.
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Erbium oxide is among the most important rare earth metals used in biomedicine. The photoluminescence property of erbium oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes makes them useful in biomedical applications. For example, erbium oxide nanoparticles can be surface modified for distribution into aqueous and non-aqueous media for bioimaging. Erbium oxides are also used as gate dielectrics in semi conductor devices since it has a high dielectric constant (10–14) and a large band gap.
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It was heavily stressed by Criegee that the reaction must be run in anhydrous solvents, as any water present would hydrolyze the lead tetraacetate; however, subsequent publications have reported that if the rate of oxidation is faster than the rate of hydrolysis, the cleavage can be run in wet solvents or even aqueous solutions. For example, glucose, glycerol, mannitol, and xylose can all undergo a Criegee oxidation in aqueous solutions, but sucrose cannot.
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In order to use quantum dots in many biology related applications, the quantum dots must be soluble in aqueous environments. For quantum dots to be solubilized in water, the amphiphilic ligands must be on the surface of quantum dots. DNA can be used as a solubilization ligand due to its amphiphilic nature. This allows quantum dots functionalized with DNA to be used in the aqueous conditions often found in biology and medical research.
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Perchloric acid is produced industrially by two routes. The traditional method exploits the high aqueous solubility of sodium perchlorate (209 g/100 mL of water at room temperature). Treatment of such solutions with hydrochloric acid gives perchloric acid, precipitating solid sodium chloride: :NaClO4 \+ HCl → NaCl + HClO4 The concentrated acid can be purified by distillation. The alternative route, which is more direct and avoids salts, entails anodic oxidation of aqueous chlorine at a platinum electrode.
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When excited at 244 or 388 nm in neutral aqueous solution, methyl green produces a fluorescent emission at 488 or 633 nm respectively. The presence or absence of DNA does not effect these fluorescence behaviors. When binding DNA under neutral aqueous conditions, methyl green also becomes fluorescent in the far red with an excitation maximum of 633 nm and an emission maximum of 677 nm. Commercial Methyl green preparations are often contaminated with Crystal violet.
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The action of H2O2 may have dominated temporally given the drastic reduction in aqueous and igneous activity in this recent era, making the observed Fe3+ oxides volumetrically small, though pervasive and spectrally dominant. Nevertheless, aquifers may have driven sustained, but highly localized surface water in recent geologic history, as evident in the geomorphology of craters such as Mojave. Furthermore, the Lafayette Martian meteorite shows evidence of aqueous alteration as recently as 650 Ma.
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Therefore, they can be used to reinforce other materials and act as a catalyst. Fibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride can be produced by heating an aqueous solution of DyBr3 and NaF to 450 °C at 450 bars for 17 hours. This material is remarkably robust, surviving over 100 hours in various aqueous solutions at temperatures exceeding 400 °C without redissolving or aggregating. Dysprosium iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high-intensity metal-halide lamps.
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Weng et al.J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013 volume 160, issue 9, A1384-A1389 reported a Vanadium- Metal hydride rechargeable hybrid flow battery with an experimental OCV of 1.93 V and operating voltage of 1.70 V, very high values among rechargeable flow batteries with aqueous electrolytes. This hybrid battery consists of a graphite felt positive electrode operating in a mixed solution of VOSO4 and H2SO4, and a metal hydride negative electrode in KOH aqueous solution.
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Like all actinides, berkelium dissolves in various aqueous inorganic acids, liberating gaseous hydrogen and converting into the state. This trivalent oxidation state (+3) is the most stable, especially in aqueous solutions, but tetravalent (+4) and possibly divalent (+2) berkelium compounds are also known. The existence of divalent berkelium salts is uncertain and has only been reported in mixed lanthanum chloride-strontium chloride melts. A similar behavior is observed for the lanthanide analogue of berkelium, terbium.
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A process used to extract small amounts of organic compounds from water samples. This process is done by injecting small amounts of an appropriate extraction solvent (C2Cl4) and a disperser solvent (acetone) into the aqueous solution. The resulting solution is then centrifuged to separate the organic and aqueous layers. This process is useful in extraction organic compounds such as organochloride and organophsophorus pesticides, as well as substituted benzene compounds from water samples.
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Site-specific characteristics have a major influence on contaminant bioavailability and no standardized tests have been developed. However, there are a number of chemical and biological tests used to estimate bioavailability including a direct measurement of contaminant bioaccumulation in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Estimates of bioavailability can also be obtained from chemical solid-phase soil extractions. Fugacity modelling of bioavailability is based on the solubility and partitioning of compounds into aqueous and non-aqueous phases.
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Clerici solution is an aqueous solution of equal parts of thallium formate (Tl(HCO2)) and thallium malonate (Tl(C3H3O4)). It is free-flowing and odorless. Its color fades from yellowish to colorless when diluted. At 4.25 g/cm3 at , saturated Clerici solution is one of the highest known density aqueous solutions. The solution was invented in 1907 by the Italian chemist Enrico Clerici (1862–1938). Its value in mineralogy and gemology was reported in 1930s.
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He is known today for the eponymous Schlemm's canal, which is a channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream.
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Five hydrates of zinc chloride are known: ZnCl2(H2O)n with n = 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3 and 4. The tetrahydrate ZnCl2(H2O)4 crystallizes from aqueous solutions of zinc chloride.
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Historically, a dilute aqueous solution of zinc chloride was used as a disinfectant under the name "Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid". It is also used in some commercial brands of antiseptic mouthwash.
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The drug is used in form of rolapitant hydrochloride monohydrate, a white to off-white, slightly hygroscopic crystalline powder. Its maximum solubility in aqueous solutions is at pH 2–4.
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Caesium sulfide is an inorganic salt with a chemical formula Cs2S. It is a strong alkali in aqueous solution. In the air, caesium sulfide emits rotten egg smelling hydrogen sulfide.
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One can test for a bromide ion by adding excess dilute HNO3 followed by dilute aqueous AgNO3 solution. The formation of creamy silver bromide precipitate confirms the existence of bromides.
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August 2015. The human toxicity and ecotoxicity evaluation of potassium methoxide is based on the properties of the decomposition products potassium hydroxide and methanol during hydrolysis in the aqueous medium.
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Sigesbeckia extracts have been shown to have a range of antioxidant activities. Butanolic and aqueous extracts have been shown to inhibit the superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and inhibit lipid peroxidation.
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Gupta, V.K. and Rastogi, A. 2008: Biosorption of lead(II) from aqueous solutions by non-living algal biomass Oedogonium sp. and Nostoc sp.—A comparative study. Journal of Hazardous Materials.
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Several synthesis routes exist, the most basic being the reaction between alkyl halides and alkali thiocyanate in aqueous media. Organic thiocyanates are hydrolyzed to thiocarbamates in the Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis.
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Supercritical water gasification is a process of exploiting the beneficial effect of supercritical water to convert aqueous biomass streams into clean water and gases like H2, CH4, CO2, CO etc.
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Aqueous solutions of this salt contain ions such as [Be(H2O)3F]+. Beryllium hydroxide reacts with ammonium bifluoride to form the ammonium salt of the tetrafluoroberyllate complex, [(H4N+)2][BeF42–].
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It can be used to precipitate other metal hydroslfides,by treatment of aqueous solutions of their salts with sodium hydrosulfide.It is analogous to Sodium hydroxide,and is a strong base.
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Although it is true that titanium dioxide is usually the eventual fate of titanium used in these reactions, it is generally formed upon the aqueous workup of the reaction mixture.
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Tartrazine is water-soluble and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution at 425 nm. It is one of the oldest known member of the pyrazolone family of dyes.
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Aqueous solutions of Bk3+ ions are green in most acids. The color of the Bk4+ ions is yellow in hydrochloric acid and orange-yellow in sulfuric acid.Peterson, p. 55Holleman, p.
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Centrifugal extractors minimize the solvent in the process, optimize the product load in the solvent and extract the aqueous phase completely. Counter current and cross current extractions are easily established.
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Garrote, G, Eugenio, ME, Diaz, MJ, Ariza, J, Lopez, F, Hydrothermal and pulp processing of Eucalyptus. Bioresource Technology, (2003). 88(1): p. 61-68.Kleinert, TN, Organosolvent pulping with aqueous alcohol.
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Posterior to the stroma is Descemet's membrane, which is a basement membrane for the corneal endothelium. The endothelium is a single cell layer that separates the cornea from the aqueous humor.
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The industrial synthesis uses the reaction between cyanamide and hydrazine in aqueous solution. :File:Aminoguanidine_synthesis01.svg The compound can also be obtained from the reduction of nitroguanidine with zinc in acetic acid.
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Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H2O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached. Both the anhydrous and aqueous solutions of HBr are common reagents in the preparation of bromide compounds.
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It is synthesized from pyrenetetrasulfonic acid and a solution of sodium hydroxide in water under reflux. The trisodium salt crystallizes as yellow needles when adding an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
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Owoyele BV, Negedu MN, Sanya JO."Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of Zea mays husk in male Wistar rats.", NCBI, 13 April 2010. Retrieved on 30 June 2015.
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It is concluded that the promotion of growth of tobacco callus cultured on White's modified medium is due mainly to inorganic rather than organic constituents in aqueous tobacco leaf extracts added.
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Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, E08S04. doi:10.1029/2006JE002835.Poulet, F., et al. 2005.
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Metal acetylides, species of the formula LnM-C2R, are also common. Copper(I) acetylide and silver acetylide can be formed in aqueous solutions with ease due to a poor solubility equilibrium.
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Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate to non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid–liquid extraction.
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Laser surgery is often performed to selectively destroy the tissue, ciliary body, in an effort to reduce aqueous fluid production. Laser surgery can also be combined with placement of a shunt.
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In aqueous solutions, bronopol is most stable when the pH of the system is on the acid side of neutral. Temperature also has a significant effect on stability in alkaline systems.
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Report 5s (2000) p. 1 The material produced in Australia is the so- called 'liquid sodium ethyl xanthate' that refers to a 40% aqueous solution of the solid.Report 5s (2000) p.
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Tl2SO4 adopts the same structure as K2SO4. In aqueous solution, the thallium(I) cations and the sulfate anions are separated and highly solvated. Thallium(I) sulfate crystals have a C2 symmetry.
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HgO in TFA; Step 2: AsCl3, followed by Pd(OAc)2 and DIEA; Step 3: H2EDT in aqueous acetone. FlAsH-EDT2 can be prepared in three steps from fluorescein (see figure).
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Dalton was able to accurately compute the relative quantity of gases in atmospheric air. He used the specific gravity of azotic (nitrogen), oxygenous, carbonic acid (carbon dioxide), and hydrogenous gases as well as aqueous vapor determined by Lavoisier and Davy to determine the proportional weights of each as a percent of a whole volume of atmospheric air. Dalton determined that atmospheric air contains 75.55% azotic gas, 23.32% oxygenous gas, 1.03% aqueous vapor, and 0.10% carbonic acid gas.
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Under neutral conditions (pH 7-8), both DNA and RNA partition into the aqueous phase. In a last step, the nucleic acids are recovered from the aqueous phase by precipitation with 2-propanol. The 2-propanol is then washed with ethanol and the pellet briefly air-dried and dissolved in TE buffer or RNAse free water. Guanidinium thiocyanate denatures proteins, including RNases, and separates rRNA from ribosomal proteins, while phenol, isopropanol and water are solvents with poor solubility.
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The electrolysis of the aqueous solution of chloride with a mercury cathode produced a caesium amalgam which readily decomposed under the aqueous conditions. The pure metal was eventually isolated by the German chemist Carl Setterberg while working on his doctorate with Kekulé and Bunsen. In 1882, he produced caesium metal by electrolysing caesium cyanide, avoiding the problems with the chloride. Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical fields.
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Another phase commonly encountered in the study of chemistry is the aqueous phase, which is the state of substances dissolved in aqueous solution (that is, in water). Less familiar phases include plasmas, Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates and the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. While most familiar phases deal with three-dimensional systems, it is also possible to define analogs in two-dimensional systems, which has received attention for its relevance to systems in biology.
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2 further pulsed columns (designated BS/BX) and a mixer/settler assembly (1BXX) then separate the uranium and plutonium into separate streams. Plutonium is reduced to the +3 oxidation state, which is insoluble in the solvent phase so ends up in the aqueous phase exiting the 1BX column. The 1BXX mixer/settler completes the removal of Pu from the solvent phase. The 1BS column removes any remaining Uranium from the aqueous phase by the use of fresh solvent.
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The error in equilibrium stability and aqueous (un)folding rate measurements may be large when values of \phi for solutions with denaturants must be extrapolated to aqueous solutions that are nearly pure or the stability difference between the native and mutant protein is 'low', or less than 7 kJ/mol. This may cause \phi to fall beyond the zero-one range. Calculated values \phi depend strongly on how many data point are available and lab conditions.
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The OMEGA spectrometer on the Mars Express orbiter and the MER rovers both uncovered evidence for aqueous minerals. OMEGA revealed two distinct kinds of past aqueous deposits. The first, containing sulfates such as gypsum and kieserite, is found in layered deposits of Hesperian age (Martian middle age, roughly from 3.7 to 3 billion years ago). The second, rich in several different kinds of phyllosilicates, instead occurs rocks of Noachian age (older than about 3.7 billion years).
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The solubility of proteins in aqueous buffers depends on the distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues on the protein's surface. Hydrophobic residues predominantly occur in the globular protein core, but some exist in patches on the surface. Proteins that have high hydrophobic amino acid content on the surface have low solubility in an aqueous solvent. Charged and polar surface residues interact with ionic groups in the solvent and increase the solubility of a protein.
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Water- in-oil (w/o) emulsions are created by mixing aqueous and oil phases with the help of surfactants. A typical IVC emulsion is formed by first generating oil- surfactant mixture by stirring, and then gradually adding the aqueous phase to the oil-surfactant mixture. For stable emulsion formation, a mixture of HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) and low HLB surfactants are needed.Rothe, A., R.N. Surjadi, and B.E. Power, Novel proteins in emulsions using in vitro compartmentalization.
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The canal is essentially an endothelium-lined tube, resembling that of a lymphatic vessel. On the inside of the canal, nearest to the aqueous humor, it is covered by the trabecular meshwork; this region makes the greatest contribution to outflow resistance of the aqueous humor. Conventionally, the canal has been considered a blood vessel, but studies published in 2014 showed that the molecular identity of Schlemm's canal is very similar to the one of lymphatic vasculature.
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During fusion, the hydrophobic tails of a small patch of lipids on the cell membrane are exposed to the aqueous phase surrounding them. This results in very strong hydrophobic attractions (which dominate the repulsive force) between the exposed groups leading to membrane fusion. The attractive van der Waals forces play a negligible role in membrane fusion. Thus, fusion is a result of the hydrophobic attractions between internal hydrocarbon chain groups that are exposed to the normally inaccessible aqueous environment.
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Artificial tears are lubricating eye drops used to relieve dryness and irritation of the ocular surface. Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a common ocular surface disorder and is characterized by disruption of the tear film and increased inflammation. The tear film coats the surface of the eye and is composed of 3 layers: an aqueous, lipid, and mucous layer. The aqueous layer consists of a mixture of electrolytes, enzymes, antibodies, antimicrobial proteins, and other compounds.
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Other catalysts have since been found; one of them, amidinium carbodiimide, is formed in primitive Earth experiments and is effective in dilute aqueous solutions. When present in certain concentrations in aqueous solutions, proteinoids form small microspheres. This is because some of the amino acids incorporated into proteinoid chains are more hydrophobic than others, and so proteinoids cluster together like droplets of oil in water. These structures exhibit a few characteristics of living cells: #An outer wall.
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Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula HClO4. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel component.
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Animal locomotion requires energy to overcome various forces including friction, drag, inertia and gravity, although the influence of these depends on the circumstances. In terrestrial environments, gravity must be overcome whereas the drag of air has little influence. In aqueous environments, friction (or drag) becomes the major energetic challenge with gravity being less of an influence. Remaining in the aqueous environment, animals with natural buoyancy expend little energy to maintain a vertical position in a water column.
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Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous NaOH, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its service temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa. The viscosity of sodium hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage.
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If this fusion proceeds completely through both leaflets of both bilayers, an aqueous bridge is formed and the internal contents of the two structures can mix. Alternatively, if only one leaflet from each bilayer is involved in the fusion process, the bilayers are said to be hemifused. In hemifusion, the lipid constituents of the outer leaflet of the two bilayers can mix, but the inner leaflets remain distinct. The aqueous contents enclosed by each bilayer also remain separated.
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Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) may be used to determine both a pK value and the corresponding standard enthalpy for acid dissociation. Software to perform the calculations is supplied by the instrument manufacturers for simple systems. Aqueous solutions with normal water cannot be used for 1H NMR measurements but heavy water, D2O, must be used instead. 13C NMR data, however, can be used with normal water and 1H NMR spectra can be used with non-aqueous media.
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In many situations the process can be used for sulfur removal and recovery. When sulfur recovery is desired, the elemental sulfur produced in the aerobic bioreactor will be separated from the aqueous effluent in a separator inside of the reactor. The excess sulfur will be removed as aqueous slurry or cake of up to 65% dry solids content. There are several options for handling this slurry and to convert it into products for sulfuric acid generation, fertiliser or fungicide.
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Solubility of LiBr in water as a function of temperature Phase diagram of LiBr LiBr is prepared by treating an aqueous suspension of lithium carbonate with hydrobromic acid or by reacting lithium hydroxide with bromine. The salt forms several crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal bromides. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt (sodium chloride). Lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid (aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide) will precipitate lithium bromide in the presence of water.
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2-aminoethanol Tris Removal of a proton from an aliphatic –OH group is difficult to achieve in aqueous solution because the energy required for this process is rather large. Thus, ionization of aliphatic –OH groups occurs in aqueous solution only in special circumstances. One such circumstance is found with compounds containing the H2N–C–C–OH substructure. For example, compounds containing the 2-aminoethanol substructure can form metal–chelate complexes with the deprotonated form, H2N–C–C–O−.
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Combigan is composed of brimonidine, a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, and timolol, a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor. Elevated IOP is considered the only modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Brimonidine exerts its ocular hypotensive effect by decreasing aqueous humor production and increasing uveoscleral outflow, while timolol acts by reducing aqueous humor production. Combigan has a fast onset of action, and the peak IOP lowering effect occurs at two hours after administration.
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Aluminium diacetate, also known as basic aluminium acetate, is prepared from aqueous aluminium acetate solution resulting in a white powder. This basic salt forms from the hydrolysis of the triacetate in water.
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This mineral requires water to form.Murchie, S. et al. 2009. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Journal of Geophysical Research: 114.
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Aqueous methyl cellulose solutions have been used to slow bacterial and protozoal cell motility for closer inspection. Changing the amount of methyl cellulose in solution permits the adjustment of the solution's viscosity.
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The Geochemist's Workbench (GWB) is an integrated set of interactive software tools for solving a range of problems in aqueous chemistry. The graphical user interface simplifies the use of the geochemical code.
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Cyanohydrins are also prepared by displacement of sulfite by cyanide salts: :300px Cyanohydrins are intermediates in the Strecker amino acid synthesis. In aqueous acid, they are hydrolyzed to the α-hydroxy acid.
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The hydrazine hydrate (30–45% aqueous solution) is run off from the base of the column, while the methyl ethyl ketone is distilled off from the top of the column and recycled.
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This area includes the sub-aqueous dunes of Varne, Colbart, Vergoyer and Bassurelle, the Ridens de Boulogne, and the Lobourg channel which provides calmer and clearer waters due to its depth reaching .
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The aqueous humour is a transparent watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the Ciliary body, a structure supporting the lens.Human Physiology. An Integrate approach.
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This approach is used in decompression models which assume that during practical decompression profiles, there will be growth of stable microscopic bubble nuclei which always exist in aqueous media, including living tissues.
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A 50% aqueous solution of cyanamide is also used as a biocide (disinfectant) particularly in pig farming, because it effectively kills salmonella and shigella and fights flies in all stages of development.
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The objects are immersed in a 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride for 20 minutes. After the desired color has been reached, the objects must be washed, dried and waxed or varnished.
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Noponen, Virpi, Katri Toikkanen, Elina Kalenius, Riikka Kuosmanen, Hannu Salo, and Elina Sievänen. "Stimuli-responsive Bile Acid-based Metallogels Forming in Aqueous Media." Steroids 97 (2015): 54-61. Web. 1 Mar. 2016.
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An aqueous extract has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium found in the stomach and known to be associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer.
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Elemental selenium can be recovered from H2Se through a reaction with aqueous sulfur dioxide (SO2). ::2 H2Se + SO2 ⇌ 2 H2O + 2 Se + S Its decomposition is used to prepare the highly pure element.
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Fétizon's reagent is typically prepared by adding silver nitrate to an aqueous solution of a carbonate, such as sodium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate, while being vigorously stirred in the presence of purified celite.
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M. F. Bechtold (1955): "Polymerization and Properties of Dilute Aqueous Silicic Acid from Cation Exchange" Journal of Physical Chemistry, volume 59, issue 6, pages 532–541. Metasilicates occur widely in nature as inosilicates.
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While it is possible to get multilayered phases by layering nonpolar and aqueous phases of decreasing densities on top of each other, these phases will not separate after mixing like true multiphasic liquids.
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A system with eight phases is known. In addition to a hydrocarbon and an aqueous phase, it includes a silicone oil, an aniline and a fluorous phase, and molten phosphorus, gallium and mercury.
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Reacting potassium cyanide and salts containing nickel(II) ions in aqueous solution can precipitate nickel(II) cyanide tetrahydrate. On heating the tetrahydrate to 140°C, it can produce dry (anhydrous) nickel(II) cyanide.
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Alkynes are not fluorinated with N-F reagents. An anionic surfactant was used to facilitate contact between aqueous Selectfluor and the alkene. : File:EFScope4.png Fluorination of electron-rich aromatic compounds gives aryl fluorides.
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The salts NaBrO2·3H2O and Ba(BrO2)2·H2O have been crystallized. Upon treatment of these aqueous solutions with salts of Pb2+, Hg2+, and Ag+, the corresponding heavy metal bromites precipitate as solids.
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Bromic acid, also known as hydrogen bromate, is an oxoacid with the molecular formula HBrO3. It only exists in aqueous solution.The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 14th Edition. 2006.
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The mineral probably formed from diagenesis of chlorophyll, likely chlorophyll a, which was transported as an aqueous solution into a favorable geologic setting. In 2003, abelsonite was fully synthesized for the first time.
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A combination of 5 mg EHHB in peanut oil solution and 25 mg norgestrel in aqueous suspension as a once-monthly combined injectable contraceptive was studied, but this formulation was ultimately never marketed.
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Popot, J.-L. (2014) Amphipols for each season. J. Membr. Biol. 247:759-796.Popot, J.-L. (2018) Membrane proteins in aqueous solutions: From detergents to amphipols. Springer, New York, in the press.
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The plant has been researched for medical purposes in cancer treatment. An aqueous extract of Tuberaria lignosa inhibited cell growth, altered the cell cycle profile, and induced apoptosis of NCI-H460 Tumor Cells.
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The most important such solvents are dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO, and acetonitrile, CH3CN, as these solvents have been widely used to measure the acid dissociation constants of organic molecules. Because DMSO is a stronger proton acceptor than H2O the acid becomes a stronger acid in this solvent than in water. Indeed, many molecules behave as acids in non-aqueous solution that do not do so in aqueous solution. An extreme case occurs with carbon acids, where a proton is extracted from a C-H bond.
