So Virginia rates under apportionment had to be 10-times higher than N.Y. rates to satisfy apportionment by population.
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Formulary Apportionment Under formulary apportionment (FA), a business's tax base would be defined based on the location of its economic activity.
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So Congress still can collect duties, imposts and excises without apportionment, and now it can collect income taxes without apportionment too.
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If there is an undercount, areas more favorable to Democrats will be the most adversely affected, with congressional apportionment and fund apportionment, which are Census-based, on the line.
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The apportionment of representatives to Congress depends on census data.
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And it is Congress that must accept the apportionment results.
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Apportionment would have been a fatal blow to the carriage tax.
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The case: This case stemmed from the apportionment scheme in Alabama.
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Michigan's 2008 Business Tax Act provided for apportionment based on sales alone.
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But not all revenue-raising measures are direct taxes subject to apportionment.
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It openly disagrees with the postwar apportionment of the South China Sea.
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Specifically, he took issue with the method Congress had used for apportionment.
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Following the 2010 census, its apportionment of 53 congressional seats remained constant.
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Apportionment is absurd whenever the tax base per capita is unequal across states.
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The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 fixed the number of representatives at 435.
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Just as New York does not require approval or cooperation from other states to determine its apportionment formula or to decide whether it will use apportionment or some other system of taxation, the U.S. can act alone; and it should.
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The apportionment is based on the number of popular votes each candidate has received.
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There's one presidential elector for every 189,433 of them, according to that 63 apportionment.
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That makes the apportionment of liability even more contentious, with defendants blaming one another.
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There are, classically, one or two apportionment lawsuits over the last seat (in Congress).
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Well, party officials consult a master delegate apportionment list from Iowa Democrats to calculate.
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The 12th, the Apportionment Amendment, has languished unratified by the states, apparently by accident.
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"The Constitution does not prescribe any one basis for apportionment within states," Justice Thomas wrote.
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But debates over whether Congress can tax wealth without apportionment among the states still linger.
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In addition, congressional apportionment affects the Electoral College, which could swing future, close presidential elections.
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Each state decides its own apportionment formula, and sets its own corporate income tax rate.
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More broadly, the United States (and other countries) could adopt a reform known as formulary apportionment.
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The 2020 census, once conducted, will be used for all political apportionment until the 2030 census.
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This is what the sales factor apportionment system, already in use by most US states, does.
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He initiated an effort to deny non-citizens representation in congressional apportionment and electoral college determinations.
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Apportionment of House districts has been based on raw population, not the number of eligible voters.
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Currently, space is so tight on Enbridge's Mainline network that it rations space to shippers, called apportionment.
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Currently, space is so tight on Enbridge's Mainline network that it rations space to shippers, called apportionment.
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Apportionment was to be based on a count of all persons -- whether they were citizens or not.
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For example, tariffs on imported products qualify as "imposts" and are therefore exempt from the apportionment requirement.
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The Justices of Supreme Court in Hylton had all participated actively in the originating debates on apportionment.
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The decision: The Supreme Court held 8-1 that Alabama's apportionment scheme had breached the 14th Amendment.
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This matters because the census determines congressional apportionment as well as the distribution of Electoral College votes.
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The same is true of children, who are politically powerless yet universally counted for redistricting and apportionment.
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That change, called sales factor apportionment (SFA) has ended the race to the bottom for many states.
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Relatively new to OMB, Duffey wanted a better understanding of how the apportionment process worked, a source said.
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The apportionment process isn't designed as a tool to carry out policy priorities or to advance political interests.
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Their programme of work is replete with choice tax jargon like "fractional apportionment" and "modified residual profit split".
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Barr cited a legal dispute on whether illegal immigrants can be included for determining apportionment of congressional districts.
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Duties, imposts and excises were not subject to apportionment before the 16th Amendment and are not afterwards either.
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Pipeline apportionment drives Canadian prices lower because it leads to a glut of crude building up in Alberta.
