He called it a "friendship of utility" — adventitious, opportunistic and usually short-lived.
|
|
During these early stages, they decided to utilize the versatility and adventitious nature of the modular synthesizer.
|
|
For Brown, it becomes clear, the entries are a way of taking all the stuff that flies at you and framing it, weaving a story about an adventitious heroine called Tina Brown.
|
|
Indeed, it was only the adventitious death of the prosecutor that saved the boy from a long sentence in a penitentiary that would probably have destroyed him, gentle and mild as he was.
|
|
In young stems, adventitious roots often form from parenchyma between the vascular bundles. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the vascular cambium. In stem cuttings, adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the callus cells that form at the cut surface. Leaf cuttings of the Crassula form adventitious roots in the epidermis.
|
|
Adventitious buds may then develop on stems with secondary growth. Adventitious buds are often formed after the stem is wounded or pruned. The adventitious buds help to replace lost branches. Adventitious buds and shoots also may develop on mature tree trunks when a shaded trunk is exposed to bright sunlight because surrounding trees are cut down.
|
|
The Pando quaking aspen grew from one trunk to 47,000 trunks via adventitious bud formation on a single root system. Some leaves develop adventitious buds, which then form adventitious roots, as part of vegetative reproduction; e.g. piggyback plant (Tolmiea menziesii) and mother-of-thousands (Kalanchoe daigremontiana). The adventitious plantlets then drop off the parent plant and develop as separate clones of the parent.
|
|
Langley’s Adventitious Angles Solution to Langley’s 80-80-20 triangle problem Langley’s Adventitious Angles is a mathematical problem posed by Edward Mann Langley in The Mathematical Gazette in 1922..
|
|
Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) trees often develop many adventitious buds on their lower trunks. If the main trunk dies, a new one often sprouts from one of the adventitious buds. Small pieces of redwood trunk are sold as souvenirs termed redwood burls. They are placed in a pan of water, and the adventitious buds sprout to form shoots.
|
|
Avicularia adventitious, monomorphic or polymorphic, suboral or lateral to orifice.
|
|
The threefold distinction of profectitious, adventitious, and professional was ascertained.
|
|
A basal shoot emerging from the base of a juvenile tree Basal shoots, root sprouts, adventitious shoots, and suckers are words for various kinds of shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the base of a tree or shrub, or from adventitious buds on its roots. Shoots that grow from buds on the base of a tree or shrub are denominated "basal shoots"; these are distinguished from shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the roots of a tree or shrub, which are denominated "root sprouts". A plant that produces root sprouts is described as surculose. Although a product of adventitious buds on a plant, water sprouts are distinct from basal shoots and root sprouts.
|
|
In layering, adventitious roots are formed on aerial stems before the stem section is removed to make a new plant. Large houseplants are often propagated by air layering. Adventitious roots and buds must develop in tissue culture propagation of plants.
|
|
Plant hormones, termed auxins, are often applied to stem, shoot or leaf cuttings to promote adventitious root formation, e.g. African violet and sedum leaves and shoots of poinsettia and coleus. Propagation via root cuttings requires adventitious bud formation, e.g. in horseradish and apple.
|
|
It occasionally happens that an adventitious bud arises from the axil of a monocarpellary pistil.
|
|
1999 Review the formation of adventitious roots: new concepts, new possibilities. In Vitro Cell & Developmental Biology - Plant 35 3;189-199 Further progress can be made in future years by applying research into other regulatory mechanisms to commercial propagation and by the comparative analysis of molecular and ecophysiological control of adventitious rooting in 'hard to root' vs. 'easy to root' species. Adventitious roots and buds are very important when people propagate plants via cuttings, layering, tissue culture.
|
|
Plant structures, including, roots, buds, and shoots, that develop in unusual locations are called adventitious. Such structures are common in vascular plants. Adventitious roots and buds usually develop near the existing vascular tissues so that they can connect to the xylem and phloem. However, the exact location varies greatly.
|
|
Some plants normally develop adventitious buds on their roots, which can extend quite a distance from the plant. Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are termed suckers. They are a type of natural vegetative reproduction in many species, e.g. many grasses, quaking aspen and Canada thistle.
|
|
The plant dies after flowering, but produces suckers or adventitious shoots from the base, which continue its growth.
|
|
Curzon Press: London. According to Namkhai Norbu,Namkhai Norbuet. al. 1991, 2001: p. 176 all five of these, body (sku), voice (gsung), mind (thugs), qualities (yon tan), activities (phrin las), constitute a mindstream or 'continuum of being' of either a sentient being (with adventitious obscurations) or a buddha (without adventitious obscurations).
|
|
Sageceras, type genus of the Sageceratidae, is described as having lenticular shells with flattened bicarinate venters and small umbilici. Sutures form numerous subequal auxiliary and adventitious lobes. Hedenstroemiidae are described as having discoidal, compressed, generally smooth, involute shells with tabulate to oxynote venters. Suture are ceratitic with adventitious saddles and lobes.
|
|
In proliferous flowers the pistil is often completely defective, its place being occupied by the adventitious bud or axis.
|
|
Rhizomatous plants have an underground stem with small fiber-like adventitious roots. A. chamissonis has a mature height of roughly .
|
|
Asexual reproduction in Baltic Sea populations is accomplished by the production of adventitious branches that come loose and reattach to the bottom by the formation of rhizoids. Adventitious branches are present in thalli of F. vesiculosus also in other areas, but asexual formation of new thalli has never been reported outside the Baltic Sea.
|
|
Roots forming above ground on a cutting of Odontonema aka Firespike Adventitious rooting may be a stress-avoidance acclimation for some species, driven by such inputs as hypoxiaDrew et al. 1979 Ethylene-promoted adventitious rooting and development of cortical air spaces (aerenchyma) in roots may be adaptive responses to flooding in Zea mays L. Planta 147 1; 83-88, (Visser et al. 1996) or nutrient deficiency. Another ecologically important function of adventitious rooting is the vegetative reproduction of tree species such as Salix and Sequoia in riparian settings.
|
|
He included self decoration under the heading "Adventitious Protection", quoting Bateson's account of decorator crabs. In his textbook Adaptive Coloration in Animals (1940), Hugh Bamford Cott describes self-decoration under the heading "adventitious concealing coloration", also naming it "adventitious resemblance". He describes it as a device "perhaps unrivalled" for effective concealment, and points out that it is brought about and depends on "highly specialized behaviour". Further, it grades into other means of protection including "the borrowing of protection from aposematic partners" and the use of "fortified hiding-places" and burrows.
|
|
The adventitious lobe of the suture is widely rounded and asymmetric, the ventral lobe and saddle small, the dorsolateral saddle relatively short.
|
|
In adventitious embryony (sporophytic apomixis), an embryo is formed directly (not from a gametophyte) from nucellus or integument tissue (see nucellar embryony).
|
|
This species features very large, petiolated leaves with long adventitious roots. Its flower is a monoecious spadix. Its fruit is a berry.
|
|
Burrknot is a tree disorder caused by the formation of adventitious root primordia. Although previously classified as disease, is now classified as a disorder, as it is no longer believed to be pathogenic. Burrknot on apple tree A2 rootstock, after plantation, side view First looks like a smooth orange bulge growing from the stem or a branch, later multiple adventitious roots form.
|
|
If such a mind were contaminated > by adventitious defilements, then these naturally impure defilements would > become pure once they become associated with the naturally luminous mind. On > the other hand, if adventitious defilements remained to be impure, then a > naturally luminous mind would not become defiled by their presence. For them > the constantly evolving mind is in possession of defilements.
|
|
Only a few of the roots penetrate deep into the soil for stability. This type of root system is known as fibrous or adventitious, and is a characteristic of grass species. Other types of large trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it. 2,000-4,000 adventitious roots may grow, each about large.
|
|
Propagated by division or adventitious plantlets. Seeds germinate freely. Easy to cultivate and seems to withstand a wide range of water conditions and temperatures.
|
|
Instead, the only part which emerges from the soil are unbranched adventitious inflorescences which are developmentally similar to adventitious roots. All parts of the plant are pale yellowish white to reddish-tinged. The bracts are 5–10 mm long scale-like structures, which cover most of the inflorescence. Plants flower from April to December depending on the geographic region (May to October in North America).
|
|
Adventitious root formation refers to roots that form from any structure of a plant that is not a root; these roots can form as part of normal development or due to a stress response. Adventitious root formation from the excised stem cutting is a wound response. At a molecular level when a cutting is first excised at the stem there is an immediate increase in jasmonic acid, known to be necessary for adventitious root formation. When the cutting is excised from the original root system the root inhibiting hormones, cytokinin and strigolactone, which are made in the root and transported to the stem, decrease in concentration.
|
|
Naiman and Decamps, 1997, The Ecology of Interfaces: Riparian Zones. Annual Reviews in Ecological Systems The ability of plant stems to form adventitious roots is utilised in commercial propagation by cuttings. Understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind adventitious rooting has allowed some progress to be made in improving the rooting of cuttings by the application of synthetic auxins as rooting powders and by the use of selective basal wounding.Klerk et al.
|
|
An unusual feature is that Psaronius did not have a true trunk, but had a massive root mantle formed by hundreds of rootlets. These rootlets are referred to as adventitious because they are appearing in an atypical location. These adventitious roots originate in a central stem high in the tree. This central stem becomes smaller lower in the tree so that at the base the mantle is composed entirely of roots.
|
|
Ornament weakens in the adult and the last whorl may be smooth. The suture is with numerous adventitious and autxiliary elements, with saddles and lobes that are much frilled.
|
|
According to Tadeusz Skorupski, the Mahasamghika school held that the mind’s nature (cittasvabhva) is fundamentally pure (mulavisuddha), but it can be contaminated by adventitious defilements. In contrast, the Sarvastivada Vaibhasikas held that the mind was not naturally luminous. According to Skorupski for the Vaibhasikas, the mind: > is initially or originally contaminated by defilements, and must be purified > by abandoning defilements. For them a primordially luminous mind cannot be > contaminated by adventitious defilements.
|
|
The larvae tunnel in the bark of Eucalyptus species (including Eucalyptus rossii), feeding on the inner bark or on the adventitious bark growth around the holes left by wood-boring beetles.
|
|
Hydrangea integrifolia climbs with adventitious roots. Its leaves are paired and opposite. Hydrangea integrifolia is primarily used as an ornamental. It is vigorous but grows slowly enough to not become invasive.
|
|
Reduvius personatus, the masked hunter bug nymph, camouflaged with small flakes of wood Self-decoration camouflage is a method of camouflage in which animals or soldiers select materials, sometimes living, from the environment and attach these to themselves for concealment. The method was described in 1889 by William Bateson, who observed Stenorhynchus decorator crabs. It was classified as "adventitious protection" by Edward Bagnall Poulton in 1890, and as "adventitious concealing coloration" or "adventitious resemblance" by Hugh Bamford Cott in 1940, who compared it to the way Australian aborigines stalked waterfowl, covering their faces with water lily leaves. Among animals, self- decoration is found in decorator crabs, some insects such as caddis flies and the masked hunter bug, and occasionally also in octopuses.
|
|
When dealing with floods, this species has a unique method it uses to survive. Through research done by Sarah M Rich, Martha Ludwig, and Timothy Colmer, it was discovered that photosynthesis that takes place within Tecticornia pergranulata roots allows this species to survive through intense flooding. Larger Tecticornia pergranulata plants grow an extensive system of adventitious roots from their woody basal stem regions. Smaller plants do not form aquatic roots, but do grow adventitious roots within the soil.
|
|
Propagate by adventitious plantlets which form on the inflorescence. A rather demanding species, now rarely seen. The flowers open in the later morning hours only for about 2 hours. After this, it closes completely.