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In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist together in a dynamic equilibrium. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while in weakly basic conditions, the bicarbonate ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueous carbon dioxide, CO2(aq), is the main form, which, with water, H2O, is in equilibrium with carbonic acidthe equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.
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Usually, the mixture is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane or diethyl ether (ether), and poured into a separating funnel. An aqueous solution of the acid or base is added, and the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted to bring the compound of interest into its required form. After shaking and allowing for phase separation, the phase containing the compound of interest is collected. The procedure is then repeated with this phase at the opposite pH range.
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The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor. The aqueous humor is produced in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body. The ciliary body is part of the uvea, the layer of tissue that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the eye tissues. The ciliary body joins the ora serrata of the choroid to the root of the iris.
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The purpose of adding chloroform along with phenol is to ensure a clear separation between the aqueous and organic phases. Chloroform and phenol mix well together, unlike phenol and water. The density of chloroform is 1.47 g/cm3, higher than that of water and phenol. Mixing chloroform and phenol creates a denser solution than phenol alone, and therefore the separation of the organic from the aqueous phase is even clearer than if only phenol was added to a cell sample.
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Cabbage aphids can be quickly killed by a spray containing one pint of the chemical per 100 gallons of water. 100% of chrysanthemum aphids can be killed by an aqueous solution of 0.1% hexaethyl tetraphosphate and 0.05% sodium lauryl sulfate. 97% of chrysanthemum aphids can be killed by 3 grams of a 10% solution of the chemical in 1000 cubic feet. 100% of helianthus aphids can be killed by an aqueous solution containing 0.05% each of hexaethyl tetraphosphate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
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The melt is quickly cooled with water and then reheated in concentrated sulfuric acid, mostly yielding beryllium sulfate and aluminium sulfate. Aqueous ammonia is then used to remove the aluminium and sulfur, leaving beryllium hydroxide. Beryllium hydroxide created using either the sinter or melt method is then converted into beryllium fluoride or beryllium chloride. To form the fluoride, aqueous ammonium hydrogen fluoride is added to beryllium hydroxide to yield a precipitate of ammonium tetrafluoroberyllate, which is heated to to form beryllium fluoride.
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The mesoionic structure of molsidomine Molsidomine and linsidomine are sydnone imines, a class of mesoionic heterocyclic aromatic chemical compounds. Molsidomine melts at , is freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in aqueous hydrochloric acid, ethanol, ethyl acetate and methanol, sparingly soluble in water and acetone, and very slightly soluble in diethyl ether and petroleum ether. It is stable in aqueous solutions at pH 5–7, but not in alkaline solutions. Its absorption maximum is in the near ultraviolet, at 326 nm, in chloroform.
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HP inks contain sulfonated polyazo black dye (commonly used for dyeing leather), nitrates and other compounds. Aqueous inks are mainly used in printers with thermal inkjet heads, as these heads require water to perform the ink-expelling function. While aqueous inks often provide the broadest color gamut and most vivid color, most are not waterproof without specialized coating or lamination after printing. Most Dye-based inks, while usually the least expensive, are subject to rapid fading when exposed to light or ozone.
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Hydride generation techniques are specialized in solutions of specific elements. The technique provides a means of introducing samples containing arsenic, antimony, selenium, bismuth, and lead into an atomizer in the gas phase. With these elements, hydride atomization enhances detection limits by a factor of 10 to 100 compared to alternative methods. Hydride generation occurs by adding an acidified aqueous solution of the sample to a 1% aqueous solution of sodium borohydride, all of which is contained in a glass vessel.
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In an ultrasonic cleaner, the object to be cleaned is placed in a chamber containing a suitable solution (in an aqueous or organic solvent, depending on the application). In aqueous cleaners, surfactants (e.g., laundry detergent) are often added to permit dissolution of non-polar compounds such as oils and greases. An ultrasound generating transducer built into the chamber, or lowered into the fluid, produces ultrasonic waves in the fluid by changing size in concert with an electrical signal oscillating at ultrasonic frequency.
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A COIL system mounted on a Boeing 747 variant known as the YAL-1 Airborne Laser. The laser is fed with gaseous chlorine, molecular iodine, and an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide. The aqueous peroxide solution undergoes chemical reaction with chlorine, producing heat, potassium chloride, and oxygen in excited state, singlet delta oxygen. Spontaneous transition of excited oxygen to the triplet sigma ground state is forbidden giving the excited oxygen a spontaneous lifetime of about 45 minutes.
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Application of gentle heat sufficient to melt the waxy hydrocarbons allows cosmoline to drip off. Penetrating oil (such as WD-40 or CRC 5-56 CLP) sprayed and allowed to soak in until cosmoline is restored to a viscous-fluid state allows it to be wiped off. A closed-cabinet parts washer may be used to power wash smaller items. An aqueous rather than petrochemical based wash requires high heat, the proper aqueous detergent, and the correct hydraulic impact pressure.
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Brønsted and Lowry generalised this further to a proton exchange reaction: Includes discussion of many organic Brønsted acids. Chapter 5: Acids and Bases Chapter 6: Acids, Bases and Ions in Aqueous Solution : acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid. The acid loses a proton, leaving a conjugate base; the proton is transferred to the base, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the conjugate base is A− and the conjugate acid is the hydronium ion.
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The various formations in the Indonesian archipelago and New Guinea's Torres Strait form geologic choke points to shipping and aqueous transport, particularly at depths below 100m (where said aqueous transport is largely closed); such routes, whether closed or still extant, collectively comprise the Indonesian Seaway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Tectonic uplift of the region, exacerbated by lowered sea levels during recent glaciation, is hypothesized to have altered the regional climate, especially with respect to monsoons, beginning ~4 million years ago.
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For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to form chloroauric acid (): :HCl + (aq) → + Other chloride sources, such as KCl, also convert AuCl3 into . Aqueous solutions of AuCl3 react with aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of Au(OH)3, which will dissolve in excess NaOH to form sodium aurate (NaAuO2). If gently heated, Au(OH)3 decomposes to gold(III) oxide, Au2O3, and then to gold metal.N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed.
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Due to the esterases existing in the aqueous humour and ocular tissues, ibopamine can be rapidly hydrolysed to epinine which is the active molecule responsible for the mydriatic effect. The epinine, an analogue of dopamine, can stimulate dopamine receptors and to a lesser degree adrenergic receptors. Thus it is believed that epinine is the pharmacologically active moiety. It has been shown that the half-life of ibopamine is short to about 2 minutes in the aqueous humour owing to the fast hydrolysis.
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Thus, decamethylferrocene is much more easily oxidised than ferrocene and can even be oxidised to the corresponding dication. Ferrocene is often used as an internal standard for calibrating redox potentials in non-aqueous electrochemistry.
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During a globe rupture, the outer membranes of the eye are completely or partially compromised, and the vitreous and/or aqueous humour drain through the site of the rupture, causing the eye to 'deflate'.
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There is strong evidence that dilute aqueous solutions of ammonia contain negligible amounts of the ammonium ion :H2O + NH3 -> OH- + NH+4 and that, when dissolved in water, ammonia functions as a Lewis base.
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The compound precipitates as a black solid upon combining aqueous solutions of salts of nickel(II) and dimethyldithiocarbamate. In terms of structure and bonding the nickel is square planar, and the complex is diamagnetic.
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Biological processes that might be active in the tear fluid, based on Gene Ontology data. From de Souza et al., 2006. The tear film is composed of three layers: the lipid, aqueous, and mucin.
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Magnesium acetate appears as white hygroscopic crystals. It smells like acetic acid and is soluble in water. When it is in an aqueous solution its pH will be on the alkaline side of neutral.
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Fisher Body and lacquer paint supplier DuPont, over one weekend, developed new paint chemistry and application specifics: Non-Aqueous Dispersion Lacquer (NAD). The new formulation raised paint shop throughput to 106 units per hour.
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Orthosilicic acid is a chemical compound with formula . It has been synthesized using non-aqueous solutions. It is assumed to be present when silicon dioxide (silica) dissolves in water at a millimolar concentration level.
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1,2-Ethanedithiol is prepared commercially by the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane with aqueous sodium bisulfide. In the laboratory, it can also be prepared by the action of 1,2-dibromoethane on thiourea followed by hydrolysis.
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For example, if a fiber that must be exposed to aqueous bleach to render it antimicrobial (an N-halamine polymer) is weakened by that exposure, or its dye is bleached, it will have limited use.
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Gold monoiodide is the inorganic compound with the formula AuI. It can be synthesized by teating an aqueous suspension of gold powde with and potassium triiodide. With Lewis bases, AuI reacts to give numerous complexes.
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Depending on purity, benzalkonium chloride ranges from colourless to a pale yellow (impure). Benzalkonium chloride is readily soluble in ethanol and acetone. Dissolution in water is slow. Aqueous solutions should be neutral to slightly alkaline.
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Additionally, the Gibbs surface excess of a surface active component for an aqueous solution can be found using the radioactive tracer method. The surface active component is usually labeled with carbon-14 or sulfur-35.
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Since S. pastuerii are halotolerant, they can grow in the presence of low concentrations of aqueous chloride ions that are low enough to not inhibit bacterial cell growth. This shows promising applications for MICP use.
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Tautomeric equilibrium for anthrone. Anthrone is the more stable tautomer relative to the anthrol. The tautomeric equilibrium is estimated at 100 in aqueous solution. For the two other isomeric anthrols, the tautomeric equilibrium is reversed.
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Report to Crucible Ventures. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technologogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT-EL 92-007.Quickenden, TI; Mua, Y (1995). “A review of power generation in aqueous thermogalvanic cells”.
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Squyres, S. et al. 2004. "In Situ Evidence for an Ancient Aqueous Environment at Meridian Planum, Mars". Science: 306. 1709-1714. A picture of cross-stratification, also called cross- bedding, is shown on the left.
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The group is base stable and can be cleaved in two steps under mild conditions, mildly acidic hydrolysis yields the ester of tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane which is then cleaved using e.g. an aqueous carbonate solution.
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The process has the potential to oxidize and/or enhance naturally occurring aerobic degradation. Chemical oxidation has proven to be an effective technique for dense non- aqueous phase liquid or DNAPL when it is present.
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2004 Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES Experiment on the Opportunity Rover. Science: 306. 1733–1739.Squyres, S. et al. 2004. In Situ Evidence for an Ancient Aqueous Environment at Meridian Planum, Mars.
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MPA is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world. Its most major brand names are Provera as oral tablets and Depo-Provera as an aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A formulation of MPA as an aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection is also available in the United States under the brand name Depo-SubQ Provera 104. Other brand names of MPA formulated alone include Farlutal and Sayana for clinical use and Depo-Promone, Perlutex, Promone-E, and Veramix for veterinary use.
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In vitro and animal models suggest subsequent 3α-reduction of DHT, 5α-DHP and DHDOC lead to neurosteroid metabolites with effect on cerebral function. These neurosteroids, which include allopregnanolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), and 3α-androstanediol, act as potent positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, and have antidepressant, anxiolytic, prosexual, and anticonvulsant effects. 5α-Dihydrocortisol is present in the aqueous humor of the eye, is synthesized in the lens, and might help make the aqueous humor itself. 5α-Dihydroaldosterone is a potent antinatriuretic agent, although different from aldosterone.
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Rather than using a single liquid phase, it is also possible to use two liquid phases in order to generate droplets. The most common method for generating droplets includes the flow of an aqueous stream perpendicular to an oil stream. When these two streams meet at a T-junction, uniform, aqueous droplets are formed that are surrounded by an oil phase. Depending upon the geometry of the microfluidic device as well as the flow rates used, droplets can also be formed using a flow focusing device.
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Bromfenac lactam, the main metabolite in urine Bromfenac is well absorbed through the cornea and reaches highest concentrations in the aqueous humour after 150 to 180 minutes, with a biological half-life of 1.4 hours and high drug levels being maintained for at least 12 hours. It is mainly concentrated in the aqueous humour and conjunctiva, and much less in the lens and vitreous body. Concentrations in the blood plasma are too low to be measured quantitatively. 99.8% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins.
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Secretomotor refers to the capacity of a structure (often a nerve) to induce a gland to secrete a substance (usually mucus or serous fluid). Secretomotor nerve endings are frequently contrasted with sensory neuron endings and motor nerve endings. An example of secretomotor activity can be seen with the lacrimal gland, which secretes the aqueous layer of the tear film. The lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic nerve (itself a branch of trigeminal nerve V1) supplies secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, stimulating its secretion of the aqueous layer.
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Corneal ulcers are extremely painful due to nerve exposure, and can cause tearing, squinting, and vision loss of the eye. There may also be signs of anterior uveitis, such as miosis (small pupil), aqueous flare (protein in the aqueous humour), and redness of the eye. An axon reflex may be responsible for uveitis formation—stimulation of pain receptors in the cornea results in release inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, histamine, and acetylcholine. Sensitivity to light (photophobia) is also a common symptom of corneal ulcer.
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Brønsted and Lowry characterized an acid–base equilibrium as involving a proton exchange reaction: Includes discussion of many organic Brønsted acids. Chapter 5: Acids and Bases Chapter 6: Acids, Bases and Ions in Aqueous Solution :acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid. An acid is a proton donor; the proton is transferred to the base, a proton acceptor, creating a conjugate acid. For aqueous solutions of an acid HA, the base is water; the conjugate base is A− and the conjugate acid is the solvated hydrogen ion.
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The remarkably high energy density of lithium metal (up to 3458 Wh/kg) inspired the design of lithium–air batteries. A lithium–air battery consists of a solid lithium electrode, an electrolyte surrounding this electrode, and an ambient air electrode containing oxygen. Current lithium–air batteries can be divided into four subcategories based on the electrolyte used and the subsequent electrochemical cell architecture. These electrolyte categories are aprotic, aqueous, mixed aqueous/aprotic, and solid state, all of which offer their own distinct advantages and disadvantages.
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The ciliary epithelium of the ciliary processes produces aqueous humor, which is responsible for providing oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste removal to the lens and the cornea, which do not have their own blood supply. Eighty percent of aqueous humor production is carried out through active secretion mechanisms (the Na+K+ATPase enzyme creating an osmotic gradient for the passage of water into the posterior chamber) and twenty percent is produced through the ultrafiltration of plasma. Intraocular pressure affects the rate of ultrafiltration, but not secretion.
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The structure of AQP4 consists of six-transmembrane domains and five connecting loops to form the channel. Through x-ray crystallography, it was found that “each AQP4 monomer consists of six helical, membrane-spanning domains and two short helical segments surrounding a narrow aqueous pore.” At the narrowest point the aqueous pore measures 2.8 angstroms, just large enough for the single-file passage of water molecules. While each monomer is individually capable of water transport, the quaternary structure of the channel is a tetramer.
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The greater solubility in oil allows the steroid esters to be dissolved in a smaller oil volume, thereby allowing for larger doses with intramuscular injection. In addition, the greater the lipophilicity of the steroid, as measured by the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP), the slower its release from the oily depot at the injection site and the longer its duration. Steroid esters can also be prepared as crystalline aqueous suspensions. Aqueous suspensions of steroid crystals result in prolongation of duration with intramuscular injection similarly to oil solutions.
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An organic solvent composed of 30% tributyl phosphate (TBP) in a hydrocarbon solvent, such as kerosene, is used to extract the uranium as UO2(NO3)2·2TBP complexes, and plutonium as similar complexes, from other fission products, which remain in the aqueous phase. The transuranium elements americium and curium also remain in the aqueous phase. The nature of the organic soluble uranium complex has been the subject of some research. A series of complexes of uranium with nitrate and trialkyl phosphates and phosphine oxides have been characterized.
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THF has been explored as a miscible co-solvent in aqueous solution to aid in the liquefaction and delignification of plant lignocellulosic biomass for production of renewable platform chemicals and sugars as potential precursors to biofuels. Aqueous THF augments the hydrolysis of glycans from biomass and dissolves the majority of biomass lignin making it a suitable solvent for biomass pretreatment. THF is often used in polymer science. For example, it can be used to dissolve polymers prior to determining their molecular mass using gel permeation chromatography.
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Reconstruction of outflow tracts via spectral domain optical coherence tomography have confirmed a correlation between aqueous spaces and collectors where flow was seen. However, these studies have also confirmed the existence of non-perfused vascular structures that could be part of the arterial or venous vascular system, or poorly perfused collector channels. Recent discoveries have shown valve-like structures that appear to guard collector channel orifices and collapsible aqueous veins 9, 10. These findings contradict the view that collector channel openings are round and unobstructed.
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Since Bouin solution contains formaldehyde, picric acid and acetic acid, appropriate safety precautions for these substances should be taken and regulations followed. In particular, noting that picric acid can be explosive, sensitive to friction and shock when dry and in contact with some metals can form unstable metal picrates. Under the name "Bouin's fluid" this fixative is also widely used for marine invertebrates. It is prepared as follows: picric acid, saturated aqueous solution – 75 ml; formalin, 40% aqueous solution – 25 ml; acetic acid, glacial – 5 ml.
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A pKa value obtained in a mixed solvent cannot be used directly for aqueous solutions. The reason for this is that when the solvent is in its standard state its activity is defined as one. For example, the standard state of water:dioxane mixture with 9:1 mixing ratio is precisely that solvent mixture, with no added solutes. To obtain the pKa value for use with aqueous solutions it has to be extrapolated to zero co-solvent concentration from values obtained from various co-solvent mixtures.
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Hydrophobic monomers are emulsified through an aqueous phase. Free radicals are created in order to produce the polymer with either water or oil soluble initiators. Inverse suspension polymerization is carried out by using an aqueous solution of the monomer, cross-linking agent, and initiator which is then added to an organic phase which is stabilized by a surfactant. Plasma polymerization utilizes a range of technologies such as electron beams, ultraviolet radiation, or glow discharge in order to form polymers from a vapor made out of monomers.
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Intramuscular injections are injections into muscle, for instance the gluteal or deltoid muscle. Estradiol and estradiol esters can be administered in a variety of forms by intramuscular injection. Aqueous solutions of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection have a rapid onset and duration analogously to but slightly more delayed than intravenous injection. However, intramuscular injections of oil solutions, crystalline aqueous suspensions, and emulsions of estradiol and estradiol esters, as well as solutions and suspensions of estradiol polymers and estradiol microspheres, act as long- lasting depot injections.
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This, and later purification procedures, begin with veratrine, a mixture of the alkaloids present in the Veratrum plants, primarily containing cevadine and veratridine. The nitrate salt is formed by dissolving the veratrine in 1% sulfuric acid over ice and precipitating with sodium nitrate. After resuspending in water over ice, the solution is brought to pH 8.5 with aqueous NaOH and then pH 10 with aqueous ammonia, forming another precipitate which is extracted with ether and then with chloroform. The ether and chloroform fractions are combined and dried.
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The substance is insoluble in water. Flash point data are not available for this chemical; however, it is probably combustible. Tetrachlorvinphos is slowly hydrolyzed in neutral and aqueous acidic media. Is rapidly hydrolyzed in alkaline media.
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240, p. 11-72. Squyres, S., Grotzinger, J. P., Bell, J. F. III, Calvin, W., and 14 others, 2004, In-situ evidence for an aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Science, v. 306, p. 1709-1714.
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Formaldoxime is the organic compound with the formula H2C=NOH. It is the oxime of formaldehyde. A colorless liquid, the pure compound tends to polymerize into a trimer. Aqueous solutions are stable as is the hydrochloride.
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Tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB or TOABr) is a quaternary ammonium compound with the chemical formula: [CH3(CH2)7]4N Br. It is generally used as a phase transfer catalyst between an aqueous solution and an organic solution.
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Ammonium sulfate is the traditional kosmotropic salt for the salting out of protein from an aqueous solution. Kosmotropes are used to induce protein aggregation in pharmaceutical preparation and at various stages of protein extraction and purification.
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Structure of COD complex of CuCl In absence of other ligands, its aqueous solutions are unstable with respect to disproportionation: : 2 CuCl → Cu + CuCl2 In part for this reason samples in air assume a green coloration.
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Bromic acid is the product of a reaction of barium bromate and sulfuric acid. : + → 2 \+ Barium sulfate is insoluble in water and forms a precipitate. The aqueous bromic acid can be decanted removing the barium sulfate.
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Volume 64, 2:170-178. Gupta, V.K. and Rastogi, A. 2009: Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by raw and acid-treated green alga Oedogonium hatei from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Volume 163, 1:396-402.
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"Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solutions". 2nd English edition. [Houston, TX: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.] so at any one time there may be one or more different chemical reactions occurring within a concrete structure.
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Tetrahydroxyborate can assimilate a proton into the anion by recombination: Because of this capture of a proton (), tetrahydroxyborate has Arrhenius-basic character. Its protonation product is boric acid. In aqueous solution, most tetrahydroxyborate ions are undissociated.
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Chemical kinetics is fundamental for coupling bioproduct formation to fluxes of aqueous species and suspended microbes.Bryant, S.L. and T.P. Lockhart, Reservoir engineering analysis of microbial enhanced oil recovery. Spe Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 2002. 5(5): p.
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Hydrated glyoxal (top) and derived oligomers, called dimers and trimers. The middle and lower species exist as mixtures of isomers. Glyoxal is supplied typically as a 40% aqueous solution. Like other small aldehydes, glyoxal forms hydrates.
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They are composed of para-linked aromatics, sulfonyl groups and ether groups and partly also alkyl groups. Polysulfones have outstanding resistance to heat and oxidation, hydrolysis resistance to aqueous and alkaline media and good electrical properties.
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Alkyl polyacrylates are suitable for use as defoamers in non-aqueous systems where air release is more important than the breakdown of surface foam. These defoamers are often delivered in a solvent carrier like petroleum distillates.
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There are two levels of fusion: mixing of membrane lipids and mixing of contents. Assays of membrane fusion report either the mixing of membrane lipids or the mixing of the aqueous contents of the fused entities.
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The synthesis entails treating aqueous solutions of nickel(II) salts with potassium hydroxide.Glemser, O. (1963) "Nickel(II) Hydroxide" in ""Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. G. Brauer (ed.), Academic Press, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1549.
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With the current resolution, the visible and near-infrared spectra of most satellites appear featureless. So far, water ice has been inferred on Phoebe and Nereid and features attributed to aqueous alteration were found on Himalia.
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Photosensitive films containing PVA, ammonium dichromate, and a phosphor are spin-coated as aqueous slurries in the production of the phosphor raster of television screens and other devices. The ammonium dichromate acts as the photoactive site.
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Jordão, A.; Vargas, M.; Pinto, A.; da Silva, F.; Ferreira, V. Lawsone in organic synthesis. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 67909-67943. Lawsone strongly absorbs UV light, and aqueous extracts can be effective sunless tanning and sunscreens.
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It is often used as a sensitive spot test for ammonia. Similarly, Cu2HgI4 is used as a precipitating reagent to test for alkaloids. Aqueous alkaline iodine solution is used in the iodoform test for methyl ketones.