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The state of Alabama sued the federal government last year, arguing that congressional apportionment should exclude non-citizens.
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Black teachers, surely given little choice, had accepted less than a 50-50 apportionment at Eunice High School.
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The statewide numbers will get the media attention, but the congressional districts are what matter for delegate apportionment.
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Democrats argue it would decrease participation among immigrants and noncitizens, affecting congressional apportionment and allocation of government funding.
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Abbott (the challenge to whether all residents should be counted for Congressional apportionment), and Whole Woman's Health v.
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The Congressional Apportionment Amendment was one of the 12 amendments first proposed and passed by Congress in 1789.
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The key to Alabama's case is the definition of "persons" who should be counted and thus used in apportionment.
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Pipeline apportionment drives Canadian crude prices lower because it leads to a glut of crude building up in Alberta.
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Domestic U.S. businesses urgently need a Sales Factor Apportionment system to gain a more level footing against multinational competitors.
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It'll be hard for any candidate to win the nomination outright, given the Democratic Party's proportional apportionment of delegates.
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Cooper emailed Rood again on August 21 to note that another OMB apportionment was in place until August 26.
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In 2014, the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the act did not expressly repeal the compact's three-factor apportionment provision.
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It should emulate the tax approach utilized by various states in the U.S., something known as Sales Factor Apportionment (SFA).
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This system is called sales factor apportionment and is already in use, in some form, by a majority of states.
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The Supreme Court responded to the absurdity of apportionment by holding that the carriage tax was not a direct tax.
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The sad original text of the Constitution counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportionment.
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Whichever party controls the state's general assembly after next fall's elections will determine new congressional apportionment following the 2020 census.
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You might recall that the upcoming 2020 Census and its potential impact on apportionment have been in the news lately.
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In response, the House passed the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929, capping the members of the House of Representatives at 435.
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Even without these larger changes, a citizenship question that deters some immigrants from participating in the census could affect congressional apportionment.
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Some feared that Southern states would block newly freed black men from voting, while still benefiting from their presence in apportionment.
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They were curious about the apportionment of space, but the place had been rented out and was not yet being shown.
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Following each decennial census, Congress is required to pass a law that establishes the apportionment process for the next 10 years.
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So the population grows very rapidly by world-historical standards, which means that the apportionment and redistricting functions are very disruptive.
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This count is crucial because it serves as the basis for the apportionment of all 435 seats in the House of Representatives.
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By including the number of senators, two from each state, the formula leaned to making the apportionment fairer to the smaller states.
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Counting only citizens for apportionment would increase the power of rural voters, and by extension the Republican Party, over the next decade.
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The major parties have jostled over the number of cabinet seats they should get, and over the apportionment of the most powerful ministries.
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Apportionment was designed to reach wealth by taxing states according to relative wealth by the best measurement of wealth that they had available.
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This brings us to Charles Murray and the strange apportionment of sympathy that underlies this whole conversation — and many conversations about "PC" culture today.
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Meanwhile, while it's a minority coalition nationally, Republicans will remain competitive because of the federal system and skewed apportionment in both houses of Congress.
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Requisitions were the only way for Congress to get revenue under the Articles of Confederation, and the Founders assumed that apportionment worked all right.
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Clearly, their intent was that apportionment of representatives, which depends on census results, should be based on who is present in the country, period.
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Being small especially hurts when barrels are rejected by pipeline companies that do not have capacity to move all the crude produced, called apportionment.
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For a while, the expansion formula was managed in such a way that states seldom lost seats from one decennial apportionment to the next.
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Hamilton argued at the Supreme Court that the carriage tax was not a direct tax, and so did not require apportionment — and the court agreed.
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He says that the border-adjusted cash flow tax isn't a tax on "incomes" and so is not exempt from apportionment under the 16th Amendment.
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"As far as the original understanding of the Constitution is concerned, a state has wide latitude in selecting its population base for apportionment," Thomas wrote.
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By ensuring that each representative is subject to requests and suggestions from the same number of constituents, total-population apportionment promotes equitable and effective representation.