|
|
A few plant species can form colonies via adventitious plantlets that form on leaves, e.g. Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Tolmiea menziesii. A few plant species can form colonies via asexual seeds, termed apomixis, e.g. dandelion.
|
|
It has adventitious roots and glossy, opposite leaves. It produces small white flowers in late spring and early summer.Flora of North America, Decumaria barbara The only other member of this genus is Decumaria sinensis, of central China.
|
|
Examination of cross sections of various Tempskya specimens shows that those with the largest trunks have the smallest number of stems, and vice versa. From this, a possible growth pattern of Tempskya has been suggested: at the sporeling stage, Tempskya would consist of a single stem, which would begin to branch off distally. A "mantle" of adventitious roots would then develop around the stems to support them. Later on, many of the stems would begin to decay, while the adventitious roots would still provide support and absorb water for the grown plant.
|
|
Others such as the Jonang school and some Kagyu figures, see tathāgatagarbha as a kind of Absolute which "is empty of adventitious defilements which are intrinsically other than it, but is not empty of its own inherent existence".
|
|
To reduce the molecular weight, hydrogen is added to the polymerization reaction: :LnTi–CH2−CHR–polymer + H2 → LnTi−H + CH3−CHR–polymer Another termination process involves the action of protic reagents, which can be intentionally added or adventitious.
|
|
Auxins promote root initiation. Auxin induces both growth of pre-existing roots and adventitious root formation, i.e., branching of the roots. As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated.
|
|
The Adeonidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are often upright bilaminar branches or sheets, perforated by large holes in some species (e.g. Adeona cellulosa). The zooids generally have one or more adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall.
|
|
The adventitious lobe, high on the flank, is rounded or subacute and the lateral lobe has an inconspicuous saddle at the umbilical seam. Falcitornoceras is slightly older than Gundolficeras and somewhat younger than Phoenixites, close relatives, although temporally overlapping both.
|
|
They are trees or shrubs, occasionally with adventitious roots (O. hartshorniana, O. insularis). Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled. The leaves are lauroid, they are commonly dark green glossy with sometimes brown on the underside and fragrant oil cells.
|
|
Bioleaching at temperatures conducive of thermophiles like Sulfolobus metallicus has shown to be more effective than bioleaching with mesophiles. Bioleaching is adventitious to traditional metal extraction methods because it is more cost efficient and poses fewer hazards to the environment.
|
|
Truyolsoceras is an Upper Devonian ammonite (subclass Ammonoidea) included in the goniatitid subfamily Aulatornoceratinae. The shell is involute, lenticular, with a narrow umbilicus and moderately high aperture. The adventitious lobe of the suture, which lies between the ventral and lateral lobes, is rounded.
|
|
He described: protective resemblance; aggressive resemblance; adventitious protection; and variable protective resemblance.Forbes, 2009. pp. 50–51 These are covered in turn below. A camouflaged orange oak leaf butterfly, Kallima inachus (centre) displays protective resemblance Protective resemblance is used by prey to avoid predation.
|
|
If no visual, morphogenic changes are apparent, other plant screening procedures must be applied. There are both benefits and disadvantages to somaclonal variation. The phenomenon of high variability in individuals from plant cell cultures or adventitious shoots has been named somaclonal variation.
|
|
The Adeonellidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are often upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have one or more adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall. Instead of ovicells the adeonids often possess enlarged polymorphs which brood the larvae internally.
|
|
Lilium concolor is a perennial lily that occurs at 350–2000 meters above sea level. It is stem-rooting, meaning it can grow adventitious roots above its bulbs and along the stems.Morning Star Lily. Backyard Gardener. Published on the Internet; accessed July 2, 2012.
|
|
Aerva javanica, the kapok bush or desert cotton, is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It has a native distribution incorporating much of Africa (including Madagascar), and the south-west and south of Asia, and it has become adventitious in northern Australia.
|
|
Small adventitious plantlets are grown on the mother plant and are then released when ready. It can provide useful shade to shyer fish and small fry. The dense roots are said to take nutrients out of the water helping to prevent the growth of algae.
|
|
Coppicing is the practice of cutting tree stems to the ground to promote rapid growth of adventitious shoots. It is traditionally used to produce poles, fence material or firewood. It is also practiced for biomass crops grown for fuel, such as poplar or willow.
|
|
Interzooidal avicularia are wedged between autozooids but do not replace an autozooid. Adventitious avicularia are placed somewhere on the external (frontal) wall of an autozooid and are usually much smaller. The 'birds-head' avicularium (e.g. Bugula) is elevated above the colony by a stalk (peduncle).
|
|
Alstonia constricta has an erect growth form. Growing to 12 m in height. The species is capable of producing adventitious shoots or ‘suckers’ from the root system and in this manner often forms thickets. Leaves are pubescent, narrow and lanceolate, from 5–20 cm in length.
|
|
Wichers, M. (2001). Homeschooling: adventitious or detrimental for proficiency in higher education. Education, 122, 145–150 Thus, the data indicate that homeschooling can also prepare students for success in higher education. On average, studies suggest homeschoolers score at or above the national average on standardized tests.
|
|
Because of this polymer core materials are most adventitious for small production runs that cannot justify the added expense of metal cores. Unfortunately it is not as recyclable as the metal alloys used in cores, because 10% new material must be added with the recycled material...
|
|
A cutting is a part of the plant, usually a stem or a leaf, is cut off and planted. Adventitious roots grow from cuttings and a new plant eventually develops. Usually those cuttings are treated with hormones before being planted to induce growth. Example: rose;hibiscus.
|
|
According to Paul Griffiths, there is a single objective process at work, one leading to a music that is "constantly susceptible to adventitious interpretations...the music is made by the ear."Griffiths, Paul (1995). Modern music and after: Directions since 1945, p.213. Oxford University Press. .
|
|
Hoya carnosa Hoyas are evergreen perennial creepers or vines or rarely, shrubs. They often grow epiphytically on trees; some grow terrestrially, or occasionally in rocky areas. They climb by twining, and with the employment of adventitious roots. Larger species grow , or more, with suitable support in trees.
|
|
Corylus colurna have fibrous roots. The roots of Corylus colurna are not adventitious, meaning they do not form suckers. This makes Corylus colurna desirable for grafting on the rootstock over a single stemmed trees. This allows Corylus colurna to be grown in poorer and rocky soils.
|
|
The plant consists of bulbous leaves growing in pairs. Flowers will emerge from between the two leaves and sprout vertically. The leaves draw down into a small taproot which also grows adventitious roots when able. The flowers are yellow in color, and have a white center.
|
|
Falcitornoceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the Tornoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. Shells produced are extremely involute and have no umbilicus. Young and intermediate whorls have ventrolateral grooves. The adventitious lobe, which develops ontogenetically between the external, or ventral, and lateral lobes, is widely rounded.
|
|
They are most well known for their ability to adapt to high salinity levels and flooding.Rich, Sarah M., Martha Ludwig, and Timothy D. Colmer. Photosynthesis in Aquatic Adventitious Roots of the Halophytic Stem- succulent Tecticornia Pergranulata. Tech. Vol. 31. Crawley, Perth,WA: University of Western Australia, 2008. EBSCOhost. Web.
|
|
Hydrangea integrifolia leaves have red petioles. Hydrangea integrifolia retains its dried lace-cap blooms. Hydrangea integrifolia is a vine with adventitious roots that enable it to climb without assistance onto any nearby solid structure. The leaves are about 6 inches long, dark green, and glossy with a leathery texture.
|
|
Younger leaves of the plant will become flaccid, and adventitious roots may appear on the stem of the plant. The vascular system exhibits a progressively darker brown color as the disease progresses, in addition to possible lesions on the stem. Management practices are similar to those of potato.
|
|
By looking at the timing of different behaviors within the interval, Staddon and Simmelhag were able to distinguish two classes of behavior: the terminal response, which occurred in anticipation of food, and interim responses, that occurred earlier in the interfood interval and were rarely contiguous with food. Terminal responses seem to reflect classical (as opposed to operant) conditioning, rather than adventitious reinforcement, guided by a process like that observed in 1968 by Brown and Jenkins in their "autoshaping" procedures. The causation of interim activities (such as the schedule-induced polydipsia seen in a similar situation with rats) also cannot be traced to adventitious reinforcement and its details are still obscure (Staddon, 1977).
|
|
Botanists commonly differentiate between branches that originate from the initial extension growth and those that have developed epicormically from the growth of latent buds or adventitious buds that developed later on the tree's trunk surface.Harris R. W., Clark J. R. & Matheny N. P. (1999) Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs and Vines; 3rd Edition; Prentice Hall: New Jersey A clear anatomical difference can be found on dissection between these branch attachments, in that the former has an initial knot that originates near to the stem's pith, those developing from latent buds will have a bud trace that originates near the stem's pith, and adventitious epicormic branches will exhibit neither of these internal features.
|
|
Stomata are also present to aid in transpiration and assimilation and are associated with sporophylls. D. edule has three or four large adventitious (i.e. abnormally positioned) roots surrounded by many smaller ones which harbor small nodules containing tannins. Roots are composed of large amounts of corky secondary tissue consisting of phellogen.
|
|
Atriplex nuttallii is an evergreen shrub growing to . These species are low-growing, evergreen shrubs that form dense and prostrate. Prostrate branches often create adventitious roots when in contact with the soil. Leaves are sessile, elongated, rounded at the apex, opposite on the lower portions of stems, and alternate above.
|
|
It has also been discovered that abnormally high water levels often kill tamarack stands. Those that survive under such conditions usually grow very slowly. Other effects of high water include dieback and the development of adventitious roots and shoots. Wetland road crossings and beaver damming are the primary causes of flooding.
|
|
Hedyosmum mexicanum is known as a dioecious variable plant containing adventitious roots and brittle twigs. It generally blooms as a shrub at approximately 2 meters in height. When it reaches its full tree size it could range from 8 to 12 meters or more. It contains opposite leaves with welded petioles.
|
|
Type species of this genus. It has evolved from E. mccalebi and gave rise to genus Wellerites. It differs from E. quinni by much more developed adventitious lobe of first lateral saddle and longer ventral lobe. E. mccalebi has more pounch- shaped prong of ventral lobe and more asymmetrical umbilical lobe.
|
|
In some specimens, this mantle is over 1.0 m in diameter at the base of the tree. The fossilized wood of this root mantle is simply referred to as Psaronius. The side impressions of these adventitious roots are referred to as Tubiculites by the French Geologist François Cyrille Grand'Eury in 1877.
|
|
The inflorescences carry plantlets at the tips of their branches, which eventually droop and touch the soil, developing adventitious roots. The stems (scapes) of the inflorescence are called "stolons" in some sources, but this term is more correctly used for stems which do not bear flowers and have roots at the nodes.
|
|
It has a stout, thick rhizome, that is between 8–20 mm thick. The roots are sometimes described as adventitious (in an unusual place). It has linear, smooth, acuminate (tapering to a long point) long and 6–18 mm wide leaves. The leaves can be as long or longer than the peduncle.
|
|
This is species of Eowellerites with asymmetrical prongs on ventral lobe. It also has broad and nearly symmetrical umbilical lobe. It can be distinguished from E. moorei by asymmetry of ventral prongs and more symmetrical and inflated umbilical lobe. From E. quinni it distinguishes by more developed adventitious lobe of first lateral saddle.
|
|
They are colloquially yet incorrectly denominated "suckers", which word colloquially denominates basal shoots and root sprouts. Water sprouts occur on the above ground stem, branches, or both of trees and shrubs, well above the base of the plant and its roots, where adventitious buds can produce basal shoots and root sprouts, respectively.