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Loss of aqueous humor absorption leads to increased resistance and thus a chronic, painless buildup of pressure in the eye. In close/narrow-angle, the iridocorneal angle is completely closed because of forward displacement of the final roll and root of the iris against the cornea, resulting in the inability of the aqueous fluid to flow from the posterior to the anterior chamber and then out of the trabecular network. This accumulation of aqueous humor causes an acute increase in pressure and pain. The inconsistent relationship of glaucomatous optic neuropathy with increased intraocular pressure has provoked hypotheses and studies on anatomic structure, eye development, nerve compression trauma, optic nerve blood flow, excitatory neurotransmitter, trophic factor, retinal ganglion cell/axon degeneration, glial support cell, immune system, aging mechanisms of neuron loss, and severing of the nerve fibers at the scleral edge.
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Endometrial transformation normally occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle; it is induced by endogenous progesterone following adequate priming by endogenous estradiol. The decidua (pregnancy-type endometrium) induction dosage of estradiol benzoate/progesterone in oil solution is 2 to 5 mg estradiol benzoate and 20 to 100 mg progesterone by intramuscular injection daily for 5 to 7 weeks, whereas the decidua induction dosage of estradiol benzoate/progesterone in microcrystalline aqueous suspension is 10 to 20 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 to 250 mg progesterone in microcrystalline aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection once per week for about 6 weeks. For comparison, the decidua induction dosage of estradiol valerate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil solution is about the same as that of microcrystalline estradiol benzoate/progesterone in aqueous suspension. The decidua induction dosages of estrogen and progestogen combinations are pseudopregnancy dosages.
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Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons was due entirely to difference in ionic conductivity of deuterated salts solutions compared to normal aqueous solutions. He also formulated an allegation of fraud regarding the results from John Bockris's research group.
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Copper nanoparticles can also be synthesized using green chemistry to reduce the environmental impact of the reaction. Copper chloride can be reduced using only L-ascorbic acid in a heated aqueous solution to produce stable copper nanoparticles.
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Thus, as the cryoprotectant replaces the water molecules, the biological material retains its native physiological structure and function, although they are no longer immersed in an aqueous environment. This preservation strategy is most often utilized in anhydrobiosis.
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Molybdates (especially FeMoO4, Fe2(MoO4)3, NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and MnMoO4) have been used as anode or cathode materials in aqueous capacitors. Due to pseudocapacitive charge storage, specific capacitance up to 1500 F g−1 has been observed.
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Reactions have also been performed using norbornenes as dienophiles at second order rates on the order of 1 M−1•s−1 in aqueous media. The reaction has been applied in labeling live cells and polymer coupling.
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This step allows the simple removal of various metal impurities (e.g. iron and manganese) which remain in the aqueous phase in the form of fluorides. Separation of the tantalum and niobium is then achieved by pH adjustment.
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Similar to reaction (I), trifluoromethoxides () can be prepared from saline- type fluorides (e.g., ) and carbonyl fluoride. However, if the ion is, for example, in an aqueous solution displaced by an acid, trifluoromethanol decomposes at the room temperature.
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L. perlatum biomass has been shown experimentally to remove mercury ions from aqueous solutions, and is being investigated for potential use as a low-cost, renewable, biosorptive material in the treatment of water and wastewater containing mercury.
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Micro- vegetation growth were carefully removed by brushing with soft nylon brushes sprayed with an aqueous solution of 3% ammonia and 1% non-ionic detergent, which was later removed by washing with a large quantity of water.
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Germanium disulfide was the first germanium compound found by Clemens Winkler, during the analysis of argyrodite. The fact that germanium sulfide does not dissolve in aqueous acid made it possible for Winkler to isolate the new element.
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Sphingomyelin breakdown is responsible for initiating many universal signaling pathways. It is hydrolyzed by sphingomyelinases (sphingomyelin specific type-C phospholipases). The phosphocholine head group is released into the aqueous environment while the ceramide diffuses through the membrane.
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Because skarns are formed from incompatible-element rich, siliceous aqueous fluids a variety of uncommon mineral types are found in the skarn environment, such as: tourmaline, topaz, beryl, corundum, fluorite, apatite, barite, strontianite, tantalite, anglesite, and others.
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The transition metal silicides are, in contrast, usually inert to aqueous solutions of everything with exception of hydrofluoric acid; however, they react with more aggressive agents, e.g. melted potassium hydroxide, or fluorine and chlorine when red-hot.
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Micro-vegetation growth were carefully removed by brushing with soft nylon brushes sprayed with an aqueous solution of 3% ammonia and 1% non-ionic detergent, which was later removed by washing with a large quantity of water.
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Hematein exhibits indicator-like properties, being blue and less soluble in aqueous alkaline conditions, and red and more soluble in alcoholic acidic conditions. Dissolved haematein slowly reacts with atmospheric oxygen, yielding products that have not found applications.
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2013 Vol 11 pp672-678.Rahman, I. et al Selective separation of tri- and pentavalent arsenic in aqueous matrix with a macrocycle-immobilized solid-phase extraction system. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2013 Vol 224 pp.1–11.
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J., et al. (1982). "Improved internal treatments for glass containers." Journal of the Canadian Ceramic Society (1932-1986) 51: 21-8. An alternative method for sulfate treatment is with solid ammonium sulfate salt or aqueous solutions thereof.
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One chemical method involves the decomposition of triethylsilyl hydrotrioxide generated in situ from triethylsilane and ozone. :(C2H5)3SiH + O3 → (C2H5)3SiOOOH → (C2H5)3SiOH + O2(1Δg) Another method uses the aqueous reaction of hydrogen peroxide with sodium hypochlorite: : H2O2 \+ NaOCl → O2(1Δg) + NaCl + H2O A third method liberates singlet oxygen via phosphite ozonides, which are, in turn, generated in situ. Phosphite ozonides will decompose to give singlet oxygen: :(RO)3P + O3 → (RO)3PO3 :(RO)3PO3 → (RO)3PO + O2(1Δg) An advantage of this method is that it is amenable to non- aqueous conditions.
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Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems. ABS are formed when either two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate concentrations or at a particular temperature. The two phases are mostly composed of water and non volatile components, thus eliminating volatile organic compounds. They have been used for many years in biotechnological applications as non-denaturing and benign separation media.
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Li et al., for the first time, discovered that the ion-size effect and the electrode-electrolyte wettability are the dominant factors affecting the electrochemical behavior of flexible SWCNTs- supercapacitors in different 1 molar aqueous electrolytes with different anions and cations. The experimental results also showed for flexible supercapacitor that it is suggested to put enough pressure between the two electrodes to improve the aqueous electrolyte CNT supercapacitor. CNTs can store about the same charge as activated carbon per unit surface area, but nanotubes' surface is arranged in a regular pattern, providing greater wettability.
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Depo-Provera is the brand name for a 150 mg microcrystalline aqueous suspension of DMPA that is administered by intramuscular injection. The shot must be injected into thigh, buttock, or deltoid muscle four times a year (every 11 to 13 weeks), and provides pregnancy protection instantaneously after the first injection.Stacey, Dawn. Depo Provera: The Birth Control Shot Accessed October 13, 2009 Depo-subQ Provera 104 is a variation of the original intramuscular DMPA that is instead a 104 mg microcrystalline dose in aqueous suspension administered by subcutaneous injection.
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A high positive E_{h} indicates an environment that favors oxidation reaction such as free oxygen. A low negative E_{h} indicates a strong reducing environment, such as free metals. Sometimes when electrolysis is carried out in an aqueous solution, water, rather than the solute, is oxidized or reduced. For example, if an aqueous solution of NaCl is electrolyzed, water may be reduced at the cathode to produce H2(g) and OH− ions, instead of Na+ being reduced to Na(s), as occurs in the absence of water.
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A small amount of a liquid organic extract is spread, as a thin layer, onto a matrix made of a thin microporous material whose surfaces are freely accessible from and to the outside. The extract is held by capillary forces or other forces. This layer is alternately and repeatedly brought into brief contact with thin layers of the donor and the strip aqueous liquid. In the extraction step, selected species that are present in the donor solution are transported from the donor aqueous solution to the organic phase where a reaction ensues.
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Some of King's research has dealt with the removal and recovery of polar organic substances from aqueous streams in two contexts. Research on removal of pollutants by solvent extraction was supported by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. He later turned to the use of solvent extraction and adsorption, with and without chemical complexation, for recovery of carboxylic acids, glycols and alcohols from aqueous process streams, such as occur in the manufacture of these chemicals from biomass by fermentation. Much of this work also dealt with novel methods of regeneration of the extractants or adsorbents.
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The complexes formed by the uranyl ion in aqueous solution are of major importance both in the extraction of uranium from its ores and in nuclear fuel reprocessing. In industrial processes, uranyl nitrate is extracted with tributyl phosphate (TBP, (CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3PO) as the preferred second ligand and kerosene the preferred organic solvent. Later in the process, uranium is stripped from the organic solvent by treating it with strong nitric acid, which forms complexes such as [UO2(NO3)4]2− which are more soluble in the aqueous phase. Uranyl nitrate is recovered by evaporating the solution.
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Brian O'Regan is known for his pioneering work on the deposition of meso-porous oxides from colloidal solutions that ultimately led to the first high efficiency DSSC. He has also developed the first high efficiency non-aqueous electrolyte for DSSC and more recently has overturned the belief that water is poisonous to dye sensitisation by designing water based and water tolerant DSSC. He has invented TiO2 electrodeposition from TiCl3, electrodeposition of CuSCB and non-aqueous electrodeposition of aligned mesoporous ZnO. He holds 5 patents and is the author of numerous research papers.
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BEAMing begins with the isolation of DNA from a patient’s blood or plasma sample. Target regions of the purified DNA undergo a pre- amplification step with conventional PCR utilizing primers of known sequences to amplify the genetic regions of interest. The amplified DNA templates are then introduced to primers that are covalently bound to magnetic beads via streptavidin-biotin interactions and are compartmentalized into aqueous microdroplets of a water-in-oil emulsion. The aqueous phase is emulsified with the oil, creating millions of individual water droplets having a diameter of 3-10 microns.
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Each DNA template (with the magnetic bead present in the aqueous compartment) is extended and amplified, resulting in a bead coated with thousands of identical copies of the template DNA fragment. Usually a high-fidelity DNA polymerase is used in order to limit errors normally introduced during PCR. This precaution limits the risk of false-positive detection and enables the accurate discrimination of target molecules. Following the emulsion PCR step, the water and oil phase are separated so that the microparticles can be collected in the aqueous phase.
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The air bubbles must selectively adhere to the desired minerals to elevate them to the surface of the slurry while wetting the other minerals and leaving them in the aqueous slurry medium. Particles that can be easily wetted by water are called hydrophilic, while particles that are not easily wetted by water are called hydrophobic. Hydrophobic particles have a tendency to form a separate phase in aqueous media. In froth flotation the effectiveness of an air bubble to adhere to a particle is based on how hydrophobic the particle is.
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This process is not suitable for water with high salinity. Calcium amended-hydroxyapatite is the most recent defluoridation technique in which aqueous calcium is amended to the fluoride contaminated water prior to contact with uncalcined synthetic hydroxyapatite adsorbent. In this novel defluoridation technique, amending aqueous calcium successfully prevents the dissolution of hydroxyapatite during the defluoridation and also enhances the defluoridation capacity of hydroxyapatite. In addition to these features, this ″calcium amended-hydroxyapatite″ defluoridation technique provides calcium-enriched alkaline drinking water and drinking of this defluoridated water may also help in fluorosis reversal.
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Oleosins provide an easy way of purifying proteins which have been produced recombinantly in plants. If the protein is made as a fusion protein with oleosin and a protease recognition site is incorporated between them, the fusion protein will sit in the membrane of the oil body, which can be easily isolated by centrifugation. The oil droplets can then be mixed with aqueous medium again, and oleosin cleaved from the protein of interest. Centrifugation will cause two phases to separate again, and the aqueous medium now contains the purified protein.
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Lithium-6 has a greater affinity than lithium-7 for the element mercury. When an amalgam of lithium and mercury is added to aqueous lithium hydroxide, the lithium-6 becomes more concentrated in the amalgam and the lithium-7 more in the hydroxide solution. The COLEX separation method makes use of this by passing a counter-flow of lithium-mercury amalgam flowing down and aqueous lithium hydroxide flowing up through a cascade of stages. The fraction of lithium-6 is preferentially drained by the mercury, but the lithium-7 flows mostly with the hydroxide.
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The slides are then immersed in a solution that cause the cells to lyse. The lysis solution often used in the comet assay consists of a highly concentrated aqueous salt (often, common table salt can be used) and a detergent (such as Triton X-100 or sarcosinate). The pH of the lysis solution can be adjusted (usually between neutral and alkaline pH) depending upon the type of damage the researcher is investigating. The aqueous salt disrupts proteins and their bonding patterns within the cell as well as disrupting the RNA content of the cell.
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Testosterone levels over 16 weeks with intramuscular injection of different testosterone esters in hypogonadal men. Testosterone can be administered by intramuscular injection either as an aqueous suspension of testosterone or as an oil solution or aqueous suspension of testosterone esters such as testosterone propionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone cypionate, testosterone undecanoate, and testosterone isobutyrate. An even longer-acting testosterone ester that was developed but ultimately never marketed is testosterone buciclate. These preparations are prodrugs of progesterone that have a long- lasting depot effect when injected into muscle or fat, ranging from days to months in duration.
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It is believed that the mechanism for removing acid build up in car engine oils involves low water phase volume, water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions. Theoretically, transport of the aqueous acid droplets through the engine oil to microdispersed calcium carbonate particles in the oil should be most efficient when the aqueous droplets are small enough to transport a single hydrogen ion (the smaller the droplets, the greater the number of acid water droplets, the faster the neutralisation). Such microemulsions are probably very stable across a reasonably wide range of elevated temperatures.
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The layers were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with pentane. The combined organic extract was washed successively with 1 N sodium hydroxide, 10% sodium sulfite, and saturated aqueous sodium chloride and then was treated with a few crystals of BHT to inhibit isomerization of the alkenyl bromide. After drying over magnesium sulfate, distillation afforded 3.72 g (78%) of (E)-1-bromo-1-octene, bp 67° (5 mm), nD26 1.4617. This compound, which contained 4% of 1-bromo-1-octyne, was stored over a few crystals of BHT.
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This behavior allows considering amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles as analogues of molecular surfactants for the stabilization of emulsions. In 2005, spherical silica particles with amphiphilic properties were prepared by partial modification of the external surface with an alkylsilane agent. These particles form spherical assemblies encapsulating water-immiscible organic compounds in aqueous media by facing their hydrophobic alkylsilylated side to the inner organic phase and their hydrophilic side to the outer aqueous phase, thus stabilizing oil droplets in water. In 2009, hydrophilic surface of silica particles was made partially hydrophobic by adsorbing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
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Cobalt chloride can be prepared in aqueous solution from cobalt(II) hydroxide or cobalt(II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid: : + 2 HCl(aq) → (aq) \+ : + 2 HCl(aq) → (aq) \+ 2 The solid dihydrate and hexahydrate can be obtained by evaporation. Cooling saturated aqueous solutions yields the dihydrate between 120.2 °C and 51.25 °C, and the hexahydrate below 51.25 °C. Water ice, rather than cobalt chloride, will crystallize from solutions with concentration below 29%. The monohydrate and the anhydrous forms can be obtained by cooling solutions only under high pressure, above 206 °C and 335 °C, respectively.
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Aqueous homogeneous reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory The first aqueous homogeneous reactor built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory went critical October 1952. The design power level of one megawatt (MW) was attained in February 1953. The reactor's high-pressure steam twirled a small turbine that generated 150 kilowatts (kW) of electricity, an accomplishment that earned its operators the honorary title "Oak Ridge Power Company." However AEC was committed to development of solid-fuel reactors cooled with water and laboratory demonstrations of other reactor types, regardless of their success, did not alter its course.
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Calcium alginate is a water-insoluble, gelatinous, cream-coloured substance that can be created through the addition of aqueous calcium chloride to aqueous sodium alginate. Calcium alginate is also used for entrapment of enzymes and forming artificial seeds in plant tissue culture. "Alginate" is usually the salts of alginic acid, but it can also refer to derivatives of alginic acid and alginic acid itself; in some publications the term "algin" is used instead of alginate. Alginate is present in the cell walls of brown algae, as the calcium, magnesium and sodium salts of alginic acid.
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Hydrophobic forces are the attractive entropic forces between any two hydrophobic groups in aqueous media, e.g. the forces between two long hydrocarbon chains in aqueous solutions. The magnitude of these forces depends on the hydrophobicity of the interacting groups as well as the distance separating them (they are found to decrease roughly exponentially with the distance). The physical origin of these forces is a debated issue but they have been found to be long-ranged and are the strongest among all the physical interaction forces operating between biological surfaces and molecules.
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These neuroactive steroid derivatives enhance GABA via allosteric modulation at GABA(A) receptors and have anticonvulsant, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, and also alter sexual and alcohol related behavior. 5α-dihydrocortisol is present in the aqueous humor of the eye, is synthesized in the lens, and might help make the aqueous humor itself. Allopregnanolone and THDOC are neurosteroids, with the latter having effects on the susceptibility of animals to seizures. In socially isolated mice, 5α-R1 is specifically down-regulated in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons that converge on the amygdala from cortical and hippocampal regions.
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Target compounds are extracted from an aqueous sample, through a µL-volume of organic solvent sustained as a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fiber, and into an acceptor solution inside the lumen of the hollow fiber. Extraction is based on electrokinetic migration in an electrical field sustained across the SLM. The volume of the acceptor solution is typically 5-25 µL. The acceptor solution is an aqueous solution, and can be analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE).
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There are other forms of similar reactions which can take place, for example, when using an aqueous solution of acrylic/itaconic copolymer with tartaric acid, this results in a glass-ionomer in liquid form. An aqueous solution of maleic acid polymer or maleic/acrylic copolymer with tartaric acid can also be used to form a glass-ionomer in liquid form. Tartaric acid plays a significant part in controlling the setting characteristics of the material. Glass-ionomer based hybrids incorporate another dental material, for example resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) and compomers (or modified composites).
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Zinc, a typical metal, reacting with hydrochloric acid, a typical acid An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion H+) (a Brønsted–Lowry acid), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).IUPAC Gold Book - acid The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydronium ion H3O+ and are known as Arrhenius acids. Brønsted and Lowry generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous solvents.
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Although the printed circuit board industry was still in its infancy, it was among the first to initiate the conversion to aqueous and semi-aqueous-based parts cleaning systems. With nearly every existing and all future circuit board factories using the new environmentally friendly cleaning technology, they also needed a new method of drying the p.c. boards following their water- based cleaning to remove solder fluxes and other contaminants. The trend away from other types of solvent-based parts cleaning to water-based cleaning for other industries began soon thereafter.
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Leaching involves the use of aqueous solutions to extract metal from metal bearing materials which is brought into contact with a material containing a valuable metal. The first examples come from 17th century Germany and Spain where it was applied to extraction of copper. The lixiviant solution conditions vary in terms of pH, oxidation-reduction potential, presence of chelating agents and temperature, to optimize the rate, extent and selectivity of dissolution of the desired metal component into the aqueous phase. Through the use of chelating agents, one can selectively extract certain metals.
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The most common members are (M = Nb, Ta), which adopt the Lindqvist structure. These octaanions form in strongly basic conditions from alkali melts of the extended metal oxides (M2O5), or in the case of Nb even from mixtures of niobic acid and alkali metal hydroxides in aqueous solution. The hexatantalate can also be prepared by condensation of peroxotantalate in alkaline media. These polyoxometalates display an anomalous aqueous solubility trend of their alkali metal salts inasmuch as their Cs+ and Rb+ salts are more soluble than their Na+ and Li+ salts.
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Pigment-based aqueous inks are typically more costly but provide much better long-term durability and ultraviolet resistance. Inks marketed as "Archival Quality" are usually pigment-based. Some professional wide format printers use aqueous inks, but the majority in professional use today employ a much wider range of inks, most of which require piezo inkjet heads and extensive maintenance: ; Howtek Style Thermoplastic InkSolvent inks: The main ingredient of these inks are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), organic chemical compounds that have high vapor pressures. Color is achieved with pigments rather than dyes for excellent fade-resistance.
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In extreme cases, even sweaty fingertips during hot humid weather could cause low-quality inks to smear. Similarly, water-based highlighter markers can blur inkjet-printed documents and discolor the highlighter's tip. The lifetime of inkjet prints produced using aqueous inks is generally shorter (although UV-resistant inks are available) than those produced with solvent-based inkjets; however, so- called "archival inks" have been produced for use in aqueous-based machines which offer extended life. In addition to smearing, gradual fading of many inks can be a problem over time.
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Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy where retinal ganglion cells and their axons die causing a corresponding visual field defect. An important risk factor is increased intraocular pressure (pressure within the eye) either through increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humour. Increased resistance to outflow of aqueous humour may occur due to an abnormal trabecular meshwork or due to obliteration of the meshwork resulting from injury or disease of the iris. However, increased interocular pressure is neither sufficient nor necessary for development of primary open angle glaucoma, although it is a major risk factor.
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Whether to add organic solvent into aqueous solvent, or vice versa, becomes important on the industrial scale. Depending on your solvents, emulsions can form, and the time for your layers to separate can be extended if the mixing between solvents is not optimal. When adding organic solvent to aqueous, stoichiometry must be considered again as the excess of water could hydrolyze organic compounds in only mildly acid base conditions. In an even wider scope, the location of your chemical plant can play a role in the ambient temperature of your reaction vessel.
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In one study (c. 1985), scientists linked malignant tumours to the site of skin or subcutaneous administration of aqueous extracts of paan in mice. In hamsters, forestomach carcinomas occurred after painting the cheek-pouch mucosa with aqueous extracts or implantation of a wax pellet containing powdered paan with tobacco into the cheek pouch; carcinomas occurred in the cheek pouch following implantation of the wax pellets. In human populations, they reported observing elevated frequencies of micronucleated cells in buccal mucosa of people who chew betel quid in the Philippines and India.
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A cathode-flow lithium- iodine (Li–I) battery uses the triiodide/iodide (−/I−) redox couple in aqueous solution. It has energy density of 0.33 kWh/kg because of the solubility of LiI in aqueous solution (≈8.2M) and its power density of 130 mW/cm2 at a current rate of 60 mA/cm2, 328 K. In operation, the battery attains 90% of the theoretical storage capacity, coulombic efficiency of 100%±1% in 2–20 cycles, and cyclic performance of >99% capacity retention for 20 cycles, up to total capacity of 100 mAh.
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PtCl4 is mainly encountered in the handling of chloroplatinic acid, obtained by dissolving of Pt metal in aqua regia. Heating H2PtCl6 gives PtCl4: :H2PtCl6 → PtCl4 \+ 2 HCl If excess acids are removed, PtCl4 crystallizes from aqueous solutions in large red crystals of pentahydrate PtCl4·5(H2O), which can be dehydrated by heating to about 300 °C in a current of dry chlorine. The pentahydrate is stable and is used as the commercial form of PtCl4. Treatment of PtCl4 with aqueous base gives the [Pt(OH)6]2− ion.
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The medication was used to treat hypogonadism and eunuchoidism in males and for palliation of breast cancer in females. It was developed by Ciba Pharmaceutical Company. A study found that, measured by 17-ketosteroid excretion, 300 mg testosterone propionate in oil solution had a duration of 5 days, 300 mg testosterone propionate in aqueous suspension had a duration of 13 days, 353 mg testosterone cypionate in oil solution had a duration of 24 days, and 354 mg testosterone phenylacetate in aqueous suspension had a duration of 66 days.