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Next would come changing the basis of apportionment from the number of people to the number of citizens — the unfinished goal of the Evenwel lawsuit.
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For Republicans, it's an arcane delegate apportionment process that varies by state and once seemed to favor those, like Senator Ted Cruz, who knew every rule.
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Bulging storage tanks are contributing to high apportionment on Canada's main conduit to the United States, the 2.85 million barrel-per-day (bpd) Enbridge Mainline network.
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But the Constitution itself required that excises and duties must have uniform rates across all states, and one cannot both comply with uniform rates and apportionment.
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Their voices in the Senate would be on par with places like Illinois and Pennsylvania, according to those 21960 apportionment figures cited at The Green Papers.
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Abbott, in which two Texas voters challenged state apportionment based on population, asking instead for a redistricting map based on only the number of eligible voters.
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"Adopting voter-eligible apportionment as constitutional command would upset a well-functioning approach to districting that all 50 States" have followed for "decades, even centuries," she wrote.
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One topic of discussion was "the problem that aliens ... are still counted for congressional apportionment," according to a subsequent email from Kobach to Ross describing their conversation.
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A Pew survey from last year, for instance, found that over 60 percent of Americans are fine with the power Senate apportionment gives to less populous states.
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Under the initial apportionment of the House approved by the framers, the slaveholding states would have held 39 out of 92 electoral votes, or about 42 percent.
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State population changes will affect the official apportionment of the 435 U.S. House of Representatives seats across the 50 states after the completion of the 2020 census.
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Ye Olde Constitution said that Congress had to figure out how many representatives each state should get, an apportionment based on population as determined by the Census.
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According to Just Security, some of the emails illustrated pushback by OMB to issue a new apportionment footnote -- the technical process being used to withhold the money.
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I then plugged in these figures into a handy appointment calculator designed by the University of Michigan to determine how apportionment would differ in these different scenarios.
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In the past, hefty pipeline apportionment led to a glut of crude building up in Alberta, widening the discount on Canadian barrels and eating into producer revenues.
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In a recent Washington Post op-ed, Olson made the case that the border-adjusted cash flow tax violates the apportionment clause in Article I of the Constitution.
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" And OMB spokesperson Rachel Semmel said her agency "uses its apportionment authority to ensure taxpayer dollars are properly spent consistent with the President's priorities and with the law.
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"The idea that administration officials would not be involved in budget execution, including apportionment authority, after decades of precedent, is absolutely ludicrous," said Rachel Semmel, a spokeswoman for OMB.
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A U.S. system of sales factor apportionment would bring in increased corporate tax revenues and set a helpful precedent for other developed nations looking to solve a similar challenge.
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The 16th Amendment says that Congress can collect taxes on "incomes" without worrying about apportionment, even if the tax would have been a direct tax under prior case law.
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"For example, there is a current dispute over whether illegal aliens can be included for apportionment purposes," he said in a statement in the Rose Garden alongside the president.
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That will largely depend on whether it can convince the Supreme Court that its understanding of the historical definition of "persons" in the apportionment clause of the Constitution is correct.
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Of course, this egalitarian theory of creativity ignores everything we know about the apportionment of artistic gifts, the fact that some people are simply better at making things than others.
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The Democrats' delegate apportionment rules do make a contested convention more likely, but Bernie is better-liked by most Democrats than Trump was by Republicans at this stage in '16.
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What's more, Sandy said that Michael Duffey — his boss and a Trump appointee — asked to learn more about the apportionment process by which the US provides aid to other countries.
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But in a legal brief he wrote in the case, he acknowledged that "general assessments … on the whole property of individuals" — in other words, wealth taxes — are direct taxes requiring apportionment.
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The efforts ahead of the decennial reapportionment and redistricting process that begins next year, and that will have a major effect on the apportionment of electoral college votes and congressional districts.
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"The bottom line is the players get somewhere between 49 and 51 percent," Fleisher said, referring to the current apportionment of what is known in the jargon as basketball-related income.