|
|
Most fluoride salts dissolve to give the bifluoride (HF2-) anion. Sources of true F- anions are rare because the highly basic fluoride anion abstracts protons from many, even adventitious, sources. Relative unsolvated fluoride, which does exist in aprotic solvents, is called "naked". Naked fluoride is a strong Lewis base, and a powerful nucleophile.
|
|
Pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes) are free-sporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating, free-living gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. The root system is always adventitious. The stem is either underground or aerial.
|
|
Hairy root culture, also called transformed root culture, is a type of plant tissue culture that is used to study plant metabolic processes or to produce valuable secondary metabolites or recombinant proteins, often with plant genetic engineering. A naturally occurring soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes that contains root-inducing plasmids (also called Ri plasmids) can infect plant roots and cause them to produce a food source for the bacterium, opines, and to grow abnormally. The abnormal roots are particularly easy to culture in artificial media because hormones are not needed in contrast to adventitious roots, and they are neoplastic, with indefinite growth. The neoplastic roots produced by A. rhizogenes infection have a high growth rate (compared to untransformed adventitious roots), as well as genetic and biochemical stability.
|
|
Shrubby cactus of about 60 cm high and 2.5 wide, normally prostrate, sometimes climbs due to its adventitious roots. The dark green segments are flat, narrow and elliptical in shape, about 5 to 40 cm long and 3.5 to 7 cm wide. The areolas are small. Orange or orange yellow flowers 4 cm long.
|
|
The Smittinidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin.
|
|
The Stomachetosellidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin.
|
|
The Bitectiporidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin.
|
|
2, 6 Once the dodder finds its host, it wraps itself around the host plant's stem. Using adventitious roots, the dodder taps into the host plant's stem with a haustorium, an absorptive organ within the host plant vascular tissue. Dodder makes several of these connections with the host as it moves up the plant.
|
|
At their margin, between the teeth, adventitious buds appear, which produce roots, stems and leaves. When the plantlets fall to the ground, they root and can become larger plants. This is a fairly common trait in the section Bryophyllum. The fruits are follicles (10–15 mm) which are found in the persistent calyx and corolla.
|
|
The family Cecropiaceae is characterized by having adventitious roots, and in Cecropia, they become stilt-roots, which are a common feature of large trees, especially living near rivers or marshes. Cecropia spp. are usually full of vines, but not normally overgrown by them. Most species have internodes that are hollow and contain whitish pith.
|
|
In a potted environment, pruning can be done with mature plants from the bottom only (cutting the top off is fatal) and only if adventitious roots are available. As the stem grows additional roots, the bottom of the stem can be severed and the plant re-rooted from the roots higher up the stem.
|
|
Albuca bracteata is primarily grown as a houseplant. It is hardy to USDA zones of 9a-10b. The ornamental value of this plant is based on the formation of bulblets. The common name "pregnant onion" is due to the small adventitious bulblets that form from the initial bulb scales, which are likened to "babies".
|
|
Acanthopale pubescens can be herbs or shrubs and can grow up to 2.5 m tall. They have adventitious roots, called stilt roots. Stilt roots develop from the basal nodes of the stem near the soil, which supports the plant against wind. The leaves with petiole are 2-6.5 cm long with hair on the edges.
|
|
Its high tolerance to drought, freezing temperatures, salt, and shade make for a favorable lawn grass. An adventitious root system grounds the grass. When exposed to prolonged drought, it easily adapts by developing deeper rooting systems. Although it is tolerant to freezing temperatures, it does lose its bright green color, turning brown after frost.
|
|
Fieldia australis, usually referred to as fieldia is a small climbing plant or epiphyte found in eastern Australian rainforests. Commonly seen in the cooler rainforests at higher altitudes. It also grows in the warmer rainforests with a high humidity. The plant uses adventitious roots to grip hold of tree trunks, mossy rocks or tree ferns.
|
|
Shungtangendoceras has a small, marginal siphuncle, presumed ventral (Flower, 1954). the central siphuncle in Sun's analysis turns out to be an adventitious feature. Also, according to Flower (1954) there are no endocones in this fossil, eliminating it from the Endocerida. Moreover, the earliest endocerids have been shown to be derived from the Ellesmerocertidae in the Early Ordovician.
|
|
There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.Coulter, John G. 1913. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany.
|
|
These adventitious roots arise from the stem above the soil level and help support the plant. These roots not only anchor the tree but also keep it upright during times of heavy winds and rain in tropical regions. Prop roots can be in diameter. P. utilis is dioecious, with the female and male reproducing structures occurring on different plants.
|
|
Sphenarpites is an extinct genus of cephalopod belonging to the family Hildoceratidae. Only one specimen is known, which has been found in Kelat, Baluchistan, in today's Pakistan. Its involute, oxycone shell has very small umbilicus and umbilical wall is smoothly rounded. Suture is reduced with 1 or 2 adventitious saddles and about 10 auxiliary saddles in external suture.
|
|
When viewed under the microscope, the Fallopian tube has four to five layers (depending on the classification system used). From outer to inner these are the serosa, subserosa, muscularis, submucosa and innermost mucosa with lamina propria and epithelium. The serosa is derived from the visceral peritoneum. The subserosa is composed of loose adventitious tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics.
|
|
Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil.
|
|
Tillandsia edithae is a cliff dwelling caulescent species from Bolivia which has a beautiful red flowered inflorescence when in bud. Tillandsia edithae is one of the few tillandsias to have coral coloured flowers making it a very attractive flower. It produces a lot of adventitious offsets along the base of the stem. These flowers are quite rare.
|
|
Cuttings are used as a method of asexual reproduction in succulent horticulture, commonly referred to as vegetative reproduction. A cutting can also be referred to as a propagule. Succulents have evolved with the ability to use adventitious root formation in reproduction to increase fitness in stressful environments. Succulents grow in shallow soils, rocky soils, and desert soils.
|
|
Evolutionary first member of genus Eowellerites that has evolved from Winslowoceras henbesti. Most diagnostic character of its suture is its weakly developed adventitious lobe in the first lateral saddle. Degree of its evolution is intermediate between Winslowoceras henbesti and Eowellerites moorei. Weak development of this lobe distinguishes this species from both E. moorei and E. mccalebi.
|
|
Colobanthus kerguelensis is a perennial herb that forms loose clumps or cushions up to 65 mm in diameter. The slender, freely branching stems lack adventitious roots. The leaves are linear and fleshy, 5–10 mm long and 2–3.5 mm wide. The flowers are 4-merous, with two large outer sepals, and two smaller inner ones.
|
|
Poulton's examples of twig-like Geometridae caterpillars are praised. There are fine photographs of leaf insects, and Cott's admired drawing of a poor-me-one or potoo, Nyctibius griseus, sitting on its nest mimicking a broken branch. Cott explains, in a section on "Special resemblances in relation to the attitude of rest" : Chapter 3. Adventitious Concealing Coloration.
|
|
Galium obtusum has white colored petals with green sepals, in total the flower has four petals that fuse with sepals that collectively look cup shaped. This flower also has four black tipped stamens, two styles and is considered to have radial symmetry. The ovary position of this flower is epigenous and its flower inflorescence is a dichasium. The root structure is adventitious.
|
|
In botany, stolons are stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds. Stolons are often called runners. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons.
|
|
Leaves are produced in an alternating disposition along the stem, measuring in length and in width at full size. They are lanceolate shaped (long and narrow with a pointed end). Like the stems, the leaves are a bright, intense green. The stem also produces a specialised type of aerial root, called an adventitious root, which forms above ground, directly from the stem.
|
|
For example the frilled lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii, is illustrated in a drawing by Cott, with its tail raised over the body, stretched up on all four legs, mouth wide open, and frills out both sides of the head, making it a startling sight. Chapter 3. Adventitious warning coloration. :Some marine animals select aposematic materials as coverings, not only as camouflage.
|
|
The term soil diaspore bank can be used to include non-flowering plants such as ferns and bryophytes. In addition to seeds, perennial plants have vegetative propagules to facilitate forming new plants, migration into new ground, or reestablishment after being top-killed. These propagules are collectively called the 'soil bud bank', and include dormant and adventitious buds on stolons, rhizomes, and bulbs.
|
|
Deutsche Biographie (biography) Heinricher also conducted studies on flower construction anomalies and their importance in understanding its phylogenetics, adventitious buds on the frond lamina of ferns from an evolutionary and morphological perspective, the effects of light and substrate on seed germination and isolateral leaf construction in plants being exposed to strong sunlight. Heinricher's grandson, Meinhard Michael Moser (1924–2002), was an esteemed mycologist.
|
|
Scouring is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities (e.g. the remains of seed fragments) from the fibres and any adventitious oil, soiling or dirt. Scouring was used to carry in iron vessels called kiers. The fabric was boiled in an alkali, which forms a soap with free fatty acids (saponification).
|
|
The plant had nodal zones that would have been important sites for the subsequent development of lateral roots and branches. Some branches were latent and adventitious, similar to those produced by living trees that eventually develop into roots. Before this time, shallow, rhizomatous roots had been the norm, but with Archaeopteris, deeper root systems were being developed that could support ever higher growth.
|
|
The length of the shell attains 15 mm, its diameter 7 mm. (Original description) The white shell is more or less discolored by ferruginous red (probably adventitious). It contains 5½ rounded whorls, a subglobular smooth protoconch forming1½ of these. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 6 or 7, on the body whorl about 14) coarse rather irregular cords with narrower channelled interspaces.
|
|
Prefers a larger tank with a deep, rich substrate and good light. It is easy to grow but will soon outgrow the average aquarium. Can be divided, or in submerse plants, adventitious plantlets will form on the inflorescence and can be divided and planted out. Seed will be set in emerse plants, and can be planted out in shallow trays with sand and shallow warm water.
|
|
Stem: creeping or climbing to a height of 30 m with adventitious roots. Evergreen foliage, dark green, glossy, lighter underneath, glabrous, leathery, lanceolate, oval, to klapowanych (flaps odd, usually 3, triangular), u heart-shaped base of the wedge, the top slightly pointed or blunt. Flowers: bisexual, small, 5-fold, meeting within the fond owate panicles. Flower stalks (length 7–12 mm) and Flowering hairy.
|
|
Numerous biomolecules exhibit the ability to dissolve certain metal cations. Thus, proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleic acids are excellent polydentate ligands for many metal ions. Organic compounds such as the amino acids glutamic acid and histidine, organic diacids such as malate, and polypeptides such as phytochelatin are also typical chelators. In addition to these adventitious chelators, several biomolecules are specifically produced to bind certain metals (see next section).
|
|
Homoranthus vagans was first formally described in 2011 by Lachlan Copeland, Lyndley Craven and Jeremy Bruhl from a specimen collected by Copeland in 2001 and the description was published in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (vagans) is derived from the Latin word vagus meaning "wandering" or "unsettled", referring to habit of young branchlets of "wandering" over the ground, sometimes attaching to the ground with adventitious roots.
|
|
Georgia Press, AthensLong, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. A Flora of Tropical Florida: A Manual of the Seed Plants and Ferns of Southern Peninsular Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables Ampelaster carolinianus is unusual in the family in that it is a climber, using other plants to support its weight. Sometimes it uses adventitious roots to this end.
|
|
Calomnion milleri is a species of moss known only from Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. It grows on the aerial adventitious roots of tree-ferns at elevations of 450–875 m. Calomnion milleri is a small, dioecious, yellow-green plant rarely more than 10 mm tall. It has two types of leaves, both subulate (with a long, narrow tip).
|
|
Flowers bloom from midsummer through early autumn. Fruits (achenes) are green with purple markings. Roots are fibrous, shallow, and adventitious off the stem in moist areas or when in contact with the soil. The plant is often mistaken for stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), but can be distinguished by the lack of trichomes, or stinging hairs, and the lower amount of branching of the inflorescences.