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Berkelium(IV) oxide Berkelium forms a number of chemical compounds, where it normally exists in an oxidation state of +3 or +4, and behaves similarly to its lanthanide analogue, terbium. Like all actinides, berkelium easily dissolves in various aqueous inorganic acids, liberating gaseous hydrogen and converting into the trivalent oxidation state. This trivalent state is the most stable, especially in aqueous solutions, but tetravalent berkelium compounds are also known. The existence of divalent berkelium salts is uncertain and has only been reported in mixed lanthanum chloride-strontium chloride melts.
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Fehling's solution is prepared by combining two separate solutions: Fehling's A, which is a deep blue aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate, and Fehling's B, which is a colorless solution of aqueous potassium sodium tartrate (also known as Rochelle salt) made strongly alkali with potassium hydroxide. These two solutions, stable separately, are combined when needed for the test because the copper(II) complex formed by their combination is not stable. The active reagent is bis(tartrate) complex of Cu2+, which serves as an oxidizing agent. The tartrate tetraanions serve as bidentate alkoxide ligands.
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Coflore continuous countercurrent extractor. These are commonly used in industry for the processing of metals such as the lanthanides; because the separation factors between the lanthanides are so small many extraction stages are needed. In the multistage processes, the aqueous raffinate from one extraction unit is fed to the next unit as the aqueous feed, while the organic phase is moved in the opposite direction. Hence, in this way, even if the separation between two metals in each stage is small, the overall system can have a higher decontamination factor.
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Non-polar compounds would not be influenced by the hydroxyls on the surface of the paper, but because of their hydrophobic nature may not diffuse through the aqueous medium resulting in false negatives. Large molecules also often diffuse poorly. Thus, some antimicrobial compounds may not be identified using a disc diffusion assay. On the other hand, the accuracy of the MTT microdilution assay can be compromised by samples that are coloured (such as plant extracts), redox active and/or samples that are not soluble in the medium, which is predominantly aqueous.
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Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1998, p.170) (To prevent ambiguity, in the rest of this article, "strong acid" will, unless otherwise stated, refer to an acid that is strong as measured by its pKa value (pKa < –1.74). This usage is consistent with the common parlance of most practicing chemists.) When the acidic medium in question is a dilute aqueous solution, the H0 is approximately equal to the pH value, which is a negative logarithm of the concentration of aqueous H+ in solution.
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FeMoO4 has been used as relatively stable active material for anodes in Li-ion batteries for conversion reaction, as anode material in aqueous supercapacitors due to fast redox reactions and as catalyst for oxygen evolution in alkaline solutions.
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A small amount of industrial production involves wet chemical processes, which start with aqueous solutions of zinc salts, from which zinc carbonate or zinc hydroxide is precipitated. The solid precipitate is then calcined at temperatures around 800 °C.
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Chloramine-T contains active (electrophilic) chlorine. Its reactivity is similar to that of sodium hypochlorite. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T are slightly basic (pH typically 8.5). The pKa of the closely related N-chlorophenylsulfonamide C6H5SO2NCl(H) is 9.5.
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Sodium cyanoborohydride is the chemical compound with the formula NaBH3CN. It is a colourless salt, but commercial samples can appear tan. It is widely used in organic synthesis for the reduction of imines. The salt tolerates aqueous conditions.
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Conversely, testosterone and testosterone esters in oil solution or crystalline aqueous suspension administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection have much longer half- lives, in the range of days to months, due to slow release from the injection site.
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The process is accomplished by vigorous mixing of the hydrophobic drug with the aqueous solution of the hydrophilic polymer solution, leading to production of small particles of the drug covered with small droplets of the hydrophilic polymer solution.
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This could happen during aqueous alteration of the Martian crust. Another explanation would be an isotopic contamination of the Martian crust during impact brecciation. If it were a terrestrial rock it would be classified as a regolith breccia.
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Hydrogenation in the presence of a copper or platinum catalyst in an aqueous environment gives 2,5-BHMF as the main product. Under more forcing conditions, the furan ring is reduced as well, resulting in 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran.
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Testosterone propionate is usually provided as an oil solution for use by intramuscular injection. It was also previously available as an 30 mg or 50 mg aqueous suspension. Buccal tablets of testosterone propionate were previously available as well.
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MoS2 compounded in nylon reduces wear, friction and stick-slip. Furthermore, it acts as a nucleating agent effecting in a very fine crystalline structure. The primary use of graphite lubricated thermoplastics is in applications operating in aqueous environments.
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Americium metal readily reacts with oxygen and dissolves in aqueous acids. The most stable oxidation state for americium is +3,.Penneman, p. 4 The chemistry of americium(III) has many similarities to the chemistry of lanthanide(III) compounds.
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It is the site of an ancient lakebed and has clay deposits.Murchie, S. et al. 2009. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Journal of Geophysical Research: 114.
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Pressure oxidation is an aqueous process for sulfur removal carried out in a continuous autoclave, operating at high pressures and somewhat elevated temperatures. The Albion process utilises a combination of ultrafine grinding and atmospheric, auto-thermal, oxidative leaching.
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Following abrasion, the adherend should always be wiped with solvent or an aqueous detergent solution to clean the surface of any oils and loose material and then dried. After this process is complete, the adhesive can be applied.
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In a homogenous solution the filter paper was also successful in separating the liquids through differentiating for surface tensions. Although with a lower efficiency, aqueous ethanol was also extracted from the solution when tested on the filter paper.
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4-Chlorobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula ClC6H4CO2H. It is a white solid that is soluble in some organic solvents and in aqueous base. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid is prepared by oxidation of 4-chlorotoluene..
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Lagoons were made for storage of waste oil and other aqueous wastes. It was also used as a landfill and dump location. These reprocessed oils and other types of waste entered surface waters and also contaminated the soil.
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Both of these effects make the reaction faster. In 2008, Atul Kumar reported synthesis of Hantzsch esters and polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi-component reaction protocol in aqueous micelles using ultrasound. Ultrasound is used in extraction, using different frequencies.
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Therefore the abundance of magnesium and other perchlorate salts on Mars could support the theory that liquid aqueous solutions might exist on or below the surface, where temperature and pressure conditions would ordinarily cause the water to freeze.
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The company "...bought out and patented the system of using diamonds for boring", Hick was elected a member of the Iron and Steel Institute the same year. The Aqueous Works and Diamond Rock-boring Company liquidated about 1892.
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Microcrystalline EB/P4 in aqueous suspension was developed and marketed under the brand name Sistocyclin several years later. EB/P4 was eventually superseded by longer- acting parenteral estrogen–progestogen combinations as well as by oral estrogen–progestogen combinations.
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Before then it was well known that there were polymolybdates of Mo(VI). Molybdenum(VI)oxide, MoO3, when dissolved in aqueous alkali forms the tetrahedral molybdate anion, . Dissolving molybdate salts in strong acid produces "molybdic acid", MoO3·2H2O.
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It has been shown that, in all cases, the mentioned models were successful in reproducing tie-line data of polymer/salt aqueous two-phase systems. In most of the previous works, excess Gibbs functions have been used for modeling.
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Ionic electrolytes consists of liquid salts that can be stable in a wider electrochemical window, enabling capacitor voltages above 3.5 V. Ionic electrolytes typically have an ionic conductivity of a few mS/cm, lower than aqueous or organic electrolytes.
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This can be reversed by adding an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. A family of indane derivatives are empathogen-entactogens. They are very close derivatives of other empathogen-entactogens such as MDMA and MDA. Examples include MDAI and MDMAI.
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An experiment with mice found that applying an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride to the skin resulted in "a significant increase in urine, serum, and whole brain aluminium." Other experiments on pregnant mice showed transplacental passage of aluminum chloride.
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Effect of aqueous extract from Herniaria hirsuta L. on experimentally nephrolithiasic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95:1 87-93.Atmani, F. (2004). Extract from Herniaria hirsuta coats calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and blocks their adhesion to renal epithelial cells.
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2004 Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES Experiment on the Opportunity Rover. Science: 306. 1733-1739.Squyres, S. et al. 2004. In Situ Evidence for an Ancient Aqueous Environment at Meridian Planum, Mars. Science: 306. 1709-1714.
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Samples for IR spectrophotometry may be smeared between two discs of potassium bromide or ground with potassium bromide and pressed into a pellet. Where aqueous solutions are to be measured, insoluble silver chloride is used to construct the cell.
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NMR structure of a β-thymosin. Both thymosin α1 and β-thymosins are intrinsically unstructured proteins, i.e. they lack a stable fold when free in aqueous solution. This structure, mostly alpha helix, was artificially stabilised by an organic solvent.
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Typical for an inorganic polymer, Zn(CN)2 is insoluble in most solvents. The solid dissolves in, or more precisely, is degraded by, aqueous solutions of basic ligands such as hydroxide, ammonia, and additional cyanide to give anionic complexes.
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Animal test based studies (mice) with aqueous extracts of Amanita abrupta have demonstrated hepatotoxic potential. Liver cell necrosis can be encountered.Fukuhara et al.: Hepatotoxic action of a poisonous mushroom, Amanita abrupta in mice and its toxic component, Toxicology, 1986.
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2,2-Di-2-furylpropane may be obtained from crude aqueous acidic reaction mixtures (typically biphasic) by allowing phase separation followed by neutralization of the organic layer. Essentially pure product is obtained by vacuum distillation of the neutralized organic phase.
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It uses 480,000 tonnes of fuel per year to produce 126 MW of thermal energy, and the boiler is optimised to run at 537 °C and 137 bar of pressure. Aqueous wastes are dispersed using a wetland filtering system.
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Chromate salts contain the chromate anion, . Dichromate salts contain the dichromate anion, . They are oxoanions of chromium in the 6+ oxidation state and are moderately strong oxidizing agents. In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate ions can be interconvertible.
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The selenate ion is . Selenates are analogous to sulfates and have similar chemistry. They are highly soluble in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures. Unlike sulfate, selenate is a somewhat good oxidizer; it can be reduced to selenite or selenium.
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In aqueous solution tellurate ions are 6 coordinate. In neutral conditions the pentahydrogen orthotellurate ion, , is the most common; in basic conditions, the tetrahydrogen orthotellurate ion, , and in acid conditions, orthotelluric acid, Te(OH)6 or H6TeO6 is formed.
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2004 Mineralogy at Meridiani Planum from the Mini-TES Experiment on the Opportunity Rover. Science: 306. 1733-1739.Squyres, S. et al. 2004. In Situ Evidence for an Ancient Aqueous Environment at Meridian Planum, Mars. Science: 306. 1709-1714.
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Samarium and thulium also behave this way in the +2 state, but europium(II) is stable in aqueous solution. Ytterbium metal behaves similarly to europium metal and the alkaline earth metals, dissolving in ammonia to form blue electride salts.
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This way, the extraction of the solute is enhanced.Babić, K.; van der Ham, A. G. J.; de Haan, A. B. (2008). “Sorption kinetics for the removal of aldehydes from aqueous streams with extractant impregnated resins.” Adsorption 14: 357-366.
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A variety of other synthetic methods have been published. Salts of the dodecaborate ion are stable in air and do not react with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. The anion can be electrochemically oxidised to [B24H23]3−.
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Tricalcium phosphate is produced commercially by treating hydroxyapatite with phosphoric acid and slaked lime. It cannot be precipitated directly from aqueous solution. Typically double decomposition reactions are employed, involving a soluble phosphate and calcium salts, e.g. (NH4)2HPO4 \+ Ca(NO3)2.
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Lithium carbonate can also be purified by exploiting its diminished solubility in hot water. Thus, heating a saturated aqueous solution causes crystallization of . Lithium carbonate, and other carbonates of group 1, do not decarboxylate readily. decomposes at temperatures around 1300 °C.
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767–68 The yellow polonate(IV) ion is known in aqueous solutions of low Cl‒ concentration and high pH.Schwietzer & Pesterfield pp. 241, 243 Polonides such as Na2Po, BePo, ZnPo, CdPo and HgPo feature Po2− anions;Wiberg, Holleman & Wiberg 2001, pp.
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Other rock crystals have formed out of precipitation from fluids, commonly water, to form druses or quartz veins. Evaporites such as Halite (mineral), gypsum and some limestones have been deposited from aqueous solution, mostly owing to evaporation in arid climates.
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Hypobromous acid is a weak, unstable acid with chemical formula of HOBr. It is mainly produced and handled in an aqueous solution. It is generated both biologically and commercially as a disinfectant. Salts of hypobromite are rarely isolated as solids.
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Structure of Me4NOH monohydrate. TMAH is most commonly encountered as an aqueous solution, in concentrations from ~2–25%, and less frequently as solutions in methanol. These solutions are identified by the CAS# 75-59-2. Several hydrates N(CH3)4OH·xH2O.
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Pentacarbon dioxide, described in 1988 by Günter Maier and others, can be obtained by pyrolysis of 1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione (phloroglucin). Phloroglucinol readily forms 5-aminoresorcinol (aka Phloramine) in aqueous ammonia at low temperatures. phloroglucinol & phloretic acid gives 30% yield of phloretin.
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If an organic solution of permanganate is desired, "purple benzene" may be prepared, either by treating a two phase mixture of aqueous potassium permanganate and benzene with a quaternary ammonium salt, or by sequestering the potassium cation with a crown ether.
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The Adams decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that involved the decarboxylation of coumarins which have carboxylic acid group in the third position. The decarboxylation is achieved by aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite, heat and a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide.
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Succinylsulfathiazole (also known as sulfasuxidine) is a sulfonamide. It is also spelled as succinylsulphathiazole. It is a white or yellow-white crystalline powder. It dissolves in aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates but is very slightly soluble in water.
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Although TeI2 has not been isolated in bulk, complexes of the type TeI2(thiourea)2 are well characterized. These complexes precipitate upon treatment of aqueous solutions of the related tellurium dibromide complex with sodium iodide. Structure of TeI2(thiourea)2.
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The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal which is lined by endothelium with blood and lymphatic properties that allow aqueous humor to flow into the blood system.
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They went on to develop a method to separate phenylthiohydantoin(PTH)-amino acids using their IBc stationary phase with a stronger emphasis of implementing environmentally friendly conditions using a purely aqueous phase in HPLC. Another group separated catechins using PNIPAAm.
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This vasoconstriction may explain the acute reduction in aqueous humor flow. The increased uveoscleral outflow from prolonged use may be explained by increased prostaglandin release due to α adrenergic stimulation. This may lead to relaxed ciliary muscle and increased uveoscleral outflow.
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Rho kinase inhibitors, such as ripasudil, work by inhibition of the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in the morphological changes in the trabecular meshwork and increased aqueous outflow. More compounds in this class are being investigated in phase 2 and phase 3 trials.
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It is used as a dye for plastics may be used as a pH indicator. In aqueous solution at low pH, methyl yellow appears red. Between pH 2.9 and 4.0, methyl yellow undergoes a transition, to become yellow above pH 4.0.
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The roots may be reddish or purple. The plant is sold in markets in some areas in India.Barik, R., et al. (2008). Antidiabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type II diabetes in rats.
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Amberlite LA-2 in 1-octanol diluent maintains nearly full capacity up to a pH value of 6.0 and is readily regenerated by aqueous, slaked dolomitic lime to form CMA, making it a good acetic acid separating agent for CMA production.
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This release of oxygen, another strong oxidant, also causes BPA disintegration in aqueous conditions to produce carbon dioxide and water. The dissolved carbon dioxide in the water results in an increase of carbonic acid, therefore causing an acidification of the water.
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Crucially, many essential metals are not readily accessible to downstream proteins owing to low solubility in aqueous solutions or scarcity in the cellular environment. Organisms have developed a number of strategies for collecting and transporting such elements while limiting their cytotoxicity.
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Electrolysis in an aqueous solution is a similar process as mentioned in electrolysis of water. However, it is considered to be a complex process because the contents in solution have to be analyzed in half reactions, whether reduced or oxidized.
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Precipitation in hydrometallurgy involves the chemical precipitation of either metals and their compounds or of the contaminants from aqueous solutions. Precipitation will proceed when, through reagent addition, evaporation, pH change or temperature manipulation, any given species exceeds its limit of solubility.
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During discharge, lithium ions () carry the current within the battery from the negative to the positive electrode, through the non-aqueous electrolyte and separator diaphragm.Linden, David and Reddy, Thomas B. (eds.) (2002). Handbook of Batteries 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
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Butyric acid is prepared industrially by oxidation of butyraldehyde. It can be separated from aqueous solutions by saturation with salts such as calcium chloride. The calcium salt, Ca(C4H7O2)2·H2O, is less soluble in hot water than in cold.
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It is manufactured by treating an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate with carbon dioxide: :K2CO3 \+ CO2 \+ H2O -> 2 KHCO3 Decomposition of the bicarbonate occurs between : :2 KHCO3 -> K2CO3 \+ CO2 \+ H2O This reaction is employed to prepare high purity potassium carbonate.
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VMA synthesis is the first step of a two-step process practiced by Rhodia since the 1970s to synthesize artificial vanilla. Specifically the reaction entails the condensation of guaiacol and glyoxylic acid in an ice cold, aqueous solution with sodium hydroxide.
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Tantalum forms compounds in oxidation states −III to +V. Most commonly encountered are oxides of Ta(V), which includes all minerals. The chemical properties of Ta and Nb are very similar. In aqueous media, Ta only exhibit the +V oxidation state.
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Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2. It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially.
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The colours are due to LMCT transitions. Chromium trioxide is the anhydride of molecular chromic acid. It is a Lewis acid and can react with a Lewis base, such as pyridine in a non-aqueous medium such as dichloromethane (Collins reagent).
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By then he had decided biochemistry was his subject. From this period Edson published two papers.Edson, N.L., "The catalytic hydrogenation of the hydroxybenzoic acids in aqueous solution". Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1934. 53(19): p. 138-139.
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Potassium aluminate is an inorganic compound with the formula KAlO2, which in aqueous solution exists as K[Al(OH)4]. It is used as a dyeing and printing mordant, as a paper sizing, as an accelerant in the setting of concrete.
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Glaser J. (1979) Acta Chem. Scand. A33, 789. T605. ;Thallium(I) triiodide : is a black crystalline solid prepared from and in aqueous HI. It does not contain thallium(III), but has the same structure as CsI3 containing the linear I3− ion.
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J. Phys. Chem. 1967 vol 71 pp3001-3006.Zhang, X. et al Thermodynamics of macroscopic and microscopic proton ionization from protonated 4-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous solution from 298.15 to 393.15 K. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000 vol 104 pp8598-8605.
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Typical reducing agents include N,N-diethyl-hydroxylamine, ferrous sulphamate, and hydrazine. The plutonium 3+ passes into the aqueous phase. The uranium is stripped from the kerosene solution by back-extraction into nitric acid at a concentration of ca. 0.2 M.
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To minimize the harmful impacts of PFCs on the environment, people have developed many treatment methods to remove them from aqueous solutions.JunfengNiu, Yang Li, Enxiang Shang, ZeshengXu, Jinzi Liu, Electrochemical oxidation of perfluorinated compounds in water,Chemosphere ,146 (2016) 526-538.
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These species are chemically inert, which allows the salt to serve as an inert electrolyte over a wide potential range. Given the sensitivity of electrochemical experiments, this salt is usually further purified, e.g., by recrystallization from aqueous or absolute ethanol.
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Bararite has about a 6% greater density than cryptohalite. As discussed before, its structure is more packed. This substance can be produced easily from aqueous solution, but only below 5 °C (41 °F) will pure bararite form.Gossner, B. (1903) Ammoniumsiliciumfluorid.
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Progesterone has a very short elimination half-life of about 3 to 90 minutes when given by intravenous injection. An aqueous solution of progesterone for use by intravenous injection was once marketed by Schering AG under the brand name Primolut Intravenous.
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The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasinos (πράσινος), meaning "green", and didymos (δίδυμος), "twin". Like most rare-earth elements, praseodymium most readily forms the +3 oxidation state, which is the only stable state in aqueous solution, although the +4 oxidation state is known in some solid compounds and, uniquely among the lanthanides, the +5 oxidation state is attainable in matrix-isolation conditions. Aqueous praseodymium ions are yellowish-green, and similarly praseodymium results in various shades of yellow-green when incorporated into glasses. Many of praseodymium's industrial uses involve its ability to filter yellow light from light sources.
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When performing experiments with denaturants, surfactants or other amphiphilic molecules, the microenvironment of the tryptophan might change. For example, if a protein containing a single tryptophan in its 'hydrophobic' core is denatured with increasing temperature, a red-shifted emission spectrum will appear. This is due to the exposure of the tryptophan to an aqueous environment as opposed to a hydrophobic protein interior. In contrast, the addition of a surfactant to a protein which contains a tryptophan which is exposed to the aqueous solvent will cause a blue-shifted emission spectrum if the tryptophan is embedded in the surfactant vesicle or micelle.
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The facilitated transport of protons across the biological membrane by anionic protonophore is achieved as follows. # The anionic form of the protonophore (P−) is adsorbed onto one side (Positive) of the biological membrane. # Protons (H+) from the aqueous solution combine with the anion (P−) to produce the neutral form (PH) # PH diffuses across the biological membrane and dissociates into H+ and P− on the other side. # This H+ is released from the biological membrane into the other aqueous solution # P− returns to the first side of the biological membrane by electrophoresis (its electrostatic attraction to the positive side of the membrane).
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In the Arrhenius theory, acids are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solution to give H+ (hydrogen ions), while bases are defined as substances that dissociate in aqueous solution to give OH− (hydroxide ions). In 1923 physical chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Thomas Martin Lowry in England both independently proposed the theory that carries their names. In the Brønsted–Lowry theory acids and bases are defined by the way they react with each other, which allows for greater generality. The definition is expressed in terms of an equilibrium expression : acid + base ⇌ conjugate base + conjugate acid.
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The liquid-liquid extraction for the selective actinide partitioning (SANEX-like processes) consists of an organic phase, containing an extracting agent dissolved in a suitable solvent mixture, and an aqueous phase, containing the irradiated fuel dissolution in hot nitric acid. The two phases are vigorously mixed to promote the extraction kinetics. The centrifugation process is performed to favour the phase separation and the transfer of the formed complexes from the depleted aqueous phase (raffinate) into the organic phase (extract) where they result more soluble. This solvent separation can be performed by neutral extracting agents dissolved in the solvent.
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Additional oxidation of Fe+2 to Fe+3, also referred to as iron(II) and iron(III), is induced by the addition of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, at the well head. NaOCl is usually added for disinfection although it may be used in this case towards the objectives of a distribution system free chlorine residual of 1 mg/L and the oxidation of aqueous As(III) to As(V), and aqueous iron Fe+2 to Fe+3, which will bond with hydroxide for further adsorption. The filter media usually consists of anthracite, iron- manganese oxidizing sand, and garnet sand over support gravel.
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Microorganisms or capsules captured in the accretion disc can be captured along with the dust into asteroids. During aqueous alteration the asteroids contain water, inorganic salts and organics, and astroecology experiments with meteorites showed that algae, bacteria, fungi and plant cultures can grow in the asteroids in these media. Microorganisms can then spread in the accreting solar nebula, and will be delivered to planets in comets and in asteroids. The microorganisms can grow on nutrients in the carrier comets and asteroids in the aqueous planetary environments, until they adapt to the local environments and nutrients on the planets.