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But the Electoral College meant that slaves (who were counted as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportionment) would give the South extra clout in the Electoral College.
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" In a letter to Congress, the group advocated for the adoption of sales factor apportionment: "Redefining the source of income is, in our view, the key to correcting the current dysfunction.
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The Constitution mandates the taking of a census every 10 years, and the data is used to allocate billions of dollars in federal funding and the apportionment of the House of Representatives.
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Elijah Cummings (D-Md.), the committee's chair, said Kobach urged Ross in July 2017 to add the question and cited a desire to exclude undocumented immigrants from being counted for congressional apportionment.
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The opportunity for traders comes from monthly pipeline "apportionment", when demand to ship crude on certain pipelines exceeds capacity, forcing pipeline operators to ration the number of barrels each shipper can move.
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The practice is a long standing source of frustration for Canadian producers but offers a lucrative, though risky, play for traders able to swoop in and capitalize on post-apportionment price volatility.
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As an Anglo-American, I pored over Henry Popple's 210 map of North America, fascinated by its apportionment of land and by an accuracy that would have been remarkable for the time.
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But under federal law, constitutional challenges to the apportionment of House districts or statewide legislative bodies are automatically heard by three-judge panels, and appeals are taken directly to the Supreme Court.
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The city's Board of Estimate and Apportionment voted 3-0 to have Axon Enterprise Inc, a police body camera company, supply its 1,200 officers with free software, hardware and training for a year.
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One trader also said lower-than-expected apportionment on Enbridge pipelines in July meant some people in the market were short heavy crude and looking for more barrels to meet their nominated volumes.
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Fahey, the Michigan strategist, said she had already fielded phone calls from activists in other states who may mount their own campaigns before the next apportionment and redistricting phase begins in two years.
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"Although the committees only received a partial production of the requested materials, OMB's responses and documentation to date confirm that the apportionment process has been misused to withhold Congressionally enacted appropriations," Democrats said.
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The 17773 delegates to America's first and so-far-only constitutional convention had hammered out compromises on the separation of powers, apportionment of seats in the legislature and the future of the slave trade.
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The city's Board of Estimate and Apportionment voted 3-0 to hire Axon Enterprise Inc, a police body camera company, to supply its 1,200 officers with free software, hardware and training for a year.
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There's a really interesting chart at the must-bookmark The Green Papers website that uses Census data used for the 2010 congressional apportionment and displays people per Senate seat and people per House seat.
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"Citing two people familiar with his testimony who spoke anonymously, The Post said Sandy was instructed to sign the first of "several apportionment letters in which budget officials formally instituted the freeze on funds.
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Still, one of the country's most significant sources of foreign health care talent has been recently stung by a complicated, bureaucratic visa apportionment system that has effectively blocked all employment-based health care immigration.ADVERTISEMENTgoogletag.cmd.
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Some of the recent price weakness can be attributed to leftover barrels stranded by Canada's pipeline apportionment system, where shippers nominate a certain volume of barrels but see their shipments reduced if lines are oversubscribed.
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The extra apportionment on Lines 2/3 and 2.000/67 comes on top of rationing announced last month, meaning that shippers will not be able to transport all their nominated crude volumes on those pipelines.
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"The change in administration and the lack of a Census director could have a profound impact on how well the 28500 Census is conducted, and therefore the counts that are available for apportionment," Brace wrote.
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Apportionment means shippers cannot transport all their nominated volumes on the Enbridge system and can lead to a crude build up in Alberta, which tends to widen the discount on Canadian crude versus benchmark U.S. oil.
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And certainly when you continue to follow the Highway Trust Fund apportionment rules, the dollars going into low-density America were much higher on a per capita basis than the dollars going into high-density America.
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The apportionment requirement continues to apply only to a small set of revenue-raising measures that do not qualify as duties, imposts, excises, or income taxes — like a hypothetical head tax or a federal property tax.