|
|
Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria have been found in these soils, making nitrogen available for plant uptake. Adventitious roots can form during normal or stressful growing conditions. Canopy roots have been shown to grow in response to wet, nutrient- rich media. Nadkarni induced the formation of canopy roots by air layering branches, which involves wounding a branch and then wrapping it with damp moss.
|
|
In the parenchyma, starch grains are randomly distributed. The tissue of the stem also contains idioblasts with calcium oxalate crystals and drusen. The stem also contains secretory cells, containing tannins and milk juice, which solidifies in the air. Just below each node there are two types of adventitious roots: a bundle of sticky roots and a single root, whose function is to supply the plant with nutrients.
|
|
Layering is a process which includes the bending of plant branches or stems so that they touch the ground and are covered with soil. Adventitious roots develops from the underground part of the plant, which is known as the layer. This method of vegetative reproduction also occurs naturally. Another similar method, air layering, involved the scraping and replanting of tree branches which develop into trees.
|
|
Excessive development of adventitious organs results in fasciculation, that is the clustering of organs around a focal point. Such examples include witch's broom and hairy root. Witch's broom is a broom-like mass proliferation due to the dense clustering of branches of woody plants while hairy root results due to excessive development of roots. Fasciation is the broadening or flattening of cylindrical organs such as stems.
|
|
The Jivatva-bhavana is the feeling of limitation induced by the body, mind and intellect. The nature of Jivatva is adventitious, dependent on external factors; Jivatva is accidental and not an essential nature of Brahman. It is illusorily superimposed on Brahman. The Atman is the witness (saksin) of the activities of antahkarana (inward intellect) composed of buddhi (intellect), ahankara (I-faculty) and manas (mind).
|
|
Close-up on flowers Shatavari has small pine-needle-like phylloclades (photosynthetic branches) that are uniform and shiny green. In July, it produces minute, white flowers on short, spiky stems, and in September it fruits, producing blackish-purple, globular berries. It has an adventitious root system with tuberous roots that measure about one metre in length, tapering at both ends, with roughly a hundred on each plant.
|
|
The lack of cambium in the primary root limits its ability to grow sufficiently to maintain the plant. This necessitates early development of roots derived from the shoot (adventitious roots). In addition to roots, monocots develop runners and rhizomes, which are creeping shoots. Runners serve vegetative propagation, have elongated internodes, run on or just below the surface of the soil and in most case bear scale leaves.
|
|
A study into the plant growing adventitious roots found that "actively growing axillary buds, wide stems and mature leaves" are good indicators that a cutting will take root successfully and survive. A further study on temperature recommended glasshouses for growing cuttings throughout the year. Growing cuttings from mature trees bypasses the shrubby juvenile stage. Cutting propagation is also used to provide a consistent product in commercial production.
|
|
Lilium davidii grows up to 1.5m high, and bears up to about 20 unscented flowers with recurved tepals (bent backwards), orange or reddish orange, from July to August. The plant is cultivated for its edible bulb. It is a stem- rooting lily (adventitious roots emerging above the bulb) that also forms bulbils. The species is named for French missionary and naturalist Armand David (1826-1900).
|
|
Tamarix usneoides is a shrub or small tree, up to tall, with slender branches and an upright form. It usually branches from the base and often grows in clumps. The trunk is greyish-brown and rough, with longitudinal fissures. The roots are designed to harvest water from a large area; the taproot may descend to , and the adventitious roots spread out for on either side.
|
|
Polonoceras, which lived during the Late Devonian, has an involute or moderately evolute, discoidal shell with a high aperture and flattened, grooved venter. The adventitious lobe, next to the ventral lobe, is widely rounded, the Ventro- lateral saddle narrow and sometimes higher than lateral saddle. Polonoceras is found in Europe, in Poland, where it was discovered. It is also reported from Upper Devonian (middle Famennian) in Canning Basin, Western Australia.
|
|
A second root system then develops from adventitious buds on the newly buried trunk and the old root system dies. To counter lean, redwoods increase wood production on the vulnerable side, creating a supporting buttress. These adaptations create forests of almost exclusively redwood trees in flood-prone regions. The height of S. sempervirens is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less frequent as fog becomes less frequent.
|
|
Madroño 57(4) 213-19. The plant is apparently adapted to a fellfield habitat made up of unstable talus, as evidenced by its long rhizome and adventitious roots which may not be anchored to any stable surface. As rocks tumble, the root may break, and pieces of the root can generate new plants through cloning. Despite its being limited to a small area, the plant is common locally.
|
|
2004) and has been found in Upper Devonian sediments in Germany and Poland (Miller et al. ibid) Exotornoceras is the ancestral tornoceratid, named by Becker in 1993. Exotornoceras is derived from Gundolficeras( Falcitornoceratinae) Discoclymenia is the type of the Discoclylemniinae, named by Hyatt in 1844. Discoclymenia has a subglobular to discoidal shell with a small, closed umbilicus, like Sporadoceras but with additional adventitious lobes in the 1st lateral saddles.
|
|
Specimens of Tempskya could grow to be up to 14.75 feet (4.5 meters) tall. Its trunk was actually a large collection of stems surrounded by adventitious roots. The false trunk could be up to 50 cm in diameter. Thin leaves have been discovered for the first time on T. wyomingense specimens; the more commonly seen fossilized leaf bases show that they covered the upper part of the trunk.
|
|
In its natural rain-forest floor setting, the parlor palm often grows in competition with vines. It sometimes is seen growing along rock walls, which can provide support. Due to the thinness of the stem, in nature the palm sometimes falls over during storms if grown in the open. The rhizomatic roots can re-root from a fallen position in mature plants, if it has grown adventitious roots.
|
|
Coffea magnistipula is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is a shrub species of Coffea that is endemic to the Lower Guinean forests of tropical West Africa, specifically the South Cameroon Plateau and the Chaillu Massif of Gabon. Its scientific name is derived from the large stipules in which rain water and debris collects. The plant is unusual among Coffea species in having adventitious roots.
|
|
Attaching by adventitious roots, its stems are up to 10 cm in diameter, are occasionally armed with stinging hairs and exude copious and clear potable sap when cut. Bark is grey to brownish-black and longitudinally striate with large leaf scars on young branches. Pith is spongy, or stems are hollow in centre. Leaves are simple and with drip tips, elliptic to ovate with entire margins, and spirally arranged.
|
|
Another types of determinate nodule is found in a wide range of herbs, shrubs and trees, such as Arachis (peanut). These are always associated with the axils of lateral or adventitious roots and are formed following infection via cracks where these roots emerge and not using root hairs. Their internal structure is quite different from those of the soybean type of nodule.Sprent 2009, Legume nodulation: a global perspective.
|
|
Parsonsia straminea is a vine, whose woody stems can reach in diameter, and extend for into the tree canopy. The species climbs by twining, aided by its adventitious roots. The plant exudes a clear pale brown sap when cut or damaged. The leathery adult leaves are arranged oppositely (arising in pairs) along the stems and are yellowish green on their upper surface and pale grey-green (glaucous) on the undersurface.
|
|
Classifications based on gene sequences from the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts all support Vanilla as a monophyletic group within the tribe Vanilleae and place it as a sister group to the Pseudovanilla/Erythrorchis group. Both Vanilla and Pseudovanilla species are climbing plants, with adventitious roots and a shared ovary structure. Therefore, the morphological characters support this genetic classification. Only one phylogeny has been published that looks specifically at the genus Vanilla.
|
|
The vegetative propagation of carob is naturally restricted due to its low adventitious rooting potential. Therefore, grafting and air-layering may prove to be more effective methods of asexual propagation. Seeds are commonly used as the propagation medium. The sowing occurs in pot nurseries in early spring and the cooling- and drying-sensitive seedlings are then transplanted to the field in the next year after the last frost.
|
|
Colobanthus muscoides is a perennial herb that forms a dense mat or cushion up to 250 mm thick and sometimes up to several metres across. The slender, freely branching stems have adventitious roots. The leaves are linear and fleshy, 3–5 mm long and 0.8–1 mm wide. The flowers occur at the ends of short shoots in the upper leaf axils, with both flowers and fruits overtopped by the leaves.
|
|
If the source of auxin is removed, such as by trimming the tips of stems, the roots are less stimulated accordingly, and growth of stem is supported instead. In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root initiation when rooting cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.
|
|
Gundolficeras is member of the Tornoceratidae, (goniatitid ammonites), from the Late Devonian named by Becker, 1995 and assigned to the Falcitornoceratinae. The type species is "Lobotornoceras" bicaniculatum. Gundolficeras has a compressed or somewhat inflated shell that may have ventrolateral furrows and an open or closed umbilicus at medium stages. The suture has a small ventral lobe and on either side, a narrow, asymmetric, rounded or pointed adventitious lobe and a high saddle located mid-flank.
|
|
Haemanthus species do best in large, well-drained containers or planted out in a rockery. Depending on species, they should have full sun or partial shade - winter rainfall species preferring full sun, while summer rainfall and evergreen species need partial shade. Most species are extremely tolerant of poor soil, but should not be disturbed if they are to flower. Propagation can be by offsets (adventitious bulblets), leaf cuttings and by germination of seed.
|
|
Soffer and Burger [Soffer et al., 1988] studied the effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations on the formation of adventitious roots in what they termed “aero-hydroponics.” They utilized a 3-tier hydro and aero system, in which three separate zones were formed within the root area. The ends of the roots were submerged in the nutrient reservoir, while the middle of the root section received nutrient mist and the upper portion was above the mist.
|
|
If any of these symptoms are observed, veterinary advice should be sought. The veterinarian will usually auscultate (listen to the horse's chest with a stethoscope) to attempt to detect adventitious lung sounds. If these are very quiet, a rebreathing bag may be used - a plastic bag over the nose to intensify the horse's respiratory effort and hence the sounds. This procedure can be dangerous and should not be attempted by non- professionals.
|
|
Yield losses due to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea have been reported as anywhere from 4% to 40% depending on the severity of the conditions. The disease does not normally affect yield levels as it occurs early in the growth of soybeans and the crop is able to compensate the loss of photosynthetic area. It is still adventitious to monitor for bacterial blight as substantial loss may occur when susceptible cultivars are grown under unfavorable conditions.
|
|
One or occasionally two lateral branches emerge from the leaf axils in the upper part of the plant. The leaves of Zea mays alternate with broad, sword-shaped leaf blades, parallel veins with a prominent mid-rib, and small ligules. The plant has an adventitious, dense, fibrous root system that develops aerial roots at nodes near the soil surface. The flowers of Zea mays are monoecious and are born in separate parts of the plant.
|
|
They thus interpret Buddha nature as an expedient term for the emptiness of inherent existence. Other schools, especially the Jonang, and Kagyu have tended to accept the shentong, "other- empty", Madhyamaka philosophy, which discerns an Absolute which "is empty of adventitious defilements which are intrinsically other than it, but is not empty of its own inherent existence". These interpretations of the tathagatagarbha-teachings has been a matter of intensive debates in Tibet.
|
|
His family claim that he was called this as a child, as a term of endearment for an adventitious and bold youngest brother. The nickname was established by his teens, long before he became a political or military leader. At the age of thirteen he attended Clonakilty National School. During the week he stayed with his sister Margaret Collins-O'Driscoll and her husband Patrick O'Driscoll, while at weekends he returned to the family farm.
|
|
Eggs may be laid among the flowers, in cracks in the leaf or flower stalks, or near the base of the stem just above the adventitious roots. As the larvae bore deeper into the palm, a gummy exudate forms in the entry hole. The galleries can damage any part of the palm including the roots. Leaves may turn yellow and fruit may drop off, and severe infestations may cause the plant to die.