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In neutral to slightly acidic aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the α-bromo acyl bromide occurs spontaneously, yielding the α-bromo carboxylic acid in an example of a nucleophilic acyl substitution. If an aqueous solution is desirable, a full molar equivalent of PBr3 must be used as the catalytic chain is disrupted. If little nucleophilic solvent is present, reaction of the α-bromo acyl bromide with the carboxylic acid yields the α-bromo carboxylic acid product and regenerates the acyl bromide intermediate. In practice a molar equivalent of PBr3 is often used anyway to overcome the slow reaction kinetics.
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This difference in density is why phenol, which only has a slightly higher density than water, must be mixed with chloroform to form a mixture with a much higher density than water. The hydrophobic lipids will partition into the lower organic phase, and the proteins will remain at the interphase between the two phases, while the nucleic acids (as well as other contaminants such as salts, sugars, etc.) remain in the upper aqueous phase. The upper aqueous phase can then be pipetted off. Care must be taken to avoid pipetting any of the organic phase or material at the interface.
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Willauer attended Berry College in Georgia, graduating with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1996. In mid-1999 she participated in the 11th International Conference on Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, held in Gulf Shores, Alabama. In 2002, she earned a doctorate in analytical chemistry from the University of Alabama, writing her thesis on "Fundamentals of phase behavior and solute partitioning in ABS and applications to the paper industry," the "ABS" an abbreviation for "aqueous biphasic systems". She began working with the NRL as an associate, then in 2004 she advanced to the position of research chemist.
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The very ambiguous terms "percent solution" and "percentage solutions" with no other qualifiers, continue to occasionally be encountered. This common usage of % to mean m/v in biology is because of many biological solutions being dilute and water-based or an aqueous solution. Liquid water has a density of approximately 1 g/cm3 (1 g/mL). Thus 100 mL of water is equal to approximately 100 g. Therefore, a solution with 1 g of solute dissolved in final volume of 100 mL aqueous solution may also be considered 1% m/m (1 g solute in 99 g water).
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Scheme of a micelle spontaneously formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution When phospholipids are placed in water, the molecules spontaneously arrange such that the tails are shielded from the water, resulting in the formation of membrane structures such as bilayers, vesicles, and micelles. In modern cells, vesicles are involved in metabolism, transport, buoyancy control, and enzyme storage. They can also act as natural chemical reaction chambers. A typical vesicle or micelle in aqueous solution forms an aggregate with the hydrophilic "head" regions in contact with surrounding solvent, sequestering the hydrophobic single-tail regions in the micelle centre.
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István Ledneczki, Peter Forgo, Árpad Molnár (2007), Fused polycyclic hydrocarbons through superacid-induced cyclialkylation of aromatics. Catalysis Letters, volume 119, pages 296–303. TMTHF undergoes photolysis by UV; in aqueous solution, the products are mainly methane, ethane, and 2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyltetrahydrofuran. Knut Hildebrand, Heinz- Peter Schuchmann, Clemens Von Sonntag (1989), The vacuum UV photolysis of aqueous solutions of two saturated ditertiary ethers: A product and CIDNP study, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Series A: Chemistry, volume 48, pages 219–232. The dehydration of TMTHF yields alkenes like 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene and 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene.
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In November 2015, researchers from the University of Maryland and the Army Research Laboratory claimed that they had induced the cell to form a Solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), a first for an aqueous electrolyte. The SEI allows the aqueous lithium-ion battery to operate at higher voltages and self-discharge more slowly. The high salt concentration allows the interphase to form. It raised the maximum voltage for such a battery from 1.23 V to around 3 V. At 2.4V, the battery's specific energy was approximately 100 watt-hour/kg and it displayed consistent performance over 1,000 charge/discharge cycles.
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In one version of the laser spray interface, explosive vaporization and mist formation occur when an aqueous solution effusing from the tip of the stainless steel capillary is irradiated from the opposite side of the capillary by a 10.6 μm infrared laser. Weak ion signals could be detected when the plume was sampled through the ion sampling orifice. When a high voltage (3–4 kV) was applied to the stainless-steel capillary, strong ion signals appeared. The ion abundances were found to be orders of magnitude greater than those obtained by conventional electrospray ionization in the case of aqueous solutions.
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CRISM's mission is to detect aqueous and hydrothermal deposits while mapping the geology, stratigraphy, and composition of the Martian surface. Mawrth Vallis is a prime target because of the clay minerals previously detected by OMEGA. CRISM has the ability to map these clay minerals at a higher resolution, providing more detailed maps of aqueous minerals detected on Mars as well as detection of minerals which are undetectable at OMEGA's resolution. Fe/Mg-smectites are the dominant spectra detected by CRISM at Mawrth Vallis with spectra falling between nontronite, an Fe-smectite, and hectorite, a Mg-smectite.
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Fully recharged: Lead dioxide positive plate, Lead negative plate, and concentrated, aqueous sulfuric acid solution In the fully charged state, the negative plate consists of lead, and the positive plate is lead dioxide. The electrolyte solution has a higher concentration of aqueous sulfuric acid, which stores most of the chemical energy. Overcharging with high charging voltages generates oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water, which bubbles out and is lost. The design of some types of lead–acid battery allows the electrolyte level to be inspected and topped up with pure water to replace any that has been lost this way.
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To avoid this problem, a solution has been found in the publication by Urone in 1955. Accordingly, non-aqueous Ethyl acetate and acetone were the better solvents, Diphenylcarbazide solutions of which are stable for months. Diphenylcarbazide solutions of Methyl ethyl ketone, methyl cellosolve (2-methoxyethanol), and Isopropyl alcohol are usable for 1-2 weeks. Aqueous solutions and solvents tending to be basic such as methanol and ethanol, and those containing traces of water and basic impurities, do not make good solvents for stock solutions of the colorimetric reagentP. F. Urone, “Stability of Colorimetric Reagent for Chromium, s-Diphenylcarbazide, in Various Solvents,” Anal. Chem.
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Animal and human studies have found that the stimulation of FP receptors located on Ciliary muscle and trabecular meshwork cells of the eye widens the drainage channels (termed the uveoscleral pathway) that they form. This increases the outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye through Schlemm's canal to outside of the eyeball. The increase in aqueous humor outflow triggered by FP receptor activation reduces Intraocular pressure and underlies the widespread usage of FP receptor agonists to treat glaucoma. László Z. Bitó is credited with making critical studies to define this intraocular pressure-relieving pathway.
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The soil vapor extraction remediation technology uses vacuum blowers and extraction wells to induce gas flow through the subsurface, collecting contaminated soil vapor, which is subsequently treated aboveground. SVE systems can rely on gas inflow through natural routes or specific wells may be installed for gas inflow (forced or natural). The vacuum extraction of soil gas induces gas flow across a site, increasing the mass transfer driving force from aqueous (soil moisture), non-aqueous (pure phase), and solid (soil) phase into the gas phase. Air flow across a site is thus a key aspect, but soil moisture and subsurface heterogeneity (i.e.
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The species has a much larger hydrated ionic radius than the naked ions and sorbs onto the negatively charged surface of calcite. Because of the larger ion-ion distance imposed by this larger hydrated ionic radius, the Coulomb interactions with anions present both in the crystal lattice of the solid calcite and in aqueous solution are weaker. Further calcite crystal growth first requires the dehydration of this species, which is an energetically unfavorable process. This explains why the cation can act as an inhibitor of calcite crystal growth if present at sufficiently high concentration in aqueous solution.
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BARF has a tetrahedral geometry around the central boron atom but each of the four surrounding aryl groups is aromatic and planar. The motivation for its preparation was the search for an anion that coordinates more weakly than the then-available ions hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, or perchlorate. Salts of this anion are known as solids and in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. BARF can be used in catalytic systems where the active site requires an anion which will not coordinate to the metal centre and interfere with the catalytic cycle, such as in the preparation of polyketones.
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Attempts have been made to test the removal or reduction of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions and environment. For example, a research study conducted by the School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia in 2010 found that chitosan coated with poly 3-methyl thiophene can be effectively employed for removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions. Chitosan is a very cheap, economical, and environmentally friendly substrate for coating of this polymer. Adsorption of chromium(VI) is found to be effective in the lower pH range and at higher temperatures and subsequent desorption is readily achieved upon alkaline treatment of the adsorbent.
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The solvent stream of U, Pu and remaining fission products then passes to the critical mixer settler stages where the U and Pu are transferred into the aqueous phase and fission products remains in the aqueous phase. Separation of the U and Pu is achieved by adding a reductant, which causes the Pu, but not the U, to transfer into the solvent phase. Once separated, further removal of fission products is undertaken by more mixer settler units. The U and Pu streams are then passed to evaporators to concentrate the U and Pu before further processing in other plants.
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The predominant application of 1-decene is in making polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricant basestock (PAO) and to make surfactants in a blend with higher linear alpha olefins. C10-C14 linear alpha olefins are used in making surfactants for aqueous detergent formulations. These carbon numbers may be reacted with benzene to make linear alkyl benzene (LAB), which is further sulfonated to linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS), a popular relatively low cost surfactant for household and industrial detergent applications. Although some C14 alpha olefin is sold into aqueous detergent applications, C14 has other applications such as being converted into chloroparaffins.
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Parmesan foam on a dinner entree To form a stable foam and emulsion, a surfactant, such as lecithin, monoglycerides or proteins, must be present to reduce the interfacial tension between the air- oil phase and the aqueous phase. If the surfactants are at equal concentrations at the interface, proteins are generally less effective than small surfactants, such as lecithin or monoglycerides, at decreasing the interfacial tension. Of course, this is not true of heated soybean or whey protein, which readily forms copious foam. Foams consist of two phases, an aqueous phase and a gaseous (air) phase.
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Examples are polyethylene oxide,G. N. Malcolm, J. S. Rowlinson, The Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Polyethylene Glycol, Polypropylene Glycol and Dioxane, Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1957, Volume 53, pp 921-931.S. Saeki, N. Kuwahara, M. Nakata, M. Kaneko, Upper and lower critical solution temperatures in poly (ethylene glycol) solutions, Polymer, 1976, Volume 17, pp 685-689. polyvinylmethyletherG. V. Assche, B. Van Mele, T. Li, E. Nies, Adjacent UCST Phase Behavior in Aqueous Solutions of Poly(vinyl methyl ether): Detection of a Narrow Low Temperature UCST in the Lower Concentration Range, Macromolecules, 2011, Volume 44, pp 993-998.
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Basic dyes are used in the hand-colouring of photographs. Dyes are soluble colour substance, either natural or synthetic, in an aqueous solution, as opposed to pigments which are generally insoluble colour substance in an aqueous suspension. Aniline dyes, the first synthetically produced dyes originally used for the dyeing of textiles, were first used to dye albumen prints and glass transparency photographs in Germany in the 1860s.Henisch. (1996). p. 65. When hand-colouring with dyes, a weak solution of dye in water is preferred, and colours are often built up with repeated washes rather than being applied all at once.
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69: 766–770. These capsules are basically hollow particles surrounded by a membrane. The interior is completely filled with extractant and thus increases the impregnation capacity as compared to classical SIRs. A completely new approach of using SIRs for the separation or purification of biotechnological products such as proteins is based on the concept of impregnating porous particles with aqueous polymer solutions developed by B. Burghoff. These so-called Tunable Aqueous Polymer-Phase Impregnated Resins (TAPPIR)Burghoff, B; van Winssen, F.A.; Schembecker, G (2011) “Verfahren zur Trennung/Reinigung von Biomolekülen”, German patent application 10 2011 001 743.7.
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Full article: Solubility pump Dissociation of carbon dioxide following Henry's Law The oceans store the largest pool of reactive carbon on the planet as DIC, which is introduced as a result of the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide into seawater – the solubility pump. Aqueous CO2, carbonic acid, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion concentrations comprise dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). DIC circulates throughout the whole ocean by Thermohaline circulation, which facilitates the tremendous DIC storage capacity of the ocean. The below chemical equations show the reactions that CO2 undergoes after it enters the ocean and transforms into its aqueous form.
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Basic copper(II) carbonate patina on roofs of Château Frontenac. Basic copper carbonate is prepared by combining aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate and sodium carbonate at ambient temperature and pressure. Basic copper carbonate precipitates from the solution, with release of carbon dioxide :Jack Reginald Irons Hepburn (1927): "The chemical nature of precipitated basic cupric carbonate". Article CCCLXXXVI, Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed), volume 1927, pages 2883-2896. :2 CuSO4 \+ 2 Na2CO3 \+ H2O → Cu2(OH)2CO3 \+ 2 Na2SO4 \+ CO2 Basic copper carbonate can also be prepared by reacting aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate and sodium bicarbonate at ambient conditions.
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Traditional methods of buckypaper production involves the use of surfactants to disperse carbon nanotubes into aqueous solutions. It was found that filtering this suspension allowed the nanotubes to pack together in a paper-like mat, thus coining the term "buckypaper" (bucky being the reference to the buckminsterfullerene molecule). The problem was the difficulty in removing the surfactant afterwards, where the surfactant has been linked with cell lysis and tissue inflammation. Acid oxidation of carbon nanotubes can also be used in filtration to form buckypaper, but requires a high degree of surface acidic groups in order to obtain efficient dispersal in aqueous solution.
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Several other sites also showed hematite, such as Aureum Chaos. Because terrestrial hematite is typically a mineral formed in aqueous environments or by aqueous alteration, this detection was scientifically interesting enough that the second of the two Mars Exploration Rovers was sent to a site in the Terra Meridiani region designated Meridiani Planum. In-situ investigations by the Opportunity rover showed a significant amount of hematite, much of it in the form of small spherules that were informally named "blueberries" by the science team. Analysis indicates that these spherules are apparently concretions formed from a water solution.
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These were chrysanthemums and tomatoes. The LD50 of hexaethyl tetraphosphate for thrips is 0.01%. 99% of aphids can be killed by a concentration of 1 to 2.5 grams of a 10% solution of the chemical in a 1000 cubic foot area. In one experiment, 100% of melon aphids were killed after exposure to an aqueous solution containing 0.025% hexaethyl tetraphosphate and 0.025% sodium lauryl sulfate. 99% of aphids can be killed by 0.3 grams of a 10% solution of the chemical in methyl chloride in 1000 cubic feet, and 100% of aphids can be killed by twice the amount of solution. 96% of apple aphids can be killed be exposure to an aqueous solution of 0.1% hexaethyl tetraphosphate and 0.05% sodium lauryl sulfate. Dust containing 3% hexaethyl tetraphosphate at a concentration of 40 pounds per acre can kill some bean aphids. 100% of cabbage aphids can be killed by an aqueous solution of 0.1% of the chemical and 0.05% sodium lauryl sulfate.
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Typical lengths are 20 to 100 µm. Carbon nanotubes can greatly improve capacitor performance, due to the highly wettable surface area and high conductivity. A SWNT-based supercapacitor with aqueous electrolyte was systematically studied at University of Delaware in Prof. Bingqing Wei's group.
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Wang et al. reported that aqueous solutions of poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407 sonicated in the presence or absence of multi- walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) can become highly toxic to cultured cells. The toxicity correlated with the sonolytic degradation of the polymers.
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However, its drug form, physostigmine salicylate, has poor bioavailability. Physostigmine also has a miotic function, causing pupillary constriction. It is useful in treating mydriasis. Physostigmine also increases outflow of the aqueous humor in the eye, making it useful in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Describing the overall electrochemical reaction for a redox process requires a balancing of the component half-reactions for oxidation and reduction. In general, for reactions in aqueous solution, this involves adding H+, OH−, H2O, and electrons to compensate for the oxidation changes.
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Richard J. Saykally (born 1947) is an American chemist. He is currently the Class of 1932 Endowed Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. He has received numerous awards for his research on the molecular characteristics of water and aqueous solutions.
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Secondary alcohols are converted into ketones. For example, menthone may be prepared by oxidation of menthol with acidified dichromate. Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized. In an aqueous solution the color change exhibited can be used to test for distinguishing aldehydes from ketones.
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Shiau TP, Houchin A, Nair S, Xu P, Low E, Najafi RR, Jain R. "Stieglitz rearrangement of N,N-dichloro-beta,beta-disubstituted taurines under mild aqueous conditions." Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Feb 15;19(4):1110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.109.
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Also, two negative bands were present on the CD spectrum. In an aqueous environment, mastoparan took on a nonhelical, unordered form. In this case, only one negative band was observed on the CD spectrum. Adding phosphate buffer to mastoparan resulted in no effect.
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W. B. Russel, D. A. Saville, W. R. Schowalter, Colloidal Dispersions. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. An electrical double layer develops near charged surfaces (or another charged objects) in aqueous solutions. Within this double layer, the first layer corresponds to the charged surface.
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Movement of sperm is called sperm motility. The middle of the mammalian spermatozoon contains mitochondria that power the movement of the flagellum of the sperm. The motor around the base produces torque, just like in bacteria for movement through the aqueous environment.
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Its very chemical vulgarity makes it prey to all the chemical horrors and misfortune that might befall any such molecule in a warm aqueous medium.”Haynes, R. H. (1988). Biological context of DNA repair. In “Mechanisms and Consequences of DNA Damage Processing” (E.
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Terminalia albida is a tree species in the genus Terminalia found in West Africa. It is found in the savannah part of Bao Bolong Wetland Reserve in Gambia. The aqueous extract of the bark is used in Gambia as an eye-lotion.
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Compared to the PUREX aqueous process, it is economical in capital cost, and is unsuitable for production of weapons material, again unlike PUREX which was developed for weapons programs. Pyroprocessing makes metallic fuel the fuel of choice. The two decisions are complementary.
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PEG-150 hydrogenated jojoba is a solid, flaked, free-flowing material with a melting point of . Testing in a 5% aqueous solution shows that it has a neutral pH, high clarity in water, and low viscosity. The HLB value is approximately 18.
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The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscleSchachar, Ronald A. (2012). "Anatomy and Physiology." (Chapter 4) . in the eye's middle layer (vascular layer) that controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal.
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They are structurally similar to liposomes in having a bilayer, however, the materials used to prepare niosomes make them more stable. It can entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, either in an aqueous layer or in a vesicular membrane made of lipid material.
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For example, when pentan-3-ol is heated with aqueous HCl, the initially formed 3-pentyl carbocation rearranges to a statistical mixture of the 3-pentyl and 2-pentyl. These cations react with chloride ion to produce about 3-chloropentane and 2-chloropentane.
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Barium hydroxide decomposes to barium oxide when heated to 800 °C. Reaction with carbon dioxide gives barium carbonate. Its aqueous solution, being highly alkaline, undergoes neutralization reactions with acids. Thus, it forms barium sulfate and barium phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acids, respectively.
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Reaction with hydrogen sulfide produces barium sulfide. Precipitation of many insoluble, or less soluble barium salts, may result from double replacement reaction when a barium hydroxide aqueous solution is mixed with many solutions of other metal salts.Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals.
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A solution of palladium chloride and hydrochloric acid is combined with aqueous suspension of activated carbon. The palladium(II) is then reduced by the addition of formaldehyde. Palladium loading is typically between 5% and 10%. Often the catalyst mixture is stored moist.
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Usually, one electrolyte is an aqueous electrolyte composed of hydrophilic ions such as NaCl dissolved in water and the other electrolyte is a lipophilic salt such as tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate dissolved in an organic solvent immiscible with water such as nitrobenzene, or 1,2-dichloroethane.
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ELS has been used to characterize the polydispersity, nanodispersity, and stability of single-walled carbon nanotubes in an aqueous environment with surfactants. The technique can be used in combination with dynamic light scattering to measure these properties of nanotubes in many different solvents.
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The main application of Zn(CN)2 is for electroplating of zinc from aqueous solutions containing additional cyanide.Ernst Gail, Stephen Gos, Rupprecht Kulzer, Jürgen Lorösch, Andreas Rubo and Manfred Sauer "Cyano Compounds, Inorganic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.
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2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline is a readily water-soluble, colorless liquid which is also soluble in a variety of organic solvents and possesses an amine-like smell. Aqueous solutions react alkaline. The compound is stable in alkaline but hydrolyses under acid action.
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Phenanthroline may be prepared by two successive Skraup reactions of glycerol with o-phenylenediamine, catalyzed by sulfuric acid, and an oxidizing agent, traditionally aqueous arsenic acid or nitrobenzene. Dehydration of glycerol gives acrolein which condenses with the amine followed by a cyclization.
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Oral drugs are normally taken as tablets or capsules. The drug (active substance) itself needs to be soluble in aqueous solution at a controlled rate. Such factors as particle size and crystal form can significantly affect dissolution. Fast dissolution is not always ideal.
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For example, hydrogen is oxidized and protons are reduced readily at the platinum surface of a standard hydrogen electrode in aqueous solution. Substituting an electrocatalytically inert glassy carbon electrode for the platinum electrode produces irreversible reduction and oxidation peaks with large overpotentials.
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After cyclotron irradiation, the coating was dissolved with nitric acid, and then precipitated as the hydroxide using concentrated aqueous ammonia solution. The residue was dissolved in perchloric acid. Further separation was carried out by ion exchange, yielding a certain isotope of curium.
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In this reaction, pyridine is often used to neutralize the hydrochloric acid byproduct.Thomas A. Unger , Pesticide synthesis handbook – page 387 :Synthesis of sulfotep An alternative route to TEPP can be a reaction of diethyl chlorothiophosphate an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3).
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Poppy tea and its variants can be said to be an incomplete and/or relatively crude form of PSC aqueous solution. Home-made poppy straw extracts including Kompot are widely used among IV drug users in eastern Europe, including Ukraine and Poland.
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Nickel cyanide tetrahydrate Ni(CN)2 is insoluble in water, but dissolves in aqueous ammonia. It forms double salts with interesting structures. Nickel azide Ni(N3)2 is a sensitive explosive. It can be made by treating nickel carbonate with hydrazoic acid.
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After a sequence of cleavage and rearrangement, an organic ozonide is formed. With reductive workup (e.g. zinc in acetic acid or dimethyl sulfide), ketones and aldehydes will be formed, with oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic hydrogen peroxide), carboxylic acids will be formed.
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1,2-Benzoquinone is produced on oxidation of catechol exposed to air in aqueous solution or by ortho oxidation of a phenol. It is a precursor to melanin. A strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina metabolises benzoic acid, yielding 1,2-benzoquinone via catechol.
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In contrast, gold mineralisation at Jojo and especially the Indarama gold deposits probably formed at lower temperatures (<<300 °C) and from dominantly aqueous, early moderate- to late high-salinity fluids.Peter Buchholz{dagger} and Thomas Oberthür. Economic Geology; May 2007; v. 102; no.
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Spherical nanoparticles of lithium niobate with a diameter of approximately 10 nm can be prepared by impregnating a mesoporous silica matrix with a mixture of an aqueous solution of LiNO3 and NH4NbO(C2O4)2 followed by 10 min heating in an infrared furnace.
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Agaritine oxidizes rapidly upon storage, however, and is totally degraded after 48 hours in aqueous solution with exposure to air. It has also been shown to decompose readily upon cooking (up to 90% reduction) as well as upon freezing (up to 75% reduction).
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Electrostatically stabilized hydrosols of pristine ruthenium dioxide hydrate have been prepared by exploiting the autocatalytic reduction of ruthenium tetroxide in aqueous solution. The resulting particle populations may be controlled to comprise substantially monodisperse, uniform spheres with diameters in the range 40nm - 160nm.