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Hopkins has been cited more than 150 times in subsequent Supreme Court opinions—in cases ranging from apportionment to jury selection to loitering—and remains one of the most important civil rights cases in American jurisprudence.
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In 1966, the Supreme Court blessed Hawaii's rule, suggesting that a legislature could set any standard as long as it led to an apportionment scheme that was not "substantially different" from one that was clearly permissible.
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The Supreme Court has also said sampling can't be used to apportion seats in the House of Representatives, though it left room for sampling to be used for state redistricting and apportionment of federal funds to states.
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Why it matters: The request has alarmed civil rights advocates who believe it will discourage immigrant participation in next year's population count, which will be used to determine congressional seat apportionment and how federal funding is distributed.
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"Although Wisconsin's natural political geography plays some role in the apportionment process," the court wrote, "it simply does not explain adequately the sizable disparate effect" of Republican gains in the State Assembly after the boundaries were redrawn.
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The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House to 435 voting members, where it has remained, save for a temporary bump to 437 from 1959 to 1963 after Alaska and Hawaii gained statehood.
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The DOJ plans to rely on its expert, Stuart Gurrea, to argue the citizenship question would cause no change in congressional apportionment in any state and only a negligible dip in the distribution of federal funds to California.
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Romney didn't endorse a candidate -- saying that, due to the party's delegate apportionment process, he'd vote for Rubio in Florida or Kasich in Ohio, if he lived in any of those states, when they vote on March 15.
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According to Kimball Brace, a demographer who projects new apportionment figures, Florida, North Carolina, Oregon and Texas are all likely to gain at least one seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the next round of redistricting.
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The Treasury Department should support modernizing the tax code using sales factor apportionment so Apple is fully taxed on US sales, cannot shift profits overseas, and does not have an unfair advantage over other US companies and taxpayers.
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While the convention nearly broke down several times over slavery and the apportionment of representation among the states, by late September the delegates had achieved their goal and produced a new constitution—the one Americans still live with.
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The administration also objected to Democratic language that would have required the Office of Management and Budget to make public budget documents, known as apportionment letters, related to the release of aid to federal agencies, one official said.
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The failure to count people anywhere in the US would disenfranchise residents there from federal funding, and an undercount as low as 1.5% would impact the apportionment of congressional seats and delegates to the Electoral College, plaintiffs said.
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Traders in Canada's oil capital Calgary said a number of factors including oil sands supply outages, low Alberta storage inventories and steps taken by Enbridge to free up more space on its system had helped eliminate August apportionment.
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"Census numbers are used not only for congressional apportionment, but to allocate fair political representation in state legislatures, city councils, all the way down to school boards, and to distribute government resources where they are most needed," said Lowenthal.
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Canada's largest pipeline company said last week apportionment - or rationing of space - on its heavy crude pipelines out of Alberta would be zero in August, meaning producers could ship all the barrels they have said they want to move.
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That apportionment also affected the statewide election plan: Even if a black-supported candidate received a majority of votes, it would be almost impossible for him to clinch victory by also capturing a majority of the state House of Representatives districts.
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"In terms of apportionment, [an undercount] could lead California, Texas, and potentially other states to lose a congressional seat," Christopher Warshaw, an assistant professor of political science at George Washington University who testified in the Supreme Court case, told VICE News.
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House Budget Chairman John Yarmuth and House Appropriations Chairwoman Nita Lowey said they're now considering unspecified "legislative proposals and reforms" to rein in the OMB's ability to slow or limit the flow of foreign assistance appropriated by Congress, known as apportionment.
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" He noted that the District Court held that the proposed citizenship question would cause non-citizen households to decline to respond which could "result in an incorrect apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives, harming the chamber's institutional integrity.
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Western Canada Select (WCS) heavy blend crude traded as low as $26.50 a barrel under the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) benchmark because of reduced capacity on TransCanada Corp's Keystone pipeline after a leak in South Dakota in November, and apportionment on Enbridge lines.