|
|
Monocot apomorphies (characteristics derived during radiation rather than inherited from an ancestral form) include herbaceous habit, leaves with parallel venation and sheathed base, an embryo with a single cotyledon, an atactostele, numerous adventitious roots, sympodial growth, and trimerous (3 parts per whorl) flowers that are pentacyclic (5 whorled) with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 2 whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels. In contrast, monosulcate pollen is considered an ancestral trait, probably plesiomorphic.
|
|
Secondary dentin (adventitious dentin) is formed after root formation is complete, normally after the tooth has erupted and is functional. It grows much more slowly than primary dentin but maintains its incremental aspect of growth. It has a similar structure to primary dentin, although its deposition is not always even around the pulp chamber. It is the growth of this dentin that causes a decrease in the size of the pulp chamber with age.
|
|
"Irving is much over-rated", Poe wrote in 1838, "and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer".Poe to N.C. Brooks, Philadelphia, September 4, 1838. Cited in Williams 2:101-02. A critic for the New-York Mirror wrote: "No man in the Republic of Letters has been more overrated than Mr. Washington Irving".
|
|
Edward Mann Langley (22 January 1851 – 9 June 1933Obituary: Edward Mann Langley, by E. T. Bell and J. P. Kirkman, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 17, No. 225 (Oct., 1933), pp. 225-229) was a British mathematician, author of mathematical textbooks and founder of the Mathematical Gazette.The Changing Shape of Geometry: Celebrating a Century of Geometry and Geometry Teaching, by Chris Pritchard, Cambridge University Press, 2003 He created the mathematical problem known as Langley’s Adventitious Angles.
|
|
Leaf shapes of S. eboracensis :Leaves and stems S. eboracensis have large many lobed leaves divided into slender segments, the clefts not reaching the midrib. The stems are mostly erect to ascending with an occasional horizontal base section up to with 'adventitious roots' at base. The upper and lower leaves petiolate and lobes appearing at quarter whole leaf lengths along the midrib. The upper leaves are generally more deeply lobed and in lobed pairs.
|
|
Calectasia pignattiana is a prickly, rhizomatous herb growing to a height of about 50 cm. Unlike some other members of the genus (such as C. grandiflora) this species lacks a rhizome but has stilt roots 10-60 mm long. The stems are up to 60 cm long and slender, with many lateral branches, occasionally with adventitious stilt roots up to 150 mm long protruding from the upper branches. The leaves are 5.2-11.5 x 0.9-1.4 mm and glabrous.
|
|
Seedling establishment, survival, and growth are greatest when isolated from neighboring adult plants, which effectively exploit water in the seedling's root zone. Successful establishment requires a modest amount of soil moisture during the extension and development of adventitious roots. Established plants are grazing-, cold-, and drought-tolerant, though prolonged drought leads to a reduction in root number and extent. They employ an opportunistic water-use strategy, rapidly using water when available, and becoming dormant during less-favorable conditions.
|
|
Unfolding stamens of the flower of M. fulgens'Metrosideros fulgens prefers warm moist habitats and grows up to 10m long or more, with the main stem up to 10 cm. or more in diameter. It climbs in the same way as ivy, sending out short adventitious roots to adhere to the trunks of host trees, penetrating and clinging to rough surfaces. The climbing shoots of juvenile plants are designed to grow rapidly and extend the length of the plant.
|
|
These behaviors have, > of course, no real effect upon one's luck or upon a ball half way down an > alley, just as in the present case the food would appear as often if the > pigeon did nothing—or, more strictly speaking, did something else. Modern behavioral psychologists have disputed Skinner's "superstition" explanation for the behaviors he recorded. Subsequent research (e.g. Staddon and Simmelhag, 1971), while finding similar behavior, failed to find support for Skinner's "adventitious reinforcement" explanation for it.
|
|
Carmine rātā flowers from late winter to mid-spring, and has vibrant displays of bright red flowers in groups at the ends of the stems. The seed capsules ripen between late spring and early autumn. It climbs in the same way as ivy, sending out short adventitious roots to adhere to the trunks of host trees, penetrating and clinging to rough surfaces. The climbing shoots of juvenile plants grow rapidly and quickly extend the length of the plant.
|
|
P. carolina is most commonly found in the eastern United States from Nebraska to Texas and along the Atlantic coast from New York to Florida. It has also been recorded as an adventitious species in Ontario, Canada, and was introduced to Bermuda. It prefers to nest in protected areas such as hollow trees and is often observed in woodlands. However, given the opportunity, it will also construct nests near humans, such as the undersides of roofs.
|
|
Vegetative propagation is usually considered a cloning method. However, root cuttings of thornless blackberries (Rubus fruticosus) will revert to thorny type because the adventitious shoot develops from a cell that is genetically thorny. Thornless blackberry is a chimera, with the epidermal layers genetically thornless but the tissue beneath it genetically thorny.. Grafting is often not a complete cloning method because seedlings are used as rootstocks. In that case, only the top of the plant is clonal.
|
|
Polyphenol degradation decreases, increasing auxin concentration. The increased auxin concentration increases nitric oxide concentration which initiates root formation through a MAPK signal cascade and a cGMP-dependent pathway that both regulate mitotic division and are both necessary for the initiation of adventitious root formation. The root primordia form from cambial cells in the stem. In propagation of detached succulent leaves and leaf cuttings, the root primordia typically emerges from the basal callous tissue after the leaf primordia emerges.
|
|
Most ground-living cacti have only fine roots, which spread out around the base of the plant for varying distances, close to the surface. Some cacti have taproots; in genera such as Copiapoa, these are considerably larger and of a greater volume than the body. Taproots may aid in stabilizing the larger columnar cacti. Climbing, creeping and epiphytic cacti may have only adventitious roots, produced along the stems where these come into contact with a rooting medium.
|
|
Adventitious buds develop from places other than a shoot apical meristem, which occurs at the tip of a stem, or on a shoot node, at the leaf axil, the bud being left there during the primary growth. They may develop on roots or leaves, or on shoots as a new growth. Shoot apical meristems produce one or more axillary or lateral buds at each node. When stems produce considerable secondary growth, the axillary buds may be destroyed.
|
|
The adaptive and ecological variables seen in plants that go wild closely resemble those of animals. Feral populations of crop plants, along with hybridization between crop plants and their wild relatives, brings a risk that genetically engineered characteristics such as pesticide resistance could be transferred to weed plants. The unintended presence of genetically modified crop plants or of the modified traits in other plants as a result of cross-breeding is known as "adventitious presence (AP)".
|
|
There may be enough neuromas in the body of the lips to produce enlargement and a "blubbery lip" appearance. Similar nodules may be seen on the sclera and eyelids. Histologically, neuromata contain a characteristic adventitious plaque of tissue composed of hyperplastic, interlacing bands of Schwann cells and myelinated fibers overlay the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Mucosal neuromas are made up of nerve cells, often with thickened perineurium, intertwined with one another in a plexiform pattern.
|
|
Rhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that produces hairy root disease in dicotyledonous plants. R. rhizogenes induces the formation of proliferative multiple-branched adventitious roots at the site of infection, so-called 'hairy roots'.Chilton MD, Tepfer D, Petit A, David C, Casse Delbart FT. Agrobacterium rhizogenes insert T-DNA into the genome of the host plant root cells. nature. 1982; 295:432-4 In the rhizosphere, plants may suffer from wounds by soil pathogens or other sources.
|
|
They are climbing plants with evergreen leaves that may grow from the bottom of the ravines and river canyons lining the entire surface of the wall or cliff. Ivy climbs with adventitious roots and can reach up to 50 meter in length. Ivies are plants adapted to the laurel forest, a type of cloud forest habitat. European Ivy for example, is believed was spread by birds that helped to colonize large areas again where it had disappeared during the glaciations.
|
|
With most woody plants, clonal colonies arise by wide-ranging roots that at intervals send up new shoots, termed suckers. Trees and shrubs with branches that may tend to bend and rest on the ground, or which possess the ability to form aerial roots can form colonies via layering, or aerial rooting, e. g. willow, blackberry, fig, and banyan. Some vines naturally form adventitious roots on their stems that take root in the soil when the stems contact the ground, e.g.
|
|
Personally he was of the highest integrity and he despised any > adventitious aid to advancement, such as joining the 'right' social > organisations or currying favour with persons supposed to have influence. He > found it difficult to suffer fools gladly and this, combined with a somewhat > choleric temperament at times, alienated some of his acquaintances. Others > were never quite at their ease in his presence, never knowing whether to > take his quips, uttered in a clipped English accent, as real reproaches or > humorous chaffing.
|
|
'Lipstick' hybrid strawberry (Comarum palustre × Fragaria × ananassa) along stolons. In some Cyperus species the stolons end with the growth of tubers; the tubers are swollen stolons that form new plants. Some species of crawling plants can also sprout adventitious roots, but are not considered stoloniferous: a stolon is sprouted from an existing stem and can produce a full individual. Examples of plants that extend through stolons include some species from the genera Argentina (silverweed), Cynodon, Fragaria, and Pilosella (Hawkweeds), Zoysia japonica, Ranunculus repens.
|
|
Hugh Cott compared the larva's use of "concealment afforded by masks of adventitious material" to military camouflage, pointing out that the "device is, of course, essentially the same as one widely practised during World War I for the concealment, not of caterpillars, but of caterpillar-tractors, [gun] battery positions, observation posts and so forth." The larva spins silk over one side of each piece to be attached, and then hooks the silk onto its bristles to keep the camouflage in place.
|
|
Some practical advantages of gold(I) catalysis include: 1) air stability (due to the high oxidation potential of Au(I)), 2) tolerance towards adventitious moisture (due its low oxophilicity), and 3) relatively low toxicity compared to other pi-acids (e.g., Pt(II) and Hg(II)). Chemically, Au(I) complexes typically do not undergo oxidation to higher oxidation states, and Au(I)-alkyls and -vinyls are not susceptible to β hydride elimination. :Typical mechanism for the gold(I)-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkynes and allenes.
|
|
The misuse of technical terms to produce howlers is so common that it often goes unnoticed except by people skilled in the relevant fields. One case in point is the use of "random", when the intended meaning is adventitious, arbitrary, accidental, or something similarly uncertain or nondeterministic. Another example is to speak of something as infinite when the intended meaning is: "very large". Some terms have been subject to such routine abuse that they lose their proper meanings, reducing their expressive value.
|
|
Root sprouts and basal shoots can be used to propagate woody plants. Root sprouts can be dug or severed with some of the roots still attached. As for basal shoots, stool beds involve cutting a juvenile plant proximate to the surface of the soil and heaping soil over the cut so that basal shoots will form adventitious roots and later can be severed to form multiple, rooted, new plants. The technique is used especially for vegetative propagation of rootstocks for apple trees.
|
|
Centrosema brasilianum is a prostrate-trailing to twining, perennial, herbaceous legume. Amongst different studies, some erect and semi- erect forms were identified along with adventitious roots on trailing stems. Leaves are trifoliate, leaflets elliptical-oblong, sometimes ovate, 3.3-6.6 cm long, 1.5-3.6 cm wide. Flower racemes consists of 2-5 flowers, or sometimes solitary. Bracteoles either are glabrous or pubescent, ranging from 3–13 mm long, 12–17 mm long and 5–10 mm wide, ovate and flat or cupped.
|
|
Like other figs, it tends to invade built structures and foundations, and need to be removed to prevent structural damage. Although young trees are described as "rather ornamental", older trees are considered to be difficult to maintain (because of the adventitious roots that develop off branches) and are not recommended for small areas. However, it was considered a useful tree for "enviroscaping" to conserve energy in south Florida, since it is "not as aggressive as many exotic fig species," although it must be given enough space.