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The driving force in reversed phase chromatography originates in the high order of the water structure. The role of the organic component of the mobile phase is to reduce this high order and thus reduce the retarding strength of the aqueous component.
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Industrially important zeolites are produced synthetically. Typical procedures entail heating aqueous solutions of alumina and silica with sodium hydroxide. Equivalent reagents include sodium aluminate and sodium silicate. Further variations include the use of structure directing agents (SDA) such as quaternary ammonium cations.
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A single-crystal quartz bar grown by the hydrothermal method KDP crystal grown from a seed crystal in a supersaturated aqueous solution at LLNL which is to be cut into slices and used on the National Ignition Facility for frequency doubling and tripling.
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Cyanamide is produced by hydrolysis of calcium cyanamide, which in turn is prepared from calcium carbide via the Frank-Caro process. :CaCN2 \+ H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 \+ H2NCN The conversion is conducted on slurries. Consequently, most commercial cyanamide is sold as an aqueous solution.
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The Open Notebook Science Challenge,Open Notebook Science Challenge now directed towards reporting solubility measurements in non-aqueous solvent, has received sponsorship from Submeta, Nature and Sigma-Aldrich. The first of ten winners of the contest for December 2008 was Jenny Hale.
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TcF6 reacts with alkaline chlorides in iodine pentafluoride (IF5) solution to form hexafluorotechnetates. TcF6 disproportionates on hydrolysis with aqueous NaOH to form a black precipitate of TcO2. In hydrogen fluoride solution, TcF6 reacts with hydrazinium fluoride to yield N2H6TcF6 or N2H6(TcF6)2.
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It is used as a source of the chelating agent EDTA4-. A 1% aqueous solution has a pH of approximately 11.3. When dissolved in neutral water, it converts partially to H2EDTA2-. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is produced commercially via the intermediacy of tetrasodium EDTA.
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Cu(acac)2 is prepared by treating acetylacetone with aqueous . It is available commercially, catalyzes coupling and carbene transfer reactions. :150x150px Unlike the copper(II) derivative, copper(I) acetylacetonate is an air-sensitive oligomeric species. It is employed to catalyze Michael additions.
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For workups involving acid-labile products, mildly basic solutions or pH 7–8 buffers may be used. Samarium salts are usually insoluble in these conditions, but do form a suspension in the aqueous phase from which the desired organic product can be extracted.
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No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution.
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Rubidium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula RbOH. It consists of rubidium cations and one hydroxide anion. It is a colorless solid that is commercially available as aqueous solutions from a few suppliers. Like other strong bases, rubidium hydroxide is highly corrosive.
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A strain of Raoultella planticola, Cd-1 has been found which grows anaerobically at high aqueous cadmium concentrations and precipitates insoluble cadmium sulfide. This strain has been isolated from reducing salt marsh sediments and may be useful in bioremediation of cadmium from exposed soils.
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The compound appears as a white hygroscopic powder . Very soluble in water and easily soluble in alcohol, it is practically insoluble in dichloromethane and poorly soluble in isopropyl alcohol. At the concentration of 10% the aqueous solution has a pH of between 4.5 and 6.0.
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The extractant, including the host, must be substantially insoluble in the processed aqueous solutions to avoid being washed away. However, the difference in density between the immiscible phases, which plays an important role in conventional liquid-liquid extraction, is irrelevant in thin layer extraction.
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The thylakoid lumen is a continuous aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane. It plays an important role for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. During the light-dependent reaction, protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4.
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3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is prepared in two steps from 2-nitrochlorobenzene. The first step involves reduction with zinc in base to afford 3,3'-dichlorodiphenylhydrazine. This intermediate undergoes the benzidine rearrangement to afford 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. Aqueous solutions of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine degrade in light to monochloro derivative.
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Ethanolic extract of the fruits of Dalbergia sissoo exhibited molluscicide effect against eggs of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi.Adenusi A. A. & Odaibo A. B. (2009). "Effects of varying concentrations of the crude aqueous and ethanolic". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines 6(2).
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He went on to earn an M.S. degree from Northwestern in 1939, his thesis work was on iron ores of Newfoundland in 1938. His Ph.D was awarded in 1941 based on lab studies of complex formation between lead and chloride ions in aqueous solution.
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A weak base is a base that, upon dissolution in water, does not dissociate completely, so that the resulting aqueous solution contains only a small proportion of hydroxide ions and the concerned basic radical, and a large proportion of undissociated molecules of the base.
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Most of the HCO3− comes from pancreatic acinar cells in the form of NaHCO3 in an aqueous solution. This is the result of the high concentration of both HCO3− and Na+ present in the duct creating an osmotic gradient to which the water follows.
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Barium permanganate may be produced by disproportionation of barium manganate in a mildly acidic solution, or by oxidation of barium manganate with strong oxidants. Preparations relying on aqueous reactions of barium manganate are extremely slow process due to the low solubility of the manganate.
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This distinguishes HILIC as a mechanism distinct from ion exchange chromatography. The more polar compounds will have a stronger interaction with the stationary aqueous layer than the less polar compounds. Thus, a separation based on a compound's polarity and degree of solvation takes place.
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Dulcin can be produced by the addition of potassium cyanate to p-phenetidine hydrochloride in an aqueous solution at room temperature. An alternate way to make dulcin is by mixing urea and p-phenetidine hydrochloride to a mixture of hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid.
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Typical reagents that meet these criteria include sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (NaBH(OCOCH3)3). This reaction can be performed in an aqueous environment, which casts doubt on the necessity of forming the imine. Possibly the reaction proceeds via reduction of the hemiaminal species.
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Whereas at 20 °C, diethyl ether will dissolve 1% by weight water, DIPE only dissolves 0.88%. It is used as a specialized solvent to remove or extract polar organic compounds from aqueous solutions, e.g. phenols, ethanol, acetic acid. DIPE was used as an antiknock agent.
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Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2009, , Section 3, Physical Constants of Organic Compounds, p. 3-414. It is prepared by defluorination of highly fluorinated cyclohexanes over hot nickel or iron. Another method involved dehydrofluorination of polyfluorinated cyclohexane using hot aqueous solution of KOH.
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Aqueous cuprous chloride solutions react with base to give the same material. In all cases, the color is highly sensitive to the procedural details. Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH− not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water).
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An aqueous extract of C. officinalis obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated antitumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) in vitro, as well as antitumor activity in mice. Calendula plants are known to cause allergic reactions, and should be avoided during pregnancy.
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2,5-Dihydroxytetrahydrofuran, the hydrated form of succinaldehyde. Succinaldehyde is generated by the oxidation of THF with chlorine followed by hydrolysis and by the hydroformylation of acrolein derivatives. In aqueous solution, the molecule hydrates and cyclizes. In methanol it converts to the cyclic acetal, 2,5-dimethoxyltetrahydrofuran.
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Potassium periodate can be prepared by the oxidation of an aqueous solution of potassium iodate by chlorine and potassium hydroxide. : It can also be generated by the electrochemical oxidation of potassium iodate, however the low solubility of KIO3 makes this approach of limited use.
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Fructose has higher water solubility than other sugars, as well as other sugar alcohols. Fructose is, therefore, difficult to crystallize from an aqueous solution. Sugar mixes containing fructose, such as candies, are softer than those containing other sugars because of the greater solubility of fructose.
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6th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2013. 908. The cholesterol backbone consists of four hydrocarbon rings, three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane, that contribute to its insolubility in aqueous environments. However, the hydrophobic nature allows them to readily diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells.
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The other reaction products, including the magnesium bromide, will remain in the aqueous layer, clearly showing that separation based on solubility is achieved. This process, known as liquid–liquid extraction, is an important technique in synthetic chemistry. Recycling is used to ensure maximum extraction.
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In acidic aqueous solution the ion is unstable with respect to disproportionation.Greenwood, p. 1275 The reaction : 3AmO2+ + 4H+ -> 2AmO2^2+ + Am^3+ + 2H2O is typical. The chemistry of Am(V) and Am(VI) is comparable to the chemistry of uranium in those oxidation states.
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This pathway become predominant when aqueous sulfuric acid is used. Overall, this process adds a molecule of water to a molecule of ethene. This is an important reaction in industry, as it produces ethanol, whose purposes include fuels and starting material for other chemicals.
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Chloramine is a highly unstable compound in concentrated form. Pure chloramine decomposes violently above .Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. . Gaseous chloramine at low pressures and low concentrations of chloramine in aqueous solution are thermally slightly more stable.
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Ocular alpha-2 agonists such as brimonidine and apraclonidine are glaucoma medications which reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous production. These alpha-2 agonists should not be given with oral MAOIs due to the risk of hypertensive crisis.Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology, 8th Edition (2016). Brad Bowling.
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KCN is produced by treating hydrogen cyanide with an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, followed by evaporation of the solution in a vacuum:Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw- Hill, 2002, :HCN + KOH → KCN + H2O About 50,000 tons of potassium cyanide are produced yearly.
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The differences between paraconglomerates and orthoconglomerates reflect differences in how they are deposited. Paraconglomerates are commonly either glacial tills or debris flow deposits. Orthoconglomerates are typically associated with aqueous currents. A conglomerate at the base of the Cambrian in the Black Hills, South Dakota.
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Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 409–11 In a chemical laboratory, it is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride with sodium nitrite. :NH4Cl + NaNO2 → N2 \+ NaCl + 2 H2O Small amounts of the impurities NO and HNO3 are also formed in this reaction.
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Murchie, S. et al. 2009. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Journal of Geophysical Research: 114. Map of Coprates quadrangle showing details of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon system in the solar system.
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Uncontrolled glaucoma typically leads to visual field loss and ultimately blindness. Uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humour can be increased with prostaglandin agonists, while trabecular outflow is increased by M3 agonists. Fluid production can be decreased by beta blockers, alpha2-agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
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Exposure to even small amounts may cause convulsions or death. LD50 orally in rats is reported as 25–50 mg/kg. The recommended method to deactivate cyanogen bromide is with bleach. The aqueous alkali hydroxide instantly hydrolyzes (CN)Br to alkali cyanide and bromide.
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Investigation of aqueous alcohol and sugar solutions with reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Optics Express, 15(22), 14717. doi: 10.1364/oe.15.014717. Although dangerous metal objects, such as knives, can be recognized by their shapes through certain pattern recognition algorithmsAppleby, R., & Anderton, R. N. (2007).
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Aqueous normal-phase chromatography (ANP) is a chromatographic technique which encompasses the mobile phase region between reversed-phase chromatography (RP) and organic normal phase chromatography (ONP). This technique is used to achieve unique selectivity for hydrophilic compounds, showing normal phase elution using reversed-phase solvents.
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International Journal of Pharmacology & Toxicology. 5 (3): 163–176. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Aqueous extracts of Adonis vernalis were found to have cardiac stimulant effects on isolated heart preparations and it also showed that production of excessive and high potassium concentrations protects against heart failure.
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In 1783, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that gold dissolved in aqueous solutions of cyanide. Through the work of Bagration (1844), Elsner (1846), and Faraday (1847), it was determined that each atom of gold required two cyanide ions, i.e. the stoichiometry of the soluble compound.
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Color centers (or dye molecules, or "dopants") in a dielectric absorb a portion of the incoming light. The remaining frequencies (or wavelengths) are free to be reflected or transmitted. This is how colored glass is produced. Most liquids and aqueous solutions are highly transparent.
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The solid Alcian blue is obtained as greenish-black (or sometimes dark bluish violet) crystals with metallic sheen. The aqueous solution is bright greenish-blue. Though the compound alcian blue itself is unstable (see stability below) the staining it produces is stable and light fast .
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ATRP is also a traditionally air-sensitive reaction normally requiring freeze-pump thaw cycles. However, techniques such as Activator Generated by Electron Transfer (AGET) ATRP provide potential alternatives which are not air-sensitive. A final disadvantage is the difficulty of conducting ATRP in aqueous media.
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Proposed mechanism for CO2 reduction to CO in non-aqueous media involves single electron reduction of CO2 to CO2●− radical anion and adsorption of radical anion to surface followed by disproportionate reaction between unreduced CO2 and CO2●− radical anion to form CO32− and CO.
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Hypochlorites are generally unstable and many compounds exist only in solution. Lithium hypochlorite LiOCl, calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 and barium hypochlorite Ba(ClO)2 have been isolated as pure anhydrous compounds. All are solids. A few more can be produced as aqueous solutions.
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The object is coated with a 5% aqueous solution of ferric chloride. After 24 hours it is rubbed with a coarse cloth or finest steel wool. Subsequently, the process is repeated at least 3 times. Finally, the material must be wiped with a greasy cloth.
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Guanidinoacetic acid was first prepared in 1861 by Adolph StreckerM. Strecker, Jahresber. Fortschr. Chem. Verw., (1861), 530, by reaction of cyanamide with glycine in aqueous solution: GAA from cyanamide + glycine Glycine can also be converted to glycocyamine with S-methylisothioureaH.I. Wheeler, H.F. Merriam, J.Amer.Chem.Soc.
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Aqueous solutions are stable at 2–6 °C for at least six months when protected from light. For longterm storage the solutions are instead frozen at −20 °C or below. Hoechst 33258 (magenta) bound to the minor groove of DNA (green and blue). From .
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A typical amphiphilic flexible surfactant can form aggregates through a self-assembly process that results of specific interactions between the molecules of the amphiphilic mesogen and those of the non-mesogenic solvent. In aqueous media, the driving force of the aggregation is the "hydrophobic effect". The aggregates formed by amphiphilic molecules are characterised by structures in which the hydrophilic head-groups expose their surface to aqueous solution, shielding the hydrophobic chains from contact with water. For most lyotropic systems aggregation occurs only when the concentration of the amphiphile exceeds a critical concentration (known variously as the critical micelle concentration (CMC) or the critical aggregation concentration (CAC)).
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The hydrogen ion, or hydronium ion, is a Brønsted–Lowry acid in aqueous solutions, and the hydroxide ion is a base, by virtue of the self-dissociation reaction :H2O + H2O <=> H3O+ + OH- An analogous reaction occurs in liquid ammonia :NH3 + NH3 <=> NH4+ + NH2^{-} Thus, the ammonium ion, , plays the same role in liquid ammonia as does the hydronium ion in water and the amide ion, , is analogous to the hydroxide ion. Ammonium salts behave as acids, and amides behave as bases. Some non-aqueous solvents can behave as bases, that is, proton acceptors, in relation to Brønsted–Lowry acids. :HA + S <=> A- + SH+ where S stands for a solvent molecule.
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The bond length of the carbon-carbon bonds were found to be longer (147 pm) than those of benzene (140 pm) but still shorter than those of a typical single-bonded species like ethane (154 pm). The tropylium ion is an acid in aqueous solution (i.e., an Arrhenius acid) as a consequence of its Lewis acidity: it first acts as a Lewis acid to form an adduct with water, which can then donate a proton to another molecule of water: : + 2 \+ (Boric acid gives acidic aqueous solutions in much the same way.) The equilibrium constant is , making it about as acidic in water as acetic acid.
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Intraocular pressure may be lowered by allowing drainage of aqueous humor from within the eye to the following routes: (1) filtration through the sclerostomy around the margins of the scleral flap into the filtering bleb that forms underneath the conjunctiva, (2) filtration through outlet channels in the scleral flap to underneath the conjunctiva, (3) filtration through connective tissue of the scleral flap to underneath the conjunctiva. into cut ends of Schlemm's canal, (4) aqueous flow into cut ends of Schlemm's canal into collector channels and episcleral veins and (5) into a cyclodialysis cleft between the ciliary body and the sclera if tissue is dissected posterior to the scleral spur.
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In aqueous solution 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde exists in equilibrium with its hydrate (1,1,3-propanetriol), in which the aldehyde group converts to a geminal diol: :HOCH2CH2CHO + H2O → HOCH2CH2CH(OH)2 The hydrate is also in equilibrium with its dimer (2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane), which dominates at high concentrations. These three components - the aldehyde, its dimer, and the hydrate are therefore in a dynamic equilibrium. Besides, 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde suffers an spontaneous dehydration in aqueous solution, and the resulting molecule is called acrolein. In fact, the term reuterin is the name given to the dynamic system formed by 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, its hydrate, the dimer, and acrolein.
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The first estrogen ester to be marketed was estradiol benzoate in 1933, which was followed by many more. One of the most widely used estradiol esters is estradiol valerate, which was first introduced in 1954. Other major estradiol esters that are or have been used in medicine include estradiol acetate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol dipropionate, estradiol enantate, estradiol undecylate, and polyestradiol phosphate (an estrogen ester polymer), as well as the nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic agent estramustine phosphate (estradiol normustine phosphate). The most common vehicles for injections of steroids and steroid esters are oil solutions, but aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, and emulsions have also been used.
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M. discoidea leavesThese trees contain many alkaloids including phyllochrysine (a central nervous system stimulant) and securinine.Weenen et al, 1990 Oral administration of an aqueous extract at various concentrations showed no acute toxicity in rats and no adverse change in behavior; suggesting that it may be safe for pharmacological uses. The aqueous extract of M. discoidea stem bark was investigated for its anti- inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models (rats): The extract reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine, and had a good analgesic effect, with the results comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in the study.
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This reagent is not commercially available due to its short shelf life, so it must be freshly prepared in the laboratory. One common preparation involves two steps. First a few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide are added to some aqueous 0.1 M silver nitrate. The HO− ions convert the silver aquo complex form into silver oxide, Ag2O, which precipitate from the solution as a brown solid: :2 AgNO3 \+ 2 NaOH → Ag2O (s) + 2 NaNO3 \+ H2O In the next step, sufficient aqueous ammonia is added to dissolve the brown silver(I) oxide. The resulting solution contains the [Ag(NH3)2]+ complexes in the mixture, which is the main component of Tollens' reagent.
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Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye. The iris is divided into two major regions: # The pupillary zone is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil. # The ciliary zone is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
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Aqueous homogeneous reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHR) are a type of nuclear reactor in which soluble nuclear salts (usually uranium sulfate or uranium nitrate) are dissolved in water. The fuel is mixed with the coolant and the moderator, thus the name "homogeneous" ("of the same physical state") The water can be either heavy water or ordinary (light) water, both of which need to be very pure. Their self-controlling features and ability to handle very large increases in reactivity make them unique among reactors, and possibly safest. At Santa Susana, California, Atomics International performed a series of tests titled The Kinetic Energy Experiments.
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The XEN Gel Stent is an implantable transcleral microsurgical device that allows the aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber into the subconjunctival space, a pathway utilized by traditional trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage device surgeries. Unlike the latter two procedures, the XEN Gel Stent is performed through an internal approach and avoids directly incising and disrupting the conjunctiva itself. The 6-millimeter stent is placed through the trabecular meshwork, with one end of the stent sitting directly underneath the conjunctiva, past the outer wall of the sclera. The inner tip of the stent sits in the anterior chamber, allowing a direct connection for aqueous to flow into the subconjunctival space.
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Montmorillonite, an Al-smectite, and hydrated silica have similar infrared reflectance spectrums and both were detected by CRISM at Mawrth Vallis. CRISM data is used in conjunction with visible images and elevation data recorded by MRO, detailed maps of the surface mineralogy have been produced. These maps show a nontronite and hectorite are found commonly in the lower elevations of Mawrth Vallis while montmorillonite and other hydrated silicates are at higher elevations surrounding nontronite and hectorite. These observations suggest nontronite and hectorite were formed as alteration products in an aqueous environment but montmorillonite was likely to form at a later time during a separate aqueous event.
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The middle layer, known as the vascular tunic or uvea, consists of the choroid, ciliary body, pigmented epithelium and iris. The innermost is the retina, which gets its oxygenation from the blood vessels of the choroid (posteriorly) as well as the retinal vessels (anteriorly). The spaces of the eye are filled with the aqueous humour anteriorly, between the cornea and lens, and the vitreous body, a jelly-like substance, behind the lens, filling the entire posterior cavity. The aqueous humour is a clear watery fluid that is contained in two areas: the anterior chamber between the cornea and the iris, and the posterior chamber between the iris and the lens.
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Emulsifying agents are effective at extinguishing fires on small, thin-layer spills of flammable liquids (class B fires). Such agents encapsulate the fuel in a fuel-water emulsion, thereby trapping the flammable vapors in the water phase. This emulsion is achieved by applying an aqueous surfactant solution to the fuel through a high-pressure nozzle. Emulsifiers are not effective at extinguishing large fires involving bulk/deep liquid fuels, because the amount of emulsifier agent needed for extinguishment is a function of the volume of the fuel, whereas other agents such as aqueous film- forming foam need cover only the surface of the fuel to achieve vapor mitigation.
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When chloride salts such as NaCl are added to aqueous HCl, they have only a minor effect on pH, indicating that Cl− is a very weak conjugate base and that HCl is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. Dilute solutions of HCl have a pH close to that predicted by assuming full dissociation into hydrated H+ and Cl−. Of the six common strong mineral acids in chemistry, hydrochloric acid is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation-reduction reaction. It is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle; despite its acidity, it consists of the non-reactive and non-toxic chloride ion.
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There exists a large corpus of data concerning acid strengths in aqueous solution (pKa values), and it is tempting to transfer this to other solvents. Such comparisons are, however, fraught with danger, as they only consider the effect of solvation on the stability of the hydrogen ion, while neglecting its effects on the stability of the other species involved in the equilibrium. Gas phase acidities (normally known as proton affinities) can be measured, and their relative order is often quite different from that of the aqueous acidities of the corresponding acids. Few quantitative studies on acidities in nonaqueous solvents have been carried out, although some qualitative data are available.
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As ionic potential is greater than this of , it exerts a greater Coulomb interaction with its neighboring anions in the solid phase, or with water molecules in solution. As a consequence, the lattice energy of magnesite () is higher than that of calcite () and therefore the solubility of is lower than that of because it requires more energy to separate the ions of opposite charge present in the crystal lattice. Similarly, in aqueous solution, the intermolecular forces (IMF) due to the ion-dipole interactions between and the immediately surrounding molecules are also stronger than for . The ion is hexahydrated in aqueous solution and presents an octahedral configuration.
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The effects of acids and buffers vary by application but generally improve chromatographic resolution. Reversed phase columns are quite difficult to damage compared with normal silica columns; however, many reversed phase columns consist of alkyl derivatized silica particles and should never be used with aqueous bases as these will destroy the underlying silica particle. They can be used with aqueous acid, but the column should not be exposed to the acid for too long, as it can corrode the metal parts of the HPLC equipment. RP-HPLC columns should be flushed with clean solvent after use to remove residual acids or buffers, and stored in an appropriate composition of solvent.
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In aqueous solution large numbers of Alcian blue molecules stack together as micelles of very large size, too large to be even dialysed. Thus even at a fairly high dilution, it has an absorption maximum at ~600–615 nm, which is actually not the absorption maximum of a dye monomer but that of the multimer. Since the absorbed light is of yellow orange spectrum, the transmitted/reflected light is perceived by our eye as the complementary color of slightly greenish blue or cyan. In aqueous solution Alcian blues continue to be metachromatic at molar concentrations one hundredth those at which toluidine blue is mainly orthochromatic.