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There was enough evidence "to infer that Secretary Ross was motivated to add the citizenship question for the partisan purpose of facilitating the exclusion of non-citizens from the population count for congressional apportionment," California and other plaintiffs told Seeborg in court documents.
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Another of my objectives was to meet some of the defendants in the Farkhunda case, and they brought home to me the terrible dilemma that mob violence poses for prosecutors and for defendants' own rights: What is a fair apportionment of responsibility?
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"We're happy to see that the overall trend shows storage inventories are decreasing, (pipeline) apportionment is decreasing and that our plan to curtail and slowly allow for more production as rail and other takeaway capacity comes on line is working," she said.
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However, the two big Kurdish parties have quarreled lately over the apportionment of posts in the regional government, and resolving that standoff is likely to be the first major task for the new prime minister, who has 30 days to form a government.
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Calgary-based Enbridge said there would be mid-month apportionment in December on its Mainline network, which transports the majority of Canadian crude exports to the United States, because of unplanned outages in the western part of its heavy and light pipeline system.
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"Often what we see post-apportionment is simply weak pricing in the aftermarket," said Matt Murphy, an energy analyst with Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co. Murphy noted that rail volumes continue to rise, but still appear to be insufficient to clear the market.
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Both moves have come under intense scrutiny from Democrats and other critics, who say the census question could lead to minorities and immigrant communities being undercounted, affecting decisions as crucial as the distribution of federal funds and the apportionment of congressional districts.
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Not only does he have the express power to essentially change any rule after giving the MLBPA one year to "negotiate" with him, he's got direct and analogous precedent upholding the discretion courts give to the apportionment of power in collective bargaining.
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" Judge Richard Seeborg in the Northern District of California wrote that the evidence shows the question "quite effective at depressing self-response rates among immigrants and noncitizens, and poses a significant risk of distorting the apportionment of congressional representation among the states.
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To preserve an element of popular election, each state would receive electors equal to its congressional delegation, which would also account for states with large enslaved populations, since the convention had already reached agreement on how to count slaves for legislative apportionment.
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The other two individuals who made the apportionment case to the administration, the memo explains, were "Republican gerrymandering expert Thomas Hofeller, who advised the Transition Team on adding a citizenship question after concluding that the question "would be advantageous to Republicans and non-Hispanic whites.
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And many of those categories are required by laws and regulations because they're part of certain social or political programs, "from providing apportionment and redistricting data as part of our representative democracy, to helping distribute more than $400 billion in federal funds annually," Thompson wrote.
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Soon enough, push came to shove, and the Whigs — who controlled both Congress and the White House after the 1840 elections, but who worried that general-ticket voting favored the rival Democratic Party — passed the Apportionment Act of 1842, which outlawed general-ticket voting.
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If the 2020 census is mismanaged, it "would be a disaster for marginalized groups, who would see apportionment of federal dollars shrink to the areas in which they predominate," Moon Duchin, a Tufts University mathematician working on ways to fight gerrymandering, told me in an email.
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Reflecting these tensions, Senators Richard Blumenthal and Christopher S. Murphy, both Democrats of Connecticut, noted in a letter to the acting inspector general of the Commerce Department in June that fishermen in their state were experiencing "extreme financial hardship" because the apportionment of resources was so outdated.
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"The decennial census is mandated in the Constitution and its data are relied on for a myriad of important government decisions, including apportionment of Congressional seats among states, enforcement of voting rights laws, and allocation of federal funds," Ross wrote in a memo on March 26, 2018.
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" In March, a judge in the Northern District of California made a similar ruling, writing that the evidence shows the question "quite effective at depressing self-response rates among immigrants and noncitizens, and poses a significant risk of distorting the apportionment of congressional representation among the states.
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" It also includes former Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, who discussed the citizenship question with President Donald Trump and his top advisers, and then urged Ross in an email to add a citizenship question to address the "problem" that undocumented immigrants "are still counted for congressional apportionment purposes.
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"History, our decisions, and settled practice in all 50 States and countless local jurisdictions point in the same direction: Total-population apportionment meets the Equal Protection demand, by rendering each representative alert to the interest and constituent-service requests of all who dwell in the representative's district," she wrote.