|
|
The tree grows on intertidal mud-flats and estuaries, 0-2m (the elevation range between mean sea level and highest tide), on the less exposed parts of the coast, with a rainfall of 1000-8000mm. Common associates on Pacific Island include other mangrove speices. The species grows on a wide range of soils, but does best in river estuaries, Salt water habitats on an alluvial sediment allows the tree to spread with its adventitious roots. The black mangrove is a protected tree in South Africa.
|
|
Meristem tissue makes the process of asexual reproduction possible. It is normally found in stems, leaves, and tips of stems and roots and consists of undifferentiated cells that are constantly dividing allowing for plant growth and give rise to plant tissue systems. The meristem tissue's ability to continuously divide allows for vegetative propagation to occur. Another important ability that allows for vegetative propagation is the ability to develop adventitious roots which arise from other vegetative parts of the plants such as the stem or leaves.
|
|
The scion, taken from dormant wood of the previous season's growth, is cut to a wedge shape at the end and inserted into the cut between the cotyledons, so that the cambium surfaces of each can join. The grafted plant is then set in a rooting medium with the union about 1.5 inch below the surface. This graft allows the scion to live on the seed's roots long enough to form adventitious roots of its own. This technique is used for camellias, avocados, and chestnuts.
|
|
Riccardo Guarino, Sabina Addamiano, Marco La Rosa, Sandro Pignatti Flora Italiana Digitale:an interactive identification tool for the Flora of Italy In particular, 7,031 are autochthonous and 641 are non native species widely naturalized since more than three decades. Additionally, further 468 exotic species have been recorded as adventitious or naturalized in more recent times. Geobotanically, the Italian flora is shared between the Circumboreal Region and Mediterranean Region. According to the index compiled by the Italian Ministry for the Environment in 2001, 274 vascular plant species were protected.
|
|
Kunzea muelleri is a spreading shrub which grows to a height of with its branches sometimes forming adventitious roots. The leaves are arranged in more or less opposite pairs and are linear, more or less cylindrical in shape, long and less than wide with a petiole less than long. The flowers are arranged in groups of mostly two or three near the ends of the branches. There are egg-shaped bracts long and wide and similar-sized paired bracteoles at the base of the flowers.
|
|
Like all ferns, Hymenophyllum neprhophyllum reproduces and disperses offspring through spores. It has tubular indusia (spore protecting structures) that stick out from the edge of the fronds. Stalks carrying sori, with sporangia that develop sequentially from base to apex, grow out of the indusia until at plant maturity they emerge and release their spores. Hymenophyllum nephrophyllum also spreads by vegetative reproduction, putting out far- creeping rhizomes (an underground stem that puts out adventitious shoots and roots) that form the distinctive mats of fronds on the forest floor.
|
|
Medicago lupulina is an annual or short-lived perennial plant, growing each year from adventitious buds on the roots. Mature plants measure from in height, with fine stems often lying flat at the beginning of growth and later erecting. The leaves are compound, each with three oval leaflets, carried on a short petiole; the center leaflet usually has a longer petiole. The leaflets are hairy, toothed toward the tip, and differ from those of the similar Trifolium dubium in that they end in a short point.
|
|
Zamia species often produce more than one cone close to the tip of the stem or at the terminal of the caudex where it intersects with the aboveground stem. The multiple cones of Z. floridana may develop through three methods: sympodium, forking of the bundle system, and adventitious buds. The most common form of development is the rapid formation of cone domes on the plant's sympodium, which is its main axis. More cones are present when there is a "branching" of the bundles to the cones.
|
|
They stimulate cambium, a subtype of meristem cells, to divide, and in stems cause secondary xylem to differentiate. Auxins act to inhibit the growth of buds lower down the stems in a phenomenon known as apical dominance, and also to promote lateral and adventitious root development and growth. Leaf abscission is initiated by the growing point of a plant ceasing to produce auxins. Auxins in seeds regulate specific protein synthesis, as they develop within the flower after pollination, causing the flower to develop a fruit to contain the developing seeds.
|
|
However, those that become established grow rapidly, with young trees known to reach tall in 20 years. Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it generates a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or under the surface of the bark. The dormant sprouts are stimulated when the main adult stem gets damaged or starts to die.
|
|
Luminous Lives, 12-13 After being consecrated, the student then engages in the practices of the path. The path includes specific meditations and yogic exercises that aim to remove the adventitious obscurations that are the cause suffering. As with most Anuttarayoga Tantra systems, the Lamdré practitioner will engage in two stages of meditation, the creation stage (), where the meditator attempts to embody the awake nature of a buddha, and the completion stage (), which includes yogic meditations on various parts of the tantric anatomy. These practices directly purify obscurations.
|
|
Soil deposits in the mines, dated from the Neolithic, yielded animal and vegetable remains, and tools such as arrowheads, hand grinders, axe heads and sickle teeth; showing that the caves had other uses besides mining. The presence of ruderal species and adventitious plants, as well as the association Rumex-Plantago-Cyperaceae shows the existence of disturbed and nitrified soils due to anthropogenic actions such as agriculture and livestock. Animal resources were used and exploited for food and secondary products like milk, wool, and leather. The main livestock was bovids, followed by ovicaprids and some pigs.
|
|
Hedera helix is able to climb relatively smooth vertical surfaces, creating a strong, long lasting adhesion with a force of around 300 nN. This is accomplished through a complex method of attachment starting as adventitious roots growing along the stem make contact with the surface and extend root hairs that range from 20-400 μm in length. These tiny hairs grow into any small crevices available, secrete glue- like nanoparticles, and lignify. As they dry out, the hairs shrink and curl, effectively pulling the root closer to the surface.
|
|
Not much information is known on the ecology and biology of G. Kennedyana. While it is not known how long the plant lives for, it is presumed that it has a long life, as it is a common adaptation for perennial plants that are found in the arid zone due to the irregularity of rainfall in the area. The plant is capable of recruitment by rhizomes, making the current individuals clones. However, the plant has also been observed to resprout from adventitious buds from the base of the stems and seeds.
|
|
A canopy root, also known as an arboreal root, is a type of root that grows out of a tree branch underneath an epiphytic mat. These adventitious roots form in response to moist, dark, nutrient-rich conditions that are found in “canopy soils”. Canopy roots have been found in species of maple, poplar, alder, myrtle, beech, and spruce, among many others. They are structurally similar to roots found on the forest floor and likely serve a similar purpose for water and nutrient uptake, though their specific functions are still being studied.
|
|
Nadkarni found that, after initiating air layering, roots form out of swollen lenticels on the stem. While the specific physiological mechanism causing canopy root development has not been determined, it is thought to follow a similar process of other adventitious roots, such as burial-induced stem roots. Once a receptor in the stem perceives the moist, dark environment, auxin levels increase quickly and levels of cytokinin, a root inhibitor, drop. This influx of auxin, likely due to increased synthesis, transport from other cells, and decreased degradation, promotes root growth.
|
|
Illustration of Schizanthus grahamii from Curtis’s Botanical Magazine Schizanthus ,Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 also called butterfly flower, fringeflower, poor-man's-orchid, is a genus of plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are annual or biennial herbaceous plants, with attractive flowers and they belong to the subfamily Schizanthoideae of the Solanaceae. The genus includes species native to Chile and Argentina, many species are adventitious in other parts of the world such as New Zealand and the United States.New Zealand Plant Conservation NetworkUnited States Department of Agriculture, Natural Plant Conservation Service.
|
|
Corms are sometimes confused with true bulbs; they are often similar in appearance to bulbs externally, and thus erroneously called bulbs. Corms are stems that are internally structured with solid tissues, which distinguishes them from bulbs, which are mostly made up of layered fleshy scales that are modified leaves. As a result, a corm cut in half appears solid inside, but a true bulb cut in half reveals that it is made up of layers. Corms are structurally plant stems, with nodes and internodes with buds and produce adventitious roots.
|
|
In: Jamie Hubbard (ed.), Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism, Univ of Hawaii Press 1997, pp. 174–179. A different view is propounded by Tathāgatagarbha specialist, Michael Zimmermann, who sees key Buddha-nature sutras such as the Nirvana Sutra and the Tathagatagarbha Sutra as teaching an affirmative vision of an eternal, indestructible Buddhic Self. The Uttaratantra (an exegetical treatise on Buddha nature) sees Buddha nature as eternal, uncaused, unconditioned, and incapable of being destroyed, although temporarily concealed within worldly beings by adventitious defilements.Sebastian, C.D. (2005), Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism.
|
|
They were erect or arched, dichotomized (forked) occasionally, and had adventitious roots arising directly from prostrate stems. As in Asteroxylon the vascular bundle in the stems was an exarch actinostele, with a star-shaped arrangement of tracheids of a primitive annular or helical type (so-called G-type). Leaves were unbranched strap-shaped microphylls (4 cm long in B. longifolia) with a single prominent vascular thread, arranged spirally on the stem. The sporangia were borne in the axils of the leaves, broader than long, dehiscing by a transversely-orientated slit.
|
|
Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Kalanchoe daigremontiana) Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores and thus without syngamy or meiosis. Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves, for example in kalanchoe (Bryophyllum daigremontianum) and many produce new plants from rhizomes or stolon (for example in strawberry). Other plants reproduce by forming bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and Dahlia tubers). Some plants produce adventitious shoots and may form a clonal colony.
|
|
The shape of the ligule is awl-shaped and occurs singly. The leaves of S. apoda contain a cuticle layer on their adaxial surfaces and they do not have hairs on their abaxial surfaces. The internodes of S. apoda branches can be used to classify the branches as reproductive or vegetative, as the internodes are extended on vegetative branches. Selaginella apoda adventitious and primary roots contain a root cap at their tips, have the ability to branch when growing, are white, and possess root hairs, located in close proximity to the tips.
|
|
99 Of "Carpenter Gothic," for example, Cram had written, "the sheer savagery of these box-like wooden structures, with their toothpick pinnacles and their adventitious buttresses of seven-eights-inch board and their jigsaw ornament, find no rival in all history."Ralph Adams Cram, My Life in Architecture p. 30 Cram forcefully argued that nineteenth-century American Gothic has resulted in nothing but sham and pretentiousness, and he considered the fifty-year period after 1930 to have been "worse than at any time or in any place recorded in history."Cram, The Gothic Quest p.
|
|
In 1957, Robertson and Coope proposed the two main categories of adventitious (added) lung sounds. Those categories were "Continuous" and "Interrupted" (or non- continuous). In 1976, the International Lung Sound Association simplified the sub-categories as follows: :Continuous ::Wheezes (>400 Hz) ::Rhonchi (<200 Hz) :Discontinuous ::Fine crackles ::Coarse crackles Several sources will also refer to "medium" crackles, as a crackling sound that seems to fall between the coarse and fine crackles. Crackles are defined as discrete sounds that last less than 250 ms, while the continuous sounds (rhonchi and wheezes) last approximately 250 ms.
|
|
After hatching as a caterpillar, the insect spins a silk thread and hangs from the end for a few days. The wind or a passing bird sometimes transports the caterpillar to another tree, spreading the species quite effectively, if inefficiently. Given the large number of eggs, there is a reasonable chance that at least some of them will find adventitious transport. The rest either starve, or settle down in the tree where they hatched which is likely to die from defoliation within a few seasons if natural or artificial controls do not prevent it.