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Sodium perborate is manufactured by reaction of borax and sodium hydroxide to give sodium metaborate , which is then reacted with hydrogen peroxide to give hydrated sodium perborate: Na2B4O7 + 2NaOH -> 4 NaBO2 + H2O NaBO2 + 2H2O2 -> Na2B2O4(OH)4 A surfactant may be added to control crystal size.J. Dugua and B.Simon (1978): "Crystallization of sodium perborate from aqueous solutions: I. Nucleation rates in pure solution and in presence of a surfactant". Journal of Crystal Growth, volume 44, issue 3, pages 265-279.J. Dugua and B.Simon (1978): "Crystallization of sodium perborate from aqueous solutions: II. Growth kinetics of different faces in pure solution and in the presence of a surfactant".
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Germane is typically prepared by reduction of germanium compounds, notably germanium dioxide, with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, sodium aluminium hydride. The reaction with borohydrides is catalyzed by various acids and can be carried out in either aqueous or organic solvent. On laboratory scale, germane can be prepared by the reaction of Ge(IV) compounds with these hydride reagents.W. L. Jolly "Preparation of the volatile hydrides of Groups IVA and VA by means of aqueous hydroborate" Journal of the American Chemical Society 1961, volume 83, pp. 335-7.US Patent 4,668,502 A typical synthesis involved the reaction of Na2GeO3 with sodium borohydride.
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In contrast to terrestrial plants, where CO2 diffusion in air is relatively fast and typically not limiting, diffusion of dissolved CO2 in water is considerably slower and can often limit carbon fixation in phytoplankton. As gaseous CO2(g) is dissolved into aqueous CO2(aq), it is fractionated by both kinetic and equilibrium effects that are temperature-dependent. Relative to plants, the dissolved CO2 source for phytoplankton can be enriched in 13C by about 8‰ from atmospheric CO2. Isotope fractionation of 13C by phytoplankton photosynthesis is affected by the diffusion of extracellular aqueous CO2 into the cell, the RuBisCO- dependent cell growth rate, and the cell geometry and surface area.
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Water-in-water (W/W) emulsion is a system that consists of droplets of water- solvated molecules in another continuous aqueous solution; both the droplet and continuous phases contain different molecules that are entirely water- soluble. As such, when two entirely aqueous solutions containing different water-soluble molecules are mixed, water droplets containing predominantly one component are dispersed in water solution containing another component. Recently, such a water-in-water emulsion was demonstrated to exist and be stable from coalescence by the separation of different types of non- amphiphilic, but water-soluble molecular interactions. These molecular interactions include hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and salt bridging.
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To isolate the molecule from the pepper in form of an extract, steam distillation can be used: Dried peels of the fruit are immersed in a mixture of lower alcohols (for example ethanol) and water with a mass percentage between 35-65% of the alcohol. The solution gets heated up in the process of steam distillation where the aqueous part evaporates and takes parts of the hydroxy- alpha- sanshool up, too. The distillate separates in two phases: the aqueous ethanol phase and the oil phase which contains the desired molecule. A problem with this extraction method is the low yield which is most times below 60%.
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Copper arsenate (Cu3(AsO4)2·4H2O, or Cu5H2(AsO4)4·2H2O), also called copper orthoarsenate, tricopper arsenate, cupric arsenate, or tricopper orthoarsenate, is a blue or bluish-green powder insoluble in water and alcohol and soluble in aqueous ammonium and dilute acids. Its CAS number is or .
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In the next step the enol orthoester is hydrolyzed to produce the ketone _15_. The cyclopentene A-ring is then opened by oxidizing with ozone to produce _16_. Finally, the diketone _17_ undergoes an intramolecular aldol condensation by treating with aqueous potassium hydroxide to produce progesterone.
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Determination of acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Potentilla erecta (tormentil) rhizomes in rats and mice. Journal of Medicinal Food 12(5), 1173–1176. Research continues to determine its safety and usefulness as an alternative medicine for such disorders as ulcerative colitis.Huber, R., et al. (2007).
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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 145, p. 46-73. Metamorphic core complexes were emplaced due to the buoyant entrainment of granitic melts. The abundant water was liberated by heating dehydration of the lowest orogenic crust, contributing aqueous solutions to amphibolite-facies retrogression of the overlying crust.
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Centroacinar cells are spindle-shaped cells in the exocrine pancreas. They represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus. These cells are commonly known as duct cells, and secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. They also secrete mucin.
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Arsenate-reducing bacteria are bacteria which reduce arsenates. Arsenate- reducing bacteria are ubiquitous in arsenic-contaminated groundwater (aqueous environment). Arsenates are salts or esters of arsenic acid (H3AsO4), consisting of the ion AsO43−. They are moderate oxidizers that can be reduced to arsenites and to arsine.
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Melittin produced a different conformational change than mastoparan. In an aqueous solution, melittin went from a nonhelical form to an alpha helix when phosphate was added to the solution. The binding of melittin to the membrane was believed to result from electrostatic interactions, not hydrophobic interactions.
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PubMed . They provided a conceptual framework for how a flux of substrates through a membrane protein can lead to a co-flux of water. Zeuthen & Stein suggested that the substrate-flux generates a hyperosmolar compartment within the protein, i.e. in the aqueous cavities abutting the outer solutions.
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In this way, the chromium(VI) peroxide (unstable in the aqueous phase in which it is newly formed) is dissolved in the immiscible organic solvent. In this condition, it can be observed over a much longer period. CrO5 is unstable and decomposes on standing to form CrO3.
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Diagram of liposome showing a phospholipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous interior. One type of nanoparticle involves use of liposomes as drug molecule carriers. The diagram on the right shows a standard liposome. It has a phospholipid bilayer separating the interior from the exterior of the cell.
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Thallium azide can be prepared treating an aqueous solution of thallium(I) sulfate with sodium azide. Thallium azide will precipitate; the yield can be maximized by cooling. TlN3, KN3, RbN3, and CsN3 adopt the same structures. The azide is bound to eight cations in an eclipsed orientation.
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Testosterone ketolaurate (INN, USAN) (brand names Androdurin, Testosid-Depot (with testosterone propionate)), also known as testosterone caprinoylacetate, is an androgen and anabolic steroid medication and a testosterone ester. It was introduced in 1956. It was marketed both as an oil solution and as a crystalline aqueous suspension.
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In addition, the assumed water/air partition ratio for aqueous ethanol must be taken into account along with its associated uncertainty. Some semiconductor models are designed specifically to allow the sensor module to be replaced without the need to send the unit to a calibration lab.
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For example possesses PEEK a Tg of 143 °C but is anyway applicable up to 250 °C (continuous service temperature = 250 °C). Another advantage of semi- crystalline polymers is their high resistance against chemical substances: PEEK possesses a high resistance against aqueous acids, alkalies and organic solvents.
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Like most metals it has a close-packed crystalline structure,Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 358–60 et seq and forms a cation in aqueous solution.Harding, Janes & Johnson 2002, pp. 118 It has some properties that are unusual for a metal; taken together,Metcalfe, Williams & Castka 1974, p.
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The resultant aqueous residue is neutralized with ammonia and put aside until the resin has completely settled. It is then filtered and concentrated by sugar solution to a small volume, made alkaline with ammonia, and finally extracted with chloroform. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
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COT itself—and also analogs with side- chains—have been used as metal ligands and in sandwich compounds. Cyclooctatetraene also undergoes rearrangement reactions to form aromatic ring systems. For instance, oxidation with aqueous mercury(II) sulfate forms phenylacetaldehyde and photochemical rearrangement of its mono-epoxide forms benzofuran.
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For example, dissolving in a hot, concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide forms the potassium salt . The anhydrous salts may be synthesized by heating metal oxides or hydroxides with . All plumbate(IV) salts are very strong oxidising agents. Some hydrated plumbate(IV) salts decompose upon dehydration.
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Two important properties are pH and oxidation-reduction potential (Eh). For example, the sulfate mineral jarosite forms only in low pH (highly acidic) water. Phyllosilicates usually form in water of neutral to high pH (alkaline). Eh is a measure is the oxidation state of an aqueous system.
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When refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, oxygen replaces the chlorine, and an 1,4-oxathiane ring is formed, p-oxathiane-4,4-dioxide. When treated with sodium carbonate, a weaker base, bis-(hydroxyethyl)sulfone is the major product formed. In comparison the dehydrochlorination of the sulfoxide is much slower.
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In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP.
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"Synthesis and characterization of layered zinc hydroxychlorides". J. Solid State Chem. 2007, 180, 2061 It can be synthesized from nano-sized ZnO particles aged in aqueous ZnCl2 solution at 6 ~ 140 °C for 48 h. Elevating the aging temperature increases the crystallinity of basic zinc chloride.
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Potassium hydroxide is usually sold as translucent pellets, which become tacky in air because KOH is hygroscopic. Consequently, KOH typically contains varying amounts of water (as well as carbonates - see below). Its dissolution in water is strongly exothermic. Concentrated aqueous solutions are sometimes called potassium lyes.
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Sodium Hydroxide is also commonly used in drain cleaners. It allows grease and other oils to dissolve into aqueous solutions like water. Other alkalis such as Potassium Hydroxide (much stronger than Sodium Hydroxide) are also used. Both of these are hazardous chemicals and react with animal flesh.
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Arylsulfonic acids are susceptible to hydrolysis, the reverse of the sulfonation reaction. Whereas benzene sulfonic acid hydrolyzes above 200 ″C, most related derivatives are easier to hydrolyze. Thus, heating aryl sulfonic acids in aqueous acid produces the parent arene. This reaction is employed in several scenarios.
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OPLS simulations in aqueous solution typically use the TIP4P or TIP3P water model. A distinctive feature of the OPLS parameters is that they were optimized to fit experimental properties of liquids, such as density and heat of vaporization, in addition to fitting gas-phase torsional profiles.
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PAVA spray is an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray. It is dispensed from a handheld canister, in a liquid stream. It contains a 0.3% solution of pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA), a synthetic capsaicinoid (analogue of capsaicin), in a solvent of aqueous ethanol. The propellant is nitrogen.
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Zomepirac can be synthesized from diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate, chloroacetone, and aqueous methylamine (MeNH2) via modification of the Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis to give intermediate 1. Saponification, monoesterification, and thermal decarboxylation gives ester 2. This is acylated with N,N-dimethyl-p- chlorobenzamide, and finally saponification gives zomepirac (3). McNeil).
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The graphene foam was conformally covered with hybrid networks of nanoparticles and anchored CNTs. Less expensive oxides of iron, vanadium, nickel and cobalt have been tested in aqueous electrolytes, but none has been investigated as much as manganese dioxide (). However, none of these oxides are in commercial use.
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The salt is synthesized by treating carbon disulfide with sodium cyanide to give the cyanodithioformate salt, which eliminates elemental sulfur in aqueous solution:R. H. Holm, A. Davison "Metal Complexes Derived from cis-1,2-Dicyano-1,2-Ethylenedithiolate and Bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-Dithiete" Inorganic Syntheses 1967, volume X, pp.8-26.
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The starting material is water-dispersed graphene oxide flakes. The aqueous dispersion is vacuum filtrated to produce free standing foils. The thickness of these foils is typically in the range of 0.1-50 micrometers. Depending on application the graphene oxide laminates are named either as papers or as membranes.
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ZnO forms cement-like products when mixed with a strong aqueous solution of zinc chloride and these are best described as zinc hydroxy chlorides. This cement was used in dentistry. Hopeite ZnO also forms cement-like material when treated with phosphoric acid; related materials are used in dentistry.
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One convenient method is by dissolving an equivalent amount of sodium carbonate in 50% aqueous solution of trifluoroacetic acid. The solution is filtered and evaporated by vacuum evaporation (with special care to avoid decomposition of the salt by overheating). The solid obtained is dried under vacuum at 100 °C.
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Sci Technol. 1989, 23, 832-838 Above the CMC, the solubility of the surfactant within the aqueous solution has been exceeded. The energy required to keep the surfactant in solution no longer is the lowest energy state. To decrease free energy of the system the surfactant is precipitated out.
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In ophthalmology, choroidal neovascularization is the formation of a microvasculature within the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. Neovascularization in the eye can cause a type of glaucoma (neovascularization glaucoma) if the new blood vessels' bulk blocks the constant outflow of aqueous humour from inside the eye.
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Strong acids dissolve gallium, forming gallium(III) salts such as (gallium sulfate) and (gallium nitrate). Aqueous solutions of gallium(III) salts contain the hydrated gallium ion, . Gallium(III) hydroxide, , may be precipitated from gallium(III) solutions by adding ammonia. Dehydrating at 100 °C produces gallium oxide hydroxide, GaO(OH).
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This is called the aqueous slurry-coating process. The kettle is tumbled to obtain a homogeneous mixture. This mixture is wet and must be dried after transfer to drying trays. Drying with forced air for 16 hours at 50 °C to 60 °C is recommended to eliminate excess moisture.
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A number of environmental disasters have followed the overflow of tailing ponds at gold mines. Cyanide contamination of waterways has resulting in numerous cases of human and aquatic species mortality. Aqueous cyanide is hydrolyzed rapidly, especially in sunlight. It can mobilize some heavy metals such as mercury if present.
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Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid. In aqueous solution at neutral pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates".
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Long-term battery operation requires chemical stability of all cell components. Current cell designs show poor resistance to oxidation by reaction products and intermediates. Many aqueous electrolytes are volatile and can evaporate over time. Stability is hampered in general by parasitic chemical reactions, for instance those involving reactive oxygen.
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Superabsorbent polymer powder Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) (also called slush powder) can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own mass.Horie, K, et al., 890. Water-absorbing polymers, which are classified as hydrogels when mixed, absorb aqueous solutions through hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
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Both work by decreasing the amount of aqueous humor made by the eye. The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998. It is available as a generic medication. A 5 milliliter bottle in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about 1.50 £ as of 2019.
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Dorzolamide is a human carboanydrase II inhibitor. Inhibition of carboanhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion supposedly by decreasing the formation rate of bicarbonate ions. This results in reduction in both sodium and fluid transport. Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist.
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Lithium polonide may be produced from a redox reaction between aqueous hydrogen polonide and lithium metal or from an acid-base reaction of H2Po with strong lithium-containing bases: :H2Po + 2 Li → Li2Po + H2 It may also be produced by heating lithium and polonium together at 300–400 °C.
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This salt may be produced from the reaction between aqueous hydrogen polonide and sodium metal: :H2Po + 2 Na → Na2Po + H2 This method of synthesis is hampered by the chemical instability of hydrogen polonide. Sodium polonide may also be produced by heating sodium and polonium together at 300–400 °C.
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Alcohol ethoxylates are not observed to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, or skin sensitizers, nor cause reproductive or developmental effects. One byproduct of ethoxylation is 1,4-dioxane, a possible human carcinogen. Undiluted AEs can cause dermal or eye irritation. In aqueous solution, the level of irritation is dependent on the concentration.
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64 to 75% of the metabolites from the tissues were soluble in methanol. After addition of a protease, another 17 to 32% were solubilized. In the aqueous phase, at least four different radioactive metabolites were found. However, characterization of these compounds was repeatedly unsuccessful due to their high volatility.
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Crystalloluminescence is the effect of luminescence produced during crystallization. The phenomenon was first reported in the 1800s from the rapid crystallization of potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution.Light emission during growth and destruction of crystals. Crystalloluminescence and triboluminescence, Jeffrey I. Zink, and B. P. Chandra; J. Phys. Chem.
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This salt has been used in the manufacture of dense aqueous solutions. Sodium metatungstate exists as white solid. The anion is the polyoxotungstate [H2W12O40]6-, which features six- coordinated tungsten(VI) centers interconnected with doubly- and triply bridging oxo ligands. Due to its very high solubility in water (max.
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The proton in bisulfite shuttles between S and O. The H-S tautomer has C3v symmetry. The H-O tautomer has been observed by 17O NMR spectroscopy. The C3v structure is supported by X-ray crystallography and, in aqueous solution, by Raman spectroscopy (ν(S–H) = 2500 cm−1).
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Generally, gold nanoparticles in aqueous solutions are synthesized by the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4). To prevent the particles so formed from aggregating, often stabilizing agents are added. During the process, tri- sodium citrate reduces the gold salt to metallic gold particles, which acts as seeds for continuous growth.
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Lagowski continued studying in the University of Cambridge in England on a Marshall Scholarship with a title of D.Phil. received in 1959. He was a professor at The University of Texas from 1959 until his retirement in 2008. His research dealt with non- aqueous solutions and organometallic pi-complexes.
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Soper was educated at the Campion School, Hornchurch and the University of Leicester where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree followed by a PhD in 1977 for research into the structure of aqueous solutions conducted at the Institut Laue–Langevin in Grenoble supervised by John Enderby.
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The pKa of (3-ClC6H4)Si(CH3)2OH is 11. Because of their greater acidity, silanols can be fully deprotonated in aqueous solution, especially the arylsilanols. The conjugate base is called a siloxide or a silanolate. Despite the disparity in acidity, the basicities of alkoxides and siloxides are similar.
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M. F. Bechtold (1955): "Polymerization and Properties of Dilute Aqueous Silicic Acid from Cation Exchange". Journal of Physical Chemistry, volume 59, issue 6, pages 532–541. :H6Si2O7(aq) → 2 SiO2(s) + 3 H2O Compounds formally derived from pyrosilicic acid, such as sodium pyrosilicate, are found in the sorosilicate minerals.
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It is used in a variety of metallurgical applications, for phosphatizing and detinning. Sodium nitrite is an effective corrosion inhibitor and is used as an additive in industrial greases, as an aqueous solution in closed loop cooling systems, and in a molten state as a heat transfer medium.
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Strong oxidants oxidise them to sulfates and strong reducing agents reduce them to sulfites and dithionites. Aqueous solutions of dithionates are quite stable and can be boiled without decomposition. The γ-irradiation of crystalline dithionates produces radical ions.Radiation Chemistry of Dithionates G.S. Murthy, R.L. Eager, and K.J. McCallum Can.
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Carbonated water (H2CO3 aqueous solution) is commonly added to soft drinks to make them effervesce. Tartaric acid is an important component of some commonly used foods like unripened mangoes and tamarind. Natural fruits and vegetables also contain acids. Citric acid is present in oranges, lemon and other citrus fruits.
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In aqueous oral care gels the peptide is present as matrix. It binds directly as matrix to the tooth mineral and forms a stable layer on the teeth. This layer does protect the teeth from acid attacks. It also occludes open dentin tubules and thus reduces the dental sensitivity.
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The rheological properties of botryosphaeran has been described. Botryosphaeran forms a viscous solution when dissolved in water that is stable to heat as occurs during autoclaving (steam sterilization). When an aqueous solution of botryosphaeran is cooled to 5 °C, it forms a strong gel that is firm and transparent.
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He managed to ignore the poor solubility of the complex in most solvents, but noted that it did dissolve readily in aqueous gold (III), ammonia, and chloride systems. His conclusion on the formula proved to be incorrect but offered a fair estimate for later scientists to jump from.
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The addition of two molecules of water to CO2 would give orthocarbonic acid, C(OH)4, which exists only in minute amounts in aqueous solution. Addition of base to an excess of carbonic acid gives bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate). With excess base, carbonic acid reacts to give carbonate salts.
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"Reaction Mechanism for Direct Proton Transfer from Carbonic Acid to a Strong Base in Aqueous Solution I: Acid and Base Coordinate and Charge Dynamics", S. Daschakraborty, P. M. Kiefer, Y. Miller, Y. Motro, D. Pines, E. Pines, and J. T. Hynes. J. Phys. Chem. B (2016), 120, 2271.
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Ethoxzolamide, a sulfonamide, inhibits carbonic anhydrase activity in proximal renal tubules to decrease reabsorption of water, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate. It also decreases carbonic anhydrase in the CNS, increasing the seizure threshold. This reduction in carbonic anhydrase also reduces the intraocular pressure in the eye by decreasing aqueous humor.
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This trend is attributed to the increasing strength of intermolecular van der Waals forces, which correlates with numbers of electrons in the molecules. Concentrated hydrohalic acid solutions produce visible white fumes. This mist arises from the formation of tiny droplets of their concentrated aqueous solutions of the hydrohalic acid.
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Barium bromide can be prepared by treating barium sulfide or barium carbonate with hydrobromic acid: :BaS + 2 HBr → BaBr2 \+ H2S :BaCO3 \+ 2 HBr → BaBr2 \+ CO2 \+ H2O Barium bromide crystallizes from concentrated aqueous solution in its dihydrate , BaBr2·2H2O. Heating this dihydrate to 120 °C gives the anhydrous salt.
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Telenzepine is a thienobenzodiazepine acting as selective M1 antimuscarinic. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Telenzepine is atropisomeric, in other words the molecule has a stereogenic C–N-axis. In neutral aqueous solution it displays a half-life for racemization of the order of 1000 years.
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The overall result of the electrolysis is the production of chlorine gas, hydrogen and aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Commercially, electrolytic cells are used in electrorefining and electrowinning of several non-ferrous metals. Almost all high-purity aluminium, copper, zinc and lead is produced industrially in electrolytic cells.
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Phenylsulfinic acid is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H5SO2H. It is a colorless or white crystalline solid that is usually stored in the form of its sodium salt. In aqueous solution it is strongly acidic and is easily oxidized in air. Phenylsulfinic acid and its esters are chiral.
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The compound is prepared by treatment of solid tetra-n-butylammonium bromide with bromine vapor: :[N(C4H9)4]Br + Br2 → [N(C4H9)4]Br3 Instead of bromine, tetra-n-butylammonium bromide can also be reacted with vanadium pentoxide and aqueous hydrogen peroxide, or alternatively with ceric ammonium nitrate.
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Glycolaldehyde exists as depicted above as a gas. As a solid and molten liquid, it exists as a dimer. Collins and George reported the equilibrium of glycolaldehyde in water by using NMR. In aqueous solution, it exists as a mixture of at least four species, which rapidly interconvert.
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Paraformaldehyde forms slowly in aqueous formaldehyde solutions as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold. Formalin actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde; most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde. A small amount of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.
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Drago, R. S. Physical Methods for Chemists 2nd ed.; Surfside Scientific Publishers: Gainesville, FL 1992. The metatellurate anion has a chemical shift around 610 ppm when analyzed using 125Te NMR at 25 °C at a frequency of 94.735 MHz and referenced externally against aqueous 1.0 M telluric acid.
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The UV/VIS spectrum of septic sewage from three different sites. The absorption of bisulfide is observed around 230 nm in each case. Aqueous bisulfide absorbs light at around 230 nm in the UV/VIS spectrum. Using this approach, bisulfide has been detect in the ocean and in sewage.
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The bisulfide anion can accept a proton: Because of its affinity to accept a proton (H+), bisulfide has a basic character. In aqueous solution, it has a corresponding pKa value of 6.9. Its conjugate acid is hydrogen sulfide (). However, bisulfide's basicity stems from its behavior as an Arrhenius base.
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If \Delta G_S^\circ is less, then it is negatively cooperative. Host–guest chemistry is not limited to receptor-lingand interactions. It is also demonstrated in ion-pairing systems. In recent years, such interactions are studied in an aqueous media utilizing synthetic organometallic hosts and organic guest molecules.
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Ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with a high solubility that disassociates into ammonium (NH4+) and sulfate (SO42−) in aqueous solutions. Ammonium sulfate is especially useful as a precipitant because it is highly soluble, stabilizes protein structure, has a relatively low density, is readily available, and is relatively inexpensive.
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The co-monomer is typically dioxolane, but ethylene oxide can also be used. Dioxolane is formed by reaction of ethylene glycol with aqueous formaldehyde over an acid catalyst. Other diols can also be used. Trioxane and dioxolane are polymerized using an acid catalyst, often boron trifluoride etherate, BF3OEt2.