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But the Supreme Court is considering a case looking at whether only eligible voters should count, excluding illegal immigrants, under-18s and so on, which could affect the apportionment of seats (the case, Evenwel v Abbott, centres on the drawing of districts for the state legislature in Texas).
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Why it matters: If non-citizens choose not to respond to the census as a result of the question, that could affect the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives — and because immigrant-heavy states tend to lean blue, it would likely mean the loss of Democratic seats.
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The dominant political figure in antebellum America was the pro-slavery Andrew Jackson, who in 1829 proposed eliminating electors while retaining pro-slavery apportionment rules rooted in the three-fifths clause — in effect creating a system of pro-slavery electoral-vote counts without the need for electors themselves.
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"Among other things, the revised manual directs DOJ attorneys to consider 'crediting and apportionment of financial penalties, fines, and forfeitures, and other means of avoiding disproportionate punishment' and, when possible, 'to coordinate with other federal, state, local, and foreign enforcement authorities' in the assessment of penalties," the law firm wrote.
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By the time the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 debated how the president ought to be chosen, they had already approved the three-fifths clause — the notorious provision that counted slaves as three-fifths of a person to inflate the slave states' apportionment in the new House of Representatives.
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The 2020 Census is upon us, and we are already turning our collective attention to the decisions that will be made based on data gathered for the constitutionally mandated apportionment of congressional seats among states – including how to allocate billions of dollars in federal funds for multiple grant and benefit programs.
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"The change in administration, the lack of a Census Director, shortness of funds appropriated to the Bureau, and how well individual states conduct their own Complete Count campaigns could have a profound impact on how well the 2628 Census is conducted, and therefore the counts that are available for apportionment," Brace said Thursday.
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In 22008, the court upheld the newly established rule of ''one person, one vote'' to end the practice of wildly uneven apportionment, which produced, for example, a map in Vermont with a State Assembly district for only 258 people and California State Senate districts that varied from 267,22008 people to six million.
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And they are seriously concerned that adding a single citizenship question to the 2020 census could scare away millions of immigrants from filling out their mandatory surveys — throwing off the count of who's present in America that's used to determine congressional apportionment for the next decade, allocate federal funding for infrastructure, and serve as the basis for huge amounts of American research.
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Mr. Holder said his initiative would unfold on three fronts: In court, where Democrats will challenge Republican-drawn maps they see as violating the law; on the campaign trail, where they will seek to win offices that influence redistricting; and through ballot referendums in states that allow voters to give direct approval to laws mandating new procedures for legislative apportionment.
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Critics are seriously concerned that adding a single citizenship question to the 2020 census could scare away millions of immigrants from filling out their mandatory surveys — throwing off the count of who's present in America that's used to determine congressional apportionment for the next decade, allocate federal funding for infrastructure, and serve as the basis for huge amounts of American research.
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That last clause contains what most scholars of the Apportionment Amendment consider a scrivener's error: "nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons" should read "nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons"; the screw-up is technical, but this piece has a good explanation of what happened (it involves the secretary of the Senate misunderstanding a direction).
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Being a Newark Jew in a largely working-class city where political leverage accrued through ethnic pressure, where both historical fact and folkloric superstition sustained a steady undercurrent of xenophobic antipathy in each ethnic precinct, where the apportionment of jobs and vocations often divided along religious and racial lines—all this contributed enormously to a child's self-definition, his sense of specialness, and his way of thinking about his discrete community in the local scheme of things.
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This has already come up in a substantive way in the post-election debate about the proper apportionment of "empathy" for those who voted for Trump: Many of the prescriptions to repair understanding between "costal elites" and "rural America" failed to grapple with the fact that most rural and poor people of color didn't vote for Trump, and that nonwhite urban "elites" may have been skeptical of his supporters for reasons that had nothing to do with snobbery and isolation, and everything to do with their own humanity.
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