|
|
I have been trying to > get you in to discuss this with you, but we have been missing each other.” > Given the difficulty this placed him in, he then posited that perhaps he > drafted the letter before he saw her and signed a letter which said they had > not seen each other without really reading it. This was an adventitious > explanation. This contemporaneous document under Mr Dempsey’s hand reveals > the truth. There was no such meeting and Mr Dempsey’s protestations in > evidence that he clearly remembers such a meeting were false.
|
|
The symptoms can be mistaken for herbicide damage or virus symptoms. They include vein clearing until the entire leaf becomes chlorotic, stunting, deformation, virescence (greening of flowers), phyllody (development of leaf-like flower petals), reddening of foliage, reduced root system, and sterility. Aster yellows does not typically kill perennial host plants. The symptoms caused by the disease are exacerbated by hot climates while some plants in cooler climates may be asymptomatic. Characteristic symptoms specific to the carrot include initial vein clearing and chlorosis, followed by production of many adventitious shoots, with the tops looking like a witches’-broom.
|
|
Moreover, while electron-withdrawing aryl substitution had been noted to be very effective in the diaryl systems, it was detrimental here. Para fluoro substitution had a slight adventitious effect, but not significantly so, while para-nitro substitution led to a 100-fold loss of activity. In a subsequent studies the range of aryl substituents was extended and compounds studied in true TK+ (thymidine kinase competent) and TK- (thymidine kinase deficient) cell lines. None of the phosphoramidates retained the high (2–4 nM) potency of AZT in TK competent cell lines (CEM and MT-4) against either HIV-1 or HIV-2.
|
|
Foliage Male inflorescence (left) and mature cone-like flowers (right) Alnus glutinosa is a tree that thrives in moist soils, and grows under favourable circumstances to a height of and exceptionally up to . Young trees have an upright habit of growth with a main axial stem but older trees develop an arched crown with crooked branches. The base of the trunk produces adventitious roots which grow down to the soil and may appear to be propping the trunk up. The bark of young trees is smooth, glossy and greenish-brown while in older trees it is dark grey and fissured.
|
|
The occurrence of Burrknot is quite common among rootstock, often found on apple tree M ( Malling ) and MM ( Malling-Merton ) rootstocks. At onset it begins to look like a smooth orange bulge growing from the stem or a branch, later, during one to three years, multiple adventitious roots begin to form. When located on the roots, it is considered to be not very dangerous, but it makes it easier for diseases to infect the tree, and leaves it more susceptible to insects. When many burrknots are present on various location in the tree, it can make the tree unproductive.
|
|
The inside of a tuber has the typical cell structures of any stem, including a pith, vascular zones, and a cortex. The tuber is produced in one growing season and used to perennate the plant and as a means of propagation. When fall comes, the above-ground structure of the plant dies, but the tubers survive underground over winter until spring, when they regenerate new shoots that use the stored food in the tuber to grow. As the main shoot develops from the tuber, the base of the shoot close to the tuber produces adventitious roots and lateral buds on the shoot.
|
|
Bulbils on thumb Within Agavoideae, bulbils develop on the inflorescence of a blooming plant. The development of bulbils in this group is common in approximately 17 Agave species, all Furcraea species, and has been somewhat documented in Yucca (particularly Yucca elata), and Hesperaloe. Bulbils can develop quite quickly, many do so after the flowers die, and can persist on the inflorescence for around one to two years before falling to root in the ground. While still on the parent plant, many species develop adventitious roots and can grow to sizes ranging from 5 to 15 centimeters, if left to mature.
|
|
Far Memory. Grant, Joan. Ariel Press. 1956/2002 She married Leslie Grant on 30 November 1927. Leslie Grant had studied for a career in law, but became excited by the adventitious opportunity to join an archaeological dig as a photographer documenting the uncovering of Ancient Egyptian structures and artifacts in Iraq. Joan joined him there, later remembering temperature extremes and violent dust storms and under remote and starkly primitive conditions.Far Memory. Grant, Joan. Ariel Press. 1956/2002 Joan married Charles Beatty, 14 March 1940 (however, she retained the name "Joan Grant" as her nom de plume).
|
|
Asparagus shoot before becoming woody Asparagus is a herbaceous, perennial plant growing to tall, with stout stems with much-branched, feathery foliage. The "leaves" are in fact needle-like cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of scale leaves; they are long and broad, and clustered four to 15 together, in a rose-like shape. The root system is adventitious and the root type is fasciculated. The flowers are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, long, with six tepals partially fused together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of two or three in the junctions of the branchlets.
|
|
Upon the destruction of the fetters, according to one scholar, "the shining nibbanic consciousness flashes out of the womb of arahantship, being without object or support, so transcending all limitations."Harvey, page 99. Both the Shurangama Sutra and the Lankavatara Sutra describe the tathagatagarbha ("arahant womb") as "by nature brightly shining and pure," and "originally pure," though "enveloped in the garments of the skandhas, dhatus and ayatanas and soiled with the dirt of attachment, hatred, delusion and false imagining." It is said to be "naturally pure," but it appears impure as it is stained by adventitious defilements.
|
|
It was known as early as 1935 that when indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA), also known as auxin, is applied to the stem of root cuttings, there is an increase the average number of adventitious roots compared to cuttings that are not treated. Researchers also applied this compound to stems without leaves that normally would not have any root formation and found that auxin induced root formation, thus determining auxin is necessary for root formation. Identification of this hormone has been important to industries that rely on vegetative propagation, as it is sometimes applied to fresh cuttings to stimulate root growth.
|
|
Genuine appreciation of natural scenery has its proper gradations of admiration and love for every landscape, but it is in all its varied characters essentially different and distinct from mere adventitious associations. Grant became reconciled to mountain heights, glens, and cataracts, for the sake of those who had trodden and sung there; or under the spell of romantic fiction. She learned to like the severe and stately glory of desert ranges; but it was after the same manner that some persons take pleasure in sea-views, on account of the graceful ships and pretty boats which diversify the monotonous vastness of the ocean.
|
|
Several chemical substances have been identified in C. rotundus: cadalene, cyprotene, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, mustakone, isocyperol, acyperone, rotundene, valecine, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, patchoulenone, isopatchoulenone, sugeonyl acetate, cellulose triacetate and sugebiol. A sesquiterpene, rotundone, so called because it was originally extracted from the tuber of this plant, is responsible for the spicy aroma of black pepper and the peppery taste of certain Australian Shiraz wines. Extract from leaves and tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. increase the adventitious rooting of different species. These extracts contain a large amount of auxins and phenolic compounds that promote the rooting of cuttings and seedlings.
|
|
Little Milton is an old bungalow-type dwelling with pitched and hipped roofs, standing some 12.2m from the footpath on approximately 0.3ha of land. The site is believed to date from the 1830s, with additions around 1855 and the northern wing in 1886. The front garden comprises two large camphor laurel trees (Cinnamomum camphora), a mature Cabbage tree palm (Livistona australis), a Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) which has been parasitised by an adventitious seedling fig (Ficus rubiginosa) that has reached great size, encircling the palm's trunk. A low wooden picket fence and gates face Smith Street.
|
|
Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts. The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots.
|
|
A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproot is a storage organ so well developed that it has been cultivated as a vegetable. The taproot system contrasts with the adventitious or fibrous root system of plants with many branched roots, but many plants that grow a taproot during germination go on to develop branching root structures, although some that rely on the main root for storage may retain the dominant taproot for centuries, for example Welwitschia.
|
|
The terms West African pepper and Guinea pepper have also been used, but are ambiguous and may refer to grains of Selim or grains of paradise. The plants that provide Ashanti pepper are vines that can grow up to 20 m in length, climbing up boles of trees by means of adventitious roots. These are native to topical regions of Central and Western Africa and are semi-cultivated in countries such as Nigeria where the leaves, known as uziza, are used as a flavouring for stews. Like other members of the pepper family, Ashanti pepper contains 5–8% of the chemical piperine which gives them their piquant taste.
|
|
Respiratory sounds refer to the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral chacteristics of lung sounds. These include normal breath sounds and adventitious or "added" sounds such as crackles, wheezes, pleural friction rubs, stertor, and stridor. Description and classification of the sounds usually involve auscultation of the inspiratory and expiratory phases of the breath cycle, noting both the pitch (typically described as low, medium or high) and intensity (soft, medium, loud or very loud) of the sounds heard.
|
|
The tradeoff is whether the plant should produce a large number of small seeds, or a smaller number of seeds which are more likely to survive. The ultimate development of the epigeal habit is represented by a few plants, mostly in the family Gesneriaceae in which the cotyledon persists for a lifetime. Such a plant is Streptocarpus wendlandii of South Africa in which one cotyledon grows to be up to 75 centimeters (2.5 feet) in length and up to 61 cm (two feet) in width (the largest cotyledon of any dicot, and exceeded only by Lodoicea). Adventitious flower clusters form along the midrib of the cotyledon.
|
|
The two foliage leaves grow continuously from a basal meristem reaching lengths up to . The tips of the leaves split and fray into several well-separated strap-shaped sections by the distortions of the woody portions surrounding the apical slit, and also by wind and adventitious external injuries. The largest specimens may be no more than tall above ground, but the circumference of the leaves in contact with the sand may exceed . Welwitschia has an elongated shallow root system consisting of "a tapering taproot with one or more non-tapering extensions, some pronounced lateral roots, and a network of delicate spongy roots"Bornman, C.H., J.A. Elsworthy, V. Butler and C.E.J Botha (1972).
|
|
Early inscriptions, which are often amateur work, are frequently very irregular in their cutting. But in almost all examples of later work, the inscriptions are evidently cut by professionals, and there are definite styles and methods belonging to various places and periods. In Egypt, for instance, the hieroglyphs are carefully and delicately cut in early times, and in later periods become more careless and conventional. In Greece, the best work was done in the 5th and 4th centuries BC in Athens; the letters were all exact and regular in shape, with no adventitious ornaments, and were, especially in the 5th century, usually exactly aligned with the letters above and below, as well as those on each side.
|
|
The attack on HG 76 was the last in a series of U-boat pack attacks on Gibraltar convoys which had started in the summer of 1941. Before this the U-boat Arm (, UBW) had only enough boats operational to form one patrol line at a time and their focus was on the North Atlantic convoy route. Gibraltar convoys had suffered only occasional adventitious attacks by individual U-boats that had met them while crossing their route. By the summer 1941 U-boat Command (BdU) had sufficient boats to form several patrol lines but this coincided with Hitler ordering U-boats into the Mediterranean to support Axis forces operating in North Africa and attack the Gibraltar traffic.
|
|
According to Lombroso and Scahill, 2008, "(f)ive diagnostic criteria were proposed for PANDAS: (1) the presence of a tic disorder and/or OCD consistent with DSM-IV; (2) prepubertal onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms; (3) a history of a sudden onset of symptoms and/or an episodic course with abrupt symptom exacerbation interspersed with periods of partial or complete remission; (4) evidence of a temporal association between onset or exacerbation of symptoms and a prior streptococcal infection; and (5) adventitious movements (e.g., motoric hyperactivity and choreiform movements) during symptom exacerbation". The children, originally described by Swedo et al. in 1998, usually have dramatic, "overnight" onset of symptoms, including motor or vocal tics, obsessions, and/or compulsions.
|
|
One view on the nature of ideas is that there exist some ideas (called innate ideas) which can be general and abstract that they could not have arisen as a representation of an object of our perception but rather were in some sense always present. These are distinguished from adventitious ideas which are images or concepts which are accompanied by the judgment that they are caused or occasioned by an external object. Another view holds that we only discover ideas in the same way that we discover the real world, from personal experiences. The view that humans acquire all or almost all their behavioral traits from nurture (life experiences) is known as tabula rasa ("blank slate").