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Extraction of uranium and molybdenum from aqueous solution: a survey of industrial materials for use in chemical barriers for uranium mill tailing remediation. Environmental Science and Technology. 12(3): 1922-1931. Peat moss seems to be an effective ion- exchange material for removing heavy metals and some anions.
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Bouin solution, or Bouin's solution, is a compound fixative used in histology. It was invented by French biologist Pol Bouin and is composed of picric acid, acetic acid and formaldehyde in an aqueous solution. Culling, C.F.A. 1974. Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques (including museum techniques), 3rd ed.
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ENDURANCE 2009 Field Season . Stone Aerospace. Retrieved 29 March 2012. ENDURANCE spent two seasons exploring West Lake Bonney in the Dry Valleys, autonomously collecting aqueous chemistry data as well as making high- resolution maps of the lake floor and the portion of Taylor Glacier which interfaces with the lake.
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Ribose and deoxyribose (in RNA and DNA respectively) are pentose sugars. Examples of heptoses include the ketoses, mannoheptulose and sedoheptulose. Monosaccharides with eight or more carbons are rarely observed as they are quite unstable. In aqueous solutions monosaccharides exist as rings if they have more than four carbons.
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Another consideration is the place of cleaning. E.g. is the cleaning to be done on site, which can be the case with repair and maintenance work. Usually the cleaning takes place in a workshop. Several common methods are solvent degreasing, vapor degreasing and using an aqueous parts washer.
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Therefore, Gaoth Dobhair translates as "the aqueous estuary".Logainmneacha Ghaoth Dobhair The name Gweedore or Gaoth Dobhair refers to the traditional district and Catholic parish of the same name, not to one village or town. The villages of Bunbeg, Derrybeg, Dunlewey and others are collectively known as Gweedore.
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Under extreme alkaline conditions, bronopol decomposes in aqueous solution and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced. Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the biological activity associated with bronopol. Other decomposition products detected after bronopol breakdown are bromide ion, nitrite ion, bromonitroethanol and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.
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This may result in an acute attack of angle closure glaucoma. Surgical management of Glaucoma due to Iris bombe include making a small hole in the iris which allows passage of aqueous from posterior chamber to anterior chamber either by YAG or Argon laser iridotomy or by manual iridectomy.
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Stannoxane is a functional group in organotin chemistry with the connectivity SnIV-O-SnIV (IV indicates the oxidation state of tin). Aside from the oxide group, usually 3 or 4 other substituents are attached to tin. In aqueous or aquatic environments, most organotin compounds contain this group.Davies, Alwyn George.
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Aqueous stannous chloride is used by many precious metals refining hobbyists and professionals as an indicator of gold and platinum group metals in solutions. Molten SnCl2 can be oxidised to form highly crystalline SnO2 nanostructures.A.R.Kamali, Thermokinetic characterisation of tin(11) chloride, J Therm Anal Calorim 118(2014) 99-104.
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Free acidity is a defect of olive oil that is tasteless and odorless, thus can not be detected by sensory analysis. Since vegetable oils are not aqueous fluids, a pH-meter can not be used for this measure. Various approaches exist that can measure oil acidity with good accuracy.
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His PhD thesis (1958) dealt with the surface tension of water and aqueous solutions. In 1964 he defended habilitation thesis concerning experimental investigations regarding shock waves in liquids in the acoustical frequency domain. He developed from this investigations an electromagnetic shock wave generator for lithotripsy of kidney stones.
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Nitromethane is a relatively acidic carbon acid. It has a pKa of 17.2 in DMSO solution. This value indicates an aqueous pKa of about 11. The reason of that being so acidic is due to the resonance structure below: The anion is resonance stabilized It is slow to deprotonate.
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If the fluorescein strip turns pale upon application to the corneal surface, the person tests positive for the corneal deformity he/ she is being tested for. The change in the color of the fluorescein strip is due to dilution of fluorescein caused by the aqueous leakage in the cornea.
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JHU37160 and JHU37152 have been marketed commercially as novel DREADD ligands, active in vivo, with high potency and affinity for hM3Dq and hM4Di DREADDs. Diihydrochloride salts of DREADDs ligands that are water-soluble (but with differing stabilities in solution) have also been commercially developed (see for aqueous stability).
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This results in an increase in outflow of aqueous humor by widening Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork, lowering the intraocular pressure of patients with glaucoma. The use of Physostigmine may bring about several adverse effects, such as an increased spasm of accommodation and cramps in the intestines.
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Pulsating current results in products different from DC. For example, pulsing increases the ratio of ozone to oxygen produced at the anode in the electrolysis of an aqueous acidic solution such as dilute sulphuric acid. Electrolysis of ethanol with pulsed current evolves an aldehyde instead of primarily an acid.
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As a commercial product, tetrasodium iminodisuccinate is sold either as a white powder (solid mixture, produced by spray drying of the aqueous solution, Baypure® CX 100) or as granular material with a content of> 78% tetrasodium iminodisuccinate. Tetrasodium iminodisuccinate is a chelating agent, forming complexes of moderate stability (10−16), which includes (as a pentadentate ligand) alkaline earth and polyvalent heavy metal ions with one molecule of water in an octahedral structure.ADOB: Biodegradable chelates In 0.25% aqueous solution, a pH of 11.5 results for tetrasodium iminodisuccinate. The salt is stable for several hours in weakly acidic solution (pH> 4-7) even at 100 °C and for weeks in strongly alkaline solutions even at an elevated temperature (50 °C).
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These catalysts are stable in water, so avoid the need for organic solvents; some reaction rates are even enhanced by aqueous systems. They don't complex with products, so separation is simple, and the catalyst is easily recovered- in many cases the solution is simply reused. La(OTf)3 catalysts can also reduce the number of processing steps and use greener reagents; Walker et al. reported successful acylation yields using carboxylic acid directly, rather than acyl chloride.Walker, M., Balshi, M., Lauster, A., & Birmingham, P. 2000, “An Environmentally Benign Process for Friedel-Crafts Acylation”, 4th Annual Green Chemistry Conference & Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences, Washington US Their process generates only a small volume of aqueous sodium bicarbonate waste.
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She also discovered evidence for the presence of a methane- producing mineral called serpentine on Mars. The discovery could be a clue of past life on Mars, as serpentine arises from a mineral called olivine in a hydrothermal process that could serve as an energy source for methane- producing microbes. Her dissertation, published in 2010 and entitled "Early Mars Environments Revealed Through Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Alteration Minerals," documented her investigation of aqueous processes that occurred on ancient Mars during the earliest epoch of Martian history: the Noachian (>3.7 Ga). The work was aimed, in part, at better understanding the changing habitability of Mars over time, as well as understanding how aqueous environments have evolved on Mars.
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This supported their hypothesis, which led to the conclusion that cell membranes are composed of two apposing molecular layers. The two scientists proposed a structure for this bi-layer, with the polar hydrophilic heads facing outwards towards the aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards away from the aqueous surroundings on both sides of the membrane. Although they arrived at the right conclusions, some of the experimental data were incorrect such as the miscalculation of the area and pressure of the lipid mono-layer and the incompleteness of lipid extraction. They also failed to describe membrane function, and had false assumptions such as that of plasma membranes consisting of mostly lipids.
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For a piggable pipeline, an aqueous solution of VCI is pushed down the pipeline between two pigs after completion of the hydrotest operation. This provides corrosion mitigation until the line is put into service. (14) For a non- piggable pipeline, the low sections where residual hydrotest water may collect after draining are identified and an aqueous VCI solution is added at nearby high points such that the inhibitor solution will flow into the low sections, thereby treating the residual water with inhibitor. (23) For pipeline sections that are being idled, the low lying sections are identified, and an inhibitor solution is added at nearby high points as to fill the low lying section to a predetermined depth.
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R. E. Rosensweig with ferrofluid in his lab (1965) Ferrofluids are composed of very tiny nanoscale particles (diameter usually 10 nanometers or less) of magnetite, hematite or some other compound containing iron, and a liquid. This is small enough for thermal agitation to disperse them evenly within a carrier fluid, and for them to contribute to the overall magnetic response of the fluid. This is similar to the way that the ions in an aqueous paramagnetic salt solution (such as an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate or manganese(II) chloride) make the solution paramagnetic. The composition of a typical ferrofluid is about 5% magnetic solids, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier, by volume.
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Early work with the basic principle of electrophoresis dates to the early 19th century, based on Faraday's laws of electrolysis proposed in the late 18th century and other early electrochemistry. Experiments by Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Walther Nernst, and Friedrich Kohlrausch to measure the properties and behavior of small ions moving through aqueous solutions under the influence of an electric field led to general mathematical descriptions of the electrochemistry of aqueous solutions. Kohlrausch created equations for varying concentrations of charged particles moving through solution, including sharp moving boundaries of migrating particles. By the beginning of the 20th century, electrochemists had found that such moving boundaries of charged particles could be created with U-shaped glass tubes.
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The Trabectome, or trabeculectomy ab interno, is a microsurgical device cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 2006, used in patients with open angle glaucoma to excise a strip of trabecular meshwork, the tissue primarily responsible for the increased resistance of aqueous outflow in glaucoma. The Trabectome uses electrocautery via an internal approach to vaporize the trabecular meshwork, creating a large pathway for aqueous to flow, with minimal trauma to surrounding tissues. The procedure can be performed alone or in conjunction with cataract surgery. Trabectome is unique among the MIGS procedures, as there is no physical device implanted inside the eye; the pressure lowering is a direct result from the destruction and removal of the trabecular meshwork.
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A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases.
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Its main component is an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, which converts uranium into a complex [UO2(CO3)3]4−, which is stable in aqueous solutions at low concentrations of hydroxide ions. The advantages of the sodium carbonate method are that the chemicals have low corrosivity (compared to nitrates) and that most non-uranium metals precipitate from the solution. The disadvantage is that tetravalent uranium compounds precipitate as well. Therefore, the uranium ore is treated with sodium carbonate at elevated temperature and under oxygen pressure: :2 UO2 \+ O2 \+ 6 → 2 [UO2(CO3)3]4− This equation suggests that the best solvent for the uranium carbonate processing is a mixture of carbonate with bicarbonate.
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Pentavalent uranyl complexes are obtained by the oxidation of UIV or other low-valent uranium compounds and these reactions are done under oxygen-free conditions in organic solvents. The oxidation of UIII and UIV precursors under non-aqueous conditions or controlled hydrolysis conditions gives large polyoxo uranium clusters containing UV. Hydrothermal synthesis is another method used to obtain UV silicates where the reactions are carried out under high temperatures like 600 °C. Another way to make pentavalent uranyl complexes is the reduction of UVI containing [UO2]2+. In this method hexavalent uranyl complexes are reduced to UV complexes in aqueous solutions using electrochemical or photochemical reductions in the presence of a stabilizing carbonate or organic ligand.
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The solvent and aqueous flow in opposite directions through the mixer settler stages (typically 8 or more), controlled by careful design of the transfer ports between the settler stages. The Magnox fuel is dissolved in nitric acid within the Dissolver Cell. The aqueous stream is conditioned to the correct temperature and acidity and then passes to the first mixer settler system where fission products are separated from the uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) by extraction of the U/Pu into the solvent phase comprising tri-butyl- phosphate in odourless kerosene. This has the effect of reducing the radiation levels in subsequent stages of the process and the resulting degradation of the solvents.
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Maximum catalytic current density for CO2 reduction that can be achieved in aqueous media is only 10 mA cm−2 based solubility of CO2 and diffusion limitations. The integrated maximum photocurrent under Air Mass 1.5 illumination, in the conventional Shockley-Quiesser limit for solar energy conversion for p-Si (1.12 eV), p-InP (1.3 eV), p-GaAs (1.4 eV), and p-GaP (2.3 eV) are 44.0 mA cm−2, 37.0 mA cm−2, 32.5 mA cm−2 and 9.0 mA cm−2, respectively. Therefore, non-aqueous media such as DMF, acetonitrile, methanol are explored as solvent for CO2 electrochemical reduction. In addition, Methanol has been industrially used as a physical absorber of CO2 in the Rectisol method.
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The basic fold of the MFS transporter is built around 12, or in some cases, 14 transmembrane helices (TMH), with two 6- (or 7- ) helix bundles formed by the N and C terminal homologus domains of the transporter which are connected by an extended cytoplasmic loop. The two halves of the protein pack against each other in a clam-shell fashion, sealing via interactions at the ends of the transmembrane helices and extracellular loops. This forms a large aqueous cavity at the center of the membrane, which is alternatively open to the cytoplasm or periplasm/extracellular space. Lining this aqueous cavity are the amino-acids which bind the substrate(s) and define transporter specificity.
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Standard phenol extraction is used to obtain DNA from test or reference (karyotypically normal individual) tissue, which involves the combination of Tris-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenol with aqueous DNA in equal amounts. This is followed by separation by agitation and centrifugation, after which the aqueous layer is removed and further treated using ether and finally ethanol precipitation is used to concentrate the DNA. May be completed using DNA isolation kits available commercially which are based on affinity columns. Preferentially, DNA should be extracted from fresh or frozen tissue as this will be of the highest quality, though it is now possible to use archival material which is formalin fixed or paraffin wax embedded, provided the appropriate procedures are followed.
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Between 1911 and 1912, E.L. Scott at the University of Chicago tried aqueous pancreatic extracts and noted "a slight diminution of glycosuria", but was unable to convince his director of his work's value; it was shut down. Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockefeller University in 1915, but World War I interrupted his work and he did not return to it. In 1916, Nicolae Paulescu developed an aqueous pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, had a normalizing effect on blood-sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I, and in 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog.
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The process uses aqueous ethanol solutions (40–60% v/v) to delignifying wood at temperatures from 180–210 °C and 2–3.5 MPa. Solvent is recovered with flash evaporation, vapour condensation and vacuum stripping.Diebold, VB, Cowan, WF, Walsh, JK, Solvent pulping process, (1978), C P Associates Ltd: US patent 4.100.016.
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244x244px The blue bottle experiment is a color-changing redox chemical reaction. An aqueous solution containing glucose, sodium hydroxide, methylene blue is prepared in a closed bottle containing some air. Upon standing, it spontaneously turns from blue to colorless. However, shaking the bottle causes the solution to rapidly turn blue again.
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If sodium sulfite is allowed to crystallize from aqueous solution at room temperature or below, it does so as a heptahydrate. The heptahydrate crystals effloresce in warm dry air. Heptahydrate crystals also oxidize in air to form the sulfate. The anhydrous form is much more stable against oxidation by air.
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The design of the device has evolved over its history. In 1996, eight holes were added in the back plate. The holes allow the aqueous humour fluids of the eye to provide nutrients to the donor graft stroma and keratocytes. The device is now available with either eight or 16 holes.
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Tear film break-up time is abnormal in several conditions like aqueous tear deficiency, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, mucin deficiency, meibomian gland disorders etc. Evaporative dryness can also be seen in conditions like lagophthalmos, proptosis, parkinson's disease, computer vision syndrome, contact lens use, drugs (antihistamines, beta blockers, antispasmodics, diuretics), vitamin A deficiency etc.
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The classical coordination compound bromopentaamminecobalt(III) bromide is prepared by oxidation of a solution of cobalt(II) bromide in aqueous ammonia. :2 CoBr2 \+ 8 NH3 \+ 2 NH4Br + H2O2 → 2 [Co(NH3)5Br]Br2 \+ 2 H2O Triphenylphosphine complexes of cobalt(II) bromide have been used as a catalysts in organic synthesis.
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1,2,4-Triazole is a planar molecule. The C-N and N-N distances fall into a narrow range 136 - 132 picometers, consistent with the aromaticity. Although two tautomers can be envisioned, only one exists practically speaking. 1,2,4-Triazole is amphoteric, being susceptible to both N-protonation and deprotonation in aqueous solution.
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Some non-aqueous solvents can behave as acids. An acidic solvent will increase basicity of substances dissolved in it. For example, the compound CH3COOH is known as acetic acid because of its acidic behaviour in water. However it behaves as a base in liquid hydrogen chloride, a much more acidic solvent.
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The chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain, with five hydroxyl groups positioned in the same way as in the open chained form of glucose, terminating in a carboxylic acid group. In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
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Saponification is a process that involves conversion of fat, oil, or lipid into soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali (e.g. NaOH). Soaps are salts of fatty acids and fatty acids are mono that have long carbon chains (at least 10) e.g. sodium palmitate.
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The fungus Aspergillus versicolor is effective at absorbing lead ions from industrial waste before being released to water bodies. Several bacteria have been researched for their ability to remove lead from the environment, including the sulfate- reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum, both of which are highly effective in aqueous solutions.
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Glass is the material of choice for laboratory applications due to its inertness compared with metals or plastics. However, plastic funnels made of nonreactive polyethylene are used for transferring aqueous solutions. Plastic is most often used for powder funnels that do not come into contact with solvent in normal use.
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The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration. The Hubble Space Telescope observed Fortuna in 1993. It was resolved with an apparent diameter of 0.20 arcseconds (4.5 pixels in the Planetary Camera) and its shape was found to be nearly spherical. Satellites were searched for but none were detected.
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Hetacillin is prepared from ampicillin and acetone. In aqueous solutions it is unstable, with a half life of 15 to 30 minutes at and pH 7, quickly releasing acetone again. As opposed to ampicillin, hetacillin is only marginally broken down by the bacterial enzyme beta-lactamase, at least in vitro.
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Icodextrin (INN, USAN) is a colloid osmotic agent, derived from maltodextrin, used in form of an aqueous solution for peritoneal dialysis under the trade name Extraneal, and after gynecological laparoscopic surgery for the reduction of post-surgical adhesions (fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs) under the trade name Adept.
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The herb is stimulant, tonic in small doses and laxative when taken in quantity. A hot infusion is emetic and diaphoretic. Decoction of the leaves is antiseptic and haemostatic; useful against various kinds of haemorrhage and to clean foul ulcers. An aqueous extract of the dried leaves is a cardiac stimulant.
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Arenicin-3 is a 21 amino acid peptide with the sequence GFCWYVCYRNGVRVCYRRCN. It has two disulfide bonds bridging between Cys2, Cys20 and Cys7, Cys16. In aqueous solution arenicin-3 takes on a beta hairpin structure. Due to the 4 positive arginines along with nine hydrophobic amino acids, arenicin-3 is amphipathic.
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Ammonium cyanide may be analyzed by heating the salt and trapping the decomposed products: hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in water at low temperatures. The aqueous solution is analyzed for cyanide ion by silver nitrate titrimetric method or an ion-selective electrode method, and ammonia is measured by titration or electrode technique.
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Selligueain A is an A type proanthocyanidin trimer of the propelargonidin type. It can be extracted from the rhizome of the fern Selliguea feei collected in Indonesia. It has sweetener properties with relative sweetness of 35 times as compared to the intensity of a 2% w/v aqueous sucrose solution.
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Sodium monothiophosphate is prepared by the base hydrolysis of thiophosphoryl chloride using aqueous sodium hydroxide: :PSCl3 \+ 6 NaOH + 9 H2O → Na3PO3S.(H2O)12 \+ 3 NaCl This reaction affords the dodecahydrate, which is easily dehydrated. Partial dehydration over 6.5 M H2SO4 gives the nonahydrate. Under flowing N2, the anhydrous salt is formed.
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Hydrodynamic trapping in microfluidics can be used to trap very small particles in an aqueous solution for a long period of time in order to isolate particles and observe their behavior.Johnson-Chavarria, E.M; Schroeder, C.M.; Tanyeri, M.; A Microfluidic-based Hyrdrodynamic Trap for Single Particles. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 47. 2011.
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Because of this arrangement, the interior of the toroids is not hydrophobic, but considerably less hydrophilic than the aqueous environment and thus able to host other hydrophobic molecules. In contrast, the exterior is sufficiently hydrophilic to impart cyclodextrins (or their complexes) water solubility. They are not soluble in typical organic solvents.
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PCP was used in New Zealand as a timber preservative and antisapstain treatment and it was no longer used after 1988. It was also sold as a moss killer to the general public (by Shell, at least) in the form of a 115g/l aqueous solution and labelled as a poison.
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Mallotus oppositifolius is a plant species in the genus Mallotus found in Africa and Madagascar. The variety Mallotus oppositifolius var. lindicus is classified in the IUCN red list of vulnerable species of plants. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant show antifungal properties, and anti parasitic activity against blastocystis hominis.
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As2S3 forms when aqueous solutions containing As(III) are treated with H2S. Arsenic was in the past analyzed and assayed by this reaction, which results in the precipitation of As2S3, which is then weighed. As2S3 can even be precipitated in 6M HCl. As2S3 is so insoluble that it is not toxic.
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Mixing with other herbicides in aqueous solution is possible to some extent, so long as they are not susceptible to oxidation. The sale of sodium chlorate as a weedkiller was banned in the European Union in 2009 citing health dangers, with existing stocks to be used within the following year.
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Laser iridotomy reduces the risk of developing an attack of acute angle closure. In most cases, it also reduces the risk of developing chronic angle closure or of adhesions of the iris to the trabecular meshwork. Diode laser cycloablation lowers IOP by reducing aqueous secretion by destroying secretory ciliary epithelium.
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Dihydrolevoglucosenone is readily biodegradable (99% within 14 days) and reacts to oxidants such as aqueous 30% hydrogen peroxide solution even at room temperature. Dihydrolevoglucosenone has a boiling point of 226 °C at 101.325 kPa (vs 202 °C for NMP), and a vapor pressure of 14.4 Pa near room temperature (25 °C).
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A version of PC-SAFT has also been developed to describe mixtures with ionic compounds (called electrolyte PC-SAFT or ePC-SAFT).Cameretti LF, Sadowski G, Mollerup JM. Modeling of aqueous electrolyte solutions with perturbed-chain statistical associated fluid theory. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2005 Apr 27;44(9):3355-62.
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Borane carbonyl is the inorganic compound with the formula H3BCO. This colorless gas is the adduct of borane and carbon monoxide. It is usually prepared by combining borane-ether complexes and CO. The compound is mainly of theoretical and pedagogical interest. It reacts with aqueous base to give boranocarbonate H3BCO22−.
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The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0.880 g/cm3 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'. ;Combustion: Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–25% air.
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One way of administering resveratrol in humans may be buccal delivery by direct absorption through the saliva. However, the viability of a buccal delivery method is unlikely due to the low aqueous solubility of the molecule. The bioavailability of resveratrol is about 0.5% due to extensive hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation.
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Together Eh and pH indicate the types of minerals that are thermodynamically most stable and therefore most likely to form from a given set of aqueous components. Thus, past environmental conditions on Mars, including those conducive to life, can be inferred from the types of minerals present in the rocks.
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Ammonium dimolybdate (ADM) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Mo2O7. It is a white, water-soluble solid. ADM is an intermediate in the production of molybdenum compounds from its ores. Roasting typical ore produces crude molybdenum(VI) oxides, which can be extracted into aqueous ammonia, affording ammonium molybdate.
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Metampicillin (INN) is a penicillin antibiotic. It is prepared by the reaction of ampicillin with formaldehyde, and is hydrolysed in aqueous solution with the formation of ampicillin. Hydrolysis is rapid under acid conditions, e.g., in the stomach, less rapid in neutral media, and incomplete in solutions such as human serum.
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