|
|
He in fact classified (though with a few errors) all multiple intersections of diagonals in regular polygons. His results (all done by hand) were confirmed with computer, and the errors corrected, by Bjorn Poonen and Michael Rubinstein in 1998.. The article contains a history of the problem and a picture featuring the regular triacontagon and its diagonals. In 2015, an anonymous Japanese woman using the pen name "aerile re" published the first known method (the method of 3 circumcenters) to construct a proof in elementary geometry for a special class of adventitious quadrangles problem... \- English translation of the article from Gendaisūgaku (現代数学). This work solves the first of the three unsolved problems listed by Rigby in his 1978 paper.
|
|
Such better adapted variants could then survive in the human host for longer than the short acute infection period, in high numbers (high viral load), which would grant it more possibilities of epidemic spread. Marx et al. reported experiments of cross- species transfer of SIV in captive monkeys (some of which made by themselves), in which the use of serial passage helped to adapt SIV to the new monkey species after passage by three or four animals. In agreement with this model is also the fact that, while both HIV-1 and HIV-2 attain substantial viral loads in the human organism, adventitious SIV infecting humans seldom does so: people with SIV antibodies often have very low or even undetectable SIV viral load.
|
|
7q11.23 duplication syndrome (also called dup7 or Duplication of the Williams- Beuren Syndrome Critical Region) is a rare genetic syndrome caused by micro- duplication of 1.5-1.8 mega base in section q11.23 of chromosome 7. This syndrome is characterized by a wide spectrum of neurological, behavior and other medical problems which may appear in different levels of severity. Common characteristics are speech and sound disorder (CAS - childhood apraxia of speech, dysarthria), delayed development, delayed motor development and clumsiness, anxiety (especially on social conditions), selective mutism (in 20% of the subjects), ADHD, oppositional disorder, ASD (in 20%), intellectual disability in 18%, cardio-vascular disease (dilation of the ascending aorta in 46%), seizures in 19%, neurological abnormalities (hypotonia, adventitious movements). hydrocephalus in 5.6%, chronic constipation.
|
|
The propagation of shoots or nodal segments is usually performed in four stages for mass production of plantlets through in vitro vegetative multiplication but organogenesis is a common method of micropropagation that involves tissue regeneration of adventitious organs or axillary buds directly or indirectly from the explants. Non-zygotic embryogenesis is a noteworthy developmental pathway that is highly comparable to that of zygotic embryos and it is an important pathway for producing somaclonal variants, developing artificial seeds, and synthesizing metabolites. Due to the single-cell origin of non-zygotic embryos, they are preferred in several regeneration systems for micropropagation, ploidy manipulation, gene transfer, and synthetic seed production. Nonetheless, tissue regeneration via organogenesis has also proved to be advantageous for studying regulatory mechanisms of plant development.
|
|
Some species produce root sprouts that can spread rapidly, and they can form thick mats of roots that can reclaim areas that have been cleared of vegetation by logging, erosion, pasturing. These plants could be considered invasive, but they are cultivated or permitted to grow to stabilize soils and even to then be naturally replaced by non-pioneer species in locations as such those that have been developed for public works and along channels of waterways that may flood and reservoirs. These plants form shaded areas wherein new species may grow and gradually replace them. Stolons are stems that grow on the surface of the soil or immediately below it and form adventitious roots at their nodes, and new clonal plants from the buds.
|
|
The novel has an episode in the War Office with a field-marshal, a general and a major-general agreeing to promote Curzon, which is not due to any scheming but because though there were a hundred possible officers "an adventitious circumstance had singled him out for particular notice". Major-General Mackenzie laments, "where am I to get three hundred good brigadiers from?". The Field-Marshal (who is constructing a "modern army" out of the remains of the Expeditionary Force that Curzon was in) has Curzon promoted to major-general so he outranks Webb, as Curzon is junior to Webb as brigadier-general. But later Curzon has to "unstick" (send home) Webb when he wants to "adjust" (withdraw) his line.
|
|
Some theories proposed in the 19th century and early 20th century have since been largely discredited by anthropologists. Carneiro writes that theories "with a racial basis, for example, are now so thoroughly discredited that they need not be dealt with...We can also reject the belief that the state is an expression of the 'genius' of a people, or that it arose through a 'historical accident.' Such notions make the state appear to be something metaphysical or adventitious, and thus place it beyond scientific understanding." Similarly, social Darwinist perspectives like those of Walter Bagehot in Physics and Politics argued that the state form developed as a result of the best leaders and organized societies gradually gaining power until a state resulted.
|
|
The Oxalis pes-caprae flower is actinomorphic, with a calyx composed of five free or slightly fused sepals, a sympetalous corolla composed of five fused petals, an apoandrous androecium composed of ten free stamens in two ranks, and a compound pistil. Native populations in South Africa are heterostylous, flowers of long-styled plants have a stigma held above the two ranks of stamens, mid- styled plants have the stigma in between the two ranks of stamens and short- styled plants have a stigma below both ranks of stamen. In the non-native range the plants largely reproduce vegetatively and many populations have only one style length and the plants never produce seed. Like most African Oxalis species, it produces adventitious subterranean propagules.
|
|
In plants, nitric oxide can be produced by any of four routes: (i) L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase, (although the existence of animal NOS homologs in plants is debated), (ii) plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase, (iii) mitochondrial electron transport chain, or (iv) non-enzymatic reactions. It is a signaling molecule, acts mainly against oxidative stress and also plays a role in plant pathogen interactions. Treating cut flowers and other plants with nitric oxide has been shown to lengthen the time before wilting. In plants, NO also regulates some plant-pathogen interaction, promotion of the plant hypersensitive response, symbiosis (for example, with organisms in nitrogen- fixing root nodules), development of lateral and adventitious roots and root hairs, and control of stomatal opening.
|
|
Under normal conditions, vinyl alcohol converts (tautomerizes) to acetaldehyde: :250px At room temperature, acetaldehyde (H3CC(O)H) is more stable than vinyl alcohol (H2C=CHOH) by 42.7 kJ/mol: :H2C=CHOH → H3CC(O)H ΔH298,g = −42.7 kJ/mol The industrial synthesis of acetaldehyde (Wacker process) proceeds via the intermediacy of a vinyl alcohol complex. The uncatalyzed keto–enol tautomerism by a 1,3-hydrogen migration is forbidden by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules and therefore has a high activation barrier and is not a significant pathway at or near room temperature. However, even trace amounts of acids or bases (including water) can catalyze the reaction. Even with rigorous precautions to minimize adventitious moisture or proton sources, vinyl alcohol can only be stored for minutes to hours before it isomerizes to acetaldehyde.
|
|
The Chapman approach has been applied in a variety of ways since its original report, varying substrates, oxidants,Per Lindsley et al., see following, oxidant systems, generally including dioxygen, adventitious or otherwise, include azobisisobutyronitrile, Ag2O, M(II) salen systems (M=Co, Mn, Fe), singlet oxygen (hν, Rose Bengal), dibenzoyl peroxide, and IPh(OAC)2. and other aspects (and so synthesis of carpanone has subsequently been achieved by "quite a few research groups"); the actual mechanism of Pd(II) action is likely more complex than the original conjecture, and there is evidence that the mechanism, broadly speaking, depends on actual conditions (specific substrate, oxidant, etc.). Various groups, including the laboratories of Steve Ley, Craig Lindley, and Matthew Shair, have succeeded in extending the Chapman method to solid-supported synthesis, i.e.
|
|
These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4. Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood and a murmur to be heard as turbulent flow must require pressure difference of at least 30 mm of hg between the chambers and the pressure dominant chamber will out flow the blood to non dominant chamber in diseased condition which leads to Left-to- right shunt or Right-to-left shunt based on the pressure dominance. Turbulence may occur inside or outside the heart; if it occurs outside the heart then the turbulence is called Bruit.
|
|
First usage of the word "vernacular" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote: > Concerning Italy, doubtless there were divers before the Latin did spread > all over that Country; the Calabrian, and Apulian spoke Greek, whereof some > Relicks are to be found to this day; but it was an adventitious, no Mother- > Language to them: 'tis confess'd that Latium it self, and all the > Territories about Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common first > vernacular Tongue; but Tuscany and Liguria had others quite discrepant, viz. > the Hetruscane and Mesapian, whereof though there be some Records yet > extant; yet there are none alive that can understand them: The Oscan, the > Sabin and Tusculan, are thought to be but Dialects to these. Here, vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense.
|
|
The Three Histories is reckoned clearly to be her best work. The histories are those of an Enthusiast, a Nonchalant, and a Realist. In the first there is a misnomer; the heroine as a child may in parts be deemed enthusiastic, but grows up into a selfish woman of genius, full of worldly ambition that predominates over her few, weak social affections, valuing her rare abilities and attainments merely as a lever to raise her into the sphere of fashionable distinction, delighting in neither literature nor anything else for its own sake, not loving with any true affection that rests satisfied in finding an appropriate object, while regarding all adventitious advantages as pleasant superfluities, Julia seeks not the gratification of her friends, nor her own in theirs, nor in the joy of conscious usefulness. Her genius becomes a slave of the lamp, a drudge to vanity and worldliness.
|
|
The constellations of Taurus (bull) and Scorpius (scorpion) are on opposite points of the zodiac, and between them lies a narrow band of the sky in which the constellations of the canine (Canis Major/Minor or Lupus), snake (Hydra, but not Serpens or Draco), the twins (Gemini), raven (Corvus), cup (Crater), lion (Leo), and the star of the 'wheat ear' (Spica, Alpha Virginis) appeared in the summers of the late first century. Simultaneously, as Porphyry's description of the mysteries states, "the Moon is also known as a bull and Taurus is its 'exaltation'"Porphyry, De antro 18, quoted in . Beginning with Cumont, who held the astral symbolism (and all the other Greco-Roman elements in the mysteries) to be merely a late, superficial and adventitious accretion, "most Mithraic scholars" have treated the correspondences between elements of the tauroctony and the constellations as coincidental or trivial. But the chance that these correlations are an accidental unintended coincidence is "improbable in the extreme".
|
|
Characteristic vegetation of Valdivian Temperate Rainforest, Parque Oncol, Provincia de Valdivia An element originally of the Valdivian temperate rainforest, Latua is to be found increasingly in areas occupied by fields and pastures as a result of extensive deforestation undertaken to produce timber and devote land to grazing. Despite this habitat loss, the species had (at the time of Plowman's writing) adapted well to the more open conditions prevailing on cultivated land - so much so that, although known from relatively few localities, it had actually become something of a weed of roadsides and open places in those localities where it was present, thanks to its propensity for suckering, spreading easily by adventitious branches from its underground parts - despite efforts to eradicate it by removing top-growth. Latua grows usually as a tall shrub along clearings and in secondary forests and can, in shaded woodland, attain its maximum recorded height of 10m. It is frequently to be found growing in association with species belonging to the genera Eucryphia (e.g.
|
|
John Clerk of Pennycuik, 2nd Baronet (1676-1755) In his style of painting, Mr. Aikman seems to have aimed at imitating nature in her pleasing simplicity: his lights are soft, his shades mellow, and his colouring mild and harmonious. His touches have neither the force nor harshness of Rubens; nor does he seem, like Reynolds, ever to have aimed at adorning his portraits with the elegance of adventitious graces. His mind, tranquil and serene, delighted rather to wander with Thomson in the enchanting fields of Tempe, than to burst, with Michelangelo, into the ruder scenes of the terrible and the sublime. His compositions are distinguished by a placid tranquility and ease rather than a striking brilliancy of effect: and his portraits may be more readily mistaken for those of Kneller than any other eminent artist; not only because of the general resemblance in the dresses, which were those of the times, they being contemporaries, but also for the manner of working, and the similarity and bland mellowness of their tints.
|